PT J
AU Keefe, AD
   Szostak, JW
AF Keefe, AD
   Szostak, JW
TI Functional proteins from a random-sequence library
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID in-vitro selection; rna; binding; fusions
AB Functional primordial proteins presumably originated from random sequences, but it is not known how frequently functional, or even folded, proteins occur in collections of random sequences. Here we have used in vitro selection of messenger RNA displayed proteins, in which each protein is covalently linked through its carboxy terminus to the 3' end of its encoding mRNA(1), to sample a large number of distinct random sequences. Starting from a library of 6 x 10(12) proteins each containing 80 contiguous random amino acids, we selected functional proteins by enriching for those that bind to ATP. This selection yielded four new ATP-binding proteins that appear to be unrelated to each other or to anything found in the current databases of biological proteins. The frequency of occurrence of functional proteins in random-sequence libraries appears to be similar to that observed for equivalent RNA libraries(2,3).
C1 Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
   Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Dept Mol Biol, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital
RP Szostak, JW (corresponding author), Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
EM szostak@molbio.mgh.harvard.edu
FU Howard Hughes Medical Institute Funding Source: Medline
NR 15
TC 445
Z9 589
U1 1
U2 65
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 5
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6829
BP 715
EP 718
DI 10.1038/35070613
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 418DJ
UT WOS:000167875400053
PM 11287961
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Stokroos, I
   Litinetsky, L
   van der Want, JJL
   Ishay, JS
AF Stokroos, I
   Litinetsky, L
   van der Want, JJL
   Ishay, JS
TI Magnetic minerals - Keystone-like crystals in cells of hornet combs
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Groningen, Fac Med Sci, Dept Cell Biol, Grad Sch Brain Cognit & Neurosci, NL-9713 EZ Groningen, Netherlands.
   Tel Aviv Univ, Sackler Fac Med, Dept Physiol & Pharmacol, IL-69978 Ramat Aviv, Israel.
C3 University of Groningen; Tel Aviv University; Sackler Faculty of Medicine
RP Stokroos, I (corresponding author), Univ Groningen, Fac Med Sci, Dept Cell Biol, Grad Sch Brain Cognit & Neurosci, Oostersingel 69-2, NL-9713 EZ Groningen, Netherlands.
EM physio7@post.tau.ac.il
NR 6
TC 16
Z9 17
U1 0
U2 12
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 15
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6838
BP 654
EP 654
DI 10.1038/35079679
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 439JC
UT WOS:000169112500030
PM 11395756
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Giovannetti, V
   Lloyd, S
   Maccone, L
AF Giovannetti, V
   Lloyd, S
   Maccone, L
TI Quantum-enhanced positioning and clock synchronization
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID interferometers; entanglement; propagation; states; limit; noise
AB A ide variety of positioning and ranging procedures are based on repeatedly sending electromagnetic pulses through space and measuring their time of arrival. The accuracy of such procedures is classically limited by the available power and bandwidth. Quantum entanglement and squeezing have been exploited in the context of interferometry(1-5), frequency measurements(6), lithography(7) and algorithms(8). Here we report that quantum entanglement and squeezing can also be employed to overcome the classical limits in procedures such as positioning systems, clock synchronization and ranging. Our use of frequency-entangled pulses to construct quantum versions of these protocols results in enhanced accuracy compared with their classical analogues. We describe in detail the problem of establishing a position with respect to a fixed array of reference points.
C1 MIT, Dept Mech Engn, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   MIT, Elect Res Lab, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP Lloyd, S (corresponding author), MIT, Dept Mech Engn, MIT3-160, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
NR 18
TC 441
Z9 522
U1 0
U2 105
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 26
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6845
BP 417
EP 419
DI 10.1038/35086525
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 456DQ
UT WOS:000170068200041
PM 11473311
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ohl, FW
   Scheich, H
   Freeman, WJ
AF Ohl, FW
   Scheich, H
   Freeman, WJ
TI Change in pattern of ongoing cortical activity with auditory category learning
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID frequency-modulated tones; olfactory eeg; cortex; discrimination; representation; systems
AB Humans are able to classify novel items correctly by category(1,2); some other animals have also been shown to do this(3-7). During category learning, humans group perceptual stimuli by abstracting qualities from similarity relationships of their physical properties(1,2,8). Forming categories is fundamental to cognition(9) and can be independent of a 'memory store' of information about the items or a prototype(10). The neurophysiological mechanisms underlying the formation of categories are unknown. Using an animal model of category learning(6), in which frequency-modulated tones are distinguished into the categories of 'rising' and 'falling' modulation, we demonstrate here that the sorting of stimuli into these categories emerges as a sudden change in an animal's learning strategy. Electro-corticographical recording from the auditory cortex(11) shows that the transition is accompanied by a change in the dynamics of cortical stimulus representation. We suggest that this dynamic change represents a mechanism underlying the recognition of the abstract quality (or qualities) that defines the categories.
C1 Leibniz Inst Neurobiol, D-39118 Magdeburg, Germany.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 Leibniz Association; Leibniz Institut fur Neurobiologie (LIN); University of California System; University of California Berkeley
RP Ohl, FW (corresponding author), Leibniz Inst Neurobiol, Brenneckstr 6, D-39118 Magdeburg, Germany.
EM frank.ohl@ifn-magdeburg.de
NR 30
TC 256
Z9 282
U1 0
U2 38
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 16
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6848
BP 733
EP 736
DI 10.1038/35089076
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 462ZB
UT WOS:000170450200044
PM 11507640
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU McCracken, KG
   Wilson, RE
   McCracken, PJ
   Johnson, KP
AF McCracken, KG
   Wilson, RE
   McCracken, PJ
   Johnson, KP
TI Sexual selection - Are ducks impressed by Drakes' display?
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA.
   Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Dept Biol & Wildlife, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA.
   Univ Alaska Museum, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA.
   Illinois Nat Hist Survey, Champaign, IL 61820 USA.
C3 University of Alaska System; University of Alaska Fairbanks; University of Alaska System; University of Alaska Fairbanks; University of Alaska System; University of Alaska Fairbanks; Illinois Natural History Survey
RP McCracken, KG (corresponding author), Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA.
NR 5
TC 12
Z9 15
U1 0
U2 17
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 13
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6852
BP 128
EP 128
DI 10.1038/35093160
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 471FU
UT WOS:000170918800034
PM 11557968
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ball, P
AF Ball, P
TI Let there be light
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID silicon; electroluminescence
NR 11
TC 82
Z9 87
U1 0
U2 18
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 22
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6823
BP 974
EP 976
DI 10.1038/35059301
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 405FT
UT WOS:000167148800014
PM 11234041
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gouldstone, A
   Van Vliet, KJ
   Suresh, S
AF Gouldstone, A
   Van Vliet, KJ
   Suresh, S
TI Nanoindentation - Simulation of defect nucleation in a crystal
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID indentation
C1 MIT, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP Gouldstone, A (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Physiol Program, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
EM ssuresh@mit.edu
NR 8
TC 242
Z9 270
U1 2
U2 95
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 15
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6838
BP 656
EP 656
DI 10.1038/35079687
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 439JC
UT WOS:000169112500033
PM 11395759
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gorelik, LY
   Isacsson, A
   Galperin, YM
   Shekhter, RI
   Jonson, M
AF Gorelik, LY
   Isacsson, A
   Galperin, YM
   Shekhter, RI
   Jonson, M
TI Coherent transfer of Cooper pairs by a movable grain
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB Superconducting circuits that incorporate Josephson junctions are of considerable experimental and theoretical interest, particularly in the context of quantum computing(1-5). A nanometre-sized superconducting grain (commonly referred to as a Cooper-pair box(2)) connected to a reservoir by a Josephson junction is an important example of such a system. Although the grain contains a large number of electrons, it has been experimentally demonstrated(6) that its states are given by a superposition of only two charge states (differing by 2e, where e is the electronic charge). Coupling between charge transfer and mechanical motion in nanometre-sized structures has also received considerable attention(7-10). Here we demonstrate theoretically that a movable Cooper-pair box oscillating periodically between two remote superconducting electrodes can serve as a mediator of Josephson coupling, leading to coherent transfer of Cooper pairs between the electrodes. Both the magnitude and the direction of the resulting Josephson current can be controlled by externally applied electrostatic fields.
C1 Chalmers Univ Technol, Dept Appl Sci, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden.
   Univ Gothenburg, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden.
   Univ Oslo, Dept Phys, N-0316 Oslo, Norway.
   Russian Acad Sci, Ioffe Inst, Div Solid State Phys, St Petersburg 194021, Russia.
   Ctr Adv Study, N-0271 Oslo, Norway.
C3 Chalmers University of Technology; University of Gothenburg; University of Oslo; Russian Academy of Sciences; St. Petersburg Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Ioffe Physical Technical Institute
RP Isacsson, A (corresponding author), Chalmers Univ Technol, Dept Appl Sci, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden.
EM isac@fy.chalmers.se
NR 12
TC 58
Z9 61
U1 0
U2 11
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 24
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6836
BP 454
EP 457
DI 10.1038/35078027
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 435CB
UT WOS:000168858700041
PM 11373672
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dominy, NJ
   Lucas, PW
AF Dominy, NJ
   Lucas, PW
TI Ecological importance of trichromatic vision to primates
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID color-vision; tropical forest; fruit; chimpanzees; herbivory; community; evolution; selection; frugivory; monkeys
AB Trichromatic colour vision, characterized by three retinal photopigments tuned to peak wavelengths of similar to 430 nm, similar to 535 nm and similar to 562 nm (refs 1, 2), has evolved convergently in catarrhine primates and one genus of New World monkey, the howlers (genus Alouatta)(3). This uniform capacity to discriminate red- green colours, which is not found in other mammals, has been proposed as advantageous for the long-range detection of either ripe fruits(4,5) or young leaves(6) (which frequently flush red in the tropics(7)) against a background of mature foliage(8,9). Here we show that four trichromatic primate species in Kibale Forest, Uganda, eat leaves that are colour discriminated only by red-greenness, a colour axis correlated with high protein levels and low toughness. Despite their divergent digestive systems, these primates have no significant interspecific differences in leaf colour selection. In contrast, eaten fruits were generally discriminated from mature leaves on both red-green and yellow-blue channels and also by their luminance, with a significant difference between chimpanzees and monkeys in fruit colour choice. Our results implicate leaf consumption, a critical food resource when fruit is scarce(10), as having unique value in maintaining trichromacy in catarrhines.
C1 Univ Hong Kong, Dept Anat, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Peoples R China.
C3 University of Hong Kong
RP Dominy, NJ (corresponding author), Univ Hong Kong, Dept Anat, 5 Sassoon Rd, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Peoples R China.
NR 30
TC 324
Z9 374
U1 1
U2 160
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 15
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6826
BP 363
EP 366
DI 10.1038/35066567
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 410WM
UT WOS:000167464100049
PM 11268211
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Baker, PA
   Rigsby, CA
   Seltzer, GO
   Fritz, SC
   Lowenstein, TK
   Bacher, NP
   Veliz, C
AF Baker, PA
   Rigsby, CA
   Seltzer, GO
   Fritz, SC
   Lowenstein, TK
   Bacher, NP
   Veliz, C
TI Tropical climate changes at millennial and orbital timescales on the Bolivian Altiplano
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sea-surface temperature; ice-age; glacial maximum; south-america; central andes; calibration; atlantic; history; ocean; paleotemperature
AB Tropical South America is one of the three main centres of the global, zonal overturning circulation of the equatorial atmosphere (generally termed the 'Walker' circulation(1)). Although this area plays a key role in global climate cycles, little is known about South American climate history. Here we describe sediment cores and down-hole logging results of deep drilling in the Salar de Uyuni, on the Bolivian Altiplano, located in the tropical Andes. We demonstrate that during the past 50,000 years the Altiplano underwent important changes in effective moisture at both orbital (20,000-year) and millennial timescales. Long-duration wet periods, such as the Last Glacial Maximum-marked in the drill core by continuous deposition of lacustrine sediments-appear to have occurred in phase with summer insolation maxima produced by the Earth's precessional cycle. Short-duration, millennial events correlate well with North Atlantic cold events, including Heinrich events 1 and 2, as well as the Younger Dryas episode. At both millennial and orbital timescales, cold sea surface temperatures in the high-latitude North Atlantic were coeval with wet conditions in tropical South America, suggesting a common forcing.
C1 Duke Univ, Div Earth & Ocean Sci, Durham, NC 27708 USA.
   E Carolina Univ, Dept Geol, Greenville, NC 27858 USA.
   Syracuse Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Syracuse, NY 13244 USA.
   Univ Nebraska, Dept Geosci, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA.
   Univ Nebraska, Sch Biol Sci, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA.
   SUNY Binghamton, Dept Geol Sci, Binghamton, NY 13902 USA.
C3 Duke University; University of North Carolina; East Carolina University; Syracuse University; University of Nebraska System; University of Nebraska Lincoln; University of Nebraska System; University of Nebraska Lincoln; State University of New York (SUNY) System; Binghamton University, SUNY
RP Baker, PA (corresponding author), Duke Univ, Div Earth & Ocean Sci, Durham, NC 27708 USA.
NR 29
TC 383
Z9 432
U1 1
U2 58
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 8
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6821
BP 698
EP 701
DI 10.1038/35055524
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 399MF
UT WOS:000166816400038
PM 11217855
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Melnick, GJ
   Neufeld, DA
   Ford, KES
   Hollenbach, DJ
   Ashby, MLN
AF Melnick, GJ
   Neufeld, DA
   Ford, KES
   Hollenbach, DJ
   Ashby, MLN
TI Discovery of water vapour around IRC+10216 as evidence for comets orbiting another star
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID wave-astronomy-satellite; submillimeter; millimeter; molecules; spectrum; lines; hcn
AB Since 1995, planets with masses comparable to that of Jupiter have been discovered around approximately 60 stars(1). These planets have not been seen directly, but their presence has been inferred from the small reflex motions that they gravitationally induce on the star they orbit; these motions result in small periodic wavelength shifts in the stellar spectrum. The presence of analogues of the smaller bodies in our Solar System cannot, however, be determined using this technique, because the induced reflex motions are too small-so an alternative approach is needed. Here we report the observation of circumstellar water vapour around the ageing carbon star IRC+10216; water is not expected in measurable quantities around such a star. The only plausible explanation for this water is that the recent evolution of IRC+10216, which has been accompanied by a prodigious increase in its luminosity, is causing the vaporization of a collection of orbiting icy bodies-a process considered in an earlier theoretical study(2).
C1 Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA.
   NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory; Smithsonian Institution; Johns Hopkins University; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Ames Research Center
RP Melnick, GJ (corresponding author), Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, 60 Garden St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
NR 18
TC 110
Z9 114
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 12
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6843
BP 160
EP 163
DI 10.1038/35084024
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 451AJ
UT WOS:000169778700044
PM 11449266
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zhang, Y
   Kalderon, D
AF Zhang, Y
   Kalderon, D
TI Hedgehog acts as a somatic stem cell factor in the Drosophila ovary
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sonic hedgehog; human homolog; cubitus interruptus; signaling pathway; hair follicle; carcinomas; skin; phosphorylation; proliferation; induction
AB Secreted signalling molecules of the Hedgehog (Hh) family have many essential patterning roles during development of diverse organisms including Drosophila and humans(1,2). Although Hedge hog proteins most commonly affect cell fate, they can also stimulate cell proliferation, In humans several distinctive cancers, including basal-cell carcinoma, result from mutations that aberrantly activate Hh signal transduction(3). In Drosophila, Hh directly stimulates proliferation of ovarian somatic cells(4-6). Here we show that Hh acts specifically on stem cells in the Drosophila ovary. These cells cannot proliferate as stem cells in the absence of Hh signalling, whereas excessive Hh signalling produces supernumerary stem cells. We deduce that Hh is a stem-cell factor and suggest that human cancers due to excessive Hh signalling might result from aberrant expansion of stem cell pools.
C1 Columbia Univ, Dept Biol Sci, New York, NY 10027 USA.
C3 Columbia University
RP Kalderon, D (corresponding author), Columbia Univ, Dept Biol Sci, New York, NY 10027 USA.
NR 29
TC 662
Z9 790
U1 0
U2 27
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 29
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6828
BP 599
EP 604
DI 10.1038/35069099
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 417WW
UT WOS:000167859300052
PM 11279500
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hazen, RM
   Roedder, E
AF Hazen, RM
   Roedder, E
TI Biogeology - How old are bacteria from the Permian age?
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID palo-duro basin; fluid inclusions; salt; texas
C1 Carnegie Inst Washington, Geophys Lab, Washington, DC 20015 USA.
   Carnegie Inst Washington, NASA, Astrobiol Inst, Washington, DC 20015 USA.
C3 Carnegie Institution for Science; Carnegie Institution for Science; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA)
RP Hazen, RM (corresponding author), Carnegie Inst Washington, Geophys Lab, 5251 Broad Branch Rd NW, Washington, DC 20015 USA.
NR 6
TC 36
Z9 41
U1 0
U2 10
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 10
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6834
BP 155
EP 155
DI 10.1038/35075663
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 430FC
UT WOS:000168563000037
PM 11346782
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nirenberg, S
   Carcieri, SM
   Jacobs, AL
   Latham, PE
AF Nirenberg, S
   Carcieri, SM
   Jacobs, AL
   Latham, PE
TI Retinal ganglion cells act largely as independent encoders
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID visual information; x-cell; y-cell; hypothesis; population; light
AB Correlated firing among neurons is widespread in the visual system. Neighbouring neurons, in areas from retina to cortex, tend to fire together more often than would be expected by chance. The importance of this correlated firing for encoding visual information is unclear and controversial(1-5). Here we examine its importance in the retina. We present the retina with natural stimuli and record the responses of its output cells, the ganglion cells. We then use information theoretic techniques to measure the amount of information about the stimuli that can be obtained from the cells under two conditions: when their correlated firing is taken into account, and when their correlated firing is ignored. We rnd that more than 90% of the information about the stimuli can be obtained from the cells when their correlated firing is ignored. This indicates that ganglion cells act largely independently to encode information, which greatly simplifies the problem of decoding their activity.
C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Neurobiol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Los Angeles
RP Nirenberg, S (corresponding author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Neurobiol, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
EM sheilan@ucla.edu
NR 26
TC 230
Z9 289
U1 0
U2 19
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 15
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6838
BP 698
EP 701
DI 10.1038/35079612
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 439JC
UT WOS:000169112500047
PM 11395773
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yoo, BC
   Lubec, G
AF Yoo, BC
   Lubec, G
TI Neurobiology - p25 protein in neurodegeneration
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID alzheimers-disease; p35; activator; calpain; cdk5; cleavage
C1 Univ Vienna, Dept Pediat, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
C3 University of Vienna
RP Yoo, BC (corresponding author), Univ Vienna, Dept Pediat, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
NR 7
TC 75
Z9 89
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 14
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6839
BP 763
EP 764
DI 10.1038/35081146
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 441TV
UT WOS:000169246400034
PM 11459045
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wainger, BJ
   DeGennaro, M
   Santoro, B
   Siegelbaum, SA
   Tibbs, GR
AF Wainger, BJ
   DeGennaro, M
   Santoro, B
   Siegelbaum, SA
   Tibbs, GR
TI Molecular mechanism of cAMP modulation of HCN pacemaker channels
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID k+ channel; t1 domain; c-linker; ligand; identification; activation; subunit; binding; family
AB Hyperpolarization-activated cation channels of the HCN gene family(1-6) contribute to spontaneous rhythmic activity in both heart(7) and brain(5,6,8). All four family members contain both a core transmembrane segment domain, homologous to the S1-S6 regions of voltage-gated K+ channels, and a carboxy-terminal 120 amino-acid cyclic nucleotide-binding domain (CNBD) motif. Homologous CNBDs are responsible for the direct activation of cyclic nucleotide-gated channels and for modulation of the HERG voltage-gated K+ channel-important for visual and olfactory signalling(9) and for cardiac repolarization(10), respectively. The direct binding of cyclic AMP to the cytoplasmic site on HCN channels permits the channels to open more rapidly and completely after repolarization of the action potential(1,2,11), thereby accelerating rhythmogenesis(6-8). However, the mechanism by which cAMP binding modulates HCN channel gating and the basis for functional differences between HCN isoforms remain unknown. Here we demonstrate by constructing truncation mutants that the CNBD inhibits activation of the core transmembrane domain. cAMP binding relieves this inhibition. Differences in activation gating and extent of cAMP modulation between the HCN1 and HCN2 isoforms result largely from differences in the efficacy of CNBD inhibition.
C1 Columbia Univ, Dept Pharmacol, New York, NY 10032 USA.
   Columbia Univ, Ctr Neurobiol & Behav, New York, NY 10032 USA.
   Columbia Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, New York, NY 10032 USA.
   Columbia Univ, Dept Anesthesiol, New York, NY 10032 USA.
C3 Columbia University; Columbia University; Columbia University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Columbia University
RP Tibbs, GR (corresponding author), Columbia Univ, Dept Pharmacol, New York, NY 10032 USA.
EM grt1@columbia.edu
NR 28
TC 405
Z9 488
U1 0
U2 18
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 14
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6839
BP 805
EP 810
DI 10.1038/35081088
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 441TV
UT WOS:000169246400051
PM 11459060
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU White, LE
   Coppola, DM
   Fitzpatrick, D
AF White, LE
   Coppola, DM
   Fitzpatrick, D
TI The contribution of sensory experience to the maturation of orientation selectivity in ferret visual cortex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID shrew striate cortex; dark-reared kittens; horizontal connections; corticocortical connections; cat; maps; specificity; arrangement; deprivation; preference
AB Sensory experience begins when neural circuits in the cerebral cortex are still immature; however, the contribution of experience to cortical maturation remains unclear. In the visual cortex, the selectivity of neurons for oriented stimuli at the time of eye opening is poor(1-5) and increases dramatically after the onset of visual experience(3-8). Here we investigate whether visual experience has a significant role in the maturation of orientation selectivity and underlying cortical circuits(9-12) using two forms of deprivation: dark rearing, which completely eliminates experience, and binocular lid suture, which alters the pattern of sensory driven activity(13). Orientation maps were present in dark-reared ferrets, but fully mature levels of tuning were never attained. In contrast, only rudimentary levels of orientation selectivity were observed in lid-sutured ferrets. Despite these differences, horizontal connections in both groups were less extensive and less clustered than normal, suggesting that long-range cortical processing is not essential for the expression of orientation selectivity, but may be needed for the full maturation of tuning. Thus, experience is beneficial or highly detrimental to cortical maturation, depending on the pattern of sensory driven activity.
C1 Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Neurobiol, Durham, NC 27710 USA.
   Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Community & Family Med, Div Phys Therapy, Durham, NC 27710 USA.
   Centenary Coll Louisiana, Dept Biol, Shreveport, LA 71134 USA.
C3 Duke University; Duke University
RP White, LE (corresponding author), Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Neurobiol, Durham, NC 27710 USA.
EM white033@mc.duke.edu
NR 29
TC 180
Z9 225
U1 1
U2 11
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 28
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6841
BP 1049
EP 1052
DI 10.1038/35082568
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 446TF
UT WOS:000169528500048
PM 11429605
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pack, CC
   Born, RT
AF Pack, CC
   Born, RT
TI Temporal dynamics of a neural solution to the aperture problem in visual area MT of macaque brain
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pursuit eye-movements; motion; direction; selectivity; neurons; monkeys; orientation; speed
AB A critical step in the interpretation of the visual world is the integration of the various local motion signals generated by moving objects. This process is complicated by the fact that local velocity measurements can differ depending on contour orientation and spatial position. Specifically, any local motion detector can measure only the component of motion perpendicular to a contour that extends beyond its field of view(1,2). This "aperture problem''(3) is particularly relevant to direction-selective neurons early in the visual pathways, where small receptive fields permit only a limited view of a moving object. Here we show that neurons in the middle temporal visual area (known as MT or V5) of the macaque brain reveal a dynamic solution to the aperture problem. MT neurons initially respond primarily to the component of motion perpendicular to a contour's orientation, but over a period of approximately 60 ms the responses gradually shift to encode the true stimulus direction, regardless of orientation. We also report a behavioural correlate of these neural responses: the initial velocity of pursuit eye movements deviates in a direction perpendicular to local contour orientation, suggesting that the earliest neural responses influence the oculomotor response.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurobiol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
RP Pack, CC (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurobiol, 220 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
NR 27
TC 286
Z9 328
U1 0
U2 31
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 22
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6823
BP 1040
EP 1042
DI 10.1038/35059085
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 405FT
UT WOS:000167148800045
PM 11234012
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hasan, S
   Hassa, PO
   Imhof, R
   Hottiger, MO
AF Hasan, S
   Hassa, PO
   Imhof, R
   Hottiger, MO
TI Transcription coactivator p300 binds PCNA and may have a role in DNA repair synthesis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nucleotide excision-repair; cell nuclear antigen; nf-kappa-b; polymerase-delta; mouse fibroblasts; eukaryotic cells; growth-factors; calf thymus; protein; replication
AB The transcriptional coactivator p300 interacts with many transcription factors that participate in a broad spectrum of biological activities, such as cellular differentiation, homeostasis and growth control(1,2). Mouse embryos lacking both p300 alleles die around mid-gestation, with pleiotropic defects in morphogenesis, in cell differentiation and, unexpectedly, in cell proliferation because of reduced DNA synthesis(3). Here we show that p300 may have a role in DNA repair synthesis through its interaction with proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). We show that in vitro and in vivo p300 forms a complex with PCNA that does not depend on the S phase of cell cycle. A large fraction of both p300 and PCNA colocalize to speckled structures in the nucleus. Furthermore, the endogenous p300-PCNA complex stimulates DNA synthesis in vitro. Chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments indicate that p300 is associated with freshly synthesized DNA after ultraviolet irradiation. Our results suggest that p300 may participate in chromatin remodelling at DNA lesion sites to facilitate PCNA function in DNA repair synthesis.
C1 Univ Zurich, Inst Vet Biochem, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
C3 University of Zurich
RP Hottiger, MO (corresponding author), Univ Zurich, Inst Vet Biochem, Winterthurerstr 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
EM hottiger@vetbio.unizh.ch
NR 29
TC 150
Z9 169
U1 0
U2 35
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 15
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6826
BP 387
EP 391
DI 10.1038/35066610
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 410WM
UT WOS:000167464100056
PM 11268218
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mitrovica, JX
   Tamisiea, ME
   Davis, JL
   Milne, GA
AF Mitrovica, JX
   Tamisiea, ME
   Davis, JL
   Milne, GA
TI Recent mass balance of polar ice sheets inferred from patterns of global sea-level change
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID glacial isostatic-adjustment; trends; field; rise
AB Global sea level is an indicator of climate change(1-3), as it is sensitive to both thermal expansion of the oceans and a reduction of land-based glaciers. Global sea-level rise has been estimated by correcting observations from tide gauges for glacial isostatic adjustment-the continuing sea-level response due to melting of Late Pleistocene ice-and by computing the global mean of these residual trends(4-9). In such analyses, spatial patterns of sealevel rise are assumed to be signals that will average out over geographically distributed tide-gauge data. But a long history of modelling studies(10-12) has demonstrated that non-uniform- that is, non-eustatic-sea-level redistributions can be produced by variations in the volume of the polar ice sheets. Here we present numerical predictions of gravitationally consistent patterns of sea-level change following variations in either the Antarctic or Greenland ice sheets or the melting of a suite of small mountain glaciers. These predictions are characterized by geometrically distinct patterns that reconcile spatial variations in previously published sea-level records. Under the-albeit coarse-assumption of a globally uniform thermal expansion of the oceans, our approach suggests melting of the Greenland ice complex over the last century equivalent to similar to0.6 mm yr(-1) of sea-level rise.
C1 Univ Toronto, Dept Phys, Toronto, ON M5S 1A7, Canada.
   Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Univ Durham, Dept Geol Sci, Sci Labs, Durham DH1 3LE, England.
C3 University of Toronto; Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory; Harvard University; Smithsonian Institution; Durham University
RP Mitrovica, JX (corresponding author), Univ Toronto, Dept Phys, 60 St George St, Toronto, ON M5S 1A7, Canada.
NR 29
TC 402
Z9 448
U1 3
U2 106
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 22
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6823
BP 1026
EP 1029
DI 10.1038/35059054
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 405FT
UT WOS:000167148800041
PM 11234008
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Park, PW
   Pier, GB
   Hinkes, MT
   Bernfield, M
AF Park, PW
   Pier, GB
   Hinkes, MT
   Bernfield, M
TI Exploitation of syndecan-1 shedding by Pseudomonas aeruginosa enhances virulence
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID heparan-sulfate proteoglycans; acute pulmonary infection; host-defense; lung infections; binding; elastase; mice; receptors; adherence; model
AB Cell-surface heparan sulphate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are ubiquitous and abundant receptors/co-receptors of extracellular ligands(1,2), including many microbes(3-10). Their role in microbial infections is poorly defined, however, because no cell-surface HSPG has been clearly connected to the pathogenesis of a particular microbe. We have previously shown that Pseudomonas aeruginosa, through its virulence factor LasA, enhances the in vitro shedding of syndecan-1-the predominant cell-surface HSPG of epithelia(11). Here we show that shedding of syndecan-1 is also activated by P. aeruginosa in vivo, and that the resulting syndecan-1 ectodomains enhance bacterial virulence in newborn mice. Newborn mice deficient in syndecan-1 resist P. aeruginosa lung infection but become susceptible when given purified syndecan-1 ectodomains or heparin, but not when given ectodomain core protein, indicating that the ectodomain's heparan sulphate chains are the effectors. In wild-type newborn mice, inhibition of syndecan-1 shedding or inactivation of the shed ectodomain's heparan sulphate chains prevents lung infection. Our findings uncover a pathogenetic mechanism in which a host response to tissue injury-syndecan-1 shedding-is exploited to enhance microbial virulence apparently by modulating host defences.
C1 Childrens Hosp, Dept Pediat, Div Newborn Med, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Brigham & Womens Hosp, Sch Med, Dept Med,Channing Lab, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Brigham & Women's Hospital; Harvard Medical School
RP Bernfield, M (corresponding author), Childrens Hosp, Dept Pediat, Div Newborn Med, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
NR 29
TC 208
Z9 247
U1 0
U2 6
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 3
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6833
BP 98
EP 102
DI 10.1038/35075100
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 427XY
UT WOS:000168432800051
PM 11333985
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lopes, WA
   Jaeger, HM
AF Lopes, WA
   Jaeger, HM
TI Hierarchical self-assembly of metal nanostructures on diblock copolymer scaffolds
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID thin-films; density; arrays; size
AB Self-assembly is emerging as an elegant, 'bottom-up' method for fabricating nanostructured materials(1-8). This approach becomes particularly powerful when the ease and control offered by the self-assembly of organic components is combined with the electronic, magnetic or photonic properties of inorganic components(2,5,9). Here we demonstrate a versatile hierarchical approach for the assembly of organic-inorganic, copolymer- metal nanostructures in which one level of self-assembly guides the next. In a first step, ultrathin diblock copolymer films form a regular scaffold of highly anisotropic, stripe-like domains(10-12). During a second assembly step, differential wetting guides diffusing metal atoms to aggregate selectively along the scaffold, producing highly organized metal nanostructures. We rnd that, in contrast to the usual requirement of near-equilibrium conditions for ordering(2,3,13), the metal arranged on the copolymer scaffold produces the most highly ordered configurations when the system is far from equilibrium. We delineate two distinct assembly modes of the metal component-chains of separate nanoparticles and continuous wires-each characterized by different ordering kinetics and strikingly different current-voltage characteristics. These results therefore demonstrate the possibility of guided, large-scale assembly of laterally nanostructured systems.
C1 Univ Chicago, James Franck Inst, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
   Univ Chicago, Dept Phys, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
C3 University of Chicago; University of Chicago
RP Jaeger, HM (corresponding author), Univ Chicago, James Franck Inst, 5640 S Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
EM h-jaeger@uchicago.edu
NR 26
TC 803
Z9 946
U1 1
U2 300
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 13
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6865
BP 735
EP 738
DI 10.1038/414735a
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 501GD
UT WOS:000172676200043
PM 11742395
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chuang, HH
   Prescott, ED
   Kong, HY
   Shields, S
   Jordt, SE
   Basbaum, AI
   Chao, MV
   Julius, D
AF Chuang, HH
   Prescott, ED
   Kong, HY
   Shields, S
   Jordt, SE
   Basbaum, AI
   Chao, MV
   Julius, D
TI Bradykinin and nerve growth factor release the capsaicin receptor from PtdIns(4,5)P2-mediated inhibition
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sensory neurons; signaling complex; direct activation; mice lacking; pain; hyperalgesia; channels; phototransduction; sensitization; responses
AB Tissue injury generates endogenous factors that heighten our sense of pain by increasing the response of sensory nerve endings to noxious stimuli(1,2). Bradykinin and nerve growth factor (NGF) are two such pro-algesic agents that activate G-protein-coupled (BK2) and tyrosine kinase (TrkA) receptors, respectively, to stimulate phospholipase C (PLC) signalling pathways in primary afferent neurons(3,4). How these actions produce sensitization to physical or chemical stimuli has not been elucidated at the molecular level. Here, we show that bradykinin- or NGF-mediated potentiation of thermal sensitivity in vivo requires expression of VR1, a heat-activated ion channel on sensory neurons. Diminution of plasma membrane phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns(4,5)P-2) levels through antibody sequestration or PLC-mediated hydrolysis mimics the potentiating effects of bradykinin or NGF at the cellular level. Moreover, recruitment of PLC-gamma to TrkA is essential for NGF-mediated potentiation of channel activity, and biochemical studies suggest that VR1 associates with this complex. These studies delineate a biochemical mechanism through which bradykinin and NGF produce hypersensitivity and might explain how the activation of PLC signalling systems regulates other members of the TRP channel family.
C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Mol & Cellular Pharmacol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   NYU, Sch Med, Skirball Inst Biomol Med, Mol Neurobiol Program, New York, NY 10016 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Anat, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Physiol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, WM Keck Ctr Neurosci, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco; New York University; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco
RP Julius, D (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Mol & Cellular Pharmacol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
EM julius@socrates.ucsf.edu
NR 30
TC 1000
Z9 1194
U1 0
U2 54
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 21
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6840
BP 957
EP 962
DI 10.1038/35082088
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 444EN
UT WOS:000169386200047
PM 11418861
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Högberg, P
   Nordgren, A
   Buchmann, N
   Taylor, AFS
   Ekblad, A
   Högberg, MN
   Nyberg, G
   Ottosson-Löfvenius, M
   Read, DJ
AF Högberg, P
   Nordgren, A
   Buchmann, N
   Taylor, AFS
   Ekblad, A
   Högberg, MN
   Nyberg, G
   Ottosson-Löfvenius, M
   Read, DJ
TI Large-scale forest girdling shows that current photosynthesis drives soil respiration
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID carbon balance; temperature sensitivity; roots
AB The respiratory activities of plant roots, of their mycorrhizal fungi and of the free-living microbial heterotrophs (decomposers) in soils are significant components of the global carbon balance, but their relative contributions remain uncertain(1,2). To separate mycorrhizal root respiration from heterotrophic respiration in a boreal pine forest, we conducted a large-scale tree-girdling experiment, comprising 9 plots each containing about 120 trees. Tree-girdling involves stripping the stem bark to the depth of the current xylem at breast height terminating the supply of current photosynthates to roots and their mycorrhizal fungi without physically disturbing the delicate root-microbe-soil system. Here we report that girdling reduced soil respiration within 1-2 months by about 54% relative to respiration on ungirdled control plots, and that decreases of up to 37% were detected within 5 days. These values clearly show that the flux of current assimilates to roots is a key driver of soil respiration; they are conservative estimates of root respiration, however, because girdling increased the use of starch reserves in the roots. Our results indicate that models of soil respiration should incorporate measures of photosynthesis and of seasonal patterns of photosynthate allocation to roots.
C1 SLU, Depr Forest Ecol, Sect Soil Sci, SE-90183 Umea, Sweden.
   Max Planck Inst Biogeochem, D-07701 Jena, Germany.
   SLU, Dept Forest Mycol & Pathol, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden.
   Univ Sheffield, Dept Anim & Plant Sci, Sheffield S10 2TN, S Yorkshire, England.
C3 Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; Max Planck Society; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; University of Sheffield
RP Högberg, P (corresponding author), SLU, Depr Forest Ecol, Sect Soil Sci, SE-90183 Umea, Sweden.
NR 18
TC 1511
Z9 1796
U1 14
U2 793
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 14
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6839
BP 789
EP 792
DI 10.1038/35081058
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 441TV
UT WOS:000169246400046
PM 11459055
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Göpfert, MC
   Robert, D
AF Göpfert, MC
   Robert, D
TI Turning the key on Drosophila audition
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mechanosensory transduction; mutations
C1 Univ Zurich, Inst Zool, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
C3 University of Zurich
RP Göpfert, MC (corresponding author), Univ Zurich, Inst Zool, Winterthurerstr 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
NR 10
TC 83
Z9 94
U1 0
U2 12
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 21
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6840
BP 908
EP 908
DI 10.1038/35082144
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 444EN
UT WOS:000169386200033
PM 11418847
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Herzig, S
   Long, FX
   Jhala, US
   Hedrick, S
   Quinn, R
   Bauer, A
   Rudolph, D
   Schutz, G
   Yoon, C
   Puigserver, P
   Spiegelman, B
   Montminy, M
AF Herzig, S
   Long, FX
   Jhala, US
   Hedrick, S
   Quinn, R
   Bauer, A
   Rudolph, D
   Schutz, G
   Yoon, C
   Puigserver, P
   Spiegelman, B
   Montminy, M
TI CREB regulates hepatic gluconeogenesis through the coactivator PGC-1
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase gene; camp response element; gtp gene; leptin receptor; binding protein; transcription; glucocorticoids; promoter; mice; identification
AB When mammals fast, glucose homeostasis is achieved by triggering expression of gluconeogenic genes in response to glucagon and glucocorticoids. The pathways act synergistically to induce gluconeogenesis (glucose synthesis), although the underlying mechanism has not been determined(1-4). Here we show that mice carrying a targeted disruption of the cyclic AMP (cAMP) response element binding (CREB) protein gene, or overexpressing a dominant-negative CREB inhibitor, exhibit fasting hyperglycaemia and reduced expression of gluconeogenic enzymes. CREB was found to induce expression of the gluconeogenic programme through the nuclear receptor coactivator PGC-1, which is shown here to be a direct target for CREB regulation in vivo. Overexpression of PGC-1 in CREB-dercient mice restored glucose homeostasis and rescued expression of gluconeogenic genes. In transient assays, PGC-1 potentiated glucocorticoid induction of the gene for phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), the rate-limiting enzyme in gluconeogenesis. PGC-1 promotes cooperativity between cyclic AMP and glucocorticoid signalling pathways during hepatic gluconeogenesis. Fasting hyperglycaemia is strongly correlated with type II diabetes, so our results suggest that the activation of PGC-1 by CREB in liver contributes importantly to the pathogenesis of this disease.
C1 Salk Inst Biol Studies, Peptide Biol Labs, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Joslin Diabet Ctr, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
   Deutsch Krebsforschungszentrum, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dana Farber Canc Inst, Dept Cell Biol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Salk Institute; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Joslin Diabetes Center, Inc.; Helmholtz Association; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ); Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Harvard Medical School
RP Montminy, M (corresponding author), Salk Inst Biol Studies, Peptide Biol Labs, 10010 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
NR 29
TC 1213
Z9 1415
U1 2
U2 119
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 13
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6852
BP 179
EP 183
DI 10.1038/35093131
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 471FU
UT WOS:000170918800050
PM 11557984
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chang, CB
   Holtzman, DA
   Chau, S
   Chickering, T
   Woolf, EA
   Holmgren, LM
   Bodorova, J
   Gearing, DP
   Holmes, WE
   Brivanlou, AH
AF Chang, CB
   Holtzman, DA
   Chau, S
   Chickering, T
   Woolf, EA
   Holmgren, LM
   Bodorova, J
   Gearing, DP
   Holmes, WE
   Brivanlou, AH
TI Twisted gastrulation can function as a BMP antagonist
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID bone morphogenetic protein-4; dorsal-ventral pattern; drosophila embryo; prechordal mesoderm; neural induction; xenopus embryos; growth-factor; gene; signals; specification
AB Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), including the fly homologue Decapentaplegic (DPP), are important regulators of early vertebrate and invertebrate dorsal-ventral development(1-6). An evolutionarily conserved BMP regulatory mechanism operates from fly to fish, frog and mouse to control the dorsal-ventral axis determination. Several secreted factors, including the BMP antagonist chordin/Short gastrulation (SOG)(7-12), modulate the activity of BMPs. In Drosophila, Twisted gastrulation (TSG) is also involved in dorsal-ventral patterning(13-15), yet the mechanism of its function is unclear. Here we report the characterization of the vertebrate Tsg homologues. We show that Tsg can block BMP function in Xenopus embryonic explants and inhibits several ventral markers in whole-frog embryos. Tsg binds directly to BMPs and forms a ternary complex with chordin and BMPs. Coexpression of Tsg with chordin leads to a more efficient inhibition of the BMP activity in ectodermal explants. Unlike other known BMP antagonists, however, Tsg also reduces several anterior markers at late developmental stages. Our data suggest that Tsg can function as a BMP inhibitor in Xenopus; furthermore, Tsg may have additional functions during frog embryogenesis.
C1 Rockefeller Univ, Lab Vertebrate Mol Embryol, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Millennium Pharmaceut, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
C3 Rockefeller University; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd; Millennium Pharmaceuticals
RP Brivanlou, AH (corresponding author), Rockefeller Univ, Lab Vertebrate Mol Embryol, Box 32,1230 York Ave, New York, NY 10021 USA.
NR 30
TC 161
Z9 207
U1 0
U2 11
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 22
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6827
BP 483
EP 487
DI 10.1038/35068583
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 412YX
UT WOS:000167583800045
PM 11260717
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lanzara, A
   Bogdanov, PV
   Zhou, XJ
   Kellar, SA
   Feng, DL
   Lu, ED
   Yoshida, T
   Eisaki, H
   Fujimori, A
   Kishio, K
   Shimoyama, JI
   Noda, T
   Uchida, S
   Hussain, Z
   Shen, ZX
AF Lanzara, A
   Bogdanov, PV
   Zhou, XJ
   Kellar, SA
   Feng, DL
   Lu, ED
   Yoshida, T
   Eisaki, H
   Fujimori, A
   Kishio, K
   Shimoyama, JI
   Noda, T
   Uchida, S
   Hussain, Z
   Shen, ZX
TI Evidence for ubiquitous strong electron-phonon coupling in high-temperature superconductors
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID t-c superconductors; normal-state; bi2sr2cacu2o8+delta; photoemission; la1.85sr0.15cuo4; dispersion; pseudogap; spectra; energy
AB Coupling between electrons and phonons (lattice vibrations) drives the formation of the electron pairs responsible for conventional superconductivity(1). The lack of direct evidence for electron-phonon coupling in the electron dynamics of the high-transition-temperature superconductors has driven an intensive search for an alternative mechanism. A coupling of an electron with a phonon would result in an abrupt change of its velocity and scattering rate near the phonon energy. Here we use angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy to probe electron dynamics-velocity and scattering rate-for three different families of copper oxide superconductors. We see in all of these materials an abrupt change of electron velocity at 50-80 meV, which we cannot explain by any known process other than to invoke coupling with the phonons associated with the movement of the oxygen atoms. This suggests that electron-phonon coupling strongly influences the electron dynamics in the high-temperature superconductors, and must therefore be included in any microscopic theory of superconductivity.
C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Phys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Stanford Synchrotron Radiat Lab, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Adv Light Source, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Tokyo, Dept Phys, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1138656, Japan.
   Univ Tokyo, Dept Appl Chem, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1138656, Japan.
   Univ Tokyo, Dept Superconduct, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 133, Japan.
C3 Stanford University; Stanford University; United States Department of Energy (DOE); SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of Tokyo; University of Tokyo; University of Tokyo
RP Shen, ZX (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Dept Phys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
NR 29
TC 1281
Z9 1365
U1 3
U2 325
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 2
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6846
BP 510
EP 514
DI 10.1038/35087518
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 458PC
UT WOS:000170202900037
PM 11484045
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bjornstad, ON
   Sait, SM
   Stenseth, NC
   Thompson, DJ
   Begon, M
AF Bjornstad, ON
   Sait, SM
   Stenseth, NC
   Thompson, DJ
   Begon, M
TI The impact of specialized enemies on the dimensionality of host dynamics
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID indian meal moth; plodia-interpunctella; population regulation; time-series; cycles; transmission; models; age
AB Although individual species persist within a web of interactions with other species, data are usually gathered only from the focal species itself. We ask whether evidence of a species' interactions be detected and understood from patterns in the dynamics of that species alone. Theory predicts that strong coupling between a prey and a specialist predator/parasite should lead to an increase in the dimensionality of the prey's dynamics, whereas weak coupling should not. Here we describe a rare test of this prediction. Two natural enemies were added separately to replicate populations of a moth. For biological reasons that we identify here, the prediction of increased dimensionality was confirmed when a parasitoid wasp was added (although this increase had subtleties not previously appreciated), but the prediction failed for an added virus. Thus, an imprint of the interactions may be discerned within time-series data from component species of a system.
C1 Natl Ctr Ecol Anal & Synth, Santa Barbara, CA 93101 USA.
   Univ Liverpool, Sch Biol Sci, Populat & Evolutionary Biol Res Grp, Liverpool L69 3BX, Merseyside, England.
   Univ Oslo, Dept Biol, Div Zool, N-0316 Oslo, Norway.
C3 University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara; University of Liverpool; University of Oslo
RP Bjornstad, ON (corresponding author), Penn State Univ, Dept Entomol, 501 ASI Bldg, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
EM onb1@psu.edu
NR 38
TC 61
Z9 72
U1 0
U2 25
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 22
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6823
BP 1001
EP 1006
DI 10.1038/35059003
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 405FT
UT WOS:000167148800034
PM 11234001
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Najman, Y
   Pringle, M
   Godin, L
   Oliver, G
AF Najman, Y
   Pringle, M
   Godin, L
   Oliver, G
TI Dating of the oldest continental sediments from the Himalayan foreland basin
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID eocene age; pakistan; india; evolution; collision; history; asia; initiation; tectonics
AB A detailed knowledge of Himalayan development is important for our wider understanding of several global processes, ranging from models of plateau uplift to changes in oceanic chemistry and climate(1-4). Continental sediments 55 Myr old found in a foreland basin in Pakistan(5) are, by more than 20 Myr, the oldest deposits thought to have been eroded from the Himalayan metamorphic mountain belt. This constraint on when erosion began has influenced models of the timing and diachrony of the India-Eurasia collision(6-8), timing and mechanisms of exhumation(9,10) and uplift(11), as well as our general understanding of foreland basin dynamics(12). But the depositional age of these basin sediments was based on biostratigraphy from four intercalated marl units(5). Here we present dates of 257 detrital grains of white mica from this succession, using the Ar-40-(39) Ar method, and find that the largest concentration of ages are at 36-40 Myr. These dates are incompatible with the biostratigraphy unless the mineral ages have been reset, a possibility that we reject on the basis of a number of lines of evidence. A more detailed mapping of this formation suggests that the marl units are structurally intercalated with the continental sediments and accordingly that biostratigraphy cannot be used to date the clastic succession. The oldest continental foreland basin sediments containing metamorphic detritus eroded from the Himalaya orogeny therefore seem to be at least 15-20 Myr younger than previously believed, and models based on the older age must be re-evaluated.
C1 Univ Calgary, Dept Geol & Geophys, Fold & Fault Res Project, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
   Scottish Univ Environm Res Ctr, E Kilbride G75 0QF, Lanark, Scotland.
   Univ Oxford, Dept Earth Sci, Oxford OX1 3PR, England.
   Univ St Andrews, Sch Geog & Geosci, Crustal Geodynam Grp, St Andrews KY16 9ST, Fife, Scotland.
C3 University of Calgary; Scottish Universities Research & Reactor Center; University of Oxford; University of St Andrews
RP Najman, Y (corresponding author), Univ Calgary, Dept Geol & Geophys, Fold & Fault Res Project, 2500 Univ Dr NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
NR 24
TC 142
Z9 162
U1 0
U2 24
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 8
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6825
BP 194
EP 197
DI 10.1038/35065577
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 408HJ
UT WOS:000167320500042
PM 11242076
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wickware, P
   Smaglik, P
AF Wickware, P
   Smaglik, P
TI Proteomics technology: Character references
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 12
Z9 13
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 25
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6858
BP 869
EP +
DI 10.1038/35101696
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 485JA
UT WOS:000171750200051
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Palmer, TD
   Schwartz, PH
   Taupin, P
   Kaspar, B
   Stein, SA
   Gage, FH
AF Palmer, TD
   Schwartz, PH
   Taupin, P
   Kaspar, B
   Stein, SA
   Gage, FH
TI Cell culture - Progenitor cells from human brain after death
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID neural stem-cells; in-vitro; transplantation; proliferation; neurons
C1 Salk Inst, Genet Lab, La Jolla, CA 92122 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Dept Neurosurg, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Childrens Hosp Orange Cty, Brain & Tissue Bank Dev Disorders, Orange, CA 92868 USA.
C3 Salk Institute; Stanford University; Childrens Hospital of Orange County
RP Palmer, TD (corresponding author), Salk Inst, Genet Lab, 10010 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92122 USA.
NR 10
TC 377
Z9 439
U1 0
U2 11
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 3
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6833
BP 42
EP 43
DI 10.1038/35075141
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 427XY
UT WOS:000168432800034
PM 11333968
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Shu, DG
   Chen, L
   Han, J
   Zhang, XL
AF Shu, DG
   Chen, L
   Han, J
   Zhang, XL
TI An early Cambrian tunicate from China
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID evolutionary history; vertebrates; fossil
AB Like the Burgess Shales of Canada, the Chengjiang Lagerstatte from the Lower Cambrian of China is renowned for the detailed preservation as fossils of delicate, soft-bodied creatures(1-9), providing an insight into the Cambrian explosion. The fossils of possible hemichordate chordates(5-7) and vertebrates(9) have attracted particular attention. Tunicates, or urochordates, comprise the most basal chordate clade(10), and details of their evolution could be important in understanding the sequence of character acquisition that led to the emergence of chordates and vertebrates(11-18). However, definitive fossils of tunicates from the Cambrian are scarce or debatable(4,9,19-24). Here we report a probable tunicate Cheungkongella ancestralis from the Chengjiang fauna. It resembles the extant ascidian tunicate genus Styela whose morphology could be useful in understanding the origin of the vertebrates.
C1 NW Univ Xian, Early Life Inst, Xian 710069, Peoples R China.
   NW Univ Xian, Dept Geol, Xian 710069, Peoples R China.
C3 Northwest University Xi'an; Northwest University Xi'an
RP Shu, DG (corresponding author), NW Univ Xian, Early Life Inst, Xian 710069, Peoples R China.
EM dgshu@sein.sxgb.com.cn
NR 30
TC 87
Z9 109
U1 0
U2 29
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 24
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6836
BP 472
EP 473
DI 10.1038/35078069
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 435CB
UT WOS:000168858700047
PM 11373678
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU [Anonymous]
AF [Anonymous]
TI Molecular sensing - Molecular sensing in hearing and balance
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 2
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 13
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6852
BP 231
EP 232
DI 
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 471FU
UT WOS:000170918800059
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Komura, Y
   Tamura, R
   Uwano, T
   Nishijo, H
   Kaga, K
   Ono, T
AF Komura, Y
   Tamura, R
   Uwano, T
   Nishijo, H
   Kaga, K
   Ono, T
TI Retrospective and prospective coding for predicted reward in the sensory thalamus
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID orbitofrontal cortex; prefrontal cortex; auditory thalamus; receptive-fields; basal ganglia; single units; amygdala; neurons; brain; rat
AB Reward is important for shaping goal-directed behaviour(1-4). After stimulus-reward associative learning, an organism can assess the motivational value of the incoming stimuli on the basis of past experience (retrospective processing), and predict forthcoming rewarding events (prospective processing)(1-5). The traditional role of the sensory thalamus is to relay current sensory information to cortex. Here we rnd that non-primary thalamic neurons respond to reward-related events in two ways. The early, phasic responses occurred shortly after the onset of the stimuli and depended on the sensory modality. Their magnitudes resisted extinction and correlated with the learning experience. The late responses gradually increased during the cue and delay periods, and peaked just before delivery of the reward. These responses were independent of sensory modality and were modulated by the value and timing of the reward. These observations provide new evidence that single thalamic neurons can code for the acquired significance of sensory stimuli in the early responses (retrospective coding) and predict upcoming reward value in the late responses (prospective coding).
C1 Toyama Med & Pharmaceut Univ, Dept Physiol, Fac Med, Toyama 9300194, Japan.
   Univ Tokyo, Sch Med, Dept Otorhinolaryngol, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
C3 University of Toyama; University of Tokyo
RP Ono, T (corresponding author), Toyama Med & Pharmaceut Univ, Dept Physiol, Fac Med, Toyama 9300194, Japan.
NR 30
TC 213
Z9 249
U1 0
U2 21
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 2
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6846
BP 546
EP 549
DI 10.1038/35087595
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 458PC
UT WOS:000170202900047
PM 11484055
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zou, ZG
   Ye, JH
   Sayama, K
   Arakawa, H
AF Zou, ZG
   Ye, JH
   Sayama, K
   Arakawa, H
TI Direct splitting of water under visible light irradiation with an oxide semiconductor photocatalyst
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID particles; evolution; h-2; o-2
AB The photocatalytic splitting of water into hydrogen and oxygen using solar energy is a potentially clean and renewable source for hydrogen fuel. The first photocatalysts suitable for water splitting(1), or for activating hydrogen production from carbohydrate compounds made by plants from water and carbon dioxide(2), were developed several decades ago. But these catalysts operate with ultraviolet light, which accounts for only 4% of the incoming solar energy and thus renders the overall process impractical. For this reason, considerable efforts have been invested in developing photocatalysts capable of using the less energetic but more abundant visible light(3-7), which accounts for about 43% of the incoming solar energy. However, systems that are sufficiently stable and efficient for practical use have not yet been realized. Here we show that doping of indium-tantalum-oxide with nickel yields a series of photocatalysts, In1-xNixTaO4 (x = 0-0.2), which induces direct splitting of water into stoichiometric amounts of oxygen and hydrogen under visible light irradiation with a quantum yield of about 0.66%. Our findings suggest that the use of solar energy for photocatalytic water splitting might provide a viable source for 'clean' hydrogen fuel, once the catalytic efficiency of the semiconductor system has been improved by increasing its surface area and suitable modifications of the surface sites.
C1 Natl Inst Adv Ind Sci & Technol, PCRC, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058565, Japan.
   NIMS, MEL, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050047, Japan.
C3 National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST); National Institute for Materials Science
RP Zou, ZG (corresponding author), Natl Inst Adv Ind Sci & Technol, PCRC, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058565, Japan.
NR 15
TC 3078
Z9 3341
U1 19
U2 3229
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 6
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6864
BP 625
EP 627
DI 10.1038/414625a
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 498WB
UT WOS:000172535600044
PM 11740556
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pannifer, AD
   Wong, TY
   Schwarzenbacher, R
   Renatus, M
   Petosa, C
   Bienkowska, J
   Lacy, DB
   Collier, RJ
   Park, S
   Leppla, SH
   Hanna, P
   Liddington, RC
AF Pannifer, AD
   Wong, TY
   Schwarzenbacher, R
   Renatus, M
   Petosa, C
   Bienkowska, J
   Lacy, DB
   Collier, RJ
   Park, S
   Leppla, SH
   Hanna, P
   Liddington, RC
TI Crystal structure of the anthrax lethal factor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID protective antigen; bacillus-anthracis; factor cleaves; toxin; macrophages; protein; identification; program
AB Lethal factor (LF) is a protein (relative molecular mass 90,000) that is critical in the pathogenesis of anthrax(1-3). It is a highly specific protease that cleaves members of the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MAPKK) family near to their amino termini, leading to the inhibition of one or more signalling pathways(4-6). Here we describe the crystal structure of LF and its complex with the N terminus of MAPKK-2. LF comprises four domains: domain I binds the membrane-translocating component of anthrax toxin, the protective antigen (PA); domains II, III and IV together create a long deep groove that holds the 16-residue N-terminal tail of MAPKK-2 before cleavage. Domain II resembles the ADP-ribosylating toxin from Bacillus cereus, but the active site has been mutated and recruited to augment substrate recognition. Domain III is inserted into domain II, and seems to have arisen from a repeated duplication of a structural element of domain II. Domain IV is distantly related to the zinc metalloprotease family, and contains the catalytic centre; it also resembles domain I. The structure thus reveals a protein that has evolved through a process of gene duplication, mutation and fusion, into an enzyme with high and unusual specificity.
C1 Burnham Inst, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Univ Leicester, Dept Biochem, Leicester LE1 7RH, Leics, England.
   Dana Farber Canc Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Microbiol & Mol Genet, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Natl Inst Dent & Craniofacial Res, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   Univ Michigan, Sch Med, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
C3 Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute; University of Leicester; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Dental & Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); University of Michigan System; University of Michigan
RP Liddington, RC (corresponding author), Burnham Inst, 10901 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
NR 31
TC 333
Z9 454
U1 0
U2 37
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 8
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6860
BP 229
EP 233
DI 10.1038/n35101998
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 490AY
UT WOS:000172029100053
PM 11700563
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Both, C
   Visser, ME
AF Both, C
   Visser, ME
TI Adjustment to climate change is constrained by arrival date in a long-distance migrant bird
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID egg-laying trends; reproduction; temperature; population; phenology; earlier; britain; tits
AB Spring temperatures in temperate regions have increased over the past 20 years(1), and many organisms have responded to this increase by advancing the date of their growth and reproduction(2-7). Here we show that adaptation to climate change in a long-distance migrant is constrained by the timing of its migratory journey. For long-distance migrants climate change may advance the phenology of their breeding areas, but the timing of some species' spring migration relies on endogenous rhythms that are not affected by climate change(8). Thus, the spring migration of these species will not advance even though they need to arrive earlier on their breeding grounds to breed at the appropriate time. We show that the migratory pied flycatcher Ficedula hypoleuca has advanced its laying date over the past 20 years. This temporal shift has been insufficient, however, as indicated by increased selection for earlier breeding over the same period. The shift is hampered by its spring arrival date, which has not advanced. Some of the numerous long-distance migrants will suffer from climate change, because either their migration strategy is unaffected by climate change, or the climate in breeding and wintering areas are changing at different speeds, preventing adequate adaptation.
C1 Inst Ecol Res, NL-6666 ZG Heteren, Netherlands.
   Univ Groningen, Zool Lab, NL-9750 AA Haren, Netherlands.
C3 University of Groningen
RP Visser, ME (corresponding author), Inst Ecol Res, POB 40, NL-6666 ZG Heteren, Netherlands.
NR 27
TC 811
Z9 966
U1 7
U2 606
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 17
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6835
BP 296
EP 298
DI 10.1038/35077063
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 432RT
UT WOS:000168710000044
PM 11357129
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Aach, J
   Bulyk, ML
   Church, GM
   Comander, J
   Derti, A
   Shendure, J
AF Aach, J
   Bulyk, ML
   Church, GM
   Comander, J
   Derti, A
   Shendure, J
TI Computational comparison of two draft sequences of the human genome
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID conservation; protein; growth; genes; tool
AB We are in the enviable position of having two distinct drafts of the human genome sequence. Although gaps, errors, redundancy and incomplete annotation mean that individually each falls short of the ideal, many of these problems can be assessed by comparison. Here we present some comparative analyses of these drafts. We look at a number of features of the sequences, including sequence gaps, continuity, consistency between the two sequences and patterns of DNA-binding protein motifs.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Lipper Ctr Computat Genet, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Program Biophys, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Genet, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Boston Univ, Program Bioinformat, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Boston University
RP Church, GM (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Lipper Ctr Computat Genet, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
EM church@arep.med.harvard.edud
NR 20
TC 42
Z9 48
U1 0
U2 9
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 15
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6822
BP 856
EP 859
DI 10.1038/35057055
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 401QC
UT WOS:000166938800057
PM 11237010
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wallis, JD
   Anderson, KC
   Miller, EK
AF Wallis, JD
   Anderson, KC
   Miller, EK
TI Single neurons in prefrontal cortex encode abstract rules
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID orbitofrontal cortex; neural activity; frontal-cortex; working-memory; unit-activity; primate; reward; macaque; monkey
AB The ability to abstract principles or rules from direct experience allows behaviour to extend beyond specific circumstances to general situations. For example, we learn the 'rules' for restaurant dining from specific experiences and can then apply them in new restaurants. The use of such rules is thought to depend on the prefrontal cortex (PFC) because its damage often results in difficulty in following rules(1). Here we explore its neural basis by recording from single neurons in the PFC of monkeys trained to use two abstract rules. They were required to indicate whether two successively presented pictures were the same or different depending on which rule was currently in effect. The monkeys performed this task with new pictures, thus showing that they had learned two general principles that could be applied to stimuli that they had not yet experienced. The most prevalent neuronal activity observed in the PFC reflected the coding of these abstract rules.
C1 MIT, Ctr Learning & Memory, RIKEN, Neurosci Res Ctr, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   MIT, Dept Brain & Cognit Sci, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
C3 RIKEN; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP Miller, EK (corresponding author), MIT, Ctr Learning & Memory, RIKEN, Neurosci Res Ctr, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
NR 26
TC 783
Z9 944
U1 1
U2 72
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 21
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6840
BP 953
EP 956
DI 10.1038/35082081
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 444EN
UT WOS:000169386200046
PM 11418860
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Himanen, JP
   Rajashankar, KR
   Lackmann, M
   Cowan, CA
   Henkemeyer, M
   Nikolov, DB
AF Himanen, JP
   Rajashankar, KR
   Lackmann, M
   Cowan, CA
   Henkemeyer, M
   Nikolov, DB
TI Crystal structure of an Eph receptor-ephrin complex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ligand-binding; transmembrane ligands; tyrosine kinases; sam domain; nuk; dimerization; attachment; proteins; brain; axons
AB The Eph family of receptor tyrosine kinases and their membrane-anchored ephrin ligands are important in regulating cell-cell interactions as they initiate a unique bidirectional signal transduction cascade whereby information is communicated into both the Eph-expressing and the ephrin-expressing cells. Initially identified as regulators of axon pathfinding and neuronal cell migration, Ephs and ephrins are now known to have roles in many other cell-cell interactions, including those of vascular endothelial cells and specialized epithelia(1,2). Here we report the crystal structure of the complex formed between EphB2 and ephrin-B2, determined at 2.7 Angstrom resolution. Each Eph receptor binds an ephrin ligand through an expansive dimerization interface dominated by the insertion of an extended ephrin loop into a channel at the surface of the receptor. Two Eph-Ephrin dimers then join to form a tetramer, in which each ligand interacts with two receptors and each receptor interacts with two ligands. The Eph and ephrin molecules are precisely positioned and orientated in these complexes, promoting higher-order clustering and the initiation of bidirectional signalling.
C1 Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Cellular Biochem & Biophys Program, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA.
   Royal Melbourne Hosp, Ludwig Inst Canc Res, Parkville, Vic 3050, Australia.
   Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Ctr Dev Biol, Dallas, TX 75390 USA.
   Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Kent Waldrep Fdn Ctr Basic Res Nerve Growth & Reg, Dallas, TX 75390 USA.
C3 Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Brookhaven National Laboratory; Melbourne Health; Royal Melbourne Hospital; Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research; University of Texas System; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas System; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; University of Texas Dallas
RP Nikolov, DB (corresponding author), Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Cellular Biochem & Biophys Program, 1275 York Ave, New York, NY 10021 USA.
NR 29
TC 280
Z9 362
U1 0
U2 19
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 20
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6866
BP 933
EP 938
DI 10.1038/414933a
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 503RB
UT WOS:000172813300052
PM 11780069
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cowan, CA
   Henkemeyer, M
AF Cowan, CA
   Henkemeyer, M
TI The SH2/SH3 adaptor Grb4 transduces B-ephrin reverse signals
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID abl transforming activity; central-nervous-system; tyrosine kinase; transmembrane ligands; binding proteins; sh3 domain; nck; receptors; catenin; pathway
AB Bidirectional signals mediated by membrane-anchored ephrins and Eph receptor tyrosine kinases have important functions in cell-cell recognition events, including those that occur during axon pathfinding(1,2) and hindbrain segmentation(3,4). The reverse signal that is transduced into B-ephrin-expressing cells is thought to involve tyrosine phosphorylation of the signal's short, conserved carboxy-terminal cytoplasmic domain(5,6). The Src-homology-2 (SH2) domain proteins that associate with activated tyrosine-phosphorylated B-subclass ephrins have not been identified, nor has a defined cellular response to reverse signals been described. Here we show that the SH2/SH3 domain adaptor protein Grb4 binds to the cytoplasmic domain of B ephrins in a phosphotyrosine-dependent manner. In response to B-ephrin reverse signalling, cells increase FAK catalytic activity, redistribute paxillin, lose focal adhesions, round up, and disassemble F-actin-containing stress fibres. These cellular responses can be blocked in a dominant-negative fashion by expression of the isolated Grb4 SH2 domain. The Grb4 SH3 domains bind a unique set of other proteins that are implicated in cytoskeletal regulation, including the Cbl-associated protein (CAP/ponsin), the Abl-interacting protein-1 (Abi-1), dynamin, PAK1, hnRNPK and axin. These data provide a biochemical pathway whereby cytoskeletal regulators are recruited to Eph-ephrin bidirectional signalling complexes.
C1 Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Ctr Dev Biol, Dallas, TX 75390 USA.
   Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Kent Waldrep Fdn Ctr Basic Res Nerve Growth & Reg, Dallas, TX 75390 USA.
C3 University of Texas System; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas System; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
RP Henkemeyer, M (corresponding author), Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Ctr Dev Biol, Dallas, TX 75390 USA.
NR 31
TC 287
Z9 345
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 13
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6852
BP 174
EP 179
DI 10.1038/35093123
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 471FU
UT WOS:000170918800049
PM 11557983
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Oieroset, M
   Phan, TD
   Fujimoto, M
   Lin, RP
   Lepping, RP
AF Oieroset, M
   Phan, TD
   Fujimoto, M
   Lin, RP
   Lepping, RP
TI In situ detection of collisionless reconnection in the Earth's magnetotail
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID magnetic-field reconnection; geotail observations; magnetopause; plasma; magnetosphere; simulation; flows
AB Magnetic reconnection is the process by which magnetic field lines of opposite polarity reconfigure to a lower-energy state, with the release of magnetic energy to the surroundings. Reconnection at the Earth's dayside magnetopause and in the magnetotail allows the solar wind into the magnetosphere(1,2). It begins in a small `diffusion region', where a kink in the newly reconnected lines produces jets of plasma away from the region. Although plasma jets from reconnection have previously been reported(3-7), the physical processes that underlie jet formation have remained poorly understood because of the scarcity of in situ observations of the minuscule diffusion region. Theoretically, both resistive and collisionless processes can initiate reconnection(8-14), but which process dominates in the magnetosphere is still debated. Here we report the serendipitous encounter of the Wind spacecraft with an active reconnection diffusion region, in which are detected key processes predicted by models(8-13) of collisionless reconnection. The data therefore demonstrate that collisionless reconnection occurs in the magnetotail.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Tokyo Inst Technol, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Meguro Ku, Tokyo 152, Japan.
   NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; Institute of Science Tokyo; Tokyo Institute of Technology; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
RP Oieroset, M (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
NR 28
TC 488
Z9 552
U1 3
U2 58
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 26
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6845
BP 414
EP 417
DI 10.1038/35086520
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 456DQ
UT WOS:000170068200040
PM 11473310
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ando, J
   Shibata, Y
   Okajima, Y
   Kanagawa, K
   Furusho, M
   Tomioka, N
AF Ando, J
   Shibata, Y
   Okajima, Y
   Kanagawa, K
   Furusho, M
   Tomioka, N
TI Striped iron zoning of olivine induced by dislocation creep in deformed peridotites
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID deep-focus earthquakes; system mg2sio4-fe2sio4; modified spinel; transformation; lithosphere; mechanism; stress
AB Deformation of solid materials affects not only their microstructures, but also their microchemistries(1-5). Although chemical unmixing of initially homogeneous multicomponent solids is known to occur during deformation by diffusion creep(4,5), there has been no report on their chemical zoning due to deformation by dislocation creep, in either natural samples or laboratory experiments. Here we report striped iron zoning of olivine ((Mg,Fe)(2)SiO4) in deformed peridotites, where the iron concentration increases at subgrain boundaries composed of edge dislocations. We infer that this zoning is probably formed by alignment of edge dislocations dragging a so-called Cottrell 'atmosphere' of solute atoms(3,6,7) (iron in this case) into subgrain boundaries during deformation of the olivine by dislocation creep. We have found that the iron zoning does not develop in laboratory experiments of high strain rates where dislocations move too fast to drag the Cottrell atmosphere. This phenomenon might have important implications for the generation of deep-focus earthquakes, as transformation of olivine to high-pressure phases preferentially occurs in high-iron regions, and therefore along subgrain boundaries which would be preferentially aligned in plastically deformed mantle peridotites.
C1 Hiroshima Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Syst Sci, Higashihiroshima 7398526, Japan.
   Chiba Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Chiba 2638522, Japan.
   OYO Corp, Hyogo Ku, Kobe, Hyogo 6520807, Japan.
   Kobe Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Kobe, Hyogo 6578501, Japan.
C3 Hiroshima University; Chiba University; OYO Corporation; Kobe University
RP Ando, J (corresponding author), Hiroshima Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Syst Sci, Higashihiroshima 7398526, Japan.
NR 30
TC 36
Z9 40
U1 0
U2 35
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 20
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6866
BP 893
EP 895
DI 10.1038/414893a
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 503RB
UT WOS:000172813300041
PM 11780058
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Harvey, J
AF Harvey, J
TI The natural economy
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 NIOO NAW, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Ctr Terr Ecol, Dept Multitroph Interact, NL-6666 ZG Heteren, Netherlands.
C3 Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts & Sciences; Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW)
RP Harvey, J (corresponding author), NIOO NAW, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Ctr Terr Ecol, Dept Multitroph Interact, POB 40, NL-6666 ZG Heteren, Netherlands.
NR 5
TC 6
Z9 8
U1 1
U2 4
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 4
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6855
BP 463
EP 463
DI 10.1038/35097209
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 478HG
UT WOS:000171340500024
PM 11586335
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Saghatelian, A
   Yokobayashi, Y
   Soltani, K
   Ghadiri, MR
AF Saghatelian, A
   Yokobayashi, Y
   Soltani, K
   Ghadiri, MR
TI A chiroselective peptide replicator
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID biomolecular chirality; self-replication; optical-activity; amino-acids; amplification; template; origin; homochirality; ligation
AB The origin of homochirality in living systems is often attributed to the generation of enantiomeric differences in a pool of chiral prebiotic molecules(1,2), but none of the possible physiochemical processes considered(1-7) can produce the significant imbalance required if homochiral biopolymers are to result from simple coupling of suitable precursor molecules. This implies a central role either for additional processes that can selectively amplify an initially minute enantiomeric difference in the starting material(1,8-12), or for a nonenzymatic process by which biopolymers undergo chiroselective molecular replication(13-16). Given that molecular self-replication and the capacity for selection are necessary conditions for the emergence of life, chiroselective replication of biopolymers seems a particularly attractive process for explaining homochirality in nature(13-16). Here we report that a 32-residue peptide replicator, designed according to our earlier principles(17-20), is capable of efficiently amplifying homochiral products from a racemic mixture of peptide fragments through a chiroselective autocatalytic cycle. The chiroselective amplification process discriminates between structures possessing even single stereochemical mutations within otherwise homochiral sequences. Moreover, the system exhibits a dynamic stereochemical 'editing' function; in contrast to the previously observed error correction(20), it makes use of heterochiral sequences that arise through uncatalysed background reactions to catalyse the production of the homochiral product. These results support the idea that self-replicating polypeptides could have played a key role in the origin of homochirality on Earth.
C1 Scripps Res Inst, Dept Chem, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Scripps Res Inst, Dept Mol Biol, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Scripps Res Inst, Skaggs Inst Chem Biol, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
C3 Scripps Research Institute; Scripps Research Institute; Scripps Research Institute
RP Ghadiri, MR (corresponding author), Scripps Res Inst, Dept Chem, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
NR 27
TC 237
Z9 256
U1 1
U2 67
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 15
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6822
BP 797
EP 801
DI 10.1038/35057238
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 401QC
UT WOS:000166938800034
PM 11236988
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gomberg, J
   Reasenberg, PA
   Bodin, P
   Harris, RA
AF Gomberg, J
   Reasenberg, PA
   Bodin, P
   Harris, RA
TI Earthquake triggering by seismic waves following the Landers and Hector Mine earthquakes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID stress-strain changes; california; aftershocks; transient
AB The proximity and similarity of the 1992, magnitude 7.3 Landers and 1999, magnitude 7.1 Hector Mine earthquakes in California permit testing of earthquake triggering hypotheses not previously possible. The Hector Mine earthquake confirmed inferences that transient, oscillatory 'dynamic' deformations radiated as seismic waves can trigger seismicity rate increases, as proposed for the Landers earthquake(1-6). Here we quantify the spatial and temporal patterns of the seismicity rate changes(7). The seismicity rate increase was to the north for the Landers earthquake and primarily to the south for the Hector Mine earthquake. We suggest that rupture directivity results in elevated dynamic deformations north and south of the Landers and Hector Mine faults, respectively, as evident in the asymmetry of the recorded seismic velocity fields. Both dynamic and static stress changes seem important for triggering in the near field with dynamic stress changes dominating at greater distances. Peak seismic velocities recorded for each earthquake suggest the existence of, and place bounds on, dynamic triggering thresholds. These thresholds vary from a few tenths to a few MPa in most places, depend on local conditions, and exceed inferred static thresholds by more than an order of magnitude. At some sites, the onset of triggering was delayed until after the dynamic deformations subsided. Physical mechanisms consistent with all these observations may be similar to those that give rise to liquefaction or cyclic fatigue.
C1 US Geol Survey, Ctr Earthquake Res & Informat, Memphis, TN 38152 USA.
   US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA.
   Univ Memphis, Ctr Earthquake Res & Informat, Memphis, TN 38152 USA.
C3 United States Department of the Interior; United States Geological Survey; United States Department of the Interior; United States Geological Survey; University of Memphis
RP Gomberg, J (corresponding author), US Geol Survey, Ctr Earthquake Res & Informat, 3876 Cent Ave Suite 2, Memphis, TN 38152 USA.
EM gomberg@usgs.gov
NR 28
TC 304
Z9 358
U1 0
U2 64
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 24
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6836
BP 462
EP 466
DI 10.1038/35078053
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 435CB
UT WOS:000168858700044
PM 11373675
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hilgenfeldt, S
   Grossmann, S
   Lohse, D
AF Hilgenfeldt, S
   Grossmann, S
   Lohse, D
TI Cavitation science - Is there a simple theory of sonoluminescence? Reply
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID bubble dynamics; single
C1 Harvard Univ, Div Engn & Appl Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Univ Twente, Dept Appl Phys, NL-7500 AE Enschede, Netherlands.
   Univ Twente, JM Burgers Ctr Fluid Dynam, NL-7500 AE Enschede, Netherlands.
   Univ Marburg, Fachbereich Phys, D-35032 Marburg, Germany.
C3 Harvard University; University of Twente; University of Twente; Philipps University Marburg
RP Hilgenfeldt, S (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Div Engn & Appl Sci, 29 Oxford St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
EM lohse@tn.utwente.nl
NR 15
TC 5
Z9 6
U1 0
U2 19
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 15
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6822
BP 783
EP 783
DI 10.1038/35057321
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 401QC
UT WOS:000166938800028
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Savrasov, SY
   Kotliar, G
   Abrahams, E
AF Savrasov, SY
   Kotliar, G
   Abrahams, E
TI Correlated electrons in δ-plutonium within a dynamical mean-field picture
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID alpha; transition; spectra; systems; pu
AB Given the practical importance of metallic plutonium, there is considerable interest(1-3) in understanding its fundamental properties. Plutonium undergoes a 25 per cent increase in volume(4) when transformed from its alpha -phase (which is stable below 400 K) to the delta -phase (stable at around 600 K), an effect that is crucial for issues of long-term storage and disposal. It has long been suspected that this unique property is a consequence of the special location of plutonium in the periodic table, on the border between the light and heavy actinides-here, electron wave-particle duality (or itinerant versus localized behaviour) is important(5). This situation has resisted previous theoretical treatment. Here we report an electronic structure method, based on dynamical mean-field theory, that enables interpolation between the band-like and atomic-like behaviour of the electron. Our approach enables us to study the phase diagram of plutonium, by providing access to the energetics and one-electron spectra of strongly correlated systems. We explain the origin of the volume expansion between the alpha- and delta -phases, predict the existence of a strong quasiparticle peak near the Fermi level and give a new viewpoint on the physics of plutonium, in which the alpha- and delta -phases are on opposite sides of the interaction-driven localization-delocalization transition.
C1 Rutgers State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA.
   Rutgers State Univ, Ctr Mat Theory, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA.
C3 Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick; Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick
RP Savrasov, SY (corresponding author), Rutgers State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, POB 849, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA.
EM savrasov@physics.rutgers.edu
NR 24
TC 477
Z9 503
U1 0
U2 59
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 12
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6830
BP 793
EP 795
DI 10.1038/35071035
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 420TT
UT WOS:000168021900048
PM 11298442
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Muggli, P
   Lee, S
   Katsouleas, T
   Assmann, R
   Decker, FJ
   Hogan, MJ
   Iverson, R
   Raimondi, P
   Siemann, RH
   Walz, D
   Blue, B
   Clayton, CE
   Dodd, E
   Fonseca, RA
   Hemker, R
   Joshi, C
   Marsh, KA
   Mori, WB
   Wang, SQ
AF Muggli, P
   Lee, S
   Katsouleas, T
   Assmann, R
   Decker, FJ
   Hogan, MJ
   Iverson, R
   Raimondi, P
   Siemann, RH
   Walz, D
   Blue, B
   Clayton, CE
   Dodd, E
   Fonseca, RA
   Hemker, R
   Joshi, C
   Marsh, KA
   Mori, WB
   Wang, SQ
TI Boundary effects - Refractioin of a particle beam
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID laser
C1 Univ So Calif, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, Stanford, CA 94309 USA.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
C3 University of Southern California; Stanford University; United States Department of Energy (DOE); SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles
RP Muggli, P (corresponding author), Univ So Calif, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA.
NR 7
TC 29
Z9 33
U1 0
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 3
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6833
BP 43
EP 43
DI 10.1038/35075144
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 427XY
UT WOS:000168432800035
PM 11333969
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Waelti, P
   Dickinson, A
   Schultz, W
AF Waelti, P
   Dickinson, A
   Schultz, W
TI Dopamine responses comply with basic assumptions of formal learning theory
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID long-term depression; rat prefrontal cortex; behavioral reactions; conditioned-stimuli; monkey midbrain; neurons; reward; prediction; mechanisms; model
AB According to contemporary learning theories, the discrepancy, or error, between the actual and predicted reward determines whether learning occurs when a stimulus is paired with a reward. The role of prediction errors is directly demonstrated by the observation that learning is blocked when the stimulus is paired with a fully predicted reward. By using this blocking procedure, we show that the responses of dopamine neurons to conditioned stimuli was governed differentially by the occurrence of reward prediction errors rather than stimulus-reward associations alone, as was the learning of behavioural reactions. Both behavioural and neuronal learning occurred predominantly when dopamine neurons registered a reward prediction error at the time of the reward. Our data indicate that the use of analytical tests derived from formal behavioural learning theory provides a powerful approach for studying the role of single neurons in learning.
C1 Univ Fribourg, Inst Physiol, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
   Univ Fribourg, Program Neurosci, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
   Univ Cambridge, Dept Expt Psychol, Cambridge CB2 3EB, England.
C3 University of Fribourg; University of Fribourg; University of Cambridge
RP Schultz, W (corresponding author), Univ Fribourg, Inst Physiol, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
NR 50
TC 752
Z9 915
U1 0
U2 58
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 5
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6842
BP 43
EP 48
DI 10.1038/35083500
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 448TB
UT WOS:000169644900036
PM 11452299
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gilliver, MA
   Bennett, M
   Begon, M
   Hazel, SM
   Hart, CA
AF Gilliver, MA
   Bennett, M
   Begon, M
   Hazel, SM
   Hart, CA
TI Antibiotic resistance - How wild are wild mammals? Reply
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Liverpool, Ctr Comparat Infect Dis, Liverpool L69 3BX, Merseyside, England.
C3 University of Liverpool
RP Gilliver, MA (corresponding author), Univ Liverpool, Ctr Comparat Infect Dis, POB 147, Liverpool L69 3BX, Merseyside, England.
NR 1
TC 5
Z9 7
U1 0
U2 10
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 4
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6816
BP 38
EP 38
DI 10.1038/35051176
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 388HT
UT WOS:000166175600031
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gogotsi, Y
   Welz, S
   Ersoy, DA
   McNallan, MJ
AF Gogotsi, Y
   Welz, S
   Ersoy, DA
   McNallan, MJ
TI Conversion of silicon carbide to crystalline diamond-structured carbon at ambient pressure
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID shock compression; growth; coatings; graphite
AB Synthetic diamond is formed commercially using high-pressure(1), chemical-vapour-deposition(2) and shock-wave(3) processes, but these approaches have serious limitations owing to low production volumes and high costs. Recently suggested alternative methods of diamond growth include plasma activation(4), high pressures(5), exotic precursors(6,7) or explosive mixtures(8), but they suffer from very low yield and are intrinsically limited to small volumes or thin films. Here we report the synthesis of nano- and micro-crystalline diamond-structured carbon, with cubic and hexagonal structure, by extracting silicon from silicon carbide in chlorine-containing gases at ambient pressure and temperatures not exceeding 1,000 degreesC. The presence of hydrogen in the gas mixture leads to a stable conversion of silicon carbide to diamond-structured carbon with an average crystallite size ranging from 5 to 10 nanometres. The linear reaction kinetics allows transformation to any depth, so that the whole silicon carbide sample can be converted to carbon. Nanocrystalline coatings of diamond-structured carbon produced by this route show promising mechanical properties, with hardness values in excess of 50 GPa and Young's moduli up to 800 GPa. Our approach should be applicable to large-scale production of crystalline diamond-structured carbon.
C1 Drexel Univ, Dept Mat Engn, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   Univ Illinois, Dept Civil & Mat Engn, Chicago, IL 60607 USA.
C3 Drexel University; University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Chicago; University of Illinois Chicago Hospital
RP Gogotsi, Y (corresponding author), Drexel Univ, Dept Mat Engn, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
EM gogotsi@drexel.edu
NR 32
TC 226
Z9 256
U1 4
U2 186
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 17
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6835
BP 283
EP 287
DI 10.1038/35077031
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 432RT
UT WOS:000168710000040
PM 11357125
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Montgomery, SL
AF Montgomery, SL
TI Newton in Japan
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 0
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 3
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6833
BP 25
EP 25
DI 10.1038/35075172
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 427XY
UT WOS:000168432800023
PM 11333955
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Domning, DP
AF Domning, DP
TI The earliest known fully quadrupedal sirenian
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID eocene; jamaica; origin
AB Modern seacows (manatees and dugongs; Mammalia, Sirenia) are completely aquatic, with flipperlike forelimbs and no hindlimbs(1,2). Here I describe Eocene fossils from Jamaica that represent nearly the entire skeleton of a new genus and species of sirenian-the most primitive for which extensive postcranial remains are known. This animal was fully capable of locomotion on land, with four well-developed legs, a multivertebral sacrum, and a strong sacroiliac articulation that could support the weight of the body out of water as in land mammals. Aquatic adaptations show, however, that it probably spent most of its time in the water. Its intermediate form thus illustrates the evolutionary transition between terrestrial and aquatic life. Similar to contemporary primitive cetaceans(3), it probably swam by spinal extension with simultaneous pelvic paddling, unlike later sirenians and cetaceans, which lost the hindlimbs and enlarged the tail to serve as the main propulsive organ. Together with fossils of later sirenians elsewhere in the world(1,4-7), these new specimens document one of the most marked examples of morphological evolution in the vertebrate fossil record.
C1 Howard Univ, Dept Anat, Washington, DC 20059 USA.
C3 Howard University
RP Domning, DP (corresponding author), Howard Univ, Dept Anat, Washington, DC 20059 USA.
EM ddomning@fac.howard.edu
NR 22
TC 128
Z9 152
U1 1
U2 58
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 11
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6856
BP 625
EP 627
DI 10.1038/35098072
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 480WE
UT WOS:000171485700047
PM 11675784
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jeong, H
   Mason, SP
   Barabási, AL
   Oltvai, ZN
AF Jeong, H
   Mason, SP
   Barabási, AL
   Oltvai, ZN
TI Lethality and centrality in protein networks
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID organization; database; genome
C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
C3 University of Notre Dame
RP Jeong, H (corresponding author), Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
EM alb@nd.edu; zno008@nwu.edu
NR 13
TC 3870
Z9 4573
U1 5
U2 268
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 3
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6833
BP 41
EP 42
DI 10.1038/35075138
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 427XY
UT WOS:000168432800033
PM 11333967
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ball, P
AF Ball, P
TI Life's lessons in design
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID microtubules; recognition; motion; flight
AB So long as it avoids a Panglossian view of nature, the science of biomimetics has the potential to enrich many areas of technology. But accurate mimicry will require greater understanding of natural mechanisms at the molecular scale. As this continues to unfold, emulation may increasingly give way to assimilation of biological machinery.
NR 32
TC 137
Z9 166
U1 0
U2 41
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 18
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6818
BP 413
EP 416
DI 10.1038/35053198
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 392VY
UT WOS:000166434300065
PM 11201757
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wang, ZY
   Seto, H
   Fujioka, S
   Yoshida, S
   Chory, J
AF Wang, ZY
   Seto, H
   Fujioka, S
   Yoshida, S
   Chory, J
TI BRI1 is a critical component of a plasma-membrane receptor for plant steroids
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID brassinosteroid signal-transduction; arabidopsis-thaliana; kinase; brassinolide; growth; biosynthesis; hormone; encodes; actors; gene
AB Most multicellular organisms use steroids as signalling molecules for physiological and developmental regulation. Two different modes of steroid action have been described in animal systems: the well-studied gene regulation response mediated by nuclear receptors(1,2), and the rapid non-genomic responses mediated by proposed membrane-bound receptors(3,4). Plant genomes do not seem to encode members of the nuclear receptor superfamily(5). However, a transmembrane receptor kinase, brassinosteroid-insensitive1 (BRI1), has been implicated in brassinosteroid-responses(6,7). Here we show that BRI1 functions as a receptor of brassinolide, the most active brassinosteroid. The number of brassinolide-binding sites and the degree of response to brassinolide depend on the level of BRI1 protein. The brassinolide-binding activity co-immunoprecipitates with BRI1, and requires a functional BRI1 extracellular domain. Moreover, treatment of Arabidopsis seedlings with brassinolide induces autophosphorylation of BRI1, which, together with our binding studies, shows that BRI1 is a receptor kinase that transduces steroid signals across the plasma membrane.
C1 Salk Inst Biol Studies, Howard Hughes Med Inst, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Salk Inst Biol Studies, Plant Biol Lab, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   RIKEN, Inst Phys & Chem Res, Plant Funct Lab, Wako, Saitama 3510198, Japan.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Salk Institute; Salk Institute; RIKEN
RP Chory, J (corresponding author), Salk Inst Biol Studies, Howard Hughes Med Inst, 10010 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
EM chory@salk.edu
NR 26
TC 659
Z9 787
U1 3
U2 152
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 15
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6826
BP 380
EP 383
DI 10.1038/35066597
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 410WM
UT WOS:000167464100054
PM 11268216
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Grenfell, BT
   Bjornstad, ON
   Kappey, J
AF Grenfell, BT
   Bjornstad, ON
   Kappey, J
TI Travelling waves and spatial hierarchies in measles epidemics
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pattern-formation; dynamics; persistence; chaos; heterogeneity; periodicity; populations; vaccination; synchrony; models
AB Spatio-temporal travelling waves are striking manifestations of predator-prey and host-parasite dynamics. However, few systems are well enough documented both to detect repeated waves and to explain their interaction with spatio-temporal variations in population structure and demography. Here, we demonstrate recurrent epidemic travelling waves in an exhaustive spatio-temporal data set for measles in England and Wales. We use wavelet phase analysis, which allows for dynamical nonstationarity-a complication in interpreting spatio-temporal patterns in these and many other ecological time series. In the prevaccination era, conspicuous hierarchical waves of infection moved regionally from large cities to small towns; the introduction of measles vaccination restricted but did not eliminate this hierarchical contagion. A mechanistic stochastic model suggests a dynamical explanation for the waves-spread via infective 'sparks' from large 'core' cities to smaller 'satellite' towns. Thus, the spatial hierarchy of host population structure is a prerequisite for these infection waves.
C1 Univ Cambridge, Dept Zool, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, England.
   Penn State Univ, Dept Entomol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
   Penn State Univ, Dept Biol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
C3 University of Cambridge; Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park; Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park
RP Grenfell, BT (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, Dept Zool, Downing St, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, England.
EM b.t.grenfell@zoo.cam.ac.uk
NR 50
TC 714
Z9 806
U1 2
U2 137
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 13
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6865
BP 716
EP 723
DI 10.1038/414716a
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 501GD
UT WOS:000172676200039
PM 11742391
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Forte, AM
   Mitrovica, JX
AF Forte, AM
   Mitrovica, JX
TI Deep-mantle high-viscosity flow and thermochemical structure inferred from seismic and geodynamic data
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID shear-velocity model; convection; constraints; inversion; earth; rheology; anelasticity; attenuation; elasticity; dynamics
AB Surface geophysical data that are related to the process of thermal convection in the Earth's mantle provide constraints on the rheological properties and density structure of the mantle. We show that these convection-related data imply the existence of a region of very high effective viscosity near 2,000 km depth. This inference is obtained using a viscous-flow model based on recent high-resolution seismic models of three-dimensional structure in the mantle. The high-viscosity layer near 2,000 km depth results in a re-organization of flow from short to long horizontal length scales, which agrees with seismic tomographic observations of very long wavelength structures in the deep mantle. The high-viscosity region also strongly suppresses flow-induced deformation and convective mixing in the deep mantle. Here we predict compositional and thermal heterogeneity in this region, using viscous-flow calculations based on the new viscosity profile, together with independent mineral physics data. These maps are consistent with the anti-correlation of anomalies in seismic shear and bulk sound velocity in the deep mantle. The maps also show that megaplumes in the lower mantle below the central Pacific and Africa are, despite the presence of compositional heterogeneity, buoyant and actively upwelling structures.
C1 Univ Western Ontario, Dept Earth Sci, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada.
   Univ Toronto, Dept Phys, Toronto, ON M5S 1A7, Canada.
C3 Western University (University of Western Ontario); University of Toronto
RP Forte, AM (corresponding author), Univ Western Ontario, Dept Earth Sci, Biol & Geol Bldg, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada.
EM aforte@uwo.ca
NR 54
TC 311
Z9 345
U1 0
U2 48
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 26
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6832
BP 1049
EP 1056
DI 10.1038/35074000
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 425HQ
UT WOS:000168285500037
PM 11323661
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Murray, AW
   Marks, D
AF Murray, AW
   Marks, D
TI Can sequencing shed light on cell cycling?
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dependent kinases; activation; checkpoint; yeast
AB Every organism must have cells that can replicate indefinitely. Can the draft human genome sequence tell us how the cell cycle works and how it evolved? We studied two protein families-the cyclins and their partners the cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks)-and a conserved regulatory circuit, the spindle checkpoint. Disappointingly, we discovered a few novel cyclins and no new Cdks or components of the spindle checkpoint, and could shed little light on the organization of the cell cycle.
C1 Harvard Univ, Ctr Genom Res, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, BCMP & Cell Biol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Ctr Cellular & Mol Biol, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University
RP Murray, AW (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Ctr Genom Res, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
EM amurray@mcb.harvard.edu
NR 10
TC 66
Z9 79
U1 0
U2 1
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 15
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6822
BP 844
EP 846
DI 10.1038/35057033
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 401QC
UT WOS:000166938800053
PM 11237006
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ek, M
   Engblom, D
   Saha, S
   Blomqvist, A
   Jakobsson, PJ
   Ericsson-Dahlstrand, A
AF Ek, M
   Engblom, D
   Saha, S
   Blomqvist, A
   Jakobsson, PJ
   Ericsson-Dahlstrand, A
TI Inflammatory response - Pathway across the blood-brain barrier
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID prostaglandin-e synthase; rat-brain; cyclooxygenase-2; interleukin-1; mechanisms; neurons
C1 Karolinska Inst, Dept Med, Rheumatol Unit, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
   Karolinska Inst, Dept Med Biochem & Biophys, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
   Linkoping Univ, Dept Biomed & Surg, Div Cell Biol, S-58185 Linkoping, Sweden.
C3 Karolinska Institutet; Karolinska Institutet; Linkoping University
RP Ek, M (corresponding author), Karolinska Inst, Dept Med, Rheumatol Unit, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
NR 11
TC 281
Z9 327
U1 0
U2 24
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 22
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6827
BP 430
EP 431
DI 10.1038/35068632
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 412YX
UT WOS:000167583800030
PM 11260702
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lin, CLG
   Orlov, I
   Ruggiero, AM
   Dykes-Hoberg, M
   Lee, A
   Jackson, M
   Rothstein, JD
AF Lin, CLG
   Orlov, I
   Ruggiero, AM
   Dykes-Hoberg, M
   Lee, A
   Jackson, M
   Rothstein, JD
TI Modulation of the neuronal glutamate transporter EAAC1 by the interacting protein GTRAP3-18
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cell-surface expression; synaptic localization; subtype; activation; astrocytes; kidney
AB Excitatory amino-acid carrier 1 (EAAC1) is a high-affinity Na+-dependent L-glutamate/D, L-aspartate cell-membrane transport protein 1. It is expressed in brain as well as several non-nervous tissues. In brain, EAAC1 is the primary neuronal glutamate transporter(2,3). It has a polarized distribution in cells and mainly functions perisynaptically to transport glutamate from the extracellular environment(2-4). In the kidney it is involved in renal acidic amino-acid re-absorption and amino-acid metabolism(5-7). Here we describe the identification and characterization of an EAAC1-associated protein, GTRAP3-18. Like EAAC1, GTRAP3-18 is expressed in numerous tissues(8,9). It localizes to the cell membrane and cytoplasm, and specifically interacts with carboxy-terminal intracellular domain of EAAC1. Increasing the expression of GTRAP3-18 in cells reduces EAAC1-mediated glutamate transport by lowering substrate affinity. The expression of GTRAP3-18 can be upregulated by retinoic acid, which results in a specific reduction of EAAC1-mediated glutamate transport. These studies show that glutamate transport proteins can be regulated potently and that GTRAP can modulate the transport functions ascribed to EAAC1. GTRAP3-18 may be important in regulating the metabolic function of EAAC1.
C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Neurol & Neurosci, Baltimore, MD 21287 USA.
C3 Johns Hopkins University
RP Rothstein, JD (corresponding author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Neurol & Neurosci, Meyer 6-109,600 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD 21287 USA.
NR 19
TC 193
Z9 226
U1 0
U2 11
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 1
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6824
BP 84
EP 88
DI 10.1038/35065084
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 406BD
UT WOS:000167194300047
PM 11242046
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Norell, MA
   Makovicky, PJ
   Currie, PJ
AF Norell, MA
   Makovicky, PJ
   Currie, PJ
TI Palaeontology - The beaks of ostrich dinosaurs
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Amer Museum Nat Hist, New York, NY 10024 USA.
   Field Museum Nat Hist, Chicago, IL 60605 USA.
   Royal Tyrell Museum Palaeontol, Drumheller, AB T0J 0Y0, Canada.
C3 American Museum of Natural History (AMNH); Field Museum of Natural History (Chicago)
RP Norell, MA (corresponding author), Amer Museum Nat Hist, Cent Pk W & 79th St, New York, NY 10024 USA.
EM norell@amnh.org
NR 11
TC 70
Z9 78
U1 0
U2 8
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 30
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6850
BP 873
EP 874
DI 10.1038/35091139
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 467EG
UT WOS:000170689000032
PM 11528466
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wexler, M
   Panerai, F
   Lamouret, I
   Droulez, J
AF Wexler, M
   Panerai, F
   Lamouret, I
   Droulez, J
TI Self-motion and the perception of stationary objects
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nonvisual information; depth-perception; rigid motion; parallax; orientation; stereopsis; cue
AB One of the ways that we perceive shape is through seeing motion(1-3). Visual motion may be actively generated (for example, in locomotion), or passively observed. In the study of the perception of three-dimensional structure from motion, the nonmoving, passive observer in an environment of moving rigid objects has been used as a substitute(1) for an active observer moving in an environment of stationary objects; this 'rigidity hypothesis' has played a central role in computational and experimental studies of structure from motion(4,5). Here we show that this is not an adequate substitution because active and passive observers can perceive three-dimensional structure differently, despite experiencing the same visual stimulus: active observers' perception of three-dimensional structure depends on extraretinal information about their own movements. The visual system thus treats objects that are stationary (in an allocentric, earth-fixed reference frame) differently from objects that are merely rigid. These results show that action makes an important contribution to depth perception, and argue for a revision of the rigidity hypothesis to incorporate the special case of stationary objects.
C1 Coll France, Lab Physiol Percept & Act, F-75005 Paris, France.
C3 Universite PSL; College de France
RP Wexler, M (corresponding author), Coll France, Lab Physiol Percept & Act, 11 Pl Marcelin Berthelot, F-75005 Paris, France.
NR 29
TC 103
Z9 114
U1 1
U2 11
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 4
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6816
BP 85
EP 88
DI 10.1038/35051081
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 388HT
UT WOS:000166175600044
PM 11343118
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ohtaki, T
   Shintani, Y
   Honda, S
   Matsumoto, H
   Hori, A
   Kanehashi, K
   Terao, Y
   Kumano, S
   Takatsu, Y
   Masuda, Y
   Ishibashi, Y
   Watanabe, T
   Asada, M
   Yamada, T
   Suenaga, M
   Kitada, C
   Usuki, S
   Kurokawa, T
   Onda, H
   Nishimura, O
   Fujino, M
AF Ohtaki, T
   Shintani, Y
   Honda, S
   Matsumoto, H
   Hori, A
   Kanehashi, K
   Terao, Y
   Kumano, S
   Takatsu, Y
   Masuda, Y
   Ishibashi, Y
   Watanabe, T
   Asada, M
   Yamada, T
   Suenaga, M
   Kitada, C
   Usuki, S
   Kurokawa, T
   Onda, H
   Nishimura, O
   Fujino, M
TI Metastasis suppressor gene KiSS-1 encodes peptide ligand of a G-protein-coupled receptor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID identification; cells; motility; cloning; binding; sites
AB Metastasis is a major cause of death in cancer patients and involves a multistep process including detachment of cancer cells from a primary cancer, invasion of surrounding tissue, spread through circulation, re-invasion and proliferation in distant organs. KiSS-1 is a human metastasis suppressor gene(1), that suppresses metastases of human melanomas(2) and breast carcinomas(3) without affecting tumorigenicity. However, its gene product and functional mechanisms have not been elucidated. Here we show that KiSS-1 (refs 1, 4) encodes a carboxy-terminally amidated peptide with 54 amino-acid residues, which we have isolated from human placenta as the endogenous ligand of an orphan G-protein-coupled receptor (hOT7T175) and have named 'metastin'. Metastin inhibits chemotaxis and invasion of hOT7T175-transfected CHO cells in vitro and attenuates pulmonary metastasis of hOT7T175-transfected B16-BL6 melanomas in vivo. The results suggest possible mechanisms of action for KiSS-1 and a potential new therapeutic approach.
C1 Takeda Chem Ind Ltd, Pharmaceut Discovery Res Div, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3004293, Japan.
   Univ Tsukuba, Inst Clin Med, Dept Obstet & Gynecol, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058575, Japan.
C3 Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd; University of Tsukuba
RP Ohtaki, T (corresponding author), Takeda Chem Ind Ltd, Pharmaceut Discovery Res Div, Wadai 10, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3004293, Japan.
NR 18
TC 1203
Z9 1415
U1 0
U2 67
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 31
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6837
BP 613
EP 617
DI 10.1038/35079135
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 437GE
UT WOS:000168982500059
PM 11385580
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Siddiqa, A
   Sims-Mourtada, JC
   Guzman-Rojas, L
   Rangel, R
   Guret, C
   Madrid-Marina, V
   Sun, Y
   Martinez-Valdez, H
AF Siddiqa, A
   Sims-Mourtada, JC
   Guzman-Rojas, L
   Rangel, R
   Guret, C
   Madrid-Marina, V
   Sun, Y
   Martinez-Valdez, H
TI Regulation of CD40 and CD40 ligand by the AT-hook transcription factor AKNA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID germinal-centers; b-cells; immune-response; binding; gene; expression; activation; proteins; costimulation; lymphocytes
AB Proteins containing AT hooks bind A/T-rich DNA through a nine-amino-acid motif and are thought to co-regulate transcription by modifying the architecture of DNA, thereby enhancing the accessibility of promoters to transcription factors(1,2). Here we describe AKNA, a human AT-hook protein that directly binds the A/T-rich regulatory elements of the promoters of CD40 and CD40 ligand (CD40L) and coordinately regulates their expression. Consistent with its function, AKNA is a nuclear protein that contains multiple PEST protein-cleavage motifs, which are common in regulatory proteins with high turnover rates(3). AKNA is mainly expressed by B and T lymphocytes, natural killer cells and dendritic cells. During B-lymphocyte differentiation, AKNA is mainly expressed by germinal centre B lymphocytes, a stage in which receptor and ligand interactions are crucial for B-lymphocyte maturation(4-12). Our findings show that an AT-hook molecule can coordinately regulate the expression of a key receptor and its ligand, and point towards a molecular mechanism that explains homotypic cell interactions.
C1 Univ Texas, MD Anderson Canc Ctr, Dept Immunol, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Schering Plough, Lab Immunol Res, F-69571 Dardilly, France.
   Inst Nacl Salud Publ, Ctr Invest Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Cuernavaca 62508, Morelos, Mexico.
C3 University of Texas System; UTMD Anderson Cancer Center; Merck & Company; Instituto Nacional de Salud Publica
RP Martinez-Valdez, H (corresponding author), Univ Texas, MD Anderson Canc Ctr, Dept Immunol, Box 178,1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
NR 30
TC 78
Z9 88
U1 0
U2 12
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 15
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6826
BP 383
EP 387
DI 10.1038/35066602
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 410WM
UT WOS:000167464100055
PM 11268217
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lukin, MD
   Imamoglu, A
AF Lukin, MD
   Imamoglu, A
TI Controlling photons using electromagnetically induced transparency
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID group-velocity; dispersive property; nonlinear optics; atomic coherence; entanglement; light; generation; states; media; gas
AB It is well known that a dielectric medium can be used to manipulate properties of light pulses. However, optical absorption limits the extent of possible control: this is especially important for weak light pulses. Absorption in an opaque medium can be eliminated via quantum mechanical interference, an effect known as electromagnetically induced transparency. Theoretical and experimental work has demonstrated that this phenomenon can be used to slow down light pulses dramatically, or even bring them to a complete halt. Interactions between photons in such an atomic medium can be many orders of magnitude stronger than in conventional optical materials.
C1 Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Dept Phys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Harvard Univ, ITAMP, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Sabanci Univ, Fac Engn & Nat Sci, TR-81474 Istanbul, Turkey.
C3 University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara; Harvard University; Harvard University; Sabanci University
RP Imamoglu, A (corresponding author), Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
NR 41
TC 715
Z9 775
U1 1
U2 109
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 20
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6853
BP 273
EP 276
DI 10.1038/35095000
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 473KB
UT WOS:000171040500029
PM 11565022
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Vocadlo, DJ
   Davies, GJ
   Laine, R
   Withers, SG
AF Vocadlo, DJ
   Davies, GJ
   Laine, R
   Withers, SG
TI Catalysis by hen egg-white lysozyme proceeds via a covalent intermediate
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID crystallographic evidence; beta-glucosidase; hydrolysis; distortion; mechanism; insights; acid
AB Hen egg-white lysozyme (HEWL) was the first enzyme to have its three-dimensional structure determined by X-ray diffraction techniques(1). A catalytic mechanism, featuring a long-lived oxo-carbenium-ion intermediate, was proposed on the basis of model-building studies(2). The `Phillips' mechanism is widely held as the paradigm for the catalytic mechanism of beta -glycosidases that cleave glycosidic linkages with net retention of configuration of the anomeric centre. Studies with other retaining beta -glycosidases, however, provide strong evidence pointing to a common mechanism for these enzymes that involves a covalent glycosyl-enzyme intermediate, as previously postulated(3). Here we show, in three different cases using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, a catalytically competent covalent glycosyl-enzyme intermediate during the catalytic cycle of HEWL. We also show the three-dimensional structure of this intermediate as determined by Xray diffraction. We formulate a general catalytic mechanism for all retaining beta -glycosidases that includes substrate distortion, formation of a covalent intermediate, and the electrophilic migration of C1 along the reaction coordinate.
C1 Univ British Columbia, Prot Engn Network Ctr Excellence, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada.
   Univ British Columbia, Dept Chem, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada.
   Univ York, Dept Chem, Struct Biol Lab, York YO10 5DD, N Yorkshire, England.
   Louisiana State Univ, Dept Biol, Baton Rouge, LA 70808 USA.
   Louisiana State Univ, Dept Chem, Baton Rouge, LA 70808 USA.
C3 University of British Columbia; University of British Columbia; University of York - UK; Louisiana State University System; Louisiana State University; Louisiana State University System; Louisiana State University
RP Withers, SG (corresponding author), Univ British Columbia, Prot Engn Network Ctr Excellence, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada.
EM withers@chem.ubc.ca
NR 29
TC 552
Z9 647
U1 4
U2 223
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 23
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6849
BP 835
EP 838
DI 10.1038/35090602
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 465ET
UT WOS:000170577200041
PM 11518970
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Macilwain, C
AF Macilwain, C
TI Out of sight, out of mind?
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 6
Z9 6
U1 0
U2 0
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 30
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6850
BP 850
EP 852
DI 10.1038/35091156
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 467EG
UT WOS:000170689000015
PM 11528446
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fujiwara, M
   Caswell, H
AF Fujiwara, M
   Caswell, H
TI Demography of the endangered North Atlantic right whale
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID survival
AB Northern right whales (Eubalaena glacialis) were formerly abundant in the northwestern Atlantic, but by 1900 they had been hunted to near extinction. After the end of commercial whaling the population was thought to be recovering slowly; however, evidence indicates that it has been declining since about 1990 (ref. 1). There are now fewer than 300 individuals, and the species may already be functionally extinct(2,3) owing to demographic stochasticity or the difficulty of females locating mates in the vast Atlantic Ocean (Allee effect(4)). Using a data set containing over 10,000 sightings of photographically identified individuals we estimated trends in right whale demographic parameters since 1980. Here we construct, using these estimates, matrix population models allowing us to analyse the causes of right whale imperilment. Mortality has increased, especially among mother whales, causing declines in population growth rate, life expectancy and the mean lifetime number of reproductive events between the period 1980-1995. Increased mortality of mother whales can explain the declining population size, suggesting that the population is not doomed to extinction as a result of the Allee effect. An analysis of extinction time shows that demographic stochasticity has only a small effect, but preventing the deaths of only two female right whales per year would increase the population growth rate to replacement level.
C1 Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Biol, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA.
C3 Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
RP Fujiwara, M (corresponding author), Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Biol, MS34, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA.
EM mfujiwara@whoi.edu
NR 22
TC 237
Z9 289
U1 3
U2 151
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 29
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6863
BP 537
EP 541
DI 10.1038/35107054
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 496PV
UT WOS:000172405900045
PM 11734852
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tan, HL
   Bink-Boelkens, MTE
   Bezzina, CR
   Viswanathan, PC
   Beaufort-Krol, GCM
   van Tintelen, PJ
   van den Berg, MP
   Wilde, AAM
   Balser, JR
AF Tan, HL
   Bink-Boelkens, MTE
   Bezzina, CR
   Viswanathan, PC
   Beaufort-Krol, GCM
   van Tintelen, PJ
   van den Berg, MP
   Wilde, AAM
   Balser, JR
TI A sodium-channel mutation causes isolated cardiac conduction disease
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID st-segment elevation; long-qt syndrome; brugada-syndrome; molecular mechanism; arrhythmia; currents; block; scn5a
AB Cardiac conduction disorders slow the heart rhythm and cause disability in millions of people worldwide. Inherited mutations in SCN5A, the gene encoding the human cardiac sodium (Na+) channel, have been associated with rapid heart rhythms that occur suddenly and are life-threatening(1-3); however, a chief function of the Na+ channel is to initiate cardiac impulse conduction. Here we provide the first functional characterization of an SCN5A mutation that causes a sustained, isolated conduction defect with pathological slowing of the cardiac rhythm. By analysing the SCN5A coding region, we have identified a single mutation in five affected family members; this mutation results in the substitution of cysteine 514 for glycine (G514C) in the channel protein. Biophysical characterization of the mutant channel shows that there are abnormalities in voltage-dependent 'gating' behaviour that can be partially corrected by dexamethasone, consistent with the salutary effects of glucocorticoids on the clinical phenotype. Computational analysis predicts that the gating defects of G514C selectively slow myocardial conduction, but do not provoke the rapid cardiac arrhythmias associated previously with SCN5A mutations.
C1 Vanderbilt Univ, Sch Med, Dept Anesthesiol, Nashville, TN 37232 USA.
   Univ Amsterdam, Acad Med Ctr, Expt & Mol Cardiol Grp, NL-1105 AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands.
   Univ Amsterdam, Acad Med Ctr, Dept Clin Genet, NL-1105 AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands.
   Beatrix Childrens Hosp, Dept Pediat Cardiol, NL-9700 RB Groningen, Netherlands.
   Univ Groningen Hosp, Dept Med Genet, NL-9700 RB Groningen, Netherlands.
   Univ Groningen Hosp, Dept Cardiol, NL-9700 RB Groningen, Netherlands.
   Vanderbilt Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pharmacol, Nashville, TN 37232 USA.
C3 Vanderbilt University; University of Amsterdam; Academic Medical Center Amsterdam; University of Amsterdam; Academic Medical Center Amsterdam; Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam; University of Groningen; University of Groningen; University of Groningen; Vanderbilt University
RP Balser, JR (corresponding author), Vanderbilt Univ, Sch Med, Dept Anesthesiol, Nashville, TN 37232 USA.
EM jeff.balser@mcmail.vanderbilt.edu
NR 24
TC 299
Z9 339
U1 0
U2 11
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 22
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6823
BP 1043
EP 1047
DI 10.1038/35059090
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 405FT
UT WOS:000167148800046
PM 11234013
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ford, EB
   Seager, S
   Turner, EL
AF Ford, EB
   Seager, S
   Turner, EL
TI Characterization of extrasolar terrestrial planets from diurnal photometric variability
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID earth
AB The detection of massive planets orbiting nearby stars has become almost routine(1,2), but current techniques are as yet unable to detect terrestrial planets with masses comparable to the Earth's. Future space-based observatories to detect Earth-like planets are being planned. Terrestrial planets orbiting in the habitable zones of stars-where planetary surface conditions are compatible with the presence of liquid water-are of enormous interest because they might have global environments similar to Earth's and even harbour life. The light scattered by such a planet will vary in intensity and colour as the planet rotates; the resulting light curve will contain information about the planet's surface and atmospheric properties. Here we report a model that predicts features that should be discernible in the light curve obtained by low-precision photometry. For extrasolar planets similar to Earth, we expect daily flux variations of up to hundreds of per cent, depending sensitively on ice and cloud cover as well as seasonal variations. This suggests that the meteorological variability, composition of the surface (for example, ocean versus land fraction) and rotation period of an Earth-like planet could be derived from photometric observations. Even signatures of Earth-like plant life could be constrained or possibly, with further study, even uniquely determined.
C1 Princeton Univ Observ, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA.
   Inst Adv Study, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA.
C3 Princeton University; Institute for Advanced Study - USA
RP Ford, EB (corresponding author), Princeton Univ Observ, Peyton Hall, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA.
EM eford@astro.princeton.edu
NR 25
TC 163
Z9 181
U1 0
U2 12
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 30
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6850
BP 885
EP 887
DI 10.1038/35091009
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 467EG
UT WOS:000170689000037
PM 11528471
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sorensen, A
   Duan, LM
   Cirac, JI
   Zoller, P
AF Sorensen, A
   Duan, LM
   Cirac, JI
   Zoller, P
TI Many-particle entanglement with Bose-Einstein condensates
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID projection noise; dynamics; states
AB The possibility of creating and manipulating entangled states of systems of many particles is of significant interest for quantum information processing; such a capability could lead to new applications that rely on the basic principles of quantum mechanics(1). So far, up to four atoms have been entangled in a controlled way(2,3). A crucial requirement for the production of entangled states is that they can be considered pure at the single-particle level. Bose-Einstein condensates(4-6) fulfil this requirement; hence it is natural to investigate whether they can also be used in some applications of quantum information. Here we propose a method to achieve substantial entanglement of a large number of atoms in a Bose-Einstein condensate. A single resonant laser pulse is applied to all the atoms in the condensate, which is then allowed to evolve freely; in this latter stage, collisional interactions produce entanglement between the atoms. The technique should be realizable with present technology.
C1 Aarhus Univ, Inst Phys & Astron, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
   Univ Innsbruck, Inst Theoret Phys, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
C3 Aarhus University; University of Innsbruck
RP Sorensen, A (corresponding author), Aarhus Univ, Inst Phys & Astron, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
NR 20
TC 841
Z9 897
U1 2
U2 77
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 4
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6816
BP 63
EP 66
DI 10.1038/35051038
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 388HT
UT WOS:000166175600037
PM 11343111
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU D'Anna, G
   Gremaud, G
AF D'Anna, G
   Gremaud, G
TI The jamming route to the glasss tate in weakly perturbed granular media
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dynamics; liquids; gases
AB It has been suggested that a common conceptual framework known as 'jamming' (refs 1 and 2) may be used to classify a wide variety of physical systems; these include granular media(3), colloidal suspensions(4) and glass-forming liquids(5), all of which display a critical slowdown in their dynamics before a sudden transition to an amorphous rigid state. Decreasing the relevant control parameter (such as temperature, drive or inverse density) may cause geometrical constraints to build up progressively and thus restrict the accessible part of the system's phase space. In glass-forming liquids (thermal molecular systems), jamming is provided by the classical vitrification process of supercooling, characterized by a rapidly increasing and apparently diverging viscosity at sufficiently low temperatures(6,7). In driven (athermal) macroscopic systems, a similar slowdown has been predicted to occur, notably in sheared foam or vibrated granular media(8,9). Here we report experimental evidence for dynamic behaviour, qualitatively analogous to supercooling, in a driven granular system of macroscopic millimetre-size particles. The granular medium is perturbed by isolated tapping or continuous vibration, with the perturbation intensity serving as a control parameter. We observe the random deflection of an immersed torsion oscillator that moves each time the grains rearrange, like a 'thermometer' sensing the granular noise(10,11). We caution that our granular analogy to supercooling is based on similarities in the dynamical behaviour, rather than quantitative theory.
C1 Ecole Polytech Fed Lausanne, Inst Genie Atom, Dept Phys, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
C3 Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne
RP D'Anna, G (corresponding author), Ecole Polytech Fed Lausanne, Inst Genie Atom, Dept Phys, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
NR 19
TC 107
Z9 117
U1 2
U2 35
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 27
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6854
BP 407
EP 409
DI 10.1038/35096540
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 475UY
UT WOS:000171188700050
PM 11574884
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wohlgenannt, M
   Tandon, K
   Mazumdar, S
   Ramasesha, S
   Vardeny, ZV
AF Wohlgenannt, M
   Tandon, K
   Mazumdar, S
   Ramasesha, S
   Vardeny, ZV
TI Formation cross-sections of singlet and triplet excitons in π-conjugated polymers
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ladder-type poly(para-phenylene); hubbard models; electroluminescence; excitations
AB Electroluminescence in organic light-emitting diodes arises from a charge-transfer reaction between the injected positive and negative charges by which they combine to form singlet excitons that subsequently decay radiatively. The quantum yield of this process (the number of photons generated per electron or hole injected) is often thought(1) to have a statistical upper limit of 25 per cent. This is based on the assumption that the formation cross-section of singlet excitons, sigma (s), is approximately the same as that of any one of the three equivalent non-radiative triplet exciton states, sigma (T); that is, sigma (S)/sigma (T) approximate to 1. However, recent experimental(2) and theoretical(3) work suggests that sigma (S)/sigma (T) may be greater than 1. Here we report direct measurements of sigma (S)/sigma (T) for a large number of pi -conjugated polymers and oligomers. We have found that there exists a strong systematic, but not monotonic, dependence of sigma (S)/sigma (T) on the optical gap of the organic materials. We present a detailed physical picture of the charge-transfer reaction for correlated pi -electrons, and quantify this process using exact valence bond calculations. The calculated sigma (S)/sigma (T) reproduces the experimentally observed trend. The calculations also show that the strong dependence of sigma (S)/sigma (T) on the optical gap is a signature of the discrete excitonic energy spectrum, in which higher energy excitonic levels participate in the charge recombination process.
C1 Univ Utah, Dept Phys, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA.
   Indian Inst Sci, Solid State & Struct Chem Unit, Bangalore 560012, Karnataka, India.
   Univ Arizona, Dept Phys, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
C3 Utah System of Higher Education; University of Utah; Indian Institute of Science (IISC) - Bangalore; University of Arizona
RP Vardeny, ZV (corresponding author), Univ Utah, Dept Phys, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA.
NR 17
TC 444
Z9 493
U1 2
U2 120
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 25
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6819
BP 494
EP 497
DI 10.1038/35054025
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 395FW
UT WOS:000166570500042
PM 11206541
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Giurfa, M
   Zhang, SW
   Jenett, A
   Menzel, R
   Srinivasan, MV
AF Giurfa, M
   Zhang, SW
   Jenett, A
   Menzel, R
   Srinivasan, MV
TI The concepts of 'sameness' and 'difference' in an insect
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID honeybees; pigeons; navigation; patterns; stimuli; oddity; memory
AB Insects process and learn information flexibly to adapt to their environment. The honeybee Apis mellifera constitutes a traditional model for studying learning and memory at behavioural, cellular and molecular levels(1). Earlier studies focused on elementary associative and non-associative forms of learning determined by either olfactory conditioning of the proboscis extension reflex(1) or the learning of visual stimuli(2) in an operant context. However, research has indicated that bees are capable of cognitive performances that were thought to occur only in some vertebrate species. For example, honeybees can interpolate visual information(3), exhibit associative recall(4,5), categorize visual information(6-8) and learn contextual information(9). Here we show that honeybees can form 'sameness' and 'difference' concepts. They learn to solve 'delayed matching-to-sample' tasks, in which they are required to respond to a matching stimulus, and 'delayed non-matching-to-sample' tasks, in which they are required to respond to a different stimulus; they can also transfer the learned rules to new stimuli of the same or a different sensory modality. Thus, not only can bees learn specific objects and their physical parameters, but they can also master abstract inter-relationships, such as sameness and difference.
C1 Free Univ Berlin, Inst Biol, D-14195 Berlin, Germany.
   Univ Toulouse 3, F-30162 Toulouse 4, France.
   Australian Natl Univ, Res Sch Biol Sci, Ctr Visual Sci, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
C3 Free University of Berlin; Universite de Toulouse; Universite Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier; Australian National University
RP Giurfa, M (corresponding author), Free Univ Berlin, Inst Biol, Konigin Luise Str 28-30, D-14195 Berlin, Germany.
NR 23
TC 459
Z9 497
U1 2
U2 132
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 19
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6831
BP 930
EP 933
DI 10.1038/35073582
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 423AG
UT WOS:000168152300046
PM 11309617
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hill, RW
   Proust, C
   Taillefer, L
   Fournier, P
   Greene, RL
AF Hill, RW
   Proust, C
   Taillefer, L
   Fournier, P
   Greene, RL
TI Breakdown of Fermi-liquid theory in a copper-oxide superconductor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID quasi-particle transport; upper critical-field; valence-bond state; thermal-conductivity; low-temperature; metal crossover; localization; wiedemann; growth
AB The behaviour of electrons in solids is well described by Landau's Fermi-liquid theory, which predicts that although electrons in a metal interact, they can still be treated as well defined fermions, which are called 'quasiparticles'. At low temperatures, the ability of quasiparticles to transport heat is given strictly by their ability to transport charge, as described by a universal relation known as the Wiedemann-Franz law, which hitherto no material has been known to violate. High-temperature superconductors have long been thought to fall outside the realm of Fermi-liquid theory, as suggested by several anomalous properties, but this has yet to be shown conclusively. Here we report an experimental test of the Wiedemann-Franz law in the normal state of a copper-oxide superconductor, (Pr,Ce)(2)CuO4, which reveals that the elementary excitations that carry heat in this material are not fermions. This is compelling evidence for the breakdown of Fermi-liquid theory in high-temperature superconductors.
C1 Univ Toronto, Dept Phys, Canadian Inst Adv Res, Toronto, ON M5S 1A7, Canada.
   Univ Maryland, Dept Phys, Ctr Superconduct Res, College Pk, MD 20742 USA.
C3 Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR); University of Toronto; University System of Maryland; University of Maryland College Park
RP Taillefer, L (corresponding author), Univ Toronto, Dept Phys, Canadian Inst Adv Res, 60 St George St, Toronto, ON M5S 1A7, Canada.
EM Louis.Taillefer@utoronto.ca
NR 50
TC 161
Z9 181
U1 1
U2 44
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 13
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6865
BP 711
EP 715
DI 10.1038/414711a
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 501GD
UT WOS:000172676200038
PM 11742390
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU del Campo, ML
   Miles, CI
   Schroeder, FC
   Mueller, C
   Booker, R
   Renwick, JA
AF del Campo, ML
   Miles, CI
   Schroeder, FC
   Mueller, C
   Booker, R
   Renwick, JA
TI Host recognition by the tobacco hornworm is mediated by a host plant compound
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID manduca-sexta; food discrimination; chemosensory organs; chemoreceptors; specificity; sensitivity; lepidoptera; sphingidae; insect; system
AB It is generally believed that animals make decisions about the selection of mates, kin or food on the basis of pre-constructed recognition templates. These templates can be innate or acquired through experience(1). An example of an acquired template is the feeding preference exhibited by larvae of the moth, Manduca sexta. Naive hatchlings will feed and grow successfully on many different plants or artificial diets, but once they have fed on a natural host they become specialist feeders(2-6). Here we show that the induced feeding preference of M. sexta involves the formation of a template to a steroidal glycoside, indioside D, that is present in solanaceous foliage. This compound is both necessary and sufficient to maintain the induced feeding preference. The induction of host plant specificity is at least partly due to a tuning of taste receptors to indioside D. The taste receptors of larvae fed on host plants show an enhanced response to indioside D as compared with other plant compounds tested.
C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Entomol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
   SUNY Binghamton, Dept Biol Sci, Binghamton, NY 13902 USA.
   Cornell Univ, Dept Neurobiol & Behav, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
   Cornell Univ, Dept Chem & Biol Chem, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
   Cornell Univ, Boyce Thompson Inst Plant Res, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
C3 Cornell University; State University of New York (SUNY) System; Binghamton University, SUNY; Cornell University; Cornell University; Cornell University; Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research
RP del Campo, ML (corresponding author), Cornell Univ, Dept Entomol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
EM moliva@binghamton.edu
NR 23
TC 85
Z9 103
U1 0
U2 63
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 10
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6834
BP 186
EP 189
DI 10.1038/35075559
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 430FC
UT WOS:000168563000048
PM 11346793
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gerde, E
   Marder, M
AF Gerde, E
   Marder, M
TI Friction and fracture
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID foam rubber; interface; rupture; slip; earthquakes; faults; pulses; cracks
AB Consider a block placed on a table and pushed sideways until it begins to slide. Amontons and Coulomb found that the force required to initiate sliding is proportional to the weight of the block (the constant of proportionality being the static coefficient of friction), but independent of the area of contact(1). This is commonly explained by asserting that, owing to the presence of asperities on the two surfaces, the actual area in physical contact is much smaller than it seems, and grows in proportion to the applied compressive force(1). Here we present an alternative picture of the static friction coefficient, which starts with an atomic description of surfaces in contact and then employs a multiscale analysis technique to describe how sliding occurs for large objects. We demonstrate the existence of self-healing cracks(2-4) that have been postulated to solve geophysical paradoxes about heat generated by earthquakes(5-11,25-27), and we show that, when such cracks are present at the atomic scale, they result in solids that slip in accord with Coulomb's law of friction. We expect that this mechanism for friction will be found to operate at many length scales, and that our approach for connecting atomic and continuum descriptions will enable more realistic first-principles calculations of friction coefficients.
C1 Univ Texas, Ctr Nonlinear Dynam, Austin, TX 78712 USA.
C3 University of Texas System; University of Texas Austin
RP Marder, M (corresponding author), Univ Texas, Ctr Nonlinear Dynam, Austin, TX 78712 USA.
NR 26
TC 124
Z9 141
U1 6
U2 106
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 20
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6853
BP 285
EP 288
DI 10.1038/35095018
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 473KB
UT WOS:000171040500032
PM 11565025
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tanaka, M
   Lisberger, SG
AF Tanaka, M
   Lisberger, SG
TI Regulation of the gain of visually guided smooth-pursuit eye movements by frontal cortex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID monkeys; field; microstimulation; responses; attention; mechanisms; selection; saccades; area; mt
AB In studies of the neural mechanisms giving rise to behaviour, changes in the neural and behavioural responses produced by a given stimulus have been widely reported. This `gain control' can boost the responses to sensory inputs that are particularly relevant(1-4), select among reflexes for execution by motoneurons(5,6) or emphasize specific movement targets(7). Gain control is also an integral part of the smooth-pursuit eye movement system(8-13). One signature of gain control is that a brief perturbation of a stationary target during fixation causes tiny eye movements, whereas the same perturbation of a moving target during the active state of accurate pursuit causes large responses(9). Here we show that electrical stimulation of the smooth-pursuit eye movement region in the arcuate sulcus of the frontal lobe (`the frontal pursuit area', FPA) mimics the active state of pursuit. Such stimulation enhances the response to a brief perturbation of target motion, regardless of the direction of motion. We postulate that the FPA sets the gain of pursuit, thereby participating in target selection for pursuit.
C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Physiol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, WM Keck Fdn Ctr Integrat Neurosci, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of California System; University of California San Francisco
RP Tanaka, M (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Francisco, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Physiol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
NR 30
TC 142
Z9 160
U1 0
U2 6
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 11
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6817
BP 191
EP 194
DI 10.1038/35051582
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 390UV
UT WOS:000166316200044
PM 11196642
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Weimerskirch, H
   Martin, J
   Clerquin, Y
   Alexandre, P
   Jiraskova, S
AF Weimerskirch, H
   Martin, J
   Clerquin, Y
   Alexandre, P
   Jiraskova, S
TI Energy saving in flight formation - Pelicans flying in a 'V' can glide for extended periods using the other birds' air streams.
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID induced drag
C1 CNRS, Ctr Etud Biol Chize, F-79360 Villiers En Bois, France.
   Galatee Films, Peuple Migrateur Jacques Perrin, F-75017 Paris, France.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
RP Weimerskirch, H (corresponding author), CNRS, Ctr Etud Biol Chize, F-79360 Villiers En Bois, France.
EM henriw@cebc.cnrs.fr
NR 11
TC 403
Z9 474
U1 6
U2 126
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 18
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6857
BP 697
EP 698
DI 10.1038/35099670
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 482ZK
UT WOS:000171608000031
PM 11607019
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jackson, GS
   Beck, JA
   Navarrete, C
   Brown, J
   Sutton, PM
   Contreras, M
   Collinge, J
AF Jackson, GS
   Beck, JA
   Navarrete, C
   Brown, J
   Sutton, PM
   Contreras, M
   Collinge, J
TI Pathogenesis - HLA-DQ7 antigen and resistance to variant CJD
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID creutzfeldt-jakob-disease; prion protein; bse
C1 UCL, Inst Neurol, MRC, Prion Unit, London WC1N 3BG, England.
   N London Ctr, Natl Blood Serv, London NW9 5BG, England.
   Royal Free & Univ Coll Med Sch, Dept Immunol, London NW3 2PF, England.
   Royal Free & Univ Coll Med Sch, Dept Haematol, London NW3 2PF, England.
   Oxford Radcliffe Hosp, Nuffield Dept Surg, Oxford Transplant Ctr, Oxford OX3 7LJ, England.
C3 University of London; University College London; University of London; University College London; University of London; University College London; University of Oxford
RP Jackson, GS (corresponding author), UCL, Inst Neurol, MRC, Prion Unit, Queen Sq, London WC1N 3BG, England.
EM j.collinge@ic.ac.uk
FU Medical Research Council [MC_U123170362] Funding Source: Medline; Medical Research Council [MC_U123170362] Funding Source: researchfish
NR 10
TC 43
Z9 50
U1 0
U2 5
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 15
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6861
BP 269
EP 270
DI 10.1038/35104694
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 492CM
UT WOS:000172150700032
PM 11713518
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pullum, GK
   Scholz, BC
AF Pullum, GK
   Scholz, BC
TI More than words
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Linguist, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA.
   San Jose State Univ, Dept Philosophy, San Jose, CA 95192 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Santa Cruz; California State University System; San Jose State University
RP Pullum, GK (corresponding author), Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Linguist, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA.
NR 3
TC 7
Z9 8
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 27
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6854
BP 367
EP 367
DI 10.1038/35096656
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 475UY
UT WOS:000171188700033
PM 11574865
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Markewitz, D
   Davidson, EA
   Figueiredo, RDO
   Victoria, RL
   Krusche, AV
AF Markewitz, D
   Davidson, EA
   Figueiredo, RDO
   Victoria, RL
   Krusche, AV
TI Control of cation concentrations in stream waters by surface soil processes in an Amazonian watershed
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID eastern amazonia; brazilian amazon; atmospheric co2; pastures; forests; carbon; plants; cycles
AB The chemical composition of ground waters and stream waters is thought to be determined primarily by weathering of parent rock(1-5). In relatively young soils such as those occurring in most temperate ecosystems, dissolution of primary minerals by carbonic acid is the predominant weathering pathway that liberates Ca2+, Mg2+ and K+ and generates alkalinity in the hydrosphere(6). But control of water chemistry in old and highly weathered soils that have lost reservoirs of primary minerals (a common feature of many tropical soils) is less well understood. Here we present soil and water chemistry data from a 10,000-hectare watershed on highly weathered soil in the Brazilian Amazon. Streamwater cation concentrations and alkalinity are positively correlated to each other and to streamwater discharge, suggesting that cations and bicarbonate are mainly flushed from surface soil layers by rainfall rather than being the products of deep soil weathering carried by groundwater flow. These patterns contrast with the seasonal patterns widely recognized in temperate ecosystems with less strongly weathered soils(2,7). In this particular watershed, partial forest clearing and burning 30 years previously enriched the soils in cations and so may have increased the observed wet season leaching of cations. Nevertheless, annual inputs and outputs of cations from the watershed are low and nearly balanced, and thus soil cations from forest burning will remain available for forest regrowth over the next few decades. Our observations suggest that increased root and microbial respiration during the wet season generates CO2 that drives cation-bicarbonate leaching, resulting in a biologically mediated process of surface soil exchange controlling the streamwater inputs of cations and alkalinity from these highly weathered soils.
C1 Woods Hole Res Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA.
   Inst Pesquisa Ambiental Amazonia, BR-66035100 Belem, Para, Brazil.
   Ctr Energia Nucl Agr, BR-13400970 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.
C3 Woodwell Climate Research Center
RP Markewitz, D (corresponding author), Univ Georgia, Warnell Sch Forest Resources, Athens, GA 30602 USA.
NR 26
TC 122
Z9 144
U1 0
U2 47
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 12
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6830
BP 802
EP 805
DI 10.1038/35071052
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 420TT
UT WOS:000168021900051
PM 11298445
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kotiaho, JS
   Simmons, LW
   Tomkins, JL
AF Kotiaho, JS
   Simmons, LW
   Tomkins, JL
TI Towards a resolution of the lek paradox
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID genetic-variation; sexual selection; body condition; male attractiveness; offspring condition; mating preferences; estimating fitness; natural-selection; evolution; investment
AB Genetic benefits in the shape of 'good genes' have been invoked to explain costly female choice in the absence of direct fitness benefits(1-3). Little genetic variance in fitness traits is expected, however, because directional selection tends to drive beneficial alleles to fixation(4-6). There seems to be little potential, therefore, for female choice to result in genetic benefits, giving rise to the 'lek paradox'(7-9). Nevertheless, evidence shows that genetic variance persists despite directional selection(10,11) and genetic benefits of female choice are frequently reported(12,13). A theoretical solution to the lek paradox has been proposed on the basis of two assumptions(14): that traits are condition-dependent, and that condition shows high genetic variance. The observed genetic variability in sexual traits will be accounted for, because a proportion of the genetic variance in condition will be captured and expressed in the trait(14). Here we report results from experiments showing that male courtship rate in the dung beetle Onthophagus taurus is a condition-dependent trait that is preferred by females. More importantly, male condition has high genetic variance and is genetically correlated with courtship rate. Our results thereby represent a significant step towards a resolution of the lek paradox.
C1 Univ Western Australia, Dept Zool, Evolutionary Biol Res Grp, Nedlands, WA 6907, Australia.
C3 University of Western Australia
RP Kotiaho, JS (corresponding author), Univ Jyvaskyla, Dept Biol & Environm Sci, POB 35, FIN-40351 Jyvaskyla, Finland.
EM jkotiaho@cc.jyu.fi
NR 30
TC 226
Z9 252
U1 0
U2 79
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 5
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6829
BP 684
EP 686
DI 10.1038/35070557
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 418DJ
UT WOS:000167875400045
PM 11287953
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Harries, JE
   Brindley, HE
   Sagoo, PJ
   Bantges, RJ
AF Harries, JE
   Brindley, HE
   Sagoo, PJ
   Bantges, RJ
TI Increases in greenhouse forcing inferred from the outgoing longwave radiation spectra of the Earth in 1970 and 1997
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID atmospheric fluxes; climate models; cooling rates; water-vapor; trends; feedback; ozone
AB The evolution of the Earth's climate has been extensively studied(1,2), and a strong link between increases in surface temperatures and greenhouse gases has been established(3,4). But this relationship is complicated by several feedback processes-most importantly the hydrological cycle-that are not well understood(5-7). Changes in the Earth's greenhouse effect can be detected from variations in the spectrum of outgoing longwave radiation(8-10), which is a measure of how the Earth cools to space and carries the imprint of the gases that are responsible for the greenhouse effect(11-13). Here we analyse the difference between the spectra of the outgoing longwave radiation of the Earth as measured by orbiting spacecraft in 1970 and 1997. We rnd differences in the spectra that point to long-term changes in atmospheric CH4, CO2 and O-3 as well as CFC-11 and CFC-12. Our results provide direct experimental evidence for a significant increase in the Earth's greenhouse effect that is consistent with concerns over radiative forcing of climate.
C1 Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Blackett Lab, Space & Atmospher Phys Grp, London SW7 2BW, England.
C3 Imperial College London
RP Harries, JE (corresponding author), Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Blackett Lab, Space & Atmospher Phys Grp, London SW7 2BW, England.
NR 28
TC 128
Z9 145
U1 1
U2 50
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 15
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6826
BP 355
EP 357
DI 10.1038/35066553
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 410WM
UT WOS:000167464100046
PM 11268208
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Berger, E
   Ball, S
   Becker, KM
   Clarke, M
   Frail, DA
   Fukuda, TA
   Hoffman, IM
   Mellon, R
   Momjian, E
   Murphy, NW
   Teng, SH
   Woodruff, T
   Zauderer, BA
   Zavala, RT
AF Berger, E
   Ball, S
   Becker, KM
   Clarke, M
   Frail, DA
   Fukuda, TA
   Hoffman, IM
   Mellon, R
   Momjian, E
   Murphy, NW
   Teng, SH
   Woodruff, T
   Zauderer, BA
   Zavala, RT
TI Discovery of radio emission from the brown dwarf LP944-20
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID solar-type stars; main-sequence; coronae; flares; equipartition; superflares; lp-944-20; search
AB Brown dwarfs are not massive enough to sustain thermonuclear fusion of hydrogen at their centres, but are distinguished from gas-giant planets by their ability to burn deuterium(1). Brown dwarfs older than similar to 10 Myr are expected to possess short-lived magnetic fields(2) and to emit radio and X-rays only very weakly from their coronae. An X-ray flare was recently detected(3) on the brown dwarf LP944-20, whereas previous searches(4-7) for optical activity (and one X-ray search(1)) yielded negative results. Here we report the discovery of quiescent and flaring radio emission from LP944-20, with luminosities several orders of magnitude larger than predicted by the empirical relation(8,9) between the X-ray and radio luminosities that has been found for many types of stars. Interpreting the radio data within the context of synchrotron emission, we show that LP944-20 has an unusually weak magnetic field in comparison to active M-dwarf stars(10,11), which might explain the previous null optical(4-7) and X-ray(1) results, as well as the strength of the radio emissions compared to those at X-ray wavelengths.
C1 CALTECH, Div Phys Math & Astron 105 24, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   New Mexico Tech, Dept Phys, Socorro, NM 87801 USA.
   Oberlin Coll, Dept Phys, Oberlin, OH 44074 USA.
   Carleton Coll, Dept Phys, Northfield, MN 55057 USA.
   Natl Radio Astron Observ, Socorro, NM 87801 USA.
   Univ Denver, Dept Phys & Astron, Denver, CO 80208 USA.
   Univ New Mexico, Dept Phys & Astron, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA.
   Penn State Univ, Dept Astron, Davey Lab 525, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
   Univ Kentucky, Dept Phys & Astron, Lexington, KY 40506 USA.
   Amherst Coll, Dept Phys, Amherst, MA 01002 USA.
   Univ Maryland, Dept Astron, College Pk, MD 20742 USA.
   Southwestern Univ, Dept Phys, Georgetown, TX 78626 USA.
   Agnes Scott Coll, Dept Phys & Astron, Decatur, GA 30030 USA.
   New Mexico State Univ, Dept Astron, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA.
C3 California Institute of Technology; University System of Ohio; Oberlin College; Carleton College; National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO); University of Denver; University of New Mexico; Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park; University of Kentucky; Amherst College; University System of Maryland; University of Maryland College Park; New Mexico State University
RP Berger, E (corresponding author), CALTECH, Div Phys Math & Astron 105 24, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
NR 28
TC 177
Z9 189
U1 0
U2 10
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 15
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6826
BP 338
EP 340
DI 10.1038/35066514
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 410WM
UT WOS:000167464100040
PM 11268202
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Deb, SK
   Wilding, M
   Somayazulu, M
   McMillan, PF
AF Deb, SK
   Wilding, M
   Somayazulu, M
   McMillan, PF
TI Pressure-induced amorphization and an amorphous-amorphous transition in densified porous silicon
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID phase-transition; temperature; liquid; si; crystallization; relaxation; surface
AB Crystalline and amorphous forms of silicon are the principal materials used for solid-state electronics and photovoltaics technologies. Silicon is therefore a well-studied material, although new structures and properties are still being discovered(1-4). Compression of bulk silicon, which is tetrahedrally coordinated at atmospheric pressure, results in a transition to octahedrally coordinated metallic phases(5). In compressed nanocrystalline Si particles, the initial diamond structure persists to higher pressure than for bulk material, before transforming to high-density crystals(6). Here we report compression experiments on films of porous Si, which contains nanometre-sized domains of diamond-structured material(7-9). At pressures larger than 10 GPa we observed pressure-induced amorphization(10,11). Furthermore, we rnd from Raman spectroscopy measurements that the high-density amorphous form obtained by this process transforms to low-density amorphous silicon upon decompression. This amorphous-amorphous transition is remarkably similar to that reported previously for water(12,13), which suggests an underlying transition between a high-density and a low-density liquid phase in supercooled Si (refs 10, 14, 15). The Si melting temperature decreases with increasing pressure, and the crystalline semiconductor melts to a metallic liquid with average coordination similar to5 (ref. 16).
C1 UCL, Christopher Ingold Labs, Dept Chem, London WC1H 0AJ, England.
   Royal Inst Great Britain, Davy Faraday Res Lab, London W1X 4BS, England.
   Argonne Natl Lab, Adv Photon Source, HPCAT, Argonne, IL 60439 USA.
   Univ Calif Davis, Thermochem Facil, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
   Bhabha Atom Res Ctr, Div Solid State Phys, Mumbai 400085, India.
C3 University of London; University College London; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Argonne National Laboratory; University of California System; University of California Davis; Bhabha Atomic Research Center (BARC)
RP McMillan, PF (corresponding author), UCL, Christopher Ingold Labs, Dept Chem, 20 Gordon St, London WC1H 0AJ, England.
EM paulm@ri.ac.uk
NR 30
TC 378
Z9 413
U1 5
U2 167
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 29
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6863
BP 528
EP 530
DI 10.1038/35107036
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 496PV
UT WOS:000172405900042
PM 11734849
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tercero, JA
   Diffley, JFX
AF Tercero, JA
   Diffley, JFX
TI Regulation of DNA replication fork progression through damaged DNA by the Mec1/Rad53 checkpoint
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cerevisiae chromosome-vi; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; s-phase; budding yeast; origins; activation; initiation; sequences; telomeres; protein
AB The checkpoint kinase proteins Mec1 and Rad53 are required in the budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, to maintain cell viability in the presence of drugs causing damage to DNA or arrest of DNA replication forks(1-3). It is thought that they act by inhibiting cell cycle progression, allowing time for DNA repair to take place. Mec1 and Rad53 also slow S phase progression in response to DNA alkylation(4), although the mechanism for this and its relative importance in protecting cells from DNA damage have not been determined. Here we show that the DNA-alkylating agent methyl methanesulphonate (MMS) profoundly reduces the rate of DNA replication fork progression; however, this moderation does not require Rad53 or Mec1. The accelerated S phase in checkpoint mutants(4), therefore, is primarily a consequence of inappropriate initiation events(5-7). Wild-type cells ultimately complete DNA replication in the presence of MMS. In contrast, replication forks in checkpoint mutants collapse irreversibly at high rates. Moreover, the cytotoxicity of MMS in checkpoint mutants occurs specifically when cells are allowed to enter S phase with DNA damage. Thus, preventing damage-induced DNA replication fork catastrophe seems to be a primary mechanism by which checkpoints preserve viability in the face of DNA alkylation.
C1 Imperial Canc Res Fund, Clare Hall Labs, S Mimms EN6 3LD, Herts, England.
RP Diffley, JFX (corresponding author), Imperial Canc Res Fund, Clare Hall Labs, S Mimms EN6 3LD, Herts, England.
NR 22
TC 574
Z9 689
U1 0
U2 20
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 2
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6846
BP 553
EP 557
DI 10.1038/35087607
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 458PC
UT WOS:000170202900049
PM 11484057
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wohlgemuth, S
   Ronacher, B
   Wehner, R
AF Wohlgemuth, S
   Ronacher, B
   Wehner, R
TI Ant odometry in the third dimension
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID path-integration; cataglyphis-fortis; desert ants; honeybee navigation; distance estimation; optic flow; orientation; goal
AB Desert ants (Cataglyphis) are renowned for their ability to perform large-scale foraging excursions and then return to the nest by path integration. They do so by integrating courses steered and the distances travelled into a continually updated home vector(1). Whereas the angular orientation is based on skylight cues(2), how the ants gauge the distances travelled has remained largely unclear(3,4). Furthermore, almost all studies on path integration in Cataglyphis(5,6), as well as in spiders(7,8), rodents(9), and humans(10,11), have aimed at understanding how the animals compute home-bound courses in the horizontal plane. Here, we investigate for the first time how an animal's odometer operates when a path integration task has to be accomplished that includes a vertical component. We trained Cataglyphis ants within arrays of uphill and downhill channels, and later tested them on flat terrain, or vice versa. In all these cases, the ants indicated homing distances that corresponded not to the distances actually travelled but to the ground distances; that is, to the sum of the horizontal projections of the uphill and downhill segments of the ants' paths.
C1 Univ Zurich, Dept Zool, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
   Humboldt Univ, Inst Biol, D-10099 Berlin, Germany.
C3 University of Zurich; Humboldt University of Berlin
RP Ronacher, B (corresponding author), Univ Zurich, Dept Zool, Winterthurerstr 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
EM bernhard.ronacher@rz.hu-berlin.de
NR 25
TC 107
Z9 116
U1 1
U2 25
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 14
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6839
BP 795
EP 798
DI 10.1038/35081069
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 441TV
UT WOS:000169246400048
PM 11459057
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU She, QX
   Peng, X
   Zillig, W
   Garrett, RA
AF She, QX
   Peng, X
   Zillig, W
   Garrett, RA
TI Genome evolution - Gene capture in archaeal chromosomes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID family
C1 Univ Copenhagen, Inst Mol Biol, Microbial Genome Grp, DK-1307 Copenhagen K, Denmark.
   Max Planck Inst Biochem, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany.
C3 University of Copenhagen; Max Planck Society
RP She, QX (corresponding author), Univ Copenhagen, Inst Mol Biol, Microbial Genome Grp, Solvgade 83H, DK-1307 Copenhagen K, Denmark.
NR 12
TC 48
Z9 57
U1 0
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 25
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6819
BP 478
EP 478
DI 10.1038/35054138
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 395FW
UT WOS:000166570500037
PM 11206536
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rioual, P
   Andrieu-Ponel, V
   Rietti-Shati, M
   Battarbee, RW
   de Beaulieu, JL
   Cheddadi, R
   Reille, M
   Svobodova, H
   Shemesh, A
AF Rioual, P
   Andrieu-Ponel, V
   Rietti-Shati, M
   Battarbee, RW
   de Beaulieu, JL
   Cheddadi, R
   Reille, M
   Svobodova, H
   Shemesh, A
TI High-resolution record of climate stability in France during the last interglacial period
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID european pollen records; lake development; oxygen isotopes; biogenic silica; north-atlantic; ocean; reconstruction; variability; temperature; region
AB The last interglacial period (127-110 kyr ago) has been considered to be an analogue to the present interglacial period, the Holocene, which may help us to understand present climate evolution. But whereas Holocene climate has been essentially stable in Europe, variability in climate during the last interglacial period has remained unresolved, because climate reconstructions from ice cores(1,2), continental records(3,4) and marine sediment cores(5,6) give conflicting results for this period(7). Here we present a high-resolution multi-proxy lacustrine record of climate change during the last interglacial period, based on oxygen isotopes in diatom silica, diatom assemblages and pollen-climate transfer functions from the Ribains maar in France. Contrary to a previous study(8), our data do not show a cold event interrupting the warm interglacial climate. Instead, we rnd an early temperature maximum with a transition to a colder climate about halfway through the sequence. The end of the interglacial period is clearly marked by an abrupt change in all proxy records. Our study confirms that in southwestern Europe the last interglacial period was a time of climatic stability and is therefore still likely to represent a useful analogue for the present climate.
C1 UCL, Environm Change Res Ctr, London WC1H 0AP, England.
   Fac Sci & Tech St Jerome, UDESAM, Inst Mediterraneen Ecol & Paleoecol, CNRS,UMR 6116, F-13397 Marseille 20, France.
   Weizmann Inst Sci, Dept Environm Sci & Energy Res, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel.
   Inst Bot, CZ-25243 Prague, Czech Republic.
C3 University of London; University College London; Aix-Marseille Universite; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Weizmann Institute of Science; Czech Academy of Sciences; Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences
RP Rioual, P (corresponding author), UCL, Environm Change Res Ctr, 26 Bedford Way, London WC1H 0AP, England.
EM prioual@geog.ucl.ac.uk
NR 31
TC 100
Z9 116
U1 3
U2 58
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 20
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6853
BP 293
EP 296
DI 10.1038/35095037
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 473KB
UT WOS:000171040500035
PM 11565028
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU van der Pluijm, BA
   Hall, CM
   Vrolijk, PJ
   Pevear, DR
   Covey, MC
AF van der Pluijm, BA
   Hall, CM
   Vrolijk, PJ
   Pevear, DR
   Covey, MC
TI The dating of shallow faults in the Earth's crust
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID illite; foreland; clays; belt
AB Direct dating of ductile shear zones and calculation of uplift/exhumation rates can be done using various radiometric dating techniques. But radiometric dating of shallow crustal faulting, which occurs in the crust's brittle regime, has remained difficult(1-4) because the low temperatures typical of shallow crusted faults prevent the complete syntectonic mineral recrystallization that occurs in deeper faults. Both old (detrital) and newly grown (authigenic) fine-grained phyllosilicates are thus preserved in shallow fault zones and therefore their radiometric ages reflect a mixture of both mineral populations. Also, the loss of Ar-39 during neutron irradiation in dating of clay minerals can produce erroneously old ages. Here we present a method of characterizing the clay populations in fault gouge, using X-ray modelling, combined with sample encapsulation, and show how it can be used to date near-surface fault activity reliably. We examine fault gouge from the Lewis thrust of the southern Canadian Rockies, which we determine to be similar to 52 Myr old. This result requires the western North America stress regime to have changed from contraction to extension in only a few million years during the Eocene. We also estimate the uplift/exhumation age and sedimentary source of these rocks to be similar to 172 Myr.
C1 Univ Michigan, Dept Geol Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
   ExxonMobil Upstream Res Co, Houston, TX 77252 USA.
C3 University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; Exxon Mobil Corporation
RP van der Pluijm, BA (corresponding author), Univ Michigan, Dept Geol Sci, 1006 CC Little Bldg, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
NR 26
TC 219
Z9 236
U1 0
U2 24
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 12
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6843
BP 172
EP 175
DI 10.1038/35084053
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 451AJ
UT WOS:000169778700048
PM 11449270
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU LeGrand, R
   Mondloch, CJ
   Maurer, D
   Brent, HP
AF LeGrand, R
   Mondloch, CJ
   Maurer, D
   Brent, HP
TI Early visual experience and face processing
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID configuration; recognition; inversion
C1 McMaster Univ, Dept Psychol, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada.
   Hosp Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada.
C3 McMaster University; University of Toronto; Hospital for Sick Children (SickKids)
RP LeGrand, R (corresponding author), McMaster Univ, Dept Psychol, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada.
NR 14
TC 42
Z9 44
U1 0
U2 26
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 23
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6849
BP 786
EP +
DI 
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 465ET
UT WOS:000170577200027
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pearce, G
   Moura, DS
   Stratmann, J
   Ryan, CA
AF Pearce, G
   Moura, DS
   Stratmann, J
   Ryan, CA
TI Production of multiple plant hormones from a single polyprotein precursor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID self-incompatibility; tomato leaves; systemin; receptor; protein; phytosulfokine; clavata3; brassica; peptide; cells
AB Some animal and yeast hormone genes produce prohormone polypeptides that are proteolytically processed to produce multiple copies of hormones with the same or different functions(1). In plants, four polypeptides have been identified that can be classed as hormones(2-5) (intercellular chemical messengers(6)) but none are known to be produced as multiple copies from a single precursor. Here we describe a polyprotein hormone precursor, present in tobacco plants, that gives rise to two polypeptide hormones, as often found in animals and yeast. The tobacco polypeptides activate the synthesis of defensive proteinase-inhibitor proteins in a manner similar to that of systemin, an 18-amino-acid polypeptide found in tomato plants(2). The two tobacco polypeptides are derived from each end of a 165-amino-acid precursor that bears no homology to tomato prosystemin. The data show that structurally diverse polypeptide hormones in different plant species can serve similar signalling roles, a condition not found in animals or yeast.
C1 Washington State Univ, Inst Biol Chem, Pullman, WA 99164 USA.
C3 Washington State University
RP Ryan, CA (corresponding author), Washington State Univ, Inst Biol Chem, Pullman, WA 99164 USA.
NR 23
TC 200
Z9 245
U1 1
U2 71
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 14
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6839
BP 817
EP 820
DI 10.1038/35081107
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 441TV
UT WOS:000169246400054
PM 11459063
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zhou, M
   Morais-Cabral, JH
   Mann, S
   MacKinnon, R
AF Zhou, M
   Morais-Cabral, JH
   Mann, S
   MacKinnon, R
TI Potassium channel receptor site for the inactivation gate and quaternary amine inhibitors
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID shaker k-channels; pore; mechanisms; blockade
AB Many voltage-dependent K+ channels open when the membrane is depolarized and then rapidly close by a process called inactivation. Neurons use inactivating K+ channels to modulate their firing frequency. In Shaker-type K+ channels, the inactivation gate, which is responsible for the closing of the channel, is formed by the channel's cytoplasmic amino terminus. Here we show that the central cavity and inner pore of the K+ channel form the receptor site for both the inactivation gate and small-molecule inhibitors. We propose that inactivation occurs by a sequential reaction in which the gate binds initially to the cytoplasmic channel surface and then enters the pore as an extended peptide. This mechanism accounts for the functional properties of K+ channel inactivation and indicates that the cavity may be the site of action for certain drugs that alter cation channel function.
C1 Rockefeller Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Lab Mol Neurobiol & Biophys, New York, NY 10021 USA.
C3 Rockefeller University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
RP MacKinnon, R (corresponding author), Rockefeller Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Lab Mol Neurobiol & Biophys, 1230 York Ave, New York, NY 10021 USA.
EM mackinn@rockvax.rockefeller.edu
NR 31
TC 510
Z9 574
U1 1
U2 47
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 15
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6838
BP 657
EP 661
DI 10.1038/35079500
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 439JC
UT WOS:000169112500034
PM 11395760
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Luo, MJ
   Zhou, ZL
   Magni, K
   Christoforides, C
   Rappsilber, J
   Mann, M
   Reed, R
AF Luo, MJ
   Zhou, ZL
   Magni, K
   Christoforides, C
   Rappsilber, J
   Mann, M
   Reed, R
TI Pre-mRNA splicing and mRNA export linked by direct interactions between UAP56 and Aly
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID messenger-rna export; binding protein; u2 snrnp; nucleus; metazoans; complex
AB Recent studies indicate that splicing of pre-messenger RNA and export of mRNA are normally coupled in vivo(1-6). During splicing, the conserved mRNA export factor Aly is recruited to the spliced mRNA-protein complex (mRNP), which targets the mRNA for export. At present, it is not known how Aly is recruited to the spliced mRNP. Here we show that the conserved DEAD-box helicase UAP56, which functions during spliceosome assembly(7-10), interacts directly and highly specifically with Aly. Moreover, UAP56 is present together with Aly in the spliced mRNP. Significantly, excess UAP56 is a potent dominant negative inhibitor of mRNA export. Excess UAP56 also inhibits the recruitment of Aly to the spliced mRNP. Furthermore, a mutation in Aly that blocks its interaction with UAP56 prevents recruitment of Aly to the spliced mRNP. These data suggest that the splicing factor UAP56 functions in coupling the splicing and export machineries by recruiting Aly to the spliced mRNP.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Cell Biol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Univ So Denmark, Prot Interact Lab, Ctr Expt Bioinformat, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; University of Southern Denmark
RP Reed, R (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Cell Biol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
EM rreed@hms.harvard.edu
NR 23
TC 330
Z9 397
U1 0
U2 30
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 11
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6856
BP 644
EP 647
DI 10.1038/35098106
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 480WE
UT WOS:000171485700052
PM 11675789
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Whitfield, J
AF Whitfield, J
TI All creatures great and small
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID general-model; scaling laws; life
NR 13
TC 36
Z9 41
U1 0
U2 9
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 27
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6854
BP 342
EP 344
DI 10.1038/35096683
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 475UY
UT WOS:000171188700012
PM 11574846
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nielsen, EE
   Hansen, MM
   Schmidt, C
   Meldrup, D
   Gronkjær, P
AF Nielsen, EE
   Hansen, MM
   Schmidt, C
   Meldrup, D
   Gronkjær, P
TI Fisheries -: Population of origin of Atlantic cod
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Danish Inst Fisheries Res, Dept Inland Fisheries, DK-8600 Silkeborg, Denmark.
   Univ Aarhus, Dept Marine Ecol, DK-8200 Aarhus, Denmark.
C3 Aarhus University
RP Nielsen, EE (corresponding author), Danish Inst Fisheries Res, Dept Inland Fisheries, DK-8600 Silkeborg, Denmark.
NR 5
TC 111
Z9 119
U1 0
U2 31
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 20
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6853
BP 272
EP 272
DI 10.1038/35095112
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 473KB
UT WOS:000171040500028
PM 11565021
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hilleren, P
   McCarthy, T
   Rosbash, M
   Parker, R
   Jensen, TH
AF Hilleren, P
   McCarthy, T
   Rosbash, M
   Parker, R
   Jensen, TH
TI Quality control of mRNA 3′-end processing is linked to the nuclear exosome
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID messenger-rna; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; poly(a) polymerase; ribosomal-rna; export; yeast; polyadenylation; mutations; turnover; pathway
AB An emerging theme in messenger RNA metabolism is the coupling of nuclear pre-mRNA processing events, which contributes to mRNA quality control(1). Most eukaryotic mRNAs acquire a poly(A) tail during 3'-end processing within the nucleus, and this is coupled to efficient export of mRNAs to the cytoplasm(2,3). In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a common consequence of defective nuclear export of mRNA is the hyperadenylation of nascent transcripts(4,5), which are sequestered at or near their sites of transcription(5). This implies that polyadenylation and nuclear export are coupled in a step that involves the release of mRNA from transcription site foci. Here we demonstrate that transcripts which fail to acquire a poly(A) tail are also retained at or near transcription sites. Surprisingly, this retention mechanism requires the protein Rrp6p and the nuclear exosome, a large complex of exonucleolytic enzymes(6,7). In exosome mutants, hypo- as well as hyperadenylated mRNAs are released and translated. These observations suggest that the exosome contributes to a checkpoint that monitors proper 3'-end formation of mRNA.
C1 Univ Arizona, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Mol & Cellular Biol, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
   Brandeis Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Biol, Waltham, MA 02454 USA.
C3 University of Arizona; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Brandeis University
RP Hilleren, P (corresponding author), Univ Arizona, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Mol & Cellular Biol, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
NR 18
TC 295
Z9 360
U1 2
U2 29
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 4
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6855
BP 538
EP 542
DI 10.1038/35097110
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 478HG
UT WOS:000171340500051
PM 11586364
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Smallman, HS
   MacLeod, DIA
   Doyle, P
AF Smallman, HS
   MacLeod, DIA
   Doyle, P
TI Vision: Realignment of cones after cataract removal
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Psychol, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Pacific Sci & Engn Grp, San Diego, CA 92122 USA.
   Dartmouth Coll, Dept Math, Hanover, NH 03755 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego; Dartmouth College
RP Smallman, HS (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Psychol, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
NR 13
TC 25
Z9 28
U1 1
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 9
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6847
BP 604
EP 605
DI 10.1038/35088126
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 460PP
UT WOS:000170318000029
PM 11493909
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Erickson, GM
   Rogers, KC
   Yerby, SA
AF Erickson, GM
   Rogers, KC
   Yerby, SA
TI Dinosaurian growth patterns and rapid avian growth rates
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID histology; birds
AB Did dinosaurs grow in a manner similar to extant reptiles, mammals or birds, or were they unique(1)? Are rapid avian growth rates an innovation unique to birds, or were they inherited from dinosaurian precursors(2)? We quantified growth rates for a group of dinosaurs spanning the phylogenetic and size diversity for the clade and used regression analysis to characterize the results. Here we show that dinosaurs exhibited sigmoidal growth curves similar to those of other vertebrates, but had unique growth rates with respect to body mass. All dinosaurs grew at accelerated rates relative to the primitive condition seen in extant reptiles. Small dinosaurs grew at moderately rapid rates, similar to those of marsupials, but large species attained rates comparable to those of eutherian mammals and precocial birds. Growth in giant sauropods was similar to that of whales of comparable size. Non-avian dinosaurs did not attain rates like those of altricial birds. Avian growth rates were attained in a stepwise fashion after birds diverged from theropod ancestors in the Jurassic period.
C1 Florida State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA.
   Florida State Univ, Coll Med, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA.
   Sci Museum Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55102 USA.
   Macalester Coll, St Paul, MN 55102 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Dept Biomech Engn, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
C3 State University System of Florida; Florida State University; State University System of Florida; Florida State University; Macalester College; Stanford University
RP Erickson, GM (corresponding author), Florida State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, B-157, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA.
EM gerickson@bio.fsu.edu
NR 29
TC 210
Z9 242
U1 0
U2 72
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 26
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6845
BP 429
EP 433
DI 10.1038/35086558
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 456DQ
UT WOS:000170068200045
PM 11473315
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bawden, GW
   Thatcher, W
   Stein, RS
   Hudnut, KW
   Peltzer, G
AF Bawden, GW
   Thatcher, W
   Stein, RS
   Hudnut, KW
   Peltzer, G
TI Tectonic contraction across Los Angeles after removal of groundwater pumping effects
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID metropolitan region; southern-california; interferometry; earthquakes; hazards; radar
AB After the 1987 Whittier Narrows(1) and 1994 Northridge(2) earthquakes revealed that blind thrust faults represent a significant threat to metropolitan Los Angeles(3), a network of 250 continuously recording global positioning system (GPS) stations(4,5) was deployed to monitor displacements associated with deep slip on both blind and surface faults. Here we augment this GPS data with interferometric synthetic aperture radar imagery to take into account the deformation associated with groundwater pumping and strike-slip faulting. After removing these non-tectonic signals, we are left with 4.4 mm yr(-1) of uniaxial contraction across the Los Angeles basin, oriented N 36 degrees E (perpendicular to the major strike-slip faults in the area). This indicates that the contraction is primarily accommodated on thrust faults(6) rather than on the northeast-trending strike-slip faults. We have found that widespread groundwater and oil pumping obscures and in some cases mimics the tectonic signals expected from the blind thrust faults. In the 40-km-long Santa Ana basin, groundwater withdrawal and re-injection produces 12 mm yr(-1) of long-term subsidence, accompanied by an unprecedented seasonal oscillation of 55 mm in the vertical direction and 7 mm horizontally.
C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA.
   US Geol Survey, Pasadena, CA 91106 USA.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
C3 United States Department of the Interior; United States Geological Survey; United States Department of the Interior; United States Geological Survey; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles
RP Bawden, GW (corresponding author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA.
NR 20
TC 268
Z9 322
U1 0
U2 46
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 23
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6849
BP 812
EP 815
DI 10.1038/35090558
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 465ET
UT WOS:000170577200035
PM 11518964
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ohta, A
   Sitkovsky, M
AF Ohta, A
   Sitkovsky, M
TI Role of G-protein-coupled adenosine receptors in downregulation of inflammation and protection from tissue damage
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID t-cell-activation; release; mechanisms; inhibitor; arthritis
AB Inappropriate or prolonged inflammation is the main cause of many diseases(1); for this reason it is important to understand the physiological mechanisms that terminate inflammation in vivo(2). Agonists for several G(s)-protein-coupled receptors(3), including cell-surface adenosine purinergic receptors(4-7), can increase levels of immunosuppressive cyclic AMP in immune cells(8-15); however, it was unknown whether any of these receptors regulates inflammation in vivo. Here we show that A2a adenosine receptors have a non-redundant role in the attenuation of inflammation and tissue damage in vivo. Sub-threshold doses of an inflammatory stimulus(16,17) that caused minimal tissue damage in wild-type mice were sufficient to induce extensive tissue damage, more prolonged and higher levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and death of male animals deficient in the A2a adenosine receptor. Similar observations were made in studies of three different models of inflammation and liver damage as well as during bacterial endotoxin-induced septic shock. We suggest that A2a adenosine receptors are a critical part of the physiological negative feedback mechanism for limitation and termination of both tissue-specific and systemic inflammatory responses.
C1 NIAID, Immunol Lab, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
RP Sitkovsky, M (corresponding author), NIAID, Immunol Lab, NIH, 10 Ctr Dr,Room 10-11N311, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
EM mvsitkov@helix.nih.gov
NR 30
TC 1112
Z9 1262
U1 2
U2 82
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 20
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6866
BP 916
EP 920
DI 10.1038/414916a
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 503RB
UT WOS:000172813300048
PM 11780065
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU He, S
   MacLeod, DIA
AF He, S
   MacLeod, DIA
TI Orientation-selective adaptation and tilt after-effect from invisible patterns
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID primary visual-cortex; gratings; vision
AB Exposure to visual patterns of high contrast (for example, gratings formed by alternating white and black bars) creates after-effects in perception. We become temporarily insensitive to faint test patterns that resemble the pre-exposed pattern (such as gratings of the same orientation), and we require more contrast to detect them(1). Moreover, if the test pattern is slightly tilted relative to the pre-exposed one, this tilt may be perceptually exaggerated: we experience a tilt after-effect(2,3). Here we show that these visual after-effects occur even if the pre-exposed grating is too fine to be perceptually resolved. After looking at a very fine grating, so high in spatial frequency that it was perceptually indistinguishable from a uniform field, observers required more contrast to detect a test grating presented at the same orientation than one presented at the orthogonal orientation. They also experienced a tilt aftereffect that depended on the relation of the test pattern's tilt to the unseen orientation of the pre-exposed pattern. Because these after-effects are due to changes in orientation-sensitive mechanisms in visual cortex(4-6), our observations imply that extremely fine details, even those too fine to be seen, can penetrate the visual system as far as the cortex, where they are represented neurally without conscious awareness.
C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Psychol, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Psychol, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
C3 University of Minnesota System; University of Minnesota Twin Cities; University of California System; University of California San Diego
RP He, S (corresponding author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Psychol, 75 E River Rd, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA.
NR 19
TC 128
Z9 152
U1 0
U2 26
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 24
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6836
BP 473
EP 476
DI 10.1038/35078072
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 435CB
UT WOS:000168858700048
PM 11373679
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lai, CSL
   Fisher, SE
   Hurst, JA
   Vargha-Khadem, F
   Monaco, AP
AF Lai, CSL
   Fisher, SE
   Hurst, JA
   Vargha-Khadem, F
   Monaco, AP
TI A forkhead-domain gene is mutated in a severe speech and language disorder
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transcription factors; cleft-palate; head; family; localization; mutations; glaucoma; model; foxc1; fkhl7
AB Individuals affected with developmental disorders of speech and language have substantial difficulty acquiring expressive and/or receptive language in the absence of any profound sensory or neurological impairment and despite adequate intelligence and opportunity(1). Although studies of twins consistently indicate that a significant genetic component is involved(1-3), most families segregating speech and language deficits show complex patterns of inheritance, and a gene that predisposes individuals to such disorders has not been identified. We have studied a unique three-generation pedigree, KE, in which a severe speech and language disorder is transmitted as an autosomal-dominant monogenic trait(4). Our previous work mapped the locus responsible, SPCH1, to a 5.6-cM interval of region 7q31 on chromosome 7 (ref. 5). We also identified an unrelated individual, CS, in whom speech and language impairment is associated with a chromosomal translocation involving the SPCH1 interval(6). Here we show that the gene FOXP2, which encodes a putative transcription factor containing a polyglutamine tract and a forkhead DNA-binding domain, is directly disrupted by the translocation breakpoint in CS. In addition, we identify a point mutation in affected members of the KE family that alters an invariant amino-acid residue in the forkhead domain. Our findings suggest that FOXP2 is involved in the developmental process that culminates in speech and language.
C1 Univ Oxford, Wellcome Trust Ctr Human Genet, Oxford OX3 7BN, England.
   Oxford Radcliffe Hosp, Dept Clin Genet, Oxford OX3 7LJ, England.
   Inst Child Hlth, Dev Cognit Neurosci Unit, London WC1N 2AP, England.
C3 University of Oxford; Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics; University of Oxford; University of London; University College London
RP Monaco, AP (corresponding author), Univ Oxford, Wellcome Trust Ctr Human Genet, Roosevelt Dr, Oxford OX3 7BN, England.
NR 30
TC 1415
Z9 1665
U1 3
U2 251
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 4
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6855
BP 519
EP 523
DI 10.1038/35097076
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 478HG
UT WOS:000171340500046
PM 11586359
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Knill, E
   Laflamme, R
   Milburn, GJ
AF Knill, E
   Laflamme, R
   Milburn, GJ
TI A scheme for efficient quantum computation with linear optics
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID podolsky-rosen channels; experimental realization; error-correction; teleportation; state; entanglement; algorithms; codes
AB Quantum computers promise to increase greatly the efficiency of solving problems such as factoring large integers, combinatorial optimization and quantum physics simulation. One of the greatest challenges now is to implement the basic quantum-computational elements in a physical system and to demonstrate that they can be reliably and scalably controlled. One of the earliest proposals for quantum computation is based on implementing a quantum bit with two optical modes containing one photon. The proposal is appealing because of the ease with which photon interference can be observed. Until now, it suffered from the requirement for non-linear couplings between optical modes containing few photons. Here we show that efficient quantum computation is possible using only beam splitters, phase shifters, single photon sources and photo-detectors. Our methods exploit feedback from photo-detectors and are robust against errors from photon loss and detector inefficiency. The basic elements are accessible to experimental investigation with current technology.
C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA.
   Univ Queensland, Ctr Quantum Comp Technol, St Lucia, Qld, Australia.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); Los Alamos National Laboratory; University of Queensland
RP Knill, E (corresponding author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, MS B265, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA.
EM knill@lanl.gov
NR 45
TC 4934
Z9 5584
U1 22
U2 942
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 4
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6816
BP 46
EP 52
DI 10.1038/35051009
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 388HT
UT WOS:000166175600033
PM 11343107
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hwang, UW
   Friedrich, M
   Tautz, D
   Park, CJ
   Kim, W
AF Hwang, UW
   Friedrich, M
   Tautz, D
   Park, CJ
   Kim, W
TI Mitochondrial protein phylogeny joins myriapods with chelicerates
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID arthropod phylogeny; hox genes; sequence; expression; evolution; position; insects; pattern; model
AB The animal phylum Arthropoda is very useful for the study of body plan evolution given its abundance of morphologically diverse species and our profound understanding of Drosophila development(1). However, there is a lack of consistently resolved phylogenetic relationships between the four extant arthropod subphyla, Hexapoda, Myriapoda, Chelicerata and Crustacea. Recent molecular studies(2-4) have strongly supported a sister group relationship between Hexapoda and Crustacea, but have not resolved the phylogenetic position of Chelicerata and Myriapoda. Here we sequence the mitochondrial genome of the centipede species Lithobius forficatus and investigate its phylogenetic information content. Molecular phylogenetic analysis of conserved regions from the arthropod mitochondrial proteome yields highly resolved and congruent trees. We also rnd that a sister group relationship between Myriapoda and Chelicerata is strongly supported. We propose a model to explain the apparently parallel evolution of similar head morphologies in insects and myriapods.
C1 Kyungpook Natl Univ, Dept Biol, Teachers Coll, Taegu 702701, South Korea.
   Seoul Natl Univ, Sch Biol Sci, Seoul 151742, South Korea.
   Wayne State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Detroit, MI 48202 USA.
   Univ Cologne, Abt Evolut Genet, Inst Genet, D-50931 Cologne, Germany.
C3 Kyungpook National University (KNU); Seoul National University (SNU); Wayne State University; University of Cologne
RP Friedrich, M (corresponding author), Kyungpook Natl Univ, Dept Biol, Teachers Coll, Taegu 702701, South Korea.
EM mf@biology.biosci.wayne.edu
NR 30
TC 215
Z9 237
U1 0
U2 27
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 13
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6852
BP 154
EP 157
DI 10.1038/35093090
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 471FU
UT WOS:000170918800044
PM 11557978
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Suárez-López, P
   Wheatley, K
   Robson, F
   Onouchi, H
   Valverde, F
   Coupland, G
AF Suárez-López, P
   Wheatley, K
   Robson, F
   Onouchi, H
   Valverde, F
   Coupland, G
TI CONSTANS mediates between the circadian clock and the control of flowering in Arabidopsis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID controlled gene; protein; rhythms; thaliana; encodes; rna; expression; gigantea; roles; time
AB Flowering is often triggered by exposing plants to appropriate day lengths. This response requires an endogenous timer called the circadian clock to measure the duration of the day or night(1). This timer also controls daily rhythms in gene expression and behavioural patterns such as leaf movements. Several Arabidopsis mutations affect both circadian processes and flowering time(2-10); but how the effect of these mutations on the circadian clock is related to their influence on flowering remains unknown. Here we show that expression of CONSTANS (CO), a gene that accelerates flowering in response to long days(11), is modulated by the circadian clock and day length. Expression of a CO target gene, called FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT), is restricted to a similar time of day as expression of CO. Three mutations that affect circadian rhythms and flowering time alter CO and FT expression in ways that are consistent with their effects on flowering. In addition, the late flowering phenotype of such mutants is corrected by overexpressing CO. Thus, CO acts between the circadian clock and the control of flowering, suggesting mechanisms by which day length regulates flowering time.
C1 John Innes Ctr Plant Sci Res, Norwich NR4 7UH, Norfolk, England.
   Max Planck Inst Zuchtungsforsch, D-50829 Cologne, Germany.
C3 UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC); John Innes Centre; Max Planck Society
RP Coupland, G (corresponding author), John Innes Ctr Plant Sci Res, Norwich Res Pk,Colney Lane, Norwich NR4 7UH, Norfolk, England.
EM george.coupland@bbsrc.ac.uk
NR 31
TC 1174
Z9 1402
U1 16
U2 379
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 26
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6832
BP 1116
EP 1120
DI 10.1038/35074138
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 425HQ
UT WOS:000168285500053
PM 11323677
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tio, M
   Udolph, G
   Yang, XH
   Chia, W
AF Tio, M
   Udolph, G
   Yang, XH
   Chia, W
TI cdc2 links the Drosophila cell cycle and asymmetric division machineries
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID central-nervous-system; ganglion mother cells; localization; prospero; protein; mitosis; numb; neuroblasts; segregation; miranda
AB Asymmetric cell divisions can be mediated by the preferential segregation of cell-fate determinants into one of two sibling daughters. In Drosophila neural progenitors, Inscuteable(1-3), Partner of Inscuteable(4,5) and Bazooka(6,7) localize as an apical cortical complex at interphase, which directs the apical-basal orientation of the mitotic spindle as well as the basal/cortical localization of the cell-fate determinants Numb(8,9) and/or Prospero(10,11) during mitosis. Although localization of these proteins shows dependence on the cell cycle, the involvement of cell-cycle components in asymmetric divisions has not been demonstrated. Here we show that neural progenitor asymmetric divisions require the cell-cycle regulator cdc2. By attenuating Drosophila cdc2 function without blocking mitosis, normally asymmetric progenitor divisions become defective, failing to correctly localize asymmetric components during mitosis and/or to resolve distinct sibling fates, cdc2 is not necessary for initiating apical complex formation during interphase; however, maintaining the asymmetric localization of the apical components during mitosis requires Cdc2/B-type cyclin complexes. Our findings link cdc2 with asymmetric divisions, and explain why the asymmetric localization of molecules like Inscuteable show cell-cycle dependence.
C1 Inst Mol & Cell Biol, Singapore 117609, Singapore.
C3 Agency for Science Technology & Research (A*STAR); A*STAR - Institute of Molecular & Cell Biology (IMCB)
RP Chia, W (corresponding author), Inst Mol & Cell Biol, 30 Med Dr, Singapore 117609, Singapore.
NR 30
TC 91
Z9 108
U1 3
U2 13
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 22
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6823
BP 1063
EP 1067
DI 10.1038/35059124
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 405FT
UT WOS:000167148800051
PM 11234018
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Loope, DB
   Rowe, CM
   Joeckel, RM
AF Loope, DB
   Rowe, CM
   Joeckel, RM
TI Annual monsoon rains recorded by Jurassic dunes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID united-states
AB Pangaea, the largest landmass in the Earth's history, was nearly bisected by the Equator during the late Palaeozoic and early Mesozoic eras. Modelling experiments and stratigraphic studies have suggested that the supercontinent generated a monsoonal atmospheric circulation that led to extreme seasonality(1-3), but direct evidence for annual rainfall periodicity has been lacking(4). In the Mesozoic era, about 190 million years ago, thick deposits of wind-blown sand accumulated in dunes of a vast, low-latitude desert at Pangaea's western margin(5-7). These deposits are now situated in the southwestern USA. Here we analyse slump masses in the annual depositional cycles within these deposits, which have been described for some outcrops of the Navajo Sandstone(8). Twenty-four slumps, which were generated by heavy rainfall, appear within one interval representing 36 years of dune migration. We interpret the positions of 20 of these masses to indicate slumping during summer monsoon rains, with the other four having been the result of winter storms. The slumped lee faces of these Jurassic dunes therefore represent a prehistoric record of yearly rain events.
C1 Univ Nebraska, Dept Geosci, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA.
   Univ Nebraska, Div Conservat & Survey, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA.
C3 University of Nebraska System; University of Nebraska Lincoln; University of Nebraska System; University of Nebraska Lincoln
RP Loope, DB (corresponding author), Univ Nebraska, Dept Geosci, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA.
NR 14
TC 111
Z9 131
U1 3
U2 23
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 5
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6842
BP 64
EP 66
DI 10.1038/35083554
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 448TB
UT WOS:000169644900042
PM 11452305
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Farmer, EE
AF Farmer, EE
TI Surface-to-air signals
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID interplant communication; plant volatiles; jasmonic acid; cis-jasmone; resistance; pathway; biosynthesis; substances; salicylate; herbivory
AB Powerful volatile regulators of gene expression, pheromones and other airborne signals are of great interest in biology. Plants are masters of volatile production and release, not just from flowers and fruits, but also from vegetative tissues. The controlled release of bouquets of volatiles from leaves during attack by herbivores helps plants to deter herbivores or attract their predators, but volatiles have other roles in development and in the control of defence gene expression. Some of these roles may include long-distance signalling within and perhaps between plants.
C1 Univ Lausanne, Inst Ecol, Gene Express Lab, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
C3 University of Lausanne
RP Farmer, EE (corresponding author), Univ Lausanne, Inst Ecol, Gene Express Lab, Biol Bldg, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
EM edwardelliston.farmer@ie-bpv.unil.ch
NR 35
TC 229
Z9 302
U1 1
U2 93
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 14
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6839
BP 854
EP 856
DI 10.1038/35081189
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 441TV
UT WOS:000169246400063
PM 11459069
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Waelbroeck, C
   Duplessy, JC
   Michel, E
   Labeyrie, L
   Paillard, D
   Duprat, J
AF Waelbroeck, C
   Duplessy, JC
   Michel, E
   Labeyrie, L
   Paillard, D
   Duprat, J
TI The timing of the last deglaciation in North Atlantic climate records
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID younger dryas event; heinrich events; age calibration; glacial period; rapid changes; c-14 age; ocean; surface; radiocarbon; circulation
AB To determine the mechanisms governing the last deglaciation and the sequence of events that lead to deglaciation, it is important to obtain a temporal framework that applies to both continental and marine climate records. Radiocarbon dating has been widely used to derive calendar dates for marine sediments, but it rests on the assumption that the 'apparent age' of surface water (the age of surface water relative to the atmosphere) has remained constant over time(1,2). Here we present new evidence for variation in the apparent age of surface water (or reservoir age) in the North Atlantic ocean north of 40 degrees N over the past 20,000 years. In two cores we found apparent surface-water ages to be larger than those of today by 1,230 +/- 600 and 1,940 +/- 750 years at the end of the Heinrich 1 surge event (15,000 years BP) and by 820 +/- 430 to 1,010 +/- 340 years at the end of the Younger Dryas cold episode. During the warm Bolling-Allerod period, between these two periods of large reservoir ages, apparent surface-water ages were comparable to present values. Our results allow us to reconcile the chronologies from ice cores and the North Atlantic marine records over the entire deglaciation period. Moreover, the data imply that marine carbon dates from the North Atlantic north of 40 degrees N will need to be corrected for these highly variable effects.
C1 Lab Sci Climat & Environm, F-91198 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
   Univ Paris 11, Dept Sci Terre, F-91104 Orsay, France.
   Univ Bordeaux 1, Dept Geol & Oceanog, CNRS, UMR 5805, F-33405 Talence, France.
C3 Universite Paris Saclay; Universite Paris Saclay; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - National Institute for Earth Sciences & Astronomy (INSU); Universite de Bordeaux
RP Waelbroeck, C (corresponding author), Lab Sci Climat & Environm, Domaine CNRS,Bat 12, F-91198 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
EM Claire.Waelbroeck@lsce.cnrs-gif.fr
NR 30
TC 249
Z9 269
U1 0
U2 49
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 16
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6848
BP 724
EP 727
DI 10.1038/35089060
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 462ZB
UT WOS:000170450200041
PM 11507637
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Westerterp, KR
AF Westerterp, KR
TI Pattern and intensity of physical activity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID exercise
C1 Maastricht Univ, Dept Human Biol, NL-6200 MD Maastricht, Netherlands.
C3 Maastricht University
RP Westerterp, KR (corresponding author), Maastricht Univ, Dept Human Biol, NL-6200 MD Maastricht, Netherlands.
EM k.westerterp@hb.unimaas.nl
NR 8
TC 185
Z9 213
U1 2
U2 24
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 29
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6828
BP 539
EP 539
DI 10.1038/35069142
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 417WW
UT WOS:000167859300034
PM 11279482
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dong, C
   Juedes, AE
   Temann, UA
   Shresta, S
   Allison, JP
   Ruddle, NH
   Flavell, RA
AF Dong, C
   Juedes, AE
   Temann, UA
   Shresta, S
   Allison, JP
   Ruddle, NH
   Flavell, RA
TI ICOS co-stimulatory receptor is essential for T-cell activation and function
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis; human monocytes; tnf-alpha; costimulation; il-13; inflammation; expression; phenotype; ctla-4; cd28
AB T-lymphocyte activation and immune function are regulated by co-stimulatory molecules. CD28, a receptor for B7 gene products, has a chief role in initiating T-cell immune responses(1,2). CTLA4, which binds B7 with a higher affinity, is induced after T-cell activation and is involved in downregulating T-cell responses(3,4). The inducible co-stimulatory molecule (ICOS), a third member of the CD28/CTLA4 family, is expressed on activated T cells(5,6). Its ligand B7H/B7RP-1 is expressed on B cells and in non-immune tissues after injection of lipopolysaccharide into animals(6,7). To understand the role of ICOS in T-cell activation and function, we generated and analysed ICOS-deficient mice. Here we show that T-cell activation and proliferation are defective in the absence of ICOS. In addition, ICOS-/- T cells fail to produce interleukin-4 when differentiated in vitro or when primed in vivo. ICOS is required for humoral immune responses after immunization with several antigens. ICOS-/- mice showed greatly enhanced susceptibility to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, indicating that ICOS has a protective role in inflammatory autoimmune diseases.
C1 Howard Hughes Med Inst, Immunobiol Sect, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
   Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Epidemiol & Publ Hlth, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
   Yale Univ, Sch Med, Immunobiol Sect, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Yale University; Yale University; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
RP Flavell, RA (corresponding author), Howard Hughes Med Inst, Immunobiol Sect, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
NR 25
TC 760
Z9 939
U1 1
U2 33
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 4
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6816
BP 97
EP 101
DI 10.1038/35051100
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 388HT
UT WOS:000166175600047
PM 11343121
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ng, WL
   Lourenço, MA
   Gwilliam, RM
   Ledain, S
   Shao, G
   Homewood, KP
AF Ng, WL
   Lourenço, MA
   Gwilliam, RM
   Ledain, S
   Shao, G
   Homewood, KP
TI An efficient room-temperature silicon-based light-emitting diode
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID electroluminescence
AB There is an urgent requirement for an optical emitter that is compatible with standard, silicon-based ultra-large-scale integration (ULSI) technology(1). Bulk silicon has an indirect energy bandgap and is therefore highly inefficient as a light source, necessitating the use of other materials for the optical emitters. However, the introduction of these materials is usually incompatible with the strict processing requirements of existing ULSI technologies. Moreover, as the length scale of the devices decreases, electrons will spend increasingly more of their time in the connections between components; this interconnectivity problem could restrict further increases in computer chip processing power and speed in as little as five years. Many efforts have therefore been directed, with varying degrees of success, to engineering silicon-based materials that are efficient light emitters(2-7). Here, we describe the fabrication, using standard silicon processing techniques, of a silicon light-emitting diode (LED) that operates efficiently at room temperature. Boron is implanted into silicon both as a dopant to forma p-n junction, as well as a means of introducing dislocation loops. The dislocation loops introduce a local strain field, which modifies the band structure and provides spatial confinement of the charge carriers. It is this spatial confinement which allows room-temperature electroluminescence at the band-edge. This device strategy is highly compatible with ULSI technology, as boron ion implantation is already used as a standard method for the fabrication of silicon devices.
C1 Univ Surrey, Sch Elect Engn Informat Technol & Math, Surrey GU2 7XH, England.
   Univ Surrey, Dept Mech & Mat Engn, Surrey GU2 7XH, England.
C3 University of Surrey; University of Surrey
RP Homewood, KP (corresponding author), Univ Surrey, Sch Elect Engn Informat Technol & Math, Surrey GU2 7XH, England.
EM k.homewood@eim.surrey.ac.uk
NR 10
TC 627
Z9 686
U1 2
U2 152
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 8
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6825
BP 192
EP 194
DI 10.1038/35065571
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 408HJ
UT WOS:000167320500041
PM 11242075
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schimel, DS
   House, JI
   Hibbard, KA
   Bousquet, P
   Ciais, P
   Peylin, P
   Braswell, BH
   Apps, MJ
   Baker, D
   Bondeau, A
   Canadell, J
   Churkina, G
   Cramer, W
   Denning, AS
   Field, CB
   Friedlingstein, P
   Goodale, C
   Heimann, M
   Houghton, RA
   Melillo, JM
   Moore, B III
   Murdiyarso, D
   Noble, I
   Pacala, SW
   Prentice, IC
   Raupach, MR
   Rayner, PJ
   Scholes, RJ
   Steffen, WL
   Wirth, C
AF Schimel, DS
   House, JI
   Hibbard, KA
   Bousquet, P
   Ciais, P
   Peylin, P
   Braswell, BH
   Apps, MJ
   Baker, D
   Bondeau, A
   Canadell, J
   Churkina, G
   Cramer, W
   Denning, AS
   Field, CB
   Friedlingstein, P
   Goodale, C
   Heimann, M
   Houghton, RA
   Melillo, JM
   Moore, B III
   Murdiyarso, D
   Noble, I
   Pacala, SW
   Prentice, IC
   Raupach, MR
   Rayner, PJ
   Scholes, RJ
   Steffen, WL
   Wirth, C
TI Recent patterns and mechanisms of carbon exchange by terrestrial ecosystems
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID interannual variability; atmospheric co2; climate-change; land; temperature; dioxide; balance; biomass; fluxes; biosphere
AB Knowledge of carbon exchange between the atmosphere, land and the oceans is important, given that the terrestrial and marine environments are currently absorbing about half of the carbon dioxide that is emitted by fossil-fuel combustion. This carbon uptake is therefore limiting the extent of atmospheric and climatic change, but its long-term nature remains uncertain. Here we provide an overview of the current state of knowledge of global and regional patterns of carbon exchange by terrestrial ecosystems. Atmospheric carbon dioxide and oxygen data confirm that the terrestrial biosphere was largely neutral with respect to net carbon exchange during the 1980s, but became a net carbon sink in the 1990s. This recent sink can be largely attributed to northern extratropical areas, and is roughly split between North America and Eurasia. Tropical land areas, however, were approximately in balance with respect to carbon exchange, implying a carbon sink that offset emissions due to tropical deforestation. The evolution of the terrestrial carbon sink is largely the result of changes in land use over time, such as regrowth on abandoned agricultural land and fire prevention, in addition to responses to environmental changes, such as longer growing seasons, and fertilization by carbon dioxide and nitrogen. Nevertheless, there remain considerable uncertainties as to the magnitude of the sink in different regions and the contribution of different processes.
C1 Max Planck Inst Biogeochem, Jena, Germany.
   Univ New Hampshire, IGBP, GAIM, Durham, NH 03824 USA.
   LSCE Unite Mixte CEA CNRS, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
   Biogeochim Isotop Lab, Unite Mixte CNRS UPMC INRA, F-75252 Paris, France.
   Nat Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Serv, No Forestry Ctr, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
   NCAR, Boulder, CO 80303 USA.
   Potsdam Inst Climate Impact Res, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany.
   CSIRO Sustainable Ecosyst, GCTE Int Project Off, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
   Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA.
   Carnegie Inst Sci, Dept Plant Biol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Woods Hole Res Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA.
   Marine Biol Lab, Ctr Ecosyst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA.
   Univ New Hampshire, Inst Study Earth Oceans & Space, Durham, NH 03824 USA.
   GCTE Impacts Ctr SE Asia, Bogor, Indonesia.
   Australian Natl Univ, RSBS, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
   Princeton Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
   CSIRO, Div Land & Water, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
   CSIRO, Div Atmospher Res, Aspendale, Vic 3195, Australia.
   CSIR, Environmentek, ZA-0001 Pretoria, South Africa.
   IGBP Secretariat, S-10405 Stockholm, Sweden.
C3 Max Planck Society; University System Of New Hampshire; University of New Hampshire; Universite Paris Saclay; CEA; Sorbonne Universite; INRAE; Natural Resources Canada; Canadian Forest Service; National Center Atmospheric Research (NCAR) - USA; Potsdam Institut fur Klimafolgenforschung; Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO); Colorado State University System; Colorado State University Fort Collins; Carnegie Institution for Science; Woodwell Climate Research Center; Marine Biological Laboratory - Woods Hole; University System Of New Hampshire; University of New Hampshire; Australian National University; Princeton University; Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO); CSIRO Land & Water; Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO); Council for Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR) - South Africa
RP Schimel, DS (corresponding author), Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, 1850 Table Mesa Dr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA.
EM schimel@ucar.edu
NR 56
TC 1007
Z9 1358
U1 14
U2 743
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 8
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6860
BP 169
EP 172
DI 10.1038/35102500
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 490AY
UT WOS:000172029100037
PM 11700548
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Okawa, Y
   Aono, M
AF Okawa, Y
   Aono, M
TI Materials science - Nanoscale control of chain polymerization
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID multilayers
C1 RIKEN, Surface & Interface Lab, Wako, Saitama 3510198, Japan.
   Japan Sci & Technol Corp, CREST, Kawaguchi, Saitama 3320012, Japan.
   Osaka Univ, Dept Precis Sci & Technol, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan.
C3 RIKEN; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST); University of Osaka
RP Okawa, Y (corresponding author), RIKEN, Surface & Interface Lab, Wako, Saitama 3510198, Japan.
NR 6
TC 407
Z9 441
U1 4
U2 123
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 8
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6821
BP 683
EP 684
DI 10.1038/35055625
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 399MF
UT WOS:000166816400032
PM 11217849
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kampe, KKW
   Frith, CD
   Dolan, RJ
   Frith, U
AF Kampe, KKW
   Frith, CD
   Dolan, RJ
   Frith, U
TI Reward value of attractiveness and gaze - Making eye contact enhances the appeal of a pleasing face, irrespective of gender.
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 UCL, Inst Cognit Neurosci, London WC1N 3AR, England.
   Wellcome Dept Cognit Neurol, London WC1N 3BG, England.
C3 University of London; University College London; University of London; University College London
RP Kampe, KKW (corresponding author), UCL, Inst Cognit Neurosci, 17 Queen Sq, London WC1N 3AR, England.
EM k.kampe@ucl.ac.uk
NR 6
TC 352
Z9 415
U1 0
U2 70
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 11
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6856
BP 589
EP 589
DI 10.1038/35098149
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 480WE
UT WOS:000171485700037
PM 11595937
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mason, GJ
   Cooper, J
   Clarebrough, C
AF Mason, GJ
   Cooper, J
   Clarebrough, C
TI Frustrations of fur-farmed mink
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Oxford, Dept Zool, Oxford OX1 3PS, England.
   De Montfort Univ, Sch Agr & Hort, Caythorpe NG32 3EP, Lincoln, England.
C3 University of Oxford; De Montfort University
RP Mason, GJ (corresponding author), Univ Oxford, Dept Zool, S Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3PS, England.
NR 13
TC 250
Z9 277
U1 0
U2 135
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 1
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6824
BP 35
EP 36
DI 10.1038/35065157
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 406BD
UT WOS:000167194300032
PM 11242031
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bonn, DA
   Wynn, JC
   Gardner, BW
   Lin, YJ
   Liang, R
   Hardy, WN
   Kirtley, JR
   Moler, KA
AF Bonn, DA
   Wynn, JC
   Gardner, BW
   Lin, YJ
   Liang, R
   Hardy, WN
   Kirtley, JR
   Moler, KA
TI A limit on spin-charge separation in high-Tc superconductors from the absence of a vortex-memory effect
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB There is a long-standing debate about whether spin-charge separation is the root cause of the peculiar normal-state properties and high superconducting transition temperatures of the high-Tc materials. In the proposed(1) state of matter, the elementary excitations are not electron-like, as in conventional metals, but rather the electron 'fractionalizes' to give excitations that are chargeless spin-1/2 fermions (spinons) and charge +e bosons (chargons). Although spin-charge separation has been well established in one dimension, the theoretical situation for two dimensions is controversial and experimental evidence for it in the high-Tc materials is indirect. A model(2) with sharp experimental tests for a particular type of separation in two dimensions has recently been proposed. Here we report the results of those experimental tests, placing a conservative upper limit of 190 K on the energy of the proposed topological defects known as visons. There is still debate(3) about the extent to which this experiment can settle the issue of spin-charge separation in the high-T-c copper oxides, because some forms of the separation are able to avoid the need for visons. But at least one class(4-6) of theories that all predict a vortex-memory effect now are unlikely models for the copper oxides.
C1 Univ British Columbia, Dept Phys & Astron, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada.
   Stanford Univ, Dept Appl Phys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Dept Phys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   IBM Corp, Thomas J Watson Res Ctr, Yorktown Hts, NY 10598 USA.
C3 University of British Columbia; Stanford University; Stanford University; International Business Machines (IBM); IBM USA
RP Bonn, DA (corresponding author), Univ British Columbia, Dept Phys & Astron, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada.
NR 12
TC 49
Z9 53
U1 0
U2 9
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 20
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6866
BP 887
EP 889
DI 10.1038/414887a
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 503RB
UT WOS:000172813300039
PM 11780056
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Padian, K
   de Ricqlès, AJ
   Horner, JR
AF Padian, K
   de Ricqlès, AJ
   Horner, JR
TI Dinosaurian growth rates and bird origins
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID bone microstructure; periosteal bone; skeletochronology; histology; ontogeny
AB Dinosaurs, like other tetrapods, grew more quickly just after hatching than later in life. However, they did not grow like most other non-avian reptiles, which grow slowly and gradually through life. Rather, microscopic analyses of the long-bone tissues show that dinosaurs grew to their adult size relatively quickly, much as large birds and mammals do today. The first birds reduced their adult body size by shortening the phase of rapid growth common to their larger theropod dinosaur relatives. These changes in timing were primarily related not to physiological differences but to differences in growth strategy.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Integrat Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Museum Paleontol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Paris 07, CNRS, UMR 8570, Equipe Format Squelett, F-75251 Paris 05, France.
   Coll France, F-75231 Paris, France.
   Montana State Univ, Museum Rockies, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite Paris Cite; Universite PSL; College de France; Montana State University System; Montana State University Bozeman
RP Padian, K (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Integrat Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
EM kpadian@socrates.berkeley.edu
NR 41
TC 225
Z9 268
U1 0
U2 63
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 26
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6845
BP 405
EP 408
DI 10.1038/35086500
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 456DQ
UT WOS:000170068200037
PM 11473307
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Steiner, G
   Salvini-Plawen, L
AF Steiner, G
   Salvini-Plawen, L
TI Invertebrate evolution -: Acaenoplax -: polychaete or mollusc?
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Vienna, Inst Zool, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
C3 University of Vienna
RP Steiner, G (corresponding author), Univ Vienna, Inst Zool, Althanstr 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
NR 9
TC 22
Z9 25
U1 0
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 6
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6864
BP 601
EP 602
DI 10.1038/414601a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 498WB
UT WOS:000172535600037
PM 11740549
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Modiano, D
   Luoni, G
   Sirima, BS
   Simporé, J
   Verra, F
   Konaté, A
   Rastrelli, E
   Olivieri, A
   Calissano, C
   Paganotti, GM
   D'Urbano, L
   Sanou, I
   Sawadogo, A
   Modiano, G
   Coluzzi, M
AF Modiano, D
   Luoni, G
   Sirima, BS
   Simporé, J
   Verra, F
   Konaté, A
   Rastrelli, E
   Olivieri, A
   Calissano, C
   Paganotti, GM
   D'Urbano, L
   Sanou, I
   Sawadogo, A
   Modiano, G
   Coluzzi, M
TI Haemoglobin C protects against clinical Plasmodium falciparum malaria
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID natural-selection; hemoglobin-c; p-falciparum; globin gene; resistance; mechanism; mutation; origin; africa; children
AB Haemoglobin C (HbC; beta 6Glu --> Lys) is common in malarious areas of West Africa, especially in Burkina Faso(1,2). Conclusive evidence exists on the protective role against severe malaria of haemoglobin S (HbS; beta 6Glu --> Val) heterozygosity(3), whereas conflicting results for the HbC trait have been reported(4-10) and no epidemiological data exist on the possible role of the HbCC genotype. In vitro studies suggested that HbCC erythrocytes fail to support the growth of P. falciparum(11,12) but HbC homozygotes with high P. falciparum parasitaemias have been observed(10). Here we show, in a large case-control study performed in Burkina Faso on 4,348 Mossi subjects, that HbC is associated with a 29% reduction in risk of clinical malaria in HbAC heterozygotes (P = 0.0008) and of 93% in HbCC homozygotes (P = 0.0011). These findings, together with the limited pathology of HbAC and HbCC(13) compared to the severely disadvantaged HbSS and HbSC genotypes and the low beta (S) gene frequency in the geographic epicentre of beta (C1,2,14), support the hypothesis that, in the long term and in the absence of malaria control, HbC would replace HbS in central West Africa.
C1 Univ Roma La Sapienza, WHO Collaborating Ctr Malaria Epidemiol & Control, Sez Parassitol, Dipartimento Sci Sanita Pubbl, I-00185 Rome, Italy.
   Univ Roma La Sapienza, Ist Pasteur Fdn Cenci Bolognetti, I-00185 Rome, Italy.
   Ctr Hosp Natl Yalgado Ouedraogo, Serv Pediat, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
   Ctr Med St Camille, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
   Minist Sante, Ctr Natl Rech & Format Paludisme, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
   Univ Roma Tor Vergata, Dipartimento Biol, I-00133 Rome, Italy.
C3 Sapienza University Rome; Sapienza University Rome; Pasteur Network; Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti; University of Rome Tor Vergata
RP Modiano, D (corresponding author), Univ Roma La Sapienza, WHO Collaborating Ctr Malaria Epidemiol & Control, Sez Parassitol, Dipartimento Sci Sanita Pubbl, I-00185 Rome, Italy.
EM david.modiano@uniroma1.it
NR 30
TC 263
Z9 303
U1 1
U2 29
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 15
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6861
BP 305
EP 308
DI 10.1038/35104556
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 492CM
UT WOS:000172150700043
PM 11713529
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Toby, S
AF Toby, S
TI The good and the bad
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Rutgers State Univ, Dept Chem, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA.
C3 Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick
RP Toby, S (corresponding author), Rutgers State Univ, Dept Chem, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA.
NR 3
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 29
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6828
BP 523
EP 523
DI 10.1038/35069157
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 417WW
UT WOS:000167859300024
PM 11279470
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Thi, WF
   Blake, GA
   van Dishoeck, EF
   van Zadelhoff, GJ
   Horn, JMM
   Becklin, EE
   Mannings, V
   Sargent, AI
   van den Ancker, ME
   Natta, A
AF Thi, WF
   Blake, GA
   van Dishoeck, EF
   van Zadelhoff, GJ
   Horn, JMM
   Becklin, EE
   Mannings, V
   Sargent, AI
   van den Ancker, ME
   Natta, A
TI Substantial reservoirs of molecular hydrogen in the debris disks around young stars
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID main-sequence stars; circumstellar disks; vega; dust; search; interstellar; h-2; age
AB Circumstellar accretion disks transfer matter from molecular clouds to young stars and to the sites of planet formation. The disks observed around pre-main-sequence stars have properties consistent with those expected for the pre-solar nebula from which our own Solar System formed 4.5 Gyr ago(1). But the 'debris' disks that encircle more than 15% of nearby main-sequence stars(2-5) appear to have very small amounts of gas, based on observations of the tracer molecule carbon monoxide(6-8) : these observations have yielded gas/dust ratios much less than 0.1, whereas the interstellar value is about 100 (ref. 9). Here we report observations of the lowest rotational transitions of molecular hydrogen (H-2) that reveal large quantities of gas in the debris disks around the stars beta Pictoris, 49 Ceti and HD135344. The gas masses calculated from the data are several hundreds to a thousand times greater than those estimated from the CO observations, and yield gas/dust ratios of the same order as the interstellar value.
C1 CALTECH 15021, Div Geol & Planetary Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   CALTECH, SIRTF Sci Ctr, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   CALTECH 10524, Div Phys Math & Astron, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   Leiden Observ, NL-2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands.
   Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Osserv Astrofis Arcetri, I-50125 Florence, Italy.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Phys & Astron, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
C3 California Institute of Technology; California Institute of Technology; California Institute of Technology; Leiden University - Excl LUMC; Leiden University; Harvard University; Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory; Smithsonian Institution; Istituto Nazionale Astrofisica (INAF); University of California System; University of California Los Angeles
RP Blake, GA (corresponding author), CALTECH 15021, Div Geol & Planetary Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
EM gab@gps.caltech.edu
NR 29
TC 97
Z9 103
U1 0
U2 8
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 4
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6816
BP 60
EP 63
DI 10.1038/35051033
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 388HT
UT WOS:000166175600036
PM 11343110
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Andrews, MR
   Mitra, PP
   deCarvalho, R
AF Andrews, MR
   Mitra, PP
   deCarvalho, R
TI Tripling the capacity of wireless communications using electromagnetic polarization
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB Wireless communications are a fundamental part of modern information infrastructure. But wireless bandwidth is costly(1), prompting a close examination of the data channels available using electromagnetic waves. Classically, radio communications have relied on one channel per frequency, although it is well understood that the two polarization states of planar waves(2) allow two distinct information channels; techniques such as 'polarization diversity' already take advantage of this(3). Recent work(4-7) has shown that environments with scattering, such as urban areas or indoors, also possess independent spatial channels that can be used to enhance capacity greatly. In either case, the relevant signal processing techniques come under the heading of 'multiple-input/multiple-output' communications, because multiple antennae are required to access the polarization or spatial channels. Here we show that, in a scattering environment, an extra factor of three in channel capacity can be obtained, relative to the conventional limit using dual-polarized radio signals. The extra capacity arises because there are six distinguishable electric and magnetic states of polarization at a given point, rather than two as is usually assumed.
C1 Lucent Technol, Bell Labs, Murray Hill, NJ 07974 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
C3 AT&T; Alcatel-Lucent; Lucent Technologies; Harvard University
RP Andrews, MR (corresponding author), Lucent Technol, Bell Labs, Murray Hill, NJ 07974 USA.
EM mikea@bell-labs.com
NR 13
TC 375
Z9 477
U1 2
U2 71
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 18
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6818
BP 316
EP 318
DI 10.1038/35053015
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 392VY
UT WOS:000166434300039
PM 11201734
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Veen, T
   Borge, T
   Griffith, SC
   Sætre, GP
   Bures, S
   Gustafsson, L
   Sheldon, BC
AF Veen, T
   Borge, T
   Griffith, SC
   Sætre, GP
   Bures, S
   Gustafsson, L
   Sheldon, BC
TI Hybridization and adaptive mate choice in flycatchers
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID collared flycatchers; sexual selection; reproductive success; premating isolation; ficedula-hypoleuca; conspecific sperm; seasonal decline; paternal effort; offspring sex; hybrid zone
AB Hybridization in natural populations is strongly selected against when hybrid offspring have reduced fitness. Here we show that, paradoxically, pairing with another species may offer the best fitness return for an individual, despite reduced fitness of hybrid offspring. Two mechanisms reduce the costs to female collared flycatchers of pairing with male pied flycatchers. A large proportion of young are sired by conspecific male collared flycatchers through extra-pair copulations, and there is a bias in favour of male offspring (which, unlike females, are fertile) within hybrid pairs. In combination with temporal variation in breeding success, these cost-reducing mechanisms yield quantitative predictions about when female collared flycatchers should accept a male pied flycatcher as a mate; empirical data agree with these predictions. Apparent hybridization may thus represent adaptive mate choice under some circumstances.
C1 Univ Oxford, Dept Zool, EGI, Oxford OX1 3PS, England.
   Uppsala Univ, Dept Anim Ecol, Evolutionary Biol Ctr, SE-75236 Uppsala, Sweden.
   Univ Groningen, Dept Biol, NL-9750 Haren, Netherlands.
   Uppsala Univ, Evolutionary Biol Ctr, Dept Evolutionary Biol, SE-75236 Uppsala, Sweden.
   Palacky Univ, Ornithol Lab, Olomouc 77146, Czech Republic.
C3 University of Oxford; Uppsala University; University of Groningen; Uppsala University; Palacky University Olomouc
RP Sheldon, BC (corresponding author), Univ Oxford, Dept Zool, EGI, S Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3PS, England.
NR 43
TC 235
Z9 271
U1 1
U2 60
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 3
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6833
BP 45
EP 50
DI 10.1038/35075000
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 427XY
UT WOS:000168432800037
PM 11333971
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Butler, D
   Giles, J
AF Butler, D
   Giles, J
TI Hard times for high tech
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 0
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 4
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6855
BP 448
EP 449
DI 10.1038/35097252
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 478HG
UT WOS:000171340500013
PM 11586321
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hodge, A
   Campbell, CD
   Fitter, AH
AF Hodge, A
   Campbell, CD
   Fitter, AH
TI An arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus accelerates decomposition and acquires nitrogen directly from organic material
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID root proliferation; soil; biodiversity; acquisition; association; diversity; hyphae; inflow
AB Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (order Glomales), which form mycorrhizal symbioses with two out of three of all plant species(1), are believed to be obligate biotrophs that are wholly dependent on the plant partner for their carbon supply(2). It is thought that they possess no degradative capability and that they are unable to decompose complex organic molecules, the form in which most soil nutrients occur. Earlier suggestions that they could exist saprotrophically were based on observation of hyphal proliferation on organic materials(3,4). In contrast, other mycorrhizal types have been shown to acquire nitrogen directly from organic sources(5-7). Here we show that the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis can both enhance decomposition of and increase nitrogen capture from complex organic material (grass leaves) in soil. Hyphal growth of the fungal partner was increased in the presence of the organic material, independently of the host plant.
C1 Univ York, Dept Biol, York YO10 5YW, N Yorkshire, England.
   Macaulay Land Use Res Inst, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, Scotland.
C3 University of York - UK; James Hutton Institute
RP Hodge, A (corresponding author), Univ York, Dept Biol, POB 373, York YO10 5YW, N Yorkshire, England.
FU Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council [JF13140] Funding Source: researchfish; Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council [JF13140] Funding Source: Medline
NR 27
TC 800
Z9 997
U1 17
U2 669
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 20
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6853
BP 297
EP 299
DI 10.1038/35095041
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 473KB
UT WOS:000171040500036
PM 11565029
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Harada, Y
   Ohara, O
   Takatsuki, A
   Itoh, H
   Shimamoto, N
   Kinosita, K
AF Harada, Y
   Ohara, O
   Takatsuki, A
   Itoh, H
   Shimamoto, N
   Kinosita, K
TI Direct observation of DNA rotation during transcription by Escherichia coli RNA polymerase
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID single molecules; motor
AB Helical filaments driven by linear molecular motors are anticipated to rotate around their axis, but rotation consistent with the helical pitch has not been observed. 14S dynein(1) and non-claret disjunctional protein (ncd)(2) rotated a microtubule more efficiently than expected for its helical pitch, and myosin rotated an actin filament only poorly(3). For DNA-based motors such as RNA polymerase, transcription-induced supercoiling of DNA(4) supports the general picture of tracking along the DNA helix(5). Here we report direct and real-time optical microscopy measurements of rotation rate that are consistent with high-fidelity tracking. Single RNA polymerase molecules attached to a glass surface rotated DNA for >100 revolutions around the right-handed screw axis of the double helix with a rotary torque of >5 pN nm. This real-time observation of rotation opens the possibility of resolving individual transcription steps.
C1 Keio Univ, Fac Sci & Technol, Dept Phys, Kohoku Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2238522, Japan.
   CREST, Genet Programming, Miyamae Ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 2160001, Japan.
   Kazusa DNA Res Inst, Kisarazu 2920812, Japan.
   Hamamatsu Photon KK, Tsukuba Res Lab, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3002635, Japan.
   Natl Inst Genet, Struct Biol Ctr, Mishima, Shizuoka 4118540, Japan.
C3 Keio University; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST); Kazusa DNA Research Institute; Hamamatsu Photonics; Research Organization of Information & Systems (ROIS); National Institute of Genetics (NIG) - Japan
RP Harada, Y (corresponding author), Keio Univ, Fac Sci & Technol, Dept Phys, Kohoku Ku, Hiyoshi 3-14-1, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2238522, Japan.
NR 22
TC 189
Z9 238
U1 3
U2 30
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 4
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6816
BP 113
EP 115
DI 10.1038/35051126
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 388HT
UT WOS:000166175600051
PM 11343125
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Müller, A
   Homey, B
   Soto, H
   Ge, NF
   Catron, D
   Buchanan, ME
   McClanahan, T
   Murphy, E
   Yuan, W
   Wagner, SN
   Barrera, JL
   Mohar, A
   Verástegui, E
   Zlotnik, A
AF Müller, A
   Homey, B
   Soto, H
   Ge, NF
   Catron, D
   Buchanan, ME
   McClanahan, T
   Murphy, E
   Yuan, W
   Wagner, SN
   Barrera, JL
   Mohar, A
   Verástegui, E
   Zlotnik, A
TI Involvement of chemokine receptors in breast cancer metastasis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID chronic lymphocytic-leukemia; skin-associated chemokine; cell-derived factor-1; factor-i; functional-response; tumor progression; stromal cells; mice lacking; cxcr4; expression
AB Breast cancer is characterized by a distinct metastatic pattern involving the regional lymph nodes, bone marrow, lung and liver. Tumour cell migration and metastasis share many similarities with leukocyte trafficking, which is critically regulated by chemokines and their receptors. Here we report that the chemokine receptors CXCR4 and CCR7 are highly expressed in human breast cancer cells, malignant breast tumours and metastases. Their respective ligands CXCL12/SDF-1 alpha and CCL21/6Ckine exhibit peak levels of expression in organs representing the first destinations of breast cancer metastasis. In breast cancer cells, signalling through CXCR4 or CCR7 mediates actin polymerization and pseudopodia formation, and subsequently induces chemotactic and invasive responses. In vivo, neutralizing the interactions of CXCL12/CXCR4 significantly impairs metastasis of breast cancer cells to regional lymph nodes and lung. Malignant melanoma, which has a similar metastatic pattern as breast cancer but also a high incidence of skin metastases, shows high expression levels of CCR10 in addition to CXCR4 and CCR7. Our findings indicate that chemokines and their receptors have a critical role in determining the metastatic destination of tumour cells.
C1 DNAX Res Inst Mol & Cellular Biol Inc, Dept Immunol, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA.
   Univ Dusseldorf, Dept Radiat Oncol, D-40225 Dusseldorf, Germany.
   Univ Dusseldorf, Dept Dermatol, D-40225 Dusseldorf, Germany.
   Univ Essen, Dept Dermatol, D-45147 Essen, Germany.
   Inst Nacl Cancerol, Mexico City 14000, DF, Mexico.
   Natl Autonomous Univ Mexico, Inst Invest Biomed, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico.
C3 Merck & Company; Dnax Research Institute Of Molecular & Cellular Biology Inc.; Heinrich Heine University Dusseldorf; Heinrich Heine University Dusseldorf; University of Duisburg Essen; Instituto Nacional de Cancerologia (INCAN); Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico
RP Zlotnik, A (corresponding author), DNAX Res Inst Mol & Cellular Biol Inc, Dept Immunol, 901 Calif Ave, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA.
NR 39
TC 4480
Z9 5366
U1 8
U2 650
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 1
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6824
BP 50
EP 56
DI 10.1038/35065016
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 406BD
UT WOS:000167194300037
PM 11242036
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Abel, ED
   Peroni, O
   Kim, JK
   Kim, YB
   Boss, O
   Hadro, E
   Minnemann, T
   Shulman, GI
   Kahn, BB
AF Abel, ED
   Peroni, O
   Kim, JK
   Kim, YB
   Boss, O
   Hadro, E
   Minnemann, T
   Shulman, GI
   Kahn, BB
TI Adipose-selective targeting of the GLUT4 gene impairs insulin action in muscle and liver
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID skeletal-muscle; glucose-transport; fatty-acids; resistance; expression; leptin; mice; rats; pathogenesis; activation
AB The earliest defect in developing type 2 diabetes is insulin resistance(1,2), characterized by decreased glucose transport and metabolism in muscle and adipocytes(3,4). The glucose transporter GLUT4 mediates insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in adipocytes and muscle by rapidly moving from intracellular storage sites to the plasma membrane(4). In insulin-resistant states such as obesity and type 2 diabetes, GLUT4 expression is decreased in adipose tissue but preserved in muscle(3,4). Because skeletal muscle is the main site of insulin-stimulated glucose uptake, the role of adipose tissue GLUT4 downregulation in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and diabetes is unclear. To determine the role of adipose GLUT4 in glucose homeostasis, we used Cre/loxP DNA recombination to generate mice with adipose-selective reduction of GLUT4 (G4A(-/-)). Here we show that these mice have normal growth and adipose mass despite markedly impaired insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in adipocytes. Although GLUT4 expression is preserved in muscle, these mice develop insulin resistance in muscle and liver, manifested by decreased biological responses and impaired activation of phosphoinositide-3-OH kinase. G4A(-/-) mice develop glucose intolerance and hyperinsulinaemia. Thus, downregulation of GLUT4 and glucose transport selectively in adipose tissue can cause insulin resistance and thereby increase the risk of developing diabetes.
C1 Beth Israel Deaconess Med Ctr, Dept Med, Div Endocrine, Diabet Unit, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
   Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Internal Med, New Haven, CT 06536 USA.
   Yale Univ, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, New Haven, CT 06536 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Yale University; Yale University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
RP Kahn, BB (corresponding author), Beth Israel Deaconess Med Ctr, Dept Med, Div Endocrine, Diabet Unit, 99 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
FU NIDDK NIH HHS [R01 DK040936, R01 DK043051] Funding Source: Medline
NR 25
TC 971
Z9 1155
U1 0
U2 96
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 8
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6821
BP 729
EP 733
DI 10.1038/35055575
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 399MF
UT WOS:000166816400046
PM 11217863
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gachet, Y
   Tournier, S
   Millar, JBA
   Hyams, JS
AF Gachet, Y
   Tournier, S
   Millar, JBA
   Hyams, JS
TI A MAP kinase-dependent actin checkpoint ensures proper spindle orientation in fission yeast
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID anaphase-promoting complex; atf1 transcription factor; asymmetric cell-division; schizosaccharomyces-pombe; bipolar spindle; protein-kinase; cycle; proteolysis; pathway; localization
AB The accurate segregation of chromosomes at mitosis depends on a correctly assembled bipolar spindle that exerts balanced forces on each sister chromatid(1,2). The integrity of mitotic chromosome segregation is ensured by the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) that delays mitosis in response to defective spindle organisation or failure of chromosome attachment(2,3). Here we describe a distinct mitotic checkpoint in the fission yeast, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, that monitors the integrity of the actin cytoskeleton and delays sister chromatid separation, spindle elongation and cytokinesis until spindle poles have been properly oriented. This mitotic delay is imposed by a stress-activated mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathway but is independent of the anaphase-promoting complex (APC)(4,5).
C1 Natl Inst Med Res, Div Yeast Genet, London NW7 1AA, England.
   UCL, Dept Biol, London WC1E 6B, England.
C3 MRC National Institute for Medical Research; University of London; University College London
RP Millar, JBA (corresponding author), Natl Inst Med Res, Div Yeast Genet, Ridgeway,Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, England.
EM jmillar@nimr.mrc.ac.uk
FU Medical Research Council [MC_U117531948] Funding Source: researchfish; MRC [MC_U117531948] Funding Source: UKRI; Medical Research Council [MC_U117531948] Funding Source: Medline
NR 28
TC 139
Z9 159
U1 0
U2 5
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 19
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6844
BP 352
EP 355
DI 10.1038/35085604
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 453LW
UT WOS:000169918200051
PM 11460168
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hensinger, WK
   Häffer, H
   Browaeys, A
   Heckenberg, NR
   Helmerson, K
   McKenzie, C
   Milburn, GJ
   Phillips, WD
   Rolston, SL
   Rubinsztein-Dunlop, H
   Upcroft, B
AF Hensinger, WK
   Häffer, H
   Browaeys, A
   Heckenberg, NR
   Helmerson, K
   McKenzie, C
   Milburn, GJ
   Phillips, WD
   Rolston, SL
   Rubinsztein-Dunlop, H
   Upcroft, B
TI Dynamical tunnelling of ultracold atoms
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID quantum chaos; system; wave
AB The divergence of quantum and classical descriptions of particle motion is clearly apparent in quantum tunnelling(1,2) between two regions of classically stable motion. An archetype of such nonclassical motion is tunnelling through an energy barrier. In the 1980s, a new process, 'dynamical' tunnelling(1-3), was predicted, involving no potential energy barrier; however, a constant of the motion (other than energy) still forbids classically the quantum-allowed motion. This process should occur, for example, in periodically driven, nonlinear hamiltonian systems with one degree of freedom(4-6). Such systems may be chaotic, consisting of regions in phase space of stable, regular motion embedded in a sea of chaos. Previous studies predicted(4) dynamical tunnelling between these stable regions. Here we observe dynamical tunnelling of ultracold atoms from a Bose-Einstein condensate in an amplitude-modulated optical standing wave. Atoms coherently tunnel back and forth between their initial state of oscillatory motion (corresponding to an island of regular motion) and the state oscillating 180 degrees out of phase with the initial state.
C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA.
   Univ Queensland, Ctr Laser Sci, Dept Phys, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia.
   Univ Queensland, Ctr Quantum Comp Technol, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia.
C3 National Institute of Standards & Technology (NIST) - USA; University of Queensland; University of Queensland
RP Hensinger, WK (corresponding author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA.
NR 14
TC 310
Z9 324
U1 1
U2 40
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 5
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6842
BP 52
EP 55
DI 10.1038/35083510
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 448TB
UT WOS:000169644900038
PM 11452301
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mederos, A
   Lamberg-Karlovsky, CC
AF Mederos, A
   Lamberg-Karlovsky, CC
TI Converting currencies in the Old World - Simple arithmetic underpinned trading throughout the Near East during the Bronze Age.
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Complutense, Dept Prehist, E-28040 Madrid, Spain.
   Harvard Univ, Peabody Museum, Dept Anthropol, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
C3 Complutense University of Madrid; Harvard University
RP Mederos, A (corresponding author), Univ Complutense, Dept Prehist, Ciudad Univ, E-28040 Madrid, Spain.
NR 10
TC 5
Z9 8
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 24
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6836
BP 437
EP 437
DI 10.1038/35078143
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 435CB
UT WOS:000168858700034
PM 11373665
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rauschenberger, R
   Yantis, S
AF Rauschenberger, R
   Yantis, S
TI Masking unveils pre-amodal completion representation in visual search
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID guided search; perception; surfaces; model
AB When one object is partly occluded by another, its occluded parts are perceptually 'filled in', that is, the occluded object appears to continue behind its occluder. This process is known as amodal completion(1). The completion of a partially occluded object takes about 200 ms (ref. 2), and pre-completion information (that is, information from before amodal completion has occurred) exists in the visual system for that duration(2,3). It has been suggested, however, that observers cannot make use of this information, even when it is beneficial to do so: visual search for a target that appears to be partly occluded, for example, is slower than for a target that does not undergo occlusion, despite both targets being physically identical(4-6). Here we show that visual search does have access to pre-completion representations, but only for a limited time that depends on the size of the occluded region.
C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Psychol, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA.
C3 Johns Hopkins University
RP Rauschenberger, R (corresponding author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Psychol, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA.
NR 20
TC 87
Z9 96
U1 1
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 15
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6826
BP 369
EP 372
DI 10.1038/35066577
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 410WM
UT WOS:000167464100051
PM 11268213
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wilson, PA
   Norris, RD
AF Wilson, PA
   Norris, RD
TI Warm tropical ocean surface and global anoxia during the mid-Cretaceous period
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID planktonic-foraminifera; north-atlantic; temperatures; evolution; climate; events; origin; oxygen; model; rocks
AB The middle of the Cretaceous period (about 120 to 80 Myr ago) was a time of unusually warm polar temperatures(1), repeated reef-drowning in the tropics(2) and a series of oceanic anoxic events (OAEs) that promoted both the widespread deposition of organic carbon-rich marine sediments and high biological turnover(3-8). The cause of the warm temperatures is unproven but widely attributed to high levels of atmospheric greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide(7-12). In contrast, there is no consensus on the climatic causes and effects of the OAEs, with both high biological productivity and ocean `stagnation' being invoked as the cause of ocean anoxia(3-8). Here we show, using stable isotope records from multiple species of well-preserved foraminifera, that the thermal structure of surface waters in the western tropical Atlantic Ocean underwent pronounced variability about 100 Myr ago, with maximum sea surface temperatures 3-5 degreesC warmer than today. This variability culminated in a collapse of upper-ocean stratification during OAE-1d (the `Breistroffer' event), a globally significant period of organic-carbon burial that we show to have fundamental, stratigraphically valuable, geochemical similarities to the main OAEs of the Mesozoic era. Our records are consistent with greenhouse forcing being responsible for the warm temperatures, but are inconsistent both with explanations for OAEs based on ocean stagnation, and with the traditional view (reviewed in ref. 12) that past warm periods were more stable than today's climate.
C1 Southampton Oceanog Ctr, Sch Ocean & Earth Sci, Southampton SO14 3ZH, Hants, England.
   Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA.
C3 NERC National Oceanography Centre; University of Southampton; Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
RP Wilson, PA (corresponding author), Southampton Oceanog Ctr, Sch Ocean & Earth Sci, European Way, Southampton SO14 3ZH, Hants, England.
EM paw1@soc.soton.ac.uk
NR 30
TC 349
Z9 390
U1 0
U2 112
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 26
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6845
BP 425
EP 429
DI 10.1038/35086553
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 456DQ
UT WOS:000170068200044
PM 11473314
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bugoslavsky, Y
   Perkins, GK
   Qi, X
   Cohen, LF
   Caplin, AD
AF Bugoslavsky, Y
   Perkins, GK
   Qi, X
   Cohen, LF
   Caplin, AD
TI Vortex dynamics in superconducting MgB2 and prospects for applications
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID high-temperature superconductors; crystals
AB The recently discovered(1) superconductor magnesium diboride, MgB2, has a transition temperature, T-c, approaching 40 K, placing it intermediate between the families of low- and high-temperature superconductors. In practical applications, superconductors ale permeated by quantized vortices of magnetic flux. When a supercurrent flows, there is dissipation of energy unless these vortices are 'pinned' in some way, and so inhibited from moving under the influence of the Lorentz force. Such vortex motion ultimately determines the critical current density, J(c), which the superconductor can support. Vortex behaviour has proved to be more complicated in high-temperature superconductors than in low-temperature superconductors and, although this has stimulated extensive theoretical and experimental research(2), it has also impeded applications. Here we describe the vortex behaviour in MgB2, as reflected in J(c) and in the vortex creep rate, S, the latter being a measure of how fast the 'persistent' supercurrents decay. Our results show that naturally occurring grain boundaries are highly transparent to supercurrents, a desirable property which contrasts with the behaviour of the high-temperature superconductors, On the other hand, we observe a steep, practically deleterious decline in J(c) with increasing magnetic field, which is likely to reflect the high degree of crystalline perfection in our samples, and hence a low vortex pinning energy.
C1 Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Blackett Lab, Ctr High Temp Superconduct, London SW7 2BZ, England.
C3 Imperial College London
RP Bugoslavsky, Y (corresponding author), Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Blackett Lab, Ctr High Temp Superconduct, Prince Consort Rd, London SW7 2BZ, England.
NR 13
TC 205
Z9 216
U1 1
U2 59
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 29
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6828
BP 563
EP 565
DI 10.1038/35069029
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 417WW
UT WOS:000167859300041
PM 11279489
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mirabel, IF
   Dhawan, V
   Mignani, RP
   Rodrigues, I
   Guglielmetti, F
AF Mirabel, IF
   Dhawan, V
   Mignani, RP
   Rodrigues, I
   Guglielmetti, F
TI A high-velocity black hole on a Galactic-halo orbit in the solar neighbourhood
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID x-ray transient; kinematics
AB Only a few of the dozen or so known stellar-mass black holes have been observed away from the plane of the Galaxy(1). Those few could have been ejected from the plane as a result of a 'kick' received during a supernova explosion, or they could be remnants of the population of massive stars formed in the early stages of evolution of the Galaxy. Determining their orbital motion should help to distinguish between these options. Here we report the transverse motion (in the plane of the sky) for the black-hole X-ray nova XTE J1118+480 (refs 2-5), from which we derive a large space velocity. This X-ray binary system has an eccentric orbit around the Galactic Centre, like most objects in the halo of the Galaxy, such as ancient stars and globular clusters. The properties of the system suggest that its age is comparable to or greater than the age of the Galactic disk. Only an extraordinary 'kick' from a supernova could have launched the black hole into an orbit like this from a birthplace in the disk of the Galaxy.
C1 CE Saclay, Serv Astrophys, CEA, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
   Inst Astron & Fis Espacio, RA-1428 Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina.
   Natl Radio Astron Observ, Socorro, NM 87801 USA.
   European So Observ, DE-85740 Garching, Germany.
   Space Telescope Sci Inst, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA.
C3 Universite Paris Saclay; CEA; University of Buenos Aires; National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO); European Southern Observatory; Space Telescope Science Institute
RP Mirabel, IF (corresponding author), CE Saclay, Serv Astrophys, CEA, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
EM fmirabel@cea.fr
NR 25
TC 134
Z9 148
U1 0
U2 2
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 13
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6852
BP 139
EP 141
DI 10.1038/35093060
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 471FU
UT WOS:000170918800039
PM 11557973
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU DeMaria, CD
   Soong, TW
   Alseikhan, BA
   Alvania, RS
   Yue, DT
AF DeMaria, CD
   Soong, TW
   Alseikhan, BA
   Alvania, RS
   Yue, DT
TI Calmodulin bifurcates the local Ca2+ signal that modulates P/Q-type Ca2+ channels
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID presynaptic calcium current; rat brain-stem; ca2+-dependent inactivation; target sequence; facilitation; binding; activation; domains; synapse; subunit
AB Acute modulation of P/Q-type (alpha (1A)) calcium channels by neuronal activity-dependent changes in intracellular Ca2+ concentration may contribute to short-term synaptic plasticity(1-3), potentially enriching the neurocomputational capabilities of the brain(4,5). An unconventional mechanism for such channel modulation has been proposed(6,7) in which calmodulin (CaM) may exert two opposing effects on individual channels, initially promoting ('facilitation') and then inhibiting ('inactivation') channel opening. Here we report that such dual regulation arises from surprising Ca2+-transduction capabilities of CaM. First, although facilitation and inactivation are two competing processes, both require Ca2+-CaM binding to a single 'IQ-like' domain on the carboxy tail of alpha (8)(1A); a previously identified 'CBD' CaM-binding site(6,7) has no detectable role. Second, expression of a CaM mutant with impairment of all four of its Ca2+-binding sites (CaM1234) eliminates both forms of modulation. This result confirms that CaM is the Ca2+ sensor for channel regulation, and indicates that CaM may associate with the channel even before local Ca2+ concentration rises. Finally, the bifunctional capability of CaM arises from bifurcation of Ca2+ signalling by the lobes of CaM: Ca2+ binding to the amino-terminal lobe selectively initiates channel inactivation, whereas Ca2+ sensing by the carboxy-terminal lobe induces facilitation. Such lobe-specific detection provides a compact means to decode local Ca2+ signals in two ways, and to separately initiate distinct actions on a single molecular complex.
C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biomed Engn, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurosci, Program Mol & Cellular Syst Physiol, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
   Natl Inst Neurosci, Singapore 308433, Singapore.
   Natl Univ Singapore, Dept Physiol, Singapore 117548, Singapore.
C3 Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins University; National Neuroscience Institute (NNI); National University of Singapore
RP Yue, DT (corresponding author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biomed Engn, 720 Rutland Ave, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
EM dyue@bme.jhu.edu
NR 30
TC 338
Z9 391
U1 0
U2 14
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 24
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6836
BP 484
EP 489
DI 10.1038/35078091
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 435CB
UT WOS:000168858700051
PM 11373682
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Clarke, JA
   Norell, MA
AF Clarke, JA
   Norell, MA
TI Palaeoecology - Fossils and avian evolution - Reply
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID birds; radiation
C1 Yale Univ, Dept Geol & Geophys, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
   Amer Museum Nat Hist, Div Paleontol, New York, NY 10024 USA.
C3 Yale University; American Museum of Natural History (AMNH)
RP Clarke, JA (corresponding author), Yale Univ, Dept Geol & Geophys, POB 6666, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
NR 10
TC 5
Z9 5
U1 1
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 29
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6863
BP 508
EP 508
DI 10.1038/35107146
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 496PV
UT WOS:000172405900036
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nizet, V
   Ohtake, T
   Lauth, X
   Trowbridge, J
   Rudisill, J
   Dorschner, RA
   Pestonjamasp, V
   Piraino, J
   Huttner, K
   Gallo, RL
AF Nizet, V
   Ohtake, T
   Lauth, X
   Trowbridge, J
   Rudisill, J
   Dorschner, RA
   Pestonjamasp, V
   Piraino, J
   Huttner, K
   Gallo, RL
TI Innate antimicrobial peptide protects the skin from invasive bacterial infection
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID antibacterial peptide; cystic-fibrosis; streptolysin-s; identification; resistance; virulence; immunity; neutrophils; defensins; precursor
AB In mammals, several gene families encode peptides with antibacterial activity, such as the beta -defensins and cathelicidins(1-3). These peptides are expressed on epithelial surfaces and in neutrophils, and have been proposed to provide a first line of defence against infection by acting as 'natural antibiotics'(4,5). The protective effect of antimicrobial peptides is brought into question by observations that several of these peptides are easily inactivated(6-8) and have diverse cellular effects that are distinct from antimicrobial activity demonstrated in vitro(9-13). To investigate the function of a specific antimicrobial peptide in a mouse model of cutaneous infection, we applied a combined mammalian and bacterial genetic approach to the cathelicidin antimicrobial gene family(14). The mature human (LL-37)(15) and mouse (CRAMP)(16) peptides are encoded by similar genes (CAMP and Cnlp, respectively), and have similar alpha -helical structures, spectra of antimicrobial activity and tissue distribution. Here we show that cathelicidins are an important native component of innate host defence in mice and provide protection against necrotic skin infection caused by Group A Streptococcus (GAS).
C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Pediat, San Diego, CA 92161 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Div Dermatol, San Diego, CA 92161 USA.
   Vet Affairs San Diego Healthcare Syst, San Diego, CA 92161 USA.
   Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Div Neonatol, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of California System; University of California San Diego; US Department of Veterans Affairs; Veterans Health Administration (VHA); VA San Diego Healthcare System; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital
RP Gallo, RL (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Pediat, San Diego, CA 92161 USA.
EM rgallo@vapop.ucsd.edu
NR 30
TC 1010
Z9 1158
U1 2
U2 165
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 22
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6862
BP 454
EP 457
DI 10.1038/35106587
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 494UP
UT WOS:000172304500045
PM 11719807
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Stebbins, CE
   Galán, JE
AF Stebbins, CE
   Galán, JE
TI Maintenance of an unfolded polypeptide by a cognate chaperone in bacterial type III secretion
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID protein; modulation; program; system; model; sptp
AB Many bacterial pathogens use a type III protein secretion system to deliver virulence effector proteins directly into the host cell cytosol, where they modulate cellular processes(1,2). A requirement for the effective translocation of several such effector proteins is the binding of specific cytosolic chaperones, which typically interact with discrete domains in the virulence factors(3,4,5). We report here the crystal structure at 1.9 Angstrom resolution of the chaperone-binding domain of the Salmonella effector protein SptP with its cognate chaperone SicP. The structure reveals that this domain is maintained in an extended, unfolded conformation that is wound around three successive chaperone molecules. Short segments from two different SptP molecules are juxtaposed by the chaperones, where they dimerize across a hydrophobic interface. These results imply that the chaperones associated with the type III secretion system maintain their substrates in a secretion-competent state that is capable of engaging the secretion machinery to travel through the type III apparatus in an unfolded or partially folded manner.
C1 Yale Univ, Sch Med, Boyer Ctr Mol Med, Sect Microbial Pathogenesis, New Haven, CT 06536 USA.
C3 Yale University
RP Galán, JE (corresponding author), Yale Univ, Sch Med, Boyer Ctr Mol Med, Sect Microbial Pathogenesis, 333 Cedar St, New Haven, CT 06536 USA.
EM jorge.galan@yale.edu
NR 24
TC 258
Z9 308
U1 0
U2 22
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 01
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6859
BP 77
EP 81
DI 10.1038/35102073
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 487VC
UT WOS:000171898900045
PM 11689946
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Shen, YA
   Buick, R
   Canfield, DE
AF Shen, YA
   Buick, R
   Canfield, DE
TI Isotopic evidence for microbial sulphate reduction in the early Archaean era
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sedimentary-rocks; warrawoona group; sulfur; australia; sulfate; carbon; life; record
AB Sulphate-reducing microbes affect the modern sulphur cycle, and may be quite ancient(1,2), though when they evolved is uncertain. These organisms produce sulphide while oxidizing organic matter or hydrogen with sulphate(3). At sulphate concentrations greater than 1 mM, the sulphides are isotopically fractionated (depleted in S-34) by 10-40 parts per thousand compared to the sulphate, with fractionations decreasing to near 0 parts per thousand at lower concentrations(2,4-6). The isotope record of sedimentary sulphides shows large fractionations relative to seawater sulphate by 2.7 Gyr ago, indicating microbial sulphate reduction(7). In older rocks, however, much smaller fractionations are of equivocal origin, possibly biogenic but also possibly volcanogenic(2,8-10). Here we report microscopic sulphides in similar to3.47-Gyr-old barites from North Pole, Australia, with maximum fractionations of 21.1 parts per thousand, about a mean of 11.6 parts per thousand, clearly indicating microbial sulphate reduction. Our results extend the geological record of microbial sulphate reduction back more than 750 million years, and represent direct evidence of an early specific metabolic pathway-allowing time calibration of a deep node on the tree of life.
C1 Odense Univ, SDU, Danish Ctr Earth Syst Sci, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark.
   Odense Univ, SDU, Inst Biol, DK-5230 Odense, Denmark.
   Univ Sydney, Sch Geosci FO5, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
C3 University of Southern Denmark; University of Southern Denmark; University of Sydney
RP Shen, YA (corresponding author), Odense Univ, SDU, Danish Ctr Earth Syst Sci, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark.
NR 30
TC 480
Z9 565
U1 1
U2 189
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 1
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6824
BP 77
EP 81
DI 10.1038/35065071
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 406BD
UT WOS:000167194300045
PM 11242044
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Correia, ACM
   Laskar, J
AF Correia, ACM
   Laskar, J
TI The four final rotation states of Venus
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID atmospheric tides; evolution; obliquity; spin; planets; earth
AB Venus rotates very slowly on its axis in a retrograde direction, opposite to that of most other bodies in the Solar System(1). To explain this peculiar observation, it has been generally believed(2-6) that in the past its rotational axis was itself rotated to 180 degrees as a result of core-mantle friction inside the planet, together with atmospheric tides. But such a change has to assume a high initial obliquity (the angle between the planet's equator and the plane of the orbital motion). Chaotic evolution(7), however, allows the spin axis to flip for a large set of initial conditions(6,8). Here we show that independent of uncertainties in the models, terrestrial planets with dense atmosphere like Venus can evolve into one of only four possible rotation states. Moreover, we rnd that most initial conditions will drive the planet towards the configuration at present seen at Venus, albeit through two very different evolutionary paths. The first is the generally accepted view whereby the spin axis flips direction(2-6). But we have also found that it is possible for Venus to begin with prograde rotation (the same direction as the other planets) yet then develop retrograde rotation while the obliquity goes towards zero(9) : a rotation of the spin axis is not necessary in this case.
C1 IMC, CNRS, UMR 8028, F-75014 Paris, France.
C3 Sorbonne Universite; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - National Institute for Earth Sciences & Astronomy (INSU)
RP Laskar, J (corresponding author), IMC, CNRS, UMR 8028, 77 Av Denfert Rochereau, F-75014 Paris, France.
EM laskar@bdl.fr
NR 29
TC 104
Z9 110
U1 1
U2 21
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 14
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6839
BP 767
EP 770
DI 10.1038/35081000
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 441TV
UT WOS:000169246400039
PM 11459048
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Morrison, P
AF Morrison, P
TI Tales behind the tags
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 MIT, Dept Phys, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP Morrison, P (corresponding author), MIT, Dept Phys, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
NR 2
TC 1
Z9 1
U1 0
U2 0
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 4
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6855
BP 461
EP 461
DI 10.1038/35097170
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 478HG
UT WOS:000171340500023
PM 11586334
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Curie, C
   Panaviene, Z
   Loulergue, C
   Dellaporta, SL
   Briat, JF
   Walker, EL
AF Curie, C
   Panaviene, Z
   Loulergue, C
   Dellaporta, SL
   Briat, JF
   Walker, EL
TI Maize yellow stripe1 encodes a membrane protein directly involved in Fe(III) uptake
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID iron-deficiency; chelate reductase; plants; phytosiderophore; nicotianamine; transport; yeast; fe; expression; kinetics
AB Frequently, crop plants do not take up adequate amounts of iron from the soil, leading to chlorosis, poor yield and decreased nutritional quality. Extremely limited soil bioavailability of iron has led plants to evolve two distinct uptake strategies: chelation, which is used by the world's principal grain crops(1,2); and reduction, which is used by other plant groups(3-5). The chelation strategy involves extrusion of low-molecular-mass secondary amino acids (mugineic acids) known as 'phytosiderophores', which chelate sparingly soluble iron(6). The Fe(III)-phytosiderophore complex is then taken up by an unknown transporter at the root surface(7,8). The maize yellow stripe1 (ys1) mutant is deficient in Fe(III)-phytosiderophore uptake(7-10), therefore YS1 has been suggested to be the Fe(III)-phytosiderophore transporter. Here we show that ys1 is a membrane protein that mediates iron uptake. Expression of YS1 in a yeast iron uptake mutant restores growth specifically on Fe(III)-phytosiderophore media. Under iron-deficient conditions, ys1 messenger RNA levels increase in both roots and shoots. Cloning of ys1 is an important step in understanding iron uptake in grasses, and has implications for mechanisms controlling iron homeostasis in all plants.
C1 Univ Massachusetts, Dept Biol, Amherst, MA 01003 USA.
   Univ Montpellier 2, Inst Natl Rech Agron, CNRS, UMR 5004, F-34060 Montpellier 1, France.
   Ecole Natl Super Agron Montpellier, F-34060 Montpellier 1, France.
   Yale Univ, Dept Mol Cellular & Dev Biol, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
C3 University of Massachusetts System; University of Massachusetts Amherst; Institut Agro; Institut Agro Montpellier; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite de Montpellier; INRAE; CNRS - National Institute for Biology (INSB); Institut Agro; Institut Agro Montpellier; Yale University
RP Walker, EL (corresponding author), Univ Massachusetts, Dept Biol, Amherst, MA 01003 USA.
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM038148] Funding Source: Medline
NR 23
TC 772
Z9 907
U1 6
U2 186
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 18
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6818
BP 346
EP 349
DI 10.1038/35053080
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 392VY
UT WOS:000166434300048
PM 11201743
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Allison, TJ
   Winter, CC
   Fournié, JJ
   Bonneville, M
   Garboczi, DN
AF Allison, TJ
   Winter, CC
   Fournié, JJ
   Bonneville, M
   Garboczi, DN
TI Structure of a human γδ T-cell antigen receptor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nonpeptidic mycobacterial ligands; recognition; stimulation; crystallography; pyrophosphate; subset; suite
AB T-cell antigen receptors composed of gamma and delta polypeptide chains (gamma delta TCRs) can directly recognize antigens in the form of intact proteins or non-peptide compounds, unlike alpha beta TCRs, which recognize antigens bound to major histocompatibility complex molecules (MHC). About 5% of peripheral blood T cells bear gamma delta TCRs, most of which recognize non-peptide phosphorylated antigens(1,2). Here we describe the 3.1 Angstrom resolution structure of a human gamma delta TCR from a T-cell clone(3) that is phosphoantigen-reactive. The orientation of the variable (V) and constant (C) regions of the gamma delta TCR is unique when compared with alpha beta TCRs or antibodies, and results from an unusually small angle between the V gamma and C gamma domains. The complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) of the V domains exhibit a chemically reasonable binding site for phosphorylated antigens, providing a possible explanation for the canonical usage of the V gamma9 and V delta2 gene segments by phosphoantigen-reactive receptors. Although the gamma delta TCR V domains are similar in overall structure to those of alpha beta TCRs, gamma delta TCR C domains are markedly different. Structural differences in C gamma and C delta, and in the location of the disulphide bond between them, may enable gamma delta TCRs to form different recognition/signalling complexes than alpha beta TCRs.
C1 NIAID, Struct Biol Sect, Immunogenet Lab, Rockville, MD 20852 USA.
   CHU Purpan, INSERM, U395, F-31024 Toulouse, France.
   Inst Biol, INSERM, U463, F-44035 Nantes, France.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases (NIAID); Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); CHU de Toulouse; Universite de Toulouse; Universite Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm)
RP Allison, TJ (corresponding author), NIAID, Struct Biol Sect, Immunogenet Lab, 12441 Parklawn Dr, Rockville, MD 20852 USA.
NR 30
TC 215
Z9 255
U1 1
U2 16
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 14
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6839
BP 820
EP 824
DI 10.1038/35081115
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 441TV
UT WOS:000169246400055
PM 11459064
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Episkopou, V
   Arkell, R
   Timmons, PM
   Walsh, JJ
   Andrew, RL
   Swan, D
AF Episkopou, V
   Arkell, R
   Timmons, PM
   Walsh, JJ
   Andrew, RL
   Swan, D
TI Induction of the mammalian node requires Arkadia function in the extraembryonic lineages
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID embryonic stem-cells; visceral endoderm; primitive endoderm; mouse; expression; tissue; gene; forebrain; gastrulation; organizer
AB The early mammalian embryo is patterned by signals emanating from extraembryonic and embryonic signalling centres, most notably the anterior visceral endoderm (AVE) and the node, respectively(1). The AVE is responsible for anterior development, whereas further axis specification depends on the node, the equivalent of Spemann's organizer(2,3). Formation of the node, at the anterior primitive streak, depends on expression of the transcription factor HNF3 beta (ref. 4). However, both the source and the nature of the signals responsible for inducing the node have been unknown. Here we describe a recessive lethal mutation, arkadia, generated using gene-trap mutagenesis. Mutant embryos establish an AVE but fail to maintain anterior embryonic structures and lack a node. The mutation has disrupted the Arkadia gene, which encodes a putative intracellular protein containing a RING domain. Arkadia is essential for HNF3 beta expression in the anterior primitive streak. Analysis with chimaeras, however, shows that Arkadia functions within extraembryonic tissues, revealing that these are required to induce the node. Furthermore, our experiments show that Arkadia interacts genetically with the transforming growth factor (TGF)beta -like factor Nodal(5-7), implying that Nodal mediates the function of Arkadia in node induction.
C1 Hammersmith Hosp, Imperial Coll, Sch Med, MRC,Clin Sci Ctr, London W12 0NN, England.
C3 Imperial College London
RP Episkopou, V (corresponding author), Hammersmith Hosp, Imperial Coll, Sch Med, MRC,Clin Sci Ctr, Du Cane Rd, London W12 0NN, England.
EM vasso.episkopou@csc.mrc.ac.uk
FU MRC [MC_U120074332] Funding Source: UKRI; Medical Research Council [MC_U120074332] Funding Source: Medline; Medical Research Council [MC_U120074332] Funding Source: researchfish
NR 30
TC 91
Z9 105
U1 0
U2 4
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 12
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6830
BP 825
EP 830
DI 10.1038/35071095
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 420TT
UT WOS:000168021900058
PM 11298452
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Beerling, DJ
   Osborne, CP
   Chaloner, WG
AF Beerling, DJ
   Osborne, CP
   Chaloner, WG
TI Evolution of leaf-form in land plants linked to atmospheric CO2 decline in the Late Palaeozoic era
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID stomatal density; leaves; model
AB The widespread appearance of megaphyll leaves, with their branched veins and planate form, did not occur until the close of the Devonian period at about 360 Myr ago. This happened about 40 Myr after simple leafless vascular plants first colonized the land in the Late Silurian/Early Devonian(1,2), but the reason for the slow emergence of this common feature of present-day plants is presently unresolved. Here we show, in a series of quantitative analyses using fossil leaf characters and biophysical principles, that the delay was causally linked with a 90% drop in atmospheric pCO(2) during the Late Palaeozoic era(3,4). In contrast to simulations for a typical Early Devonian land plant, possessing few stomata(5) on leafless stems, those for a planate leaf with the same stomatal characteristics indicate that it would have suffered lethal overheating, because of greater interception of solar energy and low transpiration. When planate leaves first appeared in the Late Devonian and subsequently diversified in the Carboniferous period, they possessed substantially higher stomatal densities(6). This observation is consistent with the effects of the pCO(2) on stomatal development(7) and suggests that the evolution of planate leaves could only have occurred after an increase in stomatal density, allowing higher transpiration rates that were sufficient to maintain cool and viable leaf temperatures.
C1 Univ Sheffield, Dept Anim & Plant Sci, Sheffield S10 2TN, S Yorkshire, England.
   Univ London, Royal Holloway & Bedford New Coll, Dept Geol, Egham TW20 0EK, Surrey, England.
C3 University of Sheffield; University of London; Royal Holloway University London
RP Beerling, DJ (corresponding author), Univ Sheffield, Dept Anim & Plant Sci, Sheffield S10 2TN, S Yorkshire, England.
NR 30
TC 181
Z9 205
U1 1
U2 123
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 15
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6826
BP 352
EP 354
DI 10.1038/35066546
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 410WM
UT WOS:000167464100045
PM 11268207
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Costa, E
   Soffitta, P
   Bellazzini, R
   Brez, A
   Lumb, N
   Spandre, G
AF Costa, E
   Soffitta, P
   Bellazzini, R
   Brez, A
   Lumb, N
   Spandre, G
TI An efficient photoelectric X-ray polarimeter for the study of black holes and neutron stars
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID polarization property; accretion disks; radiation; emission
AB The study of astronomical objects using electromagnetic radiation involves four basic observational approaches: imaging, spectroscopy, photometry (accurate counting of the photons received) and polarimetry (measurement of the polarizations of the observed photons). In contrast to observations at other wavelengths, a lack of sensitivity has prevented X-ray astronomy from making use of polarimetry. Yet such a technique could provide a direct picture of the state of matter in extreme magnetic and gravitational fields(1-6), and has the potential to resolve the internal structures of compact sources that would otherwise remain inaccessible, even to X-ray interferometry(7). In binary pulsars, for example, we could directly 'see' the rotation of the magnetic field and determine if the emission is in the form of a 'fan' or a 'pencil' beam(1,8). Also, observation of the characteristic twisting of the polarization angle in other compact sources would reveal the presence of a black hole(9-12). Here we report the development of an instrument that makes X-ray polarimetry possible. The factor of 100 improvement in sensitivity that we have achieved will allow direct exploration of the most dramatic objects of the X-ray sky.
C1 CNR, Ist Astrofis Spaziale, I-00133 Rome, Italy.
   Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Sez Pisa, I-56010 Pisa, Italy.
C3 Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Istituto Nazionale Astrofisica (INAF); Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN)
RP Costa, E (corresponding author), CNR, Ist Astrofis Spaziale, Via Fosso Cavaliere 100, I-00133 Rome, Italy.
NR 33
TC 359
Z9 379
U1 1
U2 17
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 15
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6838
BP 662
EP 665
DI 10.1038/35079508
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 439JC
UT WOS:000169112500035
PM 11395761
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schön, JH
   Meng, H
   Bao, Z
AF Schön, JH
   Meng, H
   Bao, Z
TI RETRACTED: Self-assembled monolayer organic field-effect transistors (Retracted article. See vol 422 pg 92 2003)
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article; Retracted Publication
ID room-temperature; transport; single; electronics; molecules
AB The use of individual molecules as functional electronic devices was proposed in 1974 (ref. 1). Since then, advances in the field of nanotechnology have led to the fabrication of various molecule devices and devices based on monolayer arrays of molecules(2-11). Single molecule devices are expected to have interesting electronic properties, but devices based on an array of molecules are easier to fabricate and could potentially be more reliable. However, most of the previous work on array-based devices focused on two-terminal structures: demonstrating, for example, negative differential resistance(8), rectifiers(9), and re-configurable switching(10,11). It has also been proposed that diode switches containing only a few two-terminal molecules could be used to implement simple molecular electronic computer logic circuits(12). However, three-terminal devices, that is, transistors, could offer several advantages for logic operations compared to two-terminal switches, the most important of which is 'gain'-the ability to modulate the conductance. Here, we demonstrate gain for electronic transport perpendicular to a single molecular layer (similar to 10-20 Angstrom) by using a third gate electrode. Our experiments with field-effect transistors based on self-assembled monolayers demonstrate conductance modulation of more than five orders of magnitude. In addition, inverter circuits have been prepared that show a gain as high as six. The fabrication of monolayer transistors and inverters might represent an important step towards molecular-scale electronics.
C1 Bell Labs, Lucent Technol, Murray Hill, NJ 07974 USA.
C3 AT&T; Alcatel-Lucent; Lucent Technologies
RP Schön, JH (corresponding author), Bell Labs, Lucent Technol, 600 Mt Ave, Murray Hill, NJ 07974 USA.
EM hendrik@lucent.com
NR 30
TC 168
Z9 212
U1 2
U2 137
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 18
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6857
BP 713
EP 716
DI 10.1038/35099520
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 482ZK
UT WOS:000171608000038
PM 11607026
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Freed, AM
   Lin, J
AF Freed, AM
   Lin, J
TI Delayed triggering of the 1999 Hector Mine earthquake by viscoelastic stress transfer
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID landers earthquake; lower crust; failure stress; california; deformation; sequence; aftershocks; northridge; fault; seismicity
AB Stress changes in the crust due to an earthquake can hasten the failure of neighbouring faults and induce earthquake sequences in some cases(1-5). The 1999 Hector Mine earthquake in southern California (magnitude 7.1) occurred only 20 km from, and 7 years after, the 1992 Landers earthquake (magnitude 7.3). This suggests that the Hector Mine earthquake was triggered in some fashion by the earlier event. But uncertainties in the slip distribution and rock friction properties associated with the Landers earthquake have led to widely varying estimates of both the magnitude and sign of the resulting stress change that would be induced at the location of the Hector Mine hypocentre-with estimates varying from -1.4 bar (ref. 6) to +0.5 bar (ref. 7). More importantly, coseismic stress changes alone cannot satisfactorily explain the delay of 7 years between the two events. Here we present the results of a three-dimensional viscoelastic model that simulates stress transfer from the ductile lower crust and upper mantle to the brittle upper crust in the 7 years following the Landers earthquake. Using viscoelastic parameters that can reproduce the observed horizontal surface deformation following the Landers earthquake, our calculations suggest that lower-crustal or upper-mantle flow can lead to postseismic stress increases of up to 1-2 bar at the location of the Hector Mine hypocentre during this time period, contributing to the eventual occurrence of the 1999 Hector Mine earthquake. These results attest to the importance of considering viscoelastic processes in the assessment of seismic hazard(8-11).
C1 Carnegie Inst Sci, Dept Terr Magnetism, Washington, DC 20015 USA.
   Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Geol & Geophys, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA.
C3 Carnegie Institution for Science; Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
RP Freed, AM (corresponding author), Carnegie Inst Sci, Dept Terr Magnetism, 5241 Broad Branch Rd NW, Washington, DC 20015 USA.
EM freed@dtm.ciw.edu
NR 30
TC 286
Z9 358
U1 0
U2 47
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 10
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6834
BP 180
EP 183
DI 10.1038/35075548
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 430FC
UT WOS:000168563000046
PM 11346791
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fox, CG
   Chadwick, WW
   Embley, RW
AF Fox, CG
   Chadwick, WW
   Embley, RW
TI Direct observation of a submarine volcanic eruption from a sea-floor instrument caught in a lava flow
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID de-fuca ridge; axial-volcano; ground deformation; 1998 eruption; morphology; discharge
AB Our understanding of submarine volcanic eruptions has improved substantially in the past decade owing to the recent ability to remotely detect such events(1) and to then respond rapidly with synoptic surveys and sampling at the eruption site. But these data are necessarily limited to observations after the event(2). In contrast, the 1998 eruption of Axial volcano on the Juan de Fuca ridge(3,4) was monitored by in situ sea-floor instruments(5-7). One of these instruments, which measured bottom pressure as a proxy for vertical deformation of the sea floor, was overrun and entrapped by the 1998 lava flow. The instrument survived- being insulated from the molten lava by the solidified crust- and was later recovered. The data serendipitously recorded by this instrument reveal the duration, character and effusion rate of a sheet flow eruption on a mid-ocean ridge, and document over three metres of lava-flow inflation and subsequent drain-back. After the brief two-hour eruption, the instrument also measured gradual subsidence of 1.4 metres over the next several days, reflecting deflation of the entire volcano summit as magma moved into the adjacent rift zone. These findings are consistent with our understanding of submarine lava effusion, as previously inferred from seafloor observations, terrestrial analogues, and laboratory simulations(8-11).
C1 Oregon State Univ, NOAA, Newport, OR 97365 USA.
   NOAA, PMEL, Newport, OR 97365 USA.
C3 Oregon State University; National Oceanic Atmospheric Admin (NOAA) - USA; National Oceanic Atmospheric Admin (NOAA) - USA
RP Chadwick, WW (corresponding author), Oregon State Univ, NOAA, 2115 SE OSU Dr, Newport, OR 97365 USA.
EM chadwick@pmel.noaa.gov
NR 20
TC 70
Z9 74
U1 1
U2 15
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 16
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6848
BP 727
EP 729
DI 10.1038/35089066
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 462ZB
UT WOS:000170450200042
PM 11507638
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Joo, SH
   Choi, SJ
   Oh, I
   Kwak, J
   Liu, Z
   Terasaki, O
   Ryoo, R
AF Joo, SH
   Choi, SJ
   Oh, I
   Kwak, J
   Liu, Z
   Terasaki, O
   Ryoo, R
TI Ordered nanoporous arrays of carbon supporting high dispersions of platinum nanoparticles
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mesoporous silica; xenon-adsorption; molecular-sieves; oxygen reduction; nanotubes; zeolite; nanostructures; particles; catalysis; hydrogen
AB Nanostructured carbon materials are potentially of great technological interest for the development of electronic(1,2), catalytic(3,4) and hydrogen-storage systems(5,6). Here we describe a general strategy for the synthesis of highly ordered, rigid arrays of nanoporous carbon having uniform but tunable diameters (typically 6 nanometres inside and 9 nanometres outside). These structures are formed by using ordered mesoporous silicas as templates, the removal of which leaves a partially ordered graphitic framework. The resulting material supports a high dispersion of platinum nanoparticles, exceeding that of other common microporous carbon materials (such as carbon black, charcoal and activated carbon fibres). The platinum cluster diameter can be controlled to below 3 nanometres, and the high dispersion of these metal clusters gives rise to promising electrocatalytic activity for oxygen reduction, which could prove to be practically relevant for fuel-cell technologies. These nanomaterials can also be prepared in the form of free-standing films by using ordered silica films as the templates.
C1 Korea Adv Inst Sci & Technol, Natl Craet Res Initiat Ctr Funct Nanomat, Taejon 305701, South Korea.
   Korea Adv Inst Sci & Technol, Dept Chem, Electrochem Lab, Taejon 305701, South Korea.
   Tohoku Univ, Japan Sci & Technol Corp, CREST, Dept Phys, Sendai, Miyagi 9808578, Japan.
   Tohoku Univ, Interdisciplinary Res Ctr, Sendai, Miyagi 9808578, Japan.
C3 Korea Advanced Institute of Science & Technology (KAIST); Korea Advanced Institute of Science & Technology (KAIST); Tohoku University; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST); Tohoku University
RP Ryoo, R (corresponding author), Korea Adv Inst Sci & Technol, Natl Craet Res Initiat Ctr Funct Nanomat, Taejon 305701, South Korea.
NR 29
TC 2383
Z9 2599
U1 7
U2 1909
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 12
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6843
BP 169
EP 172
DI 10.1038/35084046
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 451AJ
UT WOS:000169778700047
PM 11449269
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ellis, DA
   Mabury, SA
   Martin, JW
   Muir, DCG
AF Ellis, DA
   Mabury, SA
   Martin, JW
   Muir, DCG
TI Thermolysis of fluoropolymers as a potential source of halogenated organic acids in the environment
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID trifluoroacetic-acid; surface waters; precipitation; radicals; degradation; mechanism; pyrolysis; kinetics; ozone; rain
AB Following the introduction of hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFCs) and hydrofluorocarbon (HFCs) gases as replacements for the ozone-destroying chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), it has been discovered that HCFCs/HFCs can degrade in the atmosphere to produce trifluoroacetic acid(1), a compound with no known loss mechanisms in the environment(2,3), and higher concentrations in natural waters(4) have been shown to be mildly phytotoxic(5). Present environmental levels of trifluooracetic acid are not accounted by HCFC/HFC degradation alone(8-10). Here we report that thermolysis of fluorinated polymers, such as the commercial polymers Teflon and Kel-F, can also produce trifluoroacetate and the similar compound chlorodifluoroacetate. This can occur either directly, or indirectly via products that are known to degrade to these haloacetates in the atmosphere(11). The environmental significance of these findings is confirmed by modelling, which indicates that the thermolysis of fluoropolymers in industrial and consumer high-temperature applications (ovens, nonstick cooking utensils and combustion engines) is likely to be a significant source of trifluoroacetate in urban rain water (similar to 25 ng l(-1), as estimated for Toronto). Thermolysis also leads to longer chain polyfluoro- and/or polychlorofluoro- (C3-C14) carboxylic acids which may be equally persistent. Some of these products have recently been linked with possible adverse health(6) and environmental impacts and are being phased out of the US market(7). Furthermore, we detected CFCs and fluorocarbons- groups that can destroy ozone and act as greenhouse gases, respectively-among the other thermal degradation products, suggesting that continued use of fluoropolymers may also exacerbate stratospheric ozone-depletion and global warming.
C1 Univ Toronto, Dept Chem, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada.
   Univ Guelph, Dept Environm Biol, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
   Environm Canada, Natl Water Res Inst, Burlington, ON L7R 4A6, Canada.
C3 University of Toronto; University of Guelph; Environment & Climate Change Canada; National Water Research Institute
RP Mabury, SA (corresponding author), Univ Toronto, Dept Chem, 80 St George St, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada.
NR 31
TC 326
Z9 373
U1 14
U2 185
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 19
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6844
BP 321
EP 324
DI 10.1038/35085548
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 453LW
UT WOS:000169918200043
PM 11460160
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU de Picciotto, R
   Stormer, HL
   Pfeiffer, LN
   Baldwin, KW
   West, KW
AF de Picciotto, R
   Stormer, HL
   Pfeiffer, LN
   Baldwin, KW
   West, KW
TI Four-terminal resistance of a ballistic quantum wire
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID quantized conductance; point contacts; transport
AB The electrical resistance of a conductor is intimately related to the relaxation of the momentum of charge carriers. In a simple model, the accelerating force exerted on electrons by an applied electric field is balanced by a frictional force arising from their frequent collisions with obstacles such as impurities, grain boundaries or other deviations from a perfect crystalline order(1). Thus, in the absence of any scattering, the electrical resistance should vanish altogether. Here, we observe such vanishing four-terminal resistance in a single-mode ballistic quantum wire. This result contrasts the value of the standard two-probe resistance measurements of h/2e(2) approximate to 13 k Omega. The measurements are conducted in the highly controlled geometry afforded by epitaxial growth onto the cleaved edge of a high-quality GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructure. Two weakly invasive voltage probes are attached to the central section of a ballistic quantum wire to measure the inherent resistance of this clean one-dimensional conductor.
C1 Bell Labs, Lucent Technol, Murray Hill, NJ 07974 USA.
   NYU, Dept Phys, New York, NY 10003 USA.
   NYU, Dept Appl Phys, New York, NY 10003 USA.
C3 Alcatel-Lucent; Lucent Technologies; AT&T; New York University; New York University
RP de Picciotto, R (corresponding author), Bell Labs, Lucent Technol, 600 Mt Ave, Murray Hill, NJ 07974 USA.
EM rd25@lucent.com
NR 19
TC 156
Z9 181
U1 0
U2 45
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 3
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6833
BP 51
EP 54
DI 10.1038/35075009
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 427XY
UT WOS:000168432800038
PM 11333972
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Attri, AK
   Kumar, U
   Jain, VK
AF Attri, AK
   Kumar, U
   Jain, VK
TI Microclimate - Formation of ozone by fireworks
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID climate; troposphere
C1 Jawaharlal Nehru Univ, Sch Environm Sci, New Delhi 110067, India.
C3 Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi
RP Attri, AK (corresponding author), Jawaharlal Nehru Univ, Sch Environm Sci, New Delhi 110067, India.
NR 11
TC 122
Z9 139
U1 2
U2 50
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 28
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6841
BP 1015
EP 1015
DI 10.1038/35082634
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 446TF
UT WOS:000169528500036
PM 11429593
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Katinka, MD
   Duprat, S
   Cornillot, E
   Méténier, G
   Thomarat, F
   Prensier, G
   Barbe, V
   Peyretaillade, E
   Brottier, P
   Wincker, P
   Delbac, F
   El Alaoui, H
   Peyret, P
   Saurin, W
   Gouy, M
   Weissenbach, J
   Vivarès, CP
AF Katinka, MD
   Duprat, S
   Cornillot, E
   Méténier, G
   Thomarat, F
   Prensier, G
   Barbe, V
   Peyretaillade, E
   Brottier, P
   Wincker, P
   Delbac, F
   El Alaoui, H
   Peyret, P
   Saurin, W
   Gouy, M
   Weissenbach, J
   Vivarès, CP
TI Genome sequence and gene compaction of the eukaryote parasite Encephalitozoon cuniculi
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID molecular evidence; microsporidia; protein; amitochondriate; mitochondria; phylogeny; origin; hsp70
AB Microsporidia are obligate intracellular parasites infesting many animal groups(1). Lacking mitochondria and peroxysomes, these unicellular eukaryotes were first considered a deeply branching protist lineage(2) that diverged before the endosymbiotic event that led to mitochondria. The discovery of a gene for a mitochondrial-type chaperone(3-5) combined with molecular phylogenetic data(6-9) later implied that microsporidia are atypical fungi that lost mitochondria during evolution. Here we report the DNA sequences of the 11 chromosomes of the similar to2.9-megabase (Mb) genome of Encephalitozoon cuniculi (1,997 potential protein-coding genes). Genome compaction is reflected by reduced intergenic spacers and by the shortness of most putative proteins relative to their eukaryote orthologues. The strong host dependence is illustrated by the lack of genes for some biosynthetic pathways and for the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Phylogenetic analysis lends substantial credit to the fungal affiliation of microsporidia. Because the E. cuniculi genome contains genes related to some mitochondrial functions (for example, Fe-S cluster assembly), we hypothesize that microsporidia have retained a mitochondrion-derived organelle.
C1 Univ Clermont Ferrand, Lab Biol Protistes, CNRS, UMR 6023, F-63177 Clermont Ferrand, France.
   Genoscope, CNRS, UMR 8030, F-91057 Evry, France.
   Univ Lyon 1, Lab Biometrie & Biol Evolut, CNRS, UMR 5558, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - Institute of Ecology & Environment (INEE); Universite Clermont Auvergne (UCA); Universite Paris Saclay; CEA; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - National Institute for Biology (INSB); VetAgro Sup; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - Institute of Ecology & Environment (INEE); Universite Lyon 1
RP Vivarès, CP (corresponding author), Univ Clermont Ferrand, Lab Biol Protistes, CNRS, UMR 6023, F-63177 Clermont Ferrand, France.
EM christian.vivares@lbp.univ-bpclermont.fr
NR 30
TC 828
Z9 1383
U1 2
U2 64
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 22
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6862
BP 450
EP 453
DI 10.1038/35106579
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 494UP
UT WOS:000172304500044
PM 11719806
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schön, JH
   Dorget, M
   Beuran, FC
   Zu, XZ
   Arushanov, E
   Cavellin, CD
   Laguës, M
AF Schön, JH
   Dorget, M
   Beuran, FC
   Zu, XZ
   Arushanov, E
   Cavellin, CD
   Laguës, M
TI RETRACTED: Superconductivity in CaCuO2 as a result of field-effect doping (Retracted article. See vol 422 pg 92 2003)
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article; Retracted Publication
ID infinite-layer-structure; molecular-beam epitaxy; cu-o system; high-pressure; thin-films; temperature; dependence; phase; hole; sr
AB Understanding the doping mechanisms in the simplest superconducting copper oxide-the infinite-layer compound ACuO(2) (where A is an alkaline earth metal)Dis an excellent way of investigating the pairing mechanism in high-transition-temperature (high-T-c) superconductors more generally(1-4). Gate-induced modulation of the carrier concentration(5-7) to obtain superconductivity is a powerful means of achieving such understanding: it minimizes the effects of potential scattering by impurities, and of structural modifications arising from chemical dopants. Here we report the transport properties of thin films of the infinite-layer compound CaCuO2 using field-effect doping. At high hole- and electron-doping levels, superconductivity is induced in the nominally insulating material. Maximum values of T-c of 89 K and 34 K are observed respectively for hole- and electron-type doping of around 0.15 charge carriers per CuO2. We can explore the whole doping diagram of the CuO2 plane while changing only a single electric parameter, the gate voltage.
C1 Bell Labs, Lucent Technol, Murray Hill, NJ 07974 USA.
   Univ Paris, GPMD, F-94010 Creteil, France.
   Ecole Super Phys & Chim Ind Ville Paris, CNRS, Surfaces & Supracond UPR 5, F-75005 Paris, France.
   Wintici SA, F-94300 Vincennes, France.
   Moldavian Acad Sci, Inst Appl Phys, Kishinev 277028, Moldova.
C3 Alcatel-Lucent; Lucent Technologies; AT&T; Universite Paris-Est-Creteil-Val-de-Marne (UPEC); Universite Paris Cite; Universite PSL; Ecole Superieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles de la Ville de Paris (ESPCI); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Moldova State University; Academy of Sciences of Moldova
RP Schön, JH (corresponding author), Bell Labs, Lucent Technol, 600 Mt Ave, Murray Hill, NJ 07974 USA.
EM hendrik@lucent.com
NR 30
TC 70
Z9 71
U1 0
U2 68
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 22
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6862
BP 434
EP 436
DI 10.1038/35106539
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 494UP
UT WOS:000172304500039
PM 11719801
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sharon, E
   Cohen, G
   Fineberg, J
AF Sharon, E
   Cohen, G
   Fineberg, J
TI Propagating solitary waves along a rapidly moving crack front
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dynamic planar crack; fracture; perturbation
AB A rapidly moving crack in a brittle material is often idealized(1) as a one-dimensional object with a singular tip, moving through a two-dimensional material. However, in real three-dimensional materials, tensile cracks form a planar surface whose edge is a rapidly moving one-dimensional singular front. The dynamics of these fronts under repetitive interaction(2-4) with material inhomogeneities (asperities) and the morphology(5-11) of the fracture surface that they create are not yet understood. Here we show that perturbations(12) to a crack front in a brittle material result in long-lived and highly localized waves, which we call 'front waves'. These waves exhibit a unique characteristic shape and propagate along the crack front at approximately(13-15) the Rayleigh wave speed (the speed of sound along a free surface). Following interaction, counter-propagating front waves retain both their shape and amplitude. They create characteristic traces along the fracture surface, providing cracks with both inertia and a new mode of dissipation. Front waves are intrinsically three-dimensional, and cannot exist in conventional two-dimensional theories of fracture(1). Because front waves can transport and distribute asperity-induced energy fluctuations throughout the crack front, they may help to explain how cracks remain a single coherent entity, despite repeated interactions with randomly dispersed asperities.
C1 Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Racah Inst Phys, IL-91904 Jerusalem, Israel.
C3 Hebrew University of Jerusalem
RP Fineberg, J (corresponding author), Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Racah Inst Phys, IL-91904 Jerusalem, Israel.
NR 22
TC 87
Z9 94
U1 1
U2 40
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 1
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6824
BP 68
EP 71
DI 10.1038/35065051
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 406BD
UT WOS:000167194300042
PM 11242041
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Burdet, E
   Osu, R
   Franklin, DW
   Milner, TE
   Kawato, M
AF Burdet, E
   Osu, R
   Franklin, DW
   Milner, TE
   Kawato, M
TI The central nervous system stabilizes unstable dynamics by learning optimal impedance
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID internal models; multijoint arm; stiffness; movement; posture; muscle; task
AB To manipulate objects or to use tools we must compensate for any forces arising from interaction with the physical environment. Recent studies indicate that this compensation is achieved by learning an internal model of the dynamics(1-6), that is, a neural representation of the relation between motor command and movement(5,7). In these studies interaction with the physical environment was stable, but many common tasks are intrinsically unstable(8,9). For example, keeping a screwdriver in the slot of a screw is unstable because excessive force parallel to the slot can cause the screwdriver to slip and because misdirected force can cause loss of contact between the screwdriver and the screw. Stability may be dependent on the control of mechanical impedance in the human arm because mechanical impedance can generate forces which resist destabilizing motion. Here we examined arm movements in an unstable dynamic environment created by a robotic interface. Our results show that humans learn to stabilize unstable dynamics using the skilful and energy-efficient strategy of selective control of impedance geometry.
C1 JST, ERATO, Kawato Dynam Brain Project, Seika, Kyoto 6190288, Japan.
   Natl Univ Singapore, Dept Mech Engn, Singapore 119260, Singapore.
   ATR Human Informat Sci Labs, Seika, Kyoto 6190288, Japan.
   Simon Fraser Univ, Sch Kinesiol, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada.
C3 Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST); National University of Singapore; Simon Fraser University
RP Kawato, M (corresponding author), JST, ERATO, Kawato Dynam Brain Project, Seika, Kyoto 6190288, Japan.
NR 26
TC 880
Z9 998
U1 3
U2 122
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 22
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6862
BP 446
EP 449
DI 10.1038/35106566
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 494UP
UT WOS:000172304500043
PM 11719805
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jiggins, CD
   Naisbit, RE
   Coe, RL
   Mallet, J
AF Jiggins, CD
   Naisbit, RE
   Coe, RL
   Mallet, J
TI Reproductive isolation caused by colour pattern mimicry
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID heliconius butterfly; natural-selection; race formation; warning-color; speciation; reinforcement; evolution; consequences; divergence
AB Speciation is facilitated if ecological adaptation directly causes assortative mating(1), but few natural examples are known. Here we show that a shift in colour pattern mimicry was crucial in the origin of two butterfly species. The sister species Heliconius melpomene and Heliconius cydno recently diverged to mimic different model taxa, and our experiments show that their mimetic coloration is also important in choosing mates. Assortative mating between the sister species means that hybridization is rare in nature, and the few hybrids that are produced are nonmimetic, poorly adapted intermediates. Thus, the mimetic shift has caused both pre-mating and post-mating isolation. In addition, individuals from a population of H. melpomene allopatric to H. cydno court and mate with H. cydno more readily than those from a sympatric population. This suggests that assortative mating has been enhanced in sympatry.
C1 UCL, Galton Lab, London NW1 2HE, England.
   Smithsonian Trop Res Inst, Balboa, Panama.
   Univ Cambridge Downing Coll, Cambridge CB2 1DQ, England.
C3 University of London; University College London; Smithsonian Institution; Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute; University of Cambridge
RP Jiggins, CD (corresponding author), UCL, Galton Lab, 4 Stephenson Way, London NW1 2HE, England.
EM jigginsc@naos.si.edu
NR 23
TC 537
Z9 641
U1 3
U2 200
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 17
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6835
BP 302
EP 305
DI 10.1038/35077075
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 432RT
UT WOS:000168710000046
PM 11357131
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Piotrowska, K
   Zernicka-Goetz, M
AF Piotrowska, K
   Zernicka-Goetz, M
TI Role for sperm in spatial patterning of the early mouse embryo
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cell-division order; polar trophectoderm; blastocyst; axis; consequences; blastomeres; allocation; lineage; mass; fate
AB Despite an apparent lack of determinants that specify cell fate, spatial patterning of the mouse embryo is evident early in development. The axis of the post-implantation egg cylinder can be traced back to organization of the pre-implantation blastocyst(1). This in turn reflects the organization of the cleavage-stage embryo and the animal-vegetal axis of the zygote(2,3). These findings suggest that the cleavage pattern of normal development may be involved in specifying the future embryonic axis; however, how and when this pattern becomes established is unclear. In many animal eggs, the sperm entry position provides a cue for embryonic patterning(4-6), but until now no such role has been found in mammals. Here we show that the sperm entry position predicts the plane of initial cleavage of the mouse egg and can define embryonic and abembryonic halves of the future blastocyst. In addition, the cell inheriting the sperm entry position acquires a division advantage and tends to cleave ahead of its sister. As cell identity reflects the timing of the early cleavages, these events together shape the blastocyst whose organization will become translated into axial patterning after implantation. We present a model for axial development that accommodates these findings with the regulative nature of mouse embryos.
C1 Univ Cambridge, Wellcome CRC Inst, Cambridge CB2 1QR, England.
   Univ Cambridge, Dept Genet, Cambridge CB2 1QR, England.
C3 University of Cambridge; University of Cambridge
RP Zernicka-Goetz, M (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, Wellcome CRC Inst, Cambridge CB2 1QR, England.
FU Wellcome Trust [064421] Funding Source: Medline
NR 19
TC 195
Z9 222
U1 0
U2 16
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 25
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6819
BP 517
EP 521
DI 10.1038/35054069
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 395FW
UT WOS:000166570500049
PM 11206548
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Blackburn, TM
   Duncan, RP
AF Blackburn, TM
   Duncan, RP
TI Determinants of establishment success in introduced birds
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID global patterns; invasions; consequences; models; range
AB A major component of human-induced global change is the deliberate or accidental translocation of species from their native ranges to alien environments(1,2), where they may cause substantial environmental and economic damage(3,4). Thus we need to understand why some introductions succeed while others fail. Successful introductions tend to be concentrated in certain regions(2), especially islands and the temperate zone, suggesting that species-rich mainland and tropical locations are harder to invade because of greater biotic resistance(1,5-9). However, this pattern could also reflect variation in the suitability of the abiotic environment at introduction locations for the species introduced(3,9-11), coupled with known confounding effects of non-random selection of species and locations for introduction(8,12-14). Here, we test these alternative hypotheses using a global data set of historical bird introductions, employing a statistical framework that accounts for differences among species and regions in terms of introduction success. By removing these confounding effects, we show that the pattern of avian introduction success is not consistent with the biotic resistance hypothesis. Instead, success depends on the suitability of the abiotic environment for the exotic species at the introduction site.
C1 Univ Birmingham, Sch Biosci, Birmingham B15 2TT, W Midlands, England.
   Lincoln Univ, Soil Plant & Ecol Sci Div, Ecol & Entomol Grp, Canterbury, New Zealand.
C3 University of Birmingham; Lincoln University - New Zealand
RP Blackburn, TM (corresponding author), Univ Birmingham, Sch Biosci, Birmingham B15 2TT, W Midlands, England.
EM t.blackburn@bham.ac.uk
NR 30
TC 269
Z9 306
U1 1
U2 98
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 8
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6860
BP 195
EP 197
DI 10.1038/35102557
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 490AY
UT WOS:000172029100044
PM 11700555
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rowe, MA
   Kielpinski, D
   Meyer, V
   Sackett, CA
   Itano, WM
   Monroe, C
   Wineland, DJ
AF Rowe, MA
   Kielpinski, D
   Meyer, V
   Sackett, CA
   Itano, WM
   Monroe, C
   Wineland, DJ
TI Experimental violation of a Bell's inequality with efficient detection
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hidden-variable theory; loophole-free test; atoms; pairs; proposal
AB Local realism is the idea that objects have definite properties whether or not they are measured, and that measurements of these properties are not affected by events taking place sufficiently far away(1). Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen(2) used these reasonable assumptions to conclude that quantum mechanics is incomplete. Starting in 1965, Bell and others constructed mathematical inequalities whereby experimental tests could distinguish between quantum mechanics and local realistic theories(1,3-5). Many experiments(1,6-15) have since been done that are consistent with quantum mechanics and inconsistent with local realism. But these conclusions remain the subject of considerable interest and debate, and experiments are still being refined to overcome 'loopholes' that might allow a local realistic interpretation. Here we have measured correlations in the classical properties of massive entangled particles (Be-9(+) ions): these correlations violate a form of Bell's inequality. Our measured value of the appropriate Bell's 'signal' is 2.25 +/- 0.03, whereas a value of 2 is the maximum allowed by local realistic theories of nature. In contrast to previous measurements with massive particles, this violation of Bell's inequality was obtained by use of a complete set of measurements. Moreover, the high detection efficiency of our apparatus eliminates the so-called 'detection' loophole.
C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80305 USA.
   Univ Michigan, Dept Phys, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
C3 National Institute of Standards & Technology (NIST) - USA; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan
RP Wineland, DJ (corresponding author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80305 USA.
NR 30
TC 780
Z9 851
U1 3
U2 88
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 15
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6822
BP 791
EP 794
DI 10.1038/35057215
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 401QC
UT WOS:000166938800032
PM 11236986
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Reich, DE
   Cargill, M
   Bolk, S
   Ireland, J
   Sabeti, PC
   Richter, DJ
   Lavery, T
   Kouyoumjian, R
   Farhadian, SF
   Ward, R
   Lander, ES
AF Reich, DE
   Cargill, M
   Bolk, S
   Ireland, J
   Sabeti, PC
   Richter, DJ
   Lavery, T
   Kouyoumjian, R
   Farhadian, SF
   Ward, R
   Lander, ES
TI Linkage disequilibrium in the human genome
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID single-nucleotide polymorphisms; common disease genes; modern human origins; sequence variation; populations; regions; locus; association; extent
AB With the availability of a dense genome-wide map of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)(1), a central issue in human genetics is whether it is now possible to use linkage disequilibrium (LD) to map genes that cause disease. LD refers to correlations among neighbouring alleles, reflecting 'haplotypes' descended from single, ancestral chromosomes. The size of LD blocks has been the subject of considerable debate. Computer simulations(2) and empirical data(3) have suggested that LD extends only a few kilobases (kb) around common SNPs, whereas other data have suggested that it can extend much further, in some cases greater than 100 kb(4-6). It has been difficult to obtain a systematic picture of LD because past studies have been based on only a few (1-3) loci and different populations. Here, we report a large-scale experiment using a uniform protocol to examine 19 randomly selected genomic regions. LD in a United States population of north-European descent typically extends 60 kb from common alleles, implying that LD mapping is likely to be practical in this population. By contrast, LD in a Nigerian population extends markedly less far. The results illuminate human history, suggesting that LD in northern Europeans is shaped by a marked demographic event about 27,000-53,000 years ago.
C1 MIT, Ctr Genome Res, Whitehead Inst, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
   MIT, Dept Biol, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   Univ Oxford, Inst Biol Anthropol, Oxford OX2 6QS, England.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Whitehead Institute; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); University of Oxford
RP Reich, DE (corresponding author), MIT, Ctr Genome Res, Whitehead Inst, 9 Cambridge Ctr, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
EM reich@genome.wi.mit.edu; lander@genome.wi.mit.edu
NR 35
TC 1293
Z9 1655
U1 2
U2 94
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 10
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6834
BP 199
EP 204
DI 10.1038/35075590
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 430FC
UT WOS:000168563000052
PM 11346797
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Scott, RS
   McMahon, EJ
   Pop, SM
   Reap, EA
   Caricchio, R
   Cohen, PL
   Earp, HS
   Matsushima, GK
AF Scott, RS
   McMahon, EJ
   Pop, SM
   Reap, EA
   Caricchio, R
   Cohen, PL
   Earp, HS
   Matsushima, GK
TI Phagocytosis and clearance of apoptotic cells is mediated by MER
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID receptor tyrosine kinase; arrest-specific gene-6; vitronectin receptor; in-vitro; rcs rat; recognition; axl; phosphatidylserine; adhesion; macrophages
AB Apoptosis is fundamental to the development and maintenance of animal tissues and the immune system(1). Rapid clearance of apoptotic cells by macrophages is important to inhibit inflammation and autoimmune responses against intracellular antigens(2-4). Here we report a new function for Mer, a member of the Axl/Mer/ Tyro3 receptor tyrosine kinase family. mer(kd) mice with a cytoplasmic truncation of Mer had macrophages deficient in the clearance of apoptotic thymocytes. This was corrected in chimaeric mice reconstituted with bone marrow from wild-type animals. Primary macrophages isolated from mer(kd) mice showed that the phagocytic deficiency was restricted to apoptotic cells and was independent of Fc receptor-mediated phagocytosis or ingestion of other particles. The inability to clear apoptotic cells adequately may be linked to an increased number of nuclear autoantibodies in mer(kd) mice. Thus, the Mer receptor tyrosine kinase seems to be critical for the engulfment and efficient clearance of apoptotic cells. This has implications for inflammation and autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus.
C1 Univ N Carolina, Ctr Neurosci, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.
   Univ N Carolina, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.
   Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Oral Biol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.
   Univ N Carolina, Dept Pharmacol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.
   Univ N Carolina, Lineberger Comprehens Canc Ctr, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.
   Univ N Carolina, Comprehens Ctr Inflammatory Disorders, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.
   Univ N Carolina, Program Mol Biol & Biotechnol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.
   Alphavax Human Vaccines, Durham, NC 27701 USA.
   Univ Penn, Dept Med, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
C3 University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill; University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill; University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill; University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill; University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill; University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill; University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill; University of Pennsylvania
RP Matsushima, GK (corresponding author), Univ N Carolina, Ctr Neurosci, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.
NR 30
TC 979
Z9 1115
U1 1
U2 62
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 10
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6834
BP 207
EP 211
DI 10.1038/35075603
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 430FC
UT WOS:000168563000054
PM 11346799
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU De Smaele, E
   Zazzeroni, F
   Papa, S
   Nguyen, DU
   Jin, RG
   Jones, J
   Cong, R
   Franzoso, G
AF De Smaele, E
   Zazzeroni, F
   Papa, S
   Nguyen, DU
   Jin, RG
   Jones, J
   Cong, R
   Franzoso, G
TI Induction of gadd45β by NF-κB downregulates pro-apoptotic JNK signalling
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tumor-necrosis-factor; induced cell-death; terminal kinase; activation; protein; family; stress; pathway; c-iap2; myd118
AB In addition to coordinating immune and inflammatory responses, NF-kappaB/Rel transcription factors control cell survival(1). Normally, NF-kappaB dimers are sequestered in the cytoplasm by binding to inhibitory I kappaB proteins, and can be activated rapidly by signals that induce the sequential phosphorylation and proteolysis of I kappa Bs(1). Activation of NF-kappaB antagonizes apoptosis or programmed cell death by numerous triggers, including the ligand engagement of 'death receptors' such as tumour-necrosis factor (TNF) receptor(2). The anti-apoptotic activity of NF-kappaB is also crucial to oncogenesis and to chemo- and radio-resistance in cancer(2). Cytoprotection by NF-kappaB involves the activation of pro-survival genes(2); however, its basis remains poorly understood. Here we report that NF-kappaB complexes downregulate the c-Jun aminoterminal kinase (JNK) cascade(3), thus establishing a link between the NF-kappaB and the JNK pathways. This link involves the transcriptional upregulation of gadd45 beta /myd118 (ref. 4), which downregulates JNK signalling induced by the TNF receptor (TNF-R). This NF-kappaB-dependent inhibition of the JNK pathway is central to the control of cell death. Our findings define a protective mechanism that is mediated by NF-kappaB complexes and establish a role for the persistent activation of JNK in the apoptotic response to TNF-alpha.
C1 Univ Chicago, Gwen Knapp Ctr Lupus & Immunol Res, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
   Univ Chicago, Ben May Inst Canc Res, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
C3 University of Chicago; University of Chicago
RP Franzoso, G (corresponding author), Univ Chicago, Gwen Knapp Ctr Lupus & Immunol Res, 924 E 57th St, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
NR 30
TC 653
Z9 710
U1 0
U2 23
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 15
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6861
BP 308
EP 313
DI 10.1038/35104560
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 492CM
UT WOS:000172150700044
PM 11713530
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Turecek, R
   Trussell, LO
AF Turecek, R
   Trussell, LO
TI Presynaptic glycine receptors enhance transmitter release at a mammalian central synapse
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gamma-aminobutyric acid; rat brain-stem; calcium currents; gaba(b) receptor; bipolar cells; neurons; neurotransmitter; facilitation; inhibition; modulation
AB Glycine and GABA(A) (gamma -aminobutyric acid A) receptors are inhibitory neurotransmitter-gated Cl- channels localized in postsynaptic membranes. In some cases, GABA(A) receptors are also found presynaptically, but they retain their inhibitory effect as their activation reduces excitatory transmitter release(1-4). Here we report evidence for presynaptic ionotropic glycine receptors, using pre- and postsynaptic recordings of a calyceal synapse in the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB). Unlike the classical action of glycine, presynaptic glycine receptors triggered a weakly depolarizing Cl- current in the nerve terminal. The depolarization enhanced transmitter release by activating Ca2+ channels and increasing resting intraterminal Ca2+ concentrations. Repetitive activation of glycinergic synapses on MNTB neurons also enhanced glutamatergic synaptic currents, indicating that presynaptic glycine receptors are activated by glycine spillover. These results reveal a novel site of action of the transmitter glycine, and indicate that under certain conditions presynaptic Cl- channels may increase transmitter release.
C1 Oregon Hearing Res Ctr & Vollum Inst, Portland, OR 97201 USA.
RP Trussell, LO (corresponding author), Oregon Hearing Res Ctr & Vollum Inst, L-335A,3181 SW Sam Jackson Pk Rd, Portland, OR 97201 USA.
NR 27
TC 250
Z9 278
U1 0
U2 11
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 31
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6837
BP 587
EP 590
DI 10.1038/35079084
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 437GE
UT WOS:000168982500052
PM 11385573
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Martinez, F
   Goodliffe, AM
   Taylor, B
AF Martinez, F
   Goodliffe, AM
   Taylor, B
TI Metamorphic core complex formation by density inversion and lower-crust extrusion
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID papua-new-guinea; dentrecasteaux-islands; normal faults; tectonic evolution; sea; basin; extension; origin
AB Metamorphic core complexes are domal uplifts of metamorphic and plutonic rocks bounded by shear zones that separate them from unmetamorphosed cover rocks(1). Interpretations of how these features form are varied and controversial, and include models involving extension on low-angle normal faults(2), plutonic intrusions(3) and flexural rotation of initially high-angle normal faults(4). The D'Entrecasteaux islands of Papua New Guinea are actively forming metamorphic core complexes located within a continental rift that laterally evolves to sea-floor spreading(5). The continental rifting is recent (since similar to6 Myr ago)(5), seismogenic(6) and occurring at a rapid rate (similar to 25 mmyr(-1))(5). Here we present evidence-based on isostatic modelling, geological data and heat-flow measurements that the D'Entrecasteaux core complexes accommodate extension through the vertical extrusion of ductile lower-crust material, driven by a crustal density inversion. Although buoyant extrusion is accentuated in this region by the geological structure present which consists of dense ophiolite overlaying less-dense continental crust this mechanism may be generally applicable to regions where thermal expansion lowers crustal density with depth.
C1 Univ Hawaii, Sch Ocean & Earth Sci & Technol, Hawaii Inst Geophys & Planetol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA.
   Univ Hawaii, Sch Ocean & Earth Sci & Technol, Dept Geol & Geophys, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA.
C3 University of Hawaii System; University of Hawaii System
RP Martinez, F (corresponding author), Univ Hawaii, Sch Ocean & Earth Sci & Technol, Hawaii Inst Geophys & Planetol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA.
NR 29
TC 84
Z9 102
U1 1
U2 12
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 21
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6840
BP 930
EP 934
DI 10.1038/35082042
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 444EN
UT WOS:000169386200039
PM 11418853
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chisholm, JRM
   Kelley, R
AF Chisholm, JRM
   Kelley, R
TI Marine ecology - Worms start the reef-building process
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Observ Oceanol Europeen, Ctr Sci Monaco, MC-98000 Monaco, Monaco.
   Watermark Films, Townsville, Qld 4810, Australia.
RP Chisholm, JRM (corresponding author), Observ Oceanol Europeen, Ctr Sci Monaco, Ave St Martin, MC-98000 Monaco, Monaco.
NR 6
TC 11
Z9 14
U1 3
U2 12
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 11
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6817
BP 152
EP 152
DI 10.1038/35051660
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 390UV
UT WOS:000166316200031
PM 11196630
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Faul, UH
AF Faul, UH
TI Melt retention and segregation beneath mid-ocean ridges
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID u-series disequilibria; oceanic upper-mantle; carbonate melts; evolution; permeability; petrogenesis; equilibria; extraction; transport; phase
AB Geochemical models of melting at mid-ocean ridges-particularly those based on trace elements and uranium-decay-series isotopes-predict that melt segregates from the matrix at very low porosities(1-8), of order 0.1%. Some of these models also require that the melt ascends rapidly(3,5). But these predictions appear to conflict with seismic data obtained by the mantle electromagnetic and tomography (MELT) experiment(9). These data reveal, beneath the East Pacific Rise (at 17 degreesS), a region of low velocities several hundred kilometres wide, which is best explained by the presence of 1-2% melt, distributed on a grain scale in disk-shaped geometries(10). Here I show that these apparently contradictory constraints can be reconciled by taking into account the geometry and resulting permeability of the intergranular network of melt, together with the changing character of the melt as it ascends. A deep, volatile-rich melt with low viscosity and density is mobile at 0.1% porosity, but basaltic melt only becomes mobile at a porosity above 1%. While the volumetric contribution of the volatile-rich melt to the erupted basalts is small, the isotopic disequilibria (except for radium) generated by porous flow of this melt are preserved if melt transport is rapid at the onset of high-productivity melting. Also, because of incomplete extraction, some melt is retained in a broad zone, consistent with the MELT observations.
C1 Australian Natl Univ, Res Sch Earth Sci, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
C3 Australian National University
RP Faul, UH (corresponding author), Australian Natl Univ, Res Sch Earth Sci, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
EM uli.faul@anu.edu.au
NR 33
TC 122
Z9 139
U1 1
U2 28
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 19
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6831
BP 920
EP 923
DI 10.1038/35073556
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 423AG
UT WOS:000168152300043
PM 11309614
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Langenberg, H
AF Langenberg, H
TI Have your say
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 12
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6830
BP 850
EP 850
DI 10.1038/35071230
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 420TT
UT WOS:000168021900066
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Beall, CM
   Laskowski, D
   Strohl, KP
   Soria, R
   Villena, M
   Vargas, E
   Alarcon, AM
   Gonzales, C
   Erzurum, SC
AF Beall, CM
   Laskowski, D
   Strohl, KP
   Soria, R
   Villena, M
   Vargas, E
   Alarcon, AM
   Gonzales, C
   Erzurum, SC
TI Pulmonary nitric oxide in mountain dwellers
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID han residents; oxygen; synthase; exercise; tibetan; lhasa
C1 Case Western Reserve Univ, Dept Anthropol, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA.
   Cleveland Clin Fdn, Dept Pulm, Cleveland, OH 44195 USA.
   Cleveland Clin Fdn, Dept Crit Care Med, Cleveland, OH 44195 USA.
   Case Western Reserve Univ, Louis Stokes VA Med Ctr, Dept Med, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA.
   Inst Boliviano Biol Altura, Dept Resp, La Paz, Bolivia.
C3 University System of Ohio; Case Western Reserve University; Cleveland Clinic Foundation; Cleveland Clinic Foundation; University System of Ohio; Case Western Reserve University; US Department of Veterans Affairs; Veterans Health Administration (VHA); Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center; Universidad Mayor de San Andres; Instituto Boliviano de Biologica de Altura
RP Beall, CM (corresponding author), Case Western Reserve Univ, Dept Anthropol, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA.
NR 12
TC 201
Z9 232
U1 0
U2 21
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 22
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6862
BP 411
EP 412
DI 10.1038/35106641
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 494UP
UT WOS:000172304500032
PM 11719794
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pfleiderer, C
   Uhlarz, M
   Hayden, SM
   Vollmer, R
   von Löhneysen, H
   Bernhoeft, NR
   Lonzarich, GG
AF Pfleiderer, C
   Uhlarz, M
   Hayden, SM
   Vollmer, R
   von Löhneysen, H
   Bernhoeft, NR
   Lonzarich, GG
TI Coexistence of superconductivity and ferromagnetism in the d-band metal ZrZn2
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID heat
AB It has generally been believed that, within the context of the Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) theory of superconductivity, the conduction electrons in a metal cannot be both ferromagnetically ordered and superconducting(1,2). Even when the superconductivity has been interpreted as arising from magnetic mediation of the paired electrons, it was thought that the superconducting state occurs in the paramagnetic phase(3,4). Here we report the observation of superconductivity in the ferromagnetically ordered phase of the d-electron compound ZrZn2. The specific heat anomaly associated with the superconducting transition in this material appears to be absent, and the superconducting state is very sensitive to defects, occurring only in very pure samples. Under hydrostatic pressure superconductivity and ferromagnetism disappear at the same pressure, so the ferromagnetic state appears to be a prerequisite for superconductivity. When combined with the recent observation of superconductivity in UGe2 (ref. 4), our results suggest that metallic ferromagnets may universally become superconducting when the magnetization is small.
C1 Univ Karlsruhe, Inst Phys, D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany.
   Univ Bristol, HH Wills Phys Lab, Bristol BS8 1TL, Avon, England.
   Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Inst Festkorperphys, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany.
   CEA Grenoble, DRFMC, SPSMS, F-38054 Grenoble 9, France.
   Univ Cambridge, Cavendish Lab, Cambridge CB3 0HE, England.
C3 Helmholtz Association; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology; University of Bristol; Helmholtz Association; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology; Communaute Universite Grenoble Alpes; Universite Grenoble Alpes (UGA); CEA; University of Cambridge
RP Pfleiderer, C (corresponding author), Univ Karlsruhe, Inst Phys, D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany.
NR 23
TC 414
Z9 436
U1 4
U2 139
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 5
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6842
BP 58
EP 61
DI 10.1038/35083531
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 448TB
UT WOS:000169644900040
PM 11452303
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yokoyama, T
   Yokoyama, S
   Kamikado, T
   Okuno, Y
   Mashiko, S
AF Yokoyama, T
   Yokoyama, S
   Kamikado, T
   Okuno, Y
   Mashiko, S
TI Selective assembly on a surface of supramolecular aggregates with controlled size and shape
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID molecules; au(111); nanostructures; manipulation; devices
AB The realization of molecule-based miniature devices with advanced functions requires the development of new and efficient approaches for combining molecular building blocks into desired functional structures, ideally with these structures supported on suitable substrates(1-4). Supramolecular aggregation occurs spontaneously and can lead to controlled structures if selective and directional non-covalent interactions are exploited. But such selective supramolecular assembly has yielded almost exclusively crystals or dissolved structures(5); the self-assembly of absorbed molecules into larger structures(6-8), in contrast, has not yet been directed by controlling selective intermolecular interactions. Here we report the formation of surface-supported supramolecular structures whose size and aggregation pattern are rationally controlled by tuning the non-covalent interactions between individual absorbed molecules. Using low-temperature scanning tunnelling microscopy, we show that substituted porphyrin molecules adsorbed on a gold surface form monomers, trimers, tetramers or extended wire-like structures. We rnd that each structure corresponds in a predictable fashion to the geometric and chemical nature of the porphyrin substituents that mediate the interactions between individual adsorbed molecules. Our findings suggest that careful placement of functional groups that are able to participate in directed noncovalent interactions will allow the rational design and construction of a wide range of supramolecular architectures absorbed to surfaces.
C1 Natl Inst Mat Sci, Moriyama Ku, Nagoya, Aichi 4630003, Japan.
   Commun Res Labs, Nishi Ku, Kobe, Hyogo 6512401, Japan.
C3 National Institute for Materials Science; National Institute of Information & Communications Technology (NICT) - Japan
RP Yokoyama, T (corresponding author), Natl Inst Mat Sci, Moriyama Ku, 2268-1 Shimo Shidami, Nagoya, Aichi 4630003, Japan.
EM Yokoyama.takashi@nims.go.jp
NR 20
TC 769
Z9 820
U1 1
U2 319
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 11
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6856
BP 619
EP 621
DI 10.1038/35098059
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 480WE
UT WOS:000171485700045
PM 11675782
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Groisman, A
   Steinberg, V
AF Groisman, A
   Steinberg, V
TI Efficient mixing at low Reynolds numbers using polymer additives
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID passive scalar; turbulent flows; instability; statistics
AB Mixing in fluids is a rapidly developing area in fluid mechanics(1-3), being an important industrial and environmental problem. The mixing of liquids at low Reynolds numbers is usually quite weak in simple flows, and it requires special devices to be efficient. Recently, the problem of mixing was solved analytically for a simple case of random flow, known as the Batchelor regime(4-8). Here we demonstrate experimentally that very viscous liquids containing a small amount of high-molecular-weight polymers can be mixed quite efficiently at very low Reynolds numbers, for a simple flow in a curved channel. A polymer concentration of only 0.001% suffices. The presence of the polymers leads to an elastic instability(9) and to irregular flow(10), with velocity spectra corresponding to the Batchelor regime(4-8). Our detailed observations of the mixing in this regime enable us to confirm several important theoretical predictions: the probability distributions of the concentration exhibit exponential tails(6,8), moments of the distribution decay exponentially along the flow 8, and the spatial correlation function of concentration decays logarithmically.
C1 Weizmann Inst Sci, Dept Phys Complex Syst, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel.
C3 Weizmann Institute of Science
RP Steinberg, V (corresponding author), CALTECH, Dept Appl Phys, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
NR 15
TC 339
Z9 384
U1 0
U2 71
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 19
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6831
BP 905
EP 908
DI 10.1038/35073524
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 423AG
UT WOS:000168152300038
PM 11309609
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lu, YF
   Yang, Y
   Sellinger, A
   Lu, MC
   Huang, JM
   Fan, HY
   Haddad, R
   Lopez, G
   Burns, AR
   Sasaki, DY
   Shelnutt, J
   Brinker, CJ
AF Lu, YF
   Yang, Y
   Sellinger, A
   Lu, MC
   Huang, JM
   Fan, HY
   Haddad, R
   Lopez, G
   Burns, AR
   Sasaki, DY
   Shelnutt, J
   Brinker, CJ
TI Self-assembly of mesoscopically ordered chromatic polydiacetylene/silica nanocomposites
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mesoporous silica; films; acid; transition; nanostructures; composites; liposm; layer
AB Nature abounds with intricate composite architectures composed of hard and soft materials synergistically intertwined to provide both useful functionality and mechanical integrity. Recent synthetic efforts to mimic such natural designs have focused on nanocomposites(1-5), prepared mainly by slow procedures like monomer or polymer infiltration of inorganic nanostructures(6,7) or sequential deposition(8,9). Here we report the self-assembly of conjugated polymer/silica nanocomposite films with hexagonal, cubic or lamellar mesoscopic order using polymerizable amphiphilic diacetylene molecules as both structure-directing agents and monomers. The self-assembly procedure is rapid and incorporates the organic monomers uniformly within a highly ordered, inorganic environment. Polymerization results in polydiacetylene/silica nanocomposites that are optically transparent and mechanically robust. Compared to ordered diacetylene-containing films prepared as Langmuir monolayers(10) or by Langmuir-Blodgett deposition(10), the nanostructured inorganic host alters the diacetylene polymerization behaviour, and the resulting nanocomposite exhibits unusual chromatic changes in response to thermal, mechanical and chemical stimuli. The inorganic framework serves to protect, stabilize, and orient the polymer, and to mediate its function. The nanocomposite architecture also provides sufficient mechanical integrity to enable integration into devices and microsystems.
C1 Univ New Mexico, Ctr Microengineered Ceram, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA.
   Univ New Mexico, Dept Chem & Nucl Engn, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA.
   Sandia Natl Labs, Adv Mat Lab, Albuquerque, NM 87106 USA.
C3 University of New Mexico; University of New Mexico; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Sandia National Laboratories
RP Brinker, CJ (corresponding author), Univ New Mexico, Ctr Microengineered Ceram, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA.
NR 32
TC 524
Z9 592
U1 0
U2 297
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 19
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6831
BP 913
EP 917
DI 10.1038/35073544
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 423AG
UT WOS:000168152300041
PM 11309612
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lorenz, MC
   Fink, GR
AF Lorenz, MC
   Fink, GR
TI The glyoxylate cycle is required for fungal virulence
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID yeast yarrowia-lipolytica; candida-albicans; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; mycobacterium-tuberculosis; isocitrate lyase; gene; expression; disruption; mutations; cloning
AB Candida albicans, a normal component of the mammalian gastrointestinal flora, is responsible for most fungal infections in immunosuppressed patients. Candida is normally phagocytosed by macrophages and neutrophils, which secrete cytokines and induce hyphal development in this fungus(1,2). Neutropenic patients, deficient in these immune cells, are particularly susceptible to systemic candidiasis(3,4). Here we use genome-wide expression profiles of the related yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae to obtain a signature of the events that take place in the fungus on ingestion by a mammalian macrophage. Live S. cerevisiae cells isolated from the phagolysosome are induced for genes of the glyoxylate cycle, a metabolic pathway that permits the use of two-carbon compounds as carbon sources. In C. albicans, phagocytosis also upregulates the principal enzymes of the glyoxylate cycle, isocitrate lyase (ICL1) and malate synthase (MLS1). Candida albicans mutants lacking ICL1 are markedly less virulent in mice than the wild type. These findings in fungi, in conjunction with reports that isocitrate lyase is both upregulated and required for the virulence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis(5,6), demonstrate the wide-ranging significance of the glyoxylate cycle in microbial pathogenesis.
C1 Whitehead Inst Biomed Res, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Whitehead Institute
RP Fink, GR (corresponding author), Whitehead Inst Biomed Res, 9 Cambridge Ctr, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
EM fink@wi.mit.edu
NR 18
TC 617
Z9 707
U1 5
U2 72
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 5
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6842
BP 83
EP 86
DI 10.1038/35083594
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 448TB
UT WOS:000169644900048
PM 11452311
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Larbalestier, DC
   Cooley, LD
   Rikel, MO
   Polyanskii, AA
   Jiang, J
   Patnaik, S
   Cai, XY
   Feldmann, DM
   Gurevich, A
   Squitieri, AA
   Naus, MT
   Eom, CB
   Hellstrom, EE
   Cava, RJ
   Regan, KA
   Rogado, N
   Hayward, MA
   He, T
   Slusky, JS
   Khalifah, P
   Inumaru, K
   Haas, M
AF Larbalestier, DC
   Cooley, LD
   Rikel, MO
   Polyanskii, AA
   Jiang, J
   Patnaik, S
   Cai, XY
   Feldmann, DM
   Gurevich, A
   Squitieri, AA
   Naus, MT
   Eom, CB
   Hellstrom, EE
   Cava, RJ
   Regan, KA
   Rogado, N
   Hayward, MA
   He, T
   Slusky, JS
   Khalifah, P
   Inumaru, K
   Haas, M
TI Strongly linked current flow in polycrystalline forms of the superconductor MgB2
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID grain-boundary
AB The discovery of superconductivity at 39 K in magnesium diboride(1), MgB2, raises many issues, a critical one being whether this material resembles a high-temperature copper oxide superconductor or a low-temperature metallic superconductor in terms of its behaviour in strong magnetic fields. Although the copper oxides exhibit very high transition temperatures, their in-field performance(2) is compromized by their large anisotropy, the result of which is to restrict high bulk current densities to a region much less than the full magnetic-field-temperature (H-T) space over which superconductivity is found. Moreover, the weak coupling across grain boundaries makes transport current densities in untextured polycrystalline samples low and strongly sensitive to magnetic field(3,4). Here we report that, despite the multiphase, untextured, microscale, subdivided nature of our MgB2 samples, supercurrents flow throughout the material without exhibiting strong sensitivity to weak magnetic fields(3). Our combined magnetization, magneto-optical, microscopy and X-ray investigations show that the supercurrent density is mostly determined by flux pinning, rather than by the grain boundary connectivity. Our results therefore suggest that this new superconductor class is not compromized by weak-link problems, a conclusion of significance for practical applications if higher temperature analogues of this compound can be discovered.
C1 Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Appl Superconduct, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
   Univ Wisconsin, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
   Princeton Univ, Dept Chem, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
   Princeton Univ, Princeton Mat Inst, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
C3 University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; Princeton University; Princeton University
RP Larbalestier, DC (corresponding author), Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Appl Superconduct, 1500 Engn Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
EM larbales@engr.wisc.edu
NR 10
TC 866
Z9 934
U1 4
U2 243
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 8
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6825
BP 186
EP 189
DI 10.1038/35065559
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 408HJ
UT WOS:000167320500039
PM 11242073
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wang, C
   Deng, L
   Hong, M
   Akkaraju, GR
   Inoue, J
   Chen, ZJJ
AF Wang, C
   Deng, L
   Hong, M
   Akkaraju, GR
   Inoue, J
   Chen, ZJJ
TI TAK1 is a ubiquitin-dependent kinase of MKK and IKK
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID i-kappa-b; signal-transduction pathway; defective interleukin-1; activation; protein; traf6; induction; alpha; il-1; jnk
AB TRAF6 is a signal transducer that activates I kappaB kinase (IKK) and Jun amino-terminal kinase (JNK) in response to pro-inflammatory mediators such as interleukin-1 (IL-1) and lipopolysaccharides (LPS)(1-4). IKK activation by TRAF6 requires two intermediary factors, TRAF6-regulated IKK activator 1 (TRIKA1) and TRIKA2 (ref. 5). TRIKA1 is a dimeric ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme complex composed of Ubc13 and Uev1A (or the functionally equivalent Mms2). This Ubc complex, together with TRAF6, catalyses the formation of a Lys 63 (K63)-linked polyubiquitin chain that mediates IKK activation through a unique proteasome-independent mechanism(5). Here we report the purification and identification of TRIKA2, which is composed of TAK1, TAB1 and TAB2, a protein kinase complex previously implicated in IKK activation through an unknown mechanism(6,7). We find that the TAK1 kinase complex phosphorylates and activates IKK in a manner that depends on TRAF6 and Ubc13-Uev1A. Moreover, the activity of TAK1 to phosphorylate MKK6, which activates the JNK-p38 kinase pathway, is directly regulated by K63-linked polyubiquitination. We also provide evidence that TRAF6 is conjugated by the K63 polyubiquitin chains. These results indicate that ubiquitination has an important regulatory role in stress response pathways, including those of IKK and JNK.
C1 Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Dept Mol Biol, Dallas, TX 75390 USA.
   Keio Univ, Dept Appl Chem, Kouhoku Ku, Kanagawa 2238522, Japan.
C3 University of Texas System; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; Keio University
RP Chen, ZJJ (corresponding author), Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Dept Mol Biol, Dallas, TX 75390 USA.
NR 24
TC 1731
Z9 2136
U1 2
U2 146
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 19
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6844
BP 346
EP 351
DI 10.1038/35085597
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 453LW
UT WOS:000169918200050
PM 11460167
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Midgley, M
AF Midgley, M
TI Being objective - The idea of scientists as impartial observers is hard to shake, but is complete detachment justified?
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Newcastle Upon Tyne, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU, Tyne & Wear, England.
C3 Newcastle University - UK
NR 0
TC 3
Z9 4
U1 0
U2 6
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 12
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6830
BP 753
EP 753
DI 10.1038/35071193
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 420TT
UT WOS:000168021900030
PM 11298421
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dann, CE
   Hsieh, JC
   Rattner, A
   Sharma, D
   Nathans, J
   Leahy, DJ
AF Dann, CE
   Hsieh, JC
   Rattner, A
   Sharma, D
   Nathans, J
   Leahy, DJ
TI Insights into Wnt binding and signalling from the structures of two Frizzled cysteine-rich domains
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID protein-protein interfaces; receptor tyrosine kinases; secreted proteins; crd domain; classification; purification; diffraction; antagonist; family
AB Members of the Frizzled family of seven-pass transmembrane proteins serve as receptors for Wnt signalling proteins(1). Wnt proteins have important roles in the differentiation and patterning of diverse tissues during animal development(2,3), and inappropriate activation of Wnt signalling pathways is a key feature of many cancers(4). An extracellular cysteine-rich domain (CRD) at the amino terminus of Frizzled proteins binds Wnt proteins(1), as do homologous domains in soluble proteins-termed secreted Frizzled-related proteins(5) - that function as antagonists of Wnt signalling(6-8). Recently, an LDL-receptor-related protein has been shown to function as a co-receptor for Wnt proteins and to bind to a Frizzled CRD in a Wnt-dependent manner(9-11). To investigate the molecular nature of the Wnt signalling complex, we determined the crystal structures of the CRDs from mouse Frizzled 8 and secreted Frizzled-related protein 3. Here we show a previously unknown protein fold, and the design and interpretation of CRD mutations that identify a Wnt-binding site. CRDs exhibit a conserved dimer interface that may be a feature of Wnt signalling. This work provides a framework for studies of homologous CRDs in proteins including muscle-specific kinase and Smoothened, a component of the Hedgehog signalling pathway(12,13).
C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biophys & Biophys Chem, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Mol Biol & Genet, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurosci, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Ophthalmol, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
C3 Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins University
RP Leahy, DJ (corresponding author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biophys & Biophys Chem, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
EM leahy@groucho.med.jhmi.edu
NR 30
TC 391
Z9 531
U1 0
U2 49
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 5
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6842
BP 86
EP 90
DI 10.1038/35083601
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 448TB
UT WOS:000169644900049
PM 11452312
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Okazaki, R
   Takaoka, N
   Nagao, K
   Sekiya, M
   Nakamura, T
AF Okazaki, R
   Takaoka, N
   Nagao, K
   Sekiya, M
   Nakamura, T
TI Noble-gas-rich chondrules in an enstatite meteorite
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID components; elements; origin
AB Chondrules are silicate spherules that are found in abundance in the most primitive class of meteorites, the chondrites. Chondrules are believed to have formed by rapid cooling of silicate melt early in the history of the Solar System(1), and their properties should reflect the composition of (and physical conditions in) the solar nebula at the time when the Sun and planets were forming. It is usually believed that chondrules lost all their noble gases at the time of melting(2-4). Here we report the discovery of significant amounts of trapped noble gases in chondrules in the enstatite chondrite Yamato-791790, which consists of highly reduced minerals. The elemental ratios Ar-36/Xe-132 and Kr-84/Xe-132 are similar to those of 'subsolar' gas(5,6), which has the highest Ar-36/Xe-132 ratio after that of solar-type noble gases(7). The most plausible explanation for the high noble-gas concentration and the characteristic elemental ratios is that solar gases were implanted into the chondrule precursor material, followed by incomplete loss of the implanted gases through diffusion over time.
C1 Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Sci, Earthquake Chem Lab, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
   Kyushu Univ 33, Fac Sci, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Fukuoka 8128581, Japan.
C3 University of Tokyo; Kyushu University
RP Okazaki, R (corresponding author), Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Sci, Earthquake Chem Lab, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
EM okazaki@eqchem.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp
NR 23
TC 40
Z9 43
U1 0
U2 8
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 23
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6849
BP 795
EP 798
DI 10.1038/35090520
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 465ET
UT WOS:000170577200030
PM 11518959
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Murphy, WJ
   Eizirik, E
   Johnson, WE
   Zhang, YP
   Ryder, OA
   O'Brien, SJ
AF Murphy, WJ
   Eizirik, E
   Johnson, WE
   Zhang, YP
   Ryder, OA
   O'Brien, SJ
TI Molecular phylogenetics and the origins of placental mammals
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID endemic african mammals; tree topology; evolution; order; position
AB The precise hierarchy of ancient divergence events that led to the present assemblage of modern placental mammals has been an area of controversy among morphologists, palaeontologists and molecular evolutionists. Here we address the potential weaknesses of limited character and taxon sampling in a comprehensive molecular phylogenetic analysis of 64 species sampled across all extant orders of placental mammals. We examined sequence variation in 18 homologous gene segments (including nearly 10,000 base pairs) that were selected for maximal phylogenetic informativeness in resolving the hierarchy of early mammalian divergence. Phylogenetic analyses identify four primary superordinal clades: (I) Afrotheria (elephants, manatees, hyraxes, tenrecs, aardvark and elephant shrews); (II) Xenarthra (sloths, anteaters and armadillos); (III) Glires (rodents and lagomorphs), as a sister taxon to primates, flying lemurs and tree shrews; and (IV) the remaining orders of placental mammals (cetaceans, artiodactyls, perissodactyls, carnivores, pangolins, bats and core insectivores). Our results provide new insight into the pattern of the early placental mammal radiation.
C1 NCI, Lab Genom Divers, Frederick, MD 21702 USA.
   Chinese Acad Sci, Kunming Inst Zool, Key Lab Cellular & Mol Evolut, Kunming, Peoples R China.
   Zool Soc San Diego, Ctr Reprod Endangered Species, San Diego, CA 92112 USA.
   Univ Maryland, Dept Biol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Cancer Institute (NCI); Chinese Academy of Sciences; Kunming Institute of Zoology, CAS; Zoological Society of San Diego; University System of Maryland; University of Maryland College Park
RP O'Brien, SJ (corresponding author), NCI, Lab Genom Divers, Frederick, MD 21702 USA.
EM obrien@mail.ncifcrf.gov
NR 30
TC 1087
Z9 1241
U1 3
U2 352
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 1
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6820
BP 614
EP 618
DI 10.1038/35054550
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 397JJ
UT WOS:000166692300043
PM 11214319
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ohtani, N
   Zebedee, Z
   Huot, TJG
   Stinson, JA
   Sugimoto, M
   Ohashi, Y
   Sharrocks, AD
   Peters, G
   Hara, E
AF Ohtani, N
   Zebedee, Z
   Huot, TJG
   Stinson, JA
   Sugimoto, M
   Ohashi, Y
   Sharrocks, AD
   Peters, G
   Hara, E
TI Opposing effects of Ets and Id proteins on p16INK4a expression during cellular senescence
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID loop-helix proteins; replicative senescence; immortalization; binding; p16; inhibitors; telomeres; ink4a; p53
AB The p16(INK4a) cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor(1) is implicated in replicative senescence, the state of permanent growth arrest provoked by cumulative cell divisions or as a response to constitutive Ras-Raf-MEK signalling in somatic cells(2-8). Some contribution to senescence presumably underlies the importance of p16(INK4a) as a tumour suppressor(9) but the mechanisms regulating its expression in these different contexts remain unknown. Here we demonstrate a role for the Ets1 and Ets2 transcription factors(10) based on their ability to activate the p16(INK4a) promoter through an ETS-binding site and their patterns of expression during the lifespan of human diploid fibroblasts. The induction of p16(INK4a) by Ets2, which is abundant in young human diploid fibroblasts, is potentiated by signalling through the Ras-Raf-MEK kinase cascade and inhibited by a direct interaction with the helix-loop-helix protein Id1 (ref. 11). In senescent cells, where the Ets2 levels and MEK signalling decline, the marked increase in p16(INK4a) expression is consistent with the reciprocal reduction of Id1 and accumulation of Ets1.
C1 Christie Hosp NHS Trust, Paterson Inst Canc Res, CRC, Cell Cycle Grp, Manchester M20 4BX, Lancs, England.
   Imperial Canc Res Fund, London WC2A 3PX, England.
   Univ Manchester, Sch Biol Sci, Manchester M13 9PT, Lancs, England.
   Juntendo Univ, Sch Med, Dept Immunol, Tokyo 1138421, Japan.
   Nihon Schering KK, Mol Biol Lab, Osaka 5320004, Japan.
   Univ Manchester, Inst Sci & Technol, Dept Biomol Sci, Manchester M60 1QD, Lancs, England.
C3 Paterson Institute for Cancer Research; Christie NHS Foundation Trust; Christie Hospital; Cancer Research UK; University of Manchester; Juntendo University; University of Manchester
RP Hara, E (corresponding author), Christie Hosp NHS Trust, Paterson Inst Canc Res, CRC, Cell Cycle Grp, Manchester M20 4BX, Lancs, England.
EM Ehara@picr.man.ac.uk
NR 28
TC 537
Z9 646
U1 0
U2 33
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 22
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6823
BP 1067
EP 1070
DI 10.1038/35059131
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 405FT
UT WOS:000167148800052
PM 11234019
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Adam, D
AF Adam, D
TI What's in a name?
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 1
TC 10
Z9 10
U1 0
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 24
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6836
BP 408
EP 409
DI 10.1038/35078228
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 435CB
UT WOS:000168858700012
PM 11373640
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Abbott, A
AF Abbott, A
TI Into the mind of a killer
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID psychopathy; responses; behavior
NR 15
TC 33
Z9 37
U1 1
U2 22
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 15
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6826
BP 296
EP 298
DI 10.1038/35066717
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 410WM
UT WOS:000167464100012
PM 11268172
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tong, F
   Engel, SA
AF Tong, F
   Engel, SA
TI Interocular rivalry revealed in the human cortical blind-spot representation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID primary visual-cortex; binocular-rivalry; perception
AB To understand conscious vision, scientists must elucidate how the brain selects specific visual signals for awareness. When different monocular patterns are presented to the two eyes, they rival for conscious expression such that only one monocular image is perceived at a time(1,2). Controversy surrounds whether this binocular rivalry reflects neural competition among pattern representations or monocular channels(3,4). Here we show that rivalry arises from interocular competition, using functional magnetic resonance imaging of activity in a monocular region of primary visual cortex corresponding to the blind spot. This cortical region greatly prefers stimulation of the ipsilateral eye to that of the blind-spot eye. Subjects reported their dominant percept while viewing rivalrous orthogonal gratings in the visual location corresponding to the blind spot and its surround. As predicted by interocular rivalry, the monocular blind-spot representation was activated when the ipsilateral grating became perceptually dominant and suppressed when the blind-spot grating became dominant. These responses were as large as those observed during actual alternations between the gratings, indicating that rivalry may be fully resolved in monocular visual cortex. Our findings provide the first physiological evidence, to our knowledge, that interocular competition mediates binocular rivalry, and indicate that V1 may be important in the selection and expression of conscious visual information.
C1 Princeton Univ, Dept Psychol, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Psychol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
C3 Princeton University; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles
RP Tong, F (corresponding author), Princeton Univ, Dept Psychol, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
EM ftong@princeton.edu
NR 24
TC 359
Z9 404
U1 1
U2 32
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 10
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6834
BP 195
EP 199
DI 10.1038/35075583
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 430FC
UT WOS:000168563000051
PM 11346796
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Righton, D
   Metcalfe, J
   Connolly, P
AF Righton, D
   Metcalfe, J
   Connolly, P
TI Fisheries - Different behaviour of north and Irish sea cod
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tags
C1 Ctr Environm Fisheries & Aquaculture Sci, Lowestoft Lab, Lowestoft NR33 0HT, Suffolk, England.
   Inst Marine, Marine Fisheries Serv Div, Dublin 15, Ireland.
C3 Centre for Environment Fisheries & Aquaculture Science; Marine Institute Ireland
RP Righton, D (corresponding author), Ctr Environm Fisheries & Aquaculture Sci, Lowestoft Lab, Lowestoft NR33 0HT, Suffolk, England.
NR 9
TC 68
Z9 70
U1 2
U2 17
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 10
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6834
BP 156
EP 156
DI 10.1038/35075667
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 430FC
UT WOS:000168563000039
PM 11346784
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Johnson, JP
   Zagotta, WN
AF Johnson, JP
   Zagotta, WN
TI Rotational movement during cyclic nucleotide-gated channel opening
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ligand-binding domain; activated channels; gating machinery; rearrangements; stoichiometry; transition; mechanism; residue; nickel; cells
AB Cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channels are crucial components of visual, olfactory and gustatory signalling pathways. They open in response to direct binding of intracellular cyclic nucleotides and thus contribute to cellular control of both the membrane potential and intracellular Ca2+ levels(1). Cytosolic Ni2+ potentiates the rod channel (CNG1) response to cyclic nucleotides(2-4) and inhibits the olfactory channel (CNG2) response(5). Modulation is due to coordination of Ni2+ by channel-specific histidines in the Clinker, between the S6 transmembrane segment and the cyclic nucleotide-binding domain. Here we report, using a histidine scan of the initial C-linker of the CNG1 channel, stripes of sites producing Ni2+ potentiation or Ni2+ inhibition, separated by 50 degrees on an a-helix. These results suggest a model for channel gating where rotation of the post-S6 region around the channel's central axis realigns the Ni2+-coordinating residues of multiple subunits. This rotation probably initiates movement of the S6 and pore opening.
C1 Univ Washington, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   Univ Washington, Sch Med, Dept Physiol & Biophys, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
C3 University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle
RP Zagotta, WN (corresponding author), Univ Washington, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Box 357290, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
FU National Eye Institute [R01EY010329] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER; NEI NIH HHS [R01 EY010329] Funding Source: Medline
NR 26
TC 90
Z9 98
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 30
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6850
BP 917
EP 921
DI 10.1038/35091089
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 467EG
UT WOS:000170689000047
PM 11528481
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bachmann, A
   Schneider, M
   Theilenberg, E
   Grawe, F
   Knust, E
AF Bachmann, A
   Schneider, M
   Theilenberg, E
   Grawe, F
   Knust, E
TI Drosophila Stardust is a partner of Crumbs in the control of epithelial cell polarity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID zonula adherens formation; guanylate kinase domains; intramolecular interaction; plasma-membrane; bazooka; protein; localization; organization; expression; armadillo
AB The polarized architecture of epithelial cells depends on the highly stereotypic distribution of cellular junctions and other membrane-associated protein complexes. In epithelial cells of the Drosophila embryo, three distinct domains subdivide the lateral plasma membrane. The most apical one comprises the subapical complex (SAC). It is followed by the zonula adherens (ZA) and, further basally, by the septate junction(1). A core component of the SAC is the transmembrane protein Crumbs, the cytoplasmic domain of which recruits the PDZ-protein Discs Lost into the complex(2,3). Cells lacking crumbs or the functionally related gene stardust fail to organize a continuous ZA and to maintain cell polarity(4-6). Here we show that stardust provides an essential component of the SAC. Stardust proteins colocalize with Crumbs and bind to the carboxy-terminal amino acids of its cytoplasmic tail. We introduce two different Stardust proteins here: one MAGUK protein, characterized by a PDZ domain, an SH3 domain and a guanylate kinase domain; and a second isoform comprising only the guanylate kinase domain. The Stardust proteins represent versatile candidates as structural and possibly regulatory constituents of the SAC, a crucial element in the control of epithelial cell polarity.
C1 Univ Dusseldorf, Inst Genet, D-40225 Dusseldorf, Germany.
C3 Heinrich Heine University Dusseldorf
RP Knust, E (corresponding author), Univ Dusseldorf, Inst Genet, Univ Str 1, D-40225 Dusseldorf, Germany.
EM knust@uni-duesseldorf.de
NR 30
TC 231
Z9 286
U1 0
U2 8
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 6
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6864
BP 638
EP 643
DI 10.1038/414638a
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 498WB
UT WOS:000172535600048
PM 11740560
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wu, JY
   Feng, LL
   Park, HT
   Havlioglu, N
   Wen, L
   Tang, H
   Bacon, KB
   Jiang, ZH
   Zhang, XC
   Rao, Y
AF Wu, JY
   Feng, LL
   Park, HT
   Havlioglu, N
   Wen, L
   Tang, H
   Bacon, KB
   Jiang, ZH
   Zhang, XC
   Rao, Y
TI The neuronal repellent Slit inhibits leukocyte chemotaxis induced by chemotactic factors
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID axon guidance; drosophila-melanogaster; cell-migration; protein; chemokines; receptors; roundabout; midline; system; cns
AB Migration is a basic feature of many cell types in a wide range of species(1). Since the 1800s, cell migration has been proposed to occur in the nervous and immune systems(2,3), and distinct molecular cues for mammalian neurons and leukocytes have been identified. Here we report that Slit, a secreted protein previously known for its role of repulsion in axon guidance and neuronal migration, can also inhibit leukocyte chemotaxis induced by chemotactic factors. Slit inhibition of the chemokine-induced chemotaxis can be reconstituted by the co-expression of a chemokine receptor containing seven transmembrane domains and Roundabout (Robo), a Slit receptor containing a single transmembrane domain. Thus, there is a functional interaction between single and seven transmembrane receptors. Our results reveal the activity of a neuronal guidance cue in regulating leukocyte migration and indicate that there may be a general conservation of guidance mechanisms underlying metazoan cell migration. In addition, we have uncovered an inhibitor of leukocyte chemotaxis, and propose a new therapeutic approach to treat diseases involving leukocyte migration and chemotactic factors.
C1 Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pediat, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
   Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Mol Biol & Pharmacol, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
   Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Anat & Neurobiol, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
   Baylor Coll Med, Dept Med, Div Nephrol, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Bayer Yakuhin Ltd, Dept Biol, Kizu, Kyoto, Japan.
C3 Washington University (WUSTL); Washington University (WUSTL); Washington University (WUSTL); Baylor College of Medicine; Bayer AG
RP Wu, JY (corresponding author), Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pediat, Box 8108,660 S Euclid Ave, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
FU NCI NIH HHS [R01 CA114197] Funding Source: Medline; NEI NIH HHS [R01 EY014576] Funding Source: Medline; NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM070967] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 364
Z9 432
U1 0
U2 35
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 19
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6831
BP 948
EP 952
DI 10.1038/35073616
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 423AG
UT WOS:000168152300051
PM 11309622
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Langenberg, H
AF Langenberg, H
TI Uncertainty of short-term contracts is turning talent away from science
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 4
Z9 8
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 12
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6830
BP 849
EP 850
DI 10.1038/35071226
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 420TT
UT WOS:000168021900065
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lopes, M
   Cotta-Ramusino, C
   Pellicioli, A
   Liberi, G
   Plevani, P
   Muzi-Falconi, M
   Newlon, CS
   Foiani, M
AF Lopes, M
   Cotta-Ramusino, C
   Pellicioli, A
   Liberi, G
   Plevani, P
   Muzi-Falconi, M
   Newlon, CS
   Foiani, M
TI The DNA replication checkpoint response stabilizes stalled replication forks
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID s-phase; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; damage checkpoints; origins; progression; protein; phosphorylation; recombination; activation; plasmids
AB In response to DNA damage and blocks to replication, eukaryotes activate the checkpoint pathways that prevent genomic instability and cancer by coordinating cell cycle progression with DNA repair(1-5). In budding yeast, the checkpoint response requires the Mec1-dependent activation of the Rad53 protein kinase(3,4,6). Active Rad53 slows DNA synthesis when DNA is damaged(7) and prevents firing of late origins of replication(8,9). Further, rad53 mutants are unable to recover from a replication block 10. Mec1 and Rad53 also modulate the phosphorylation state of different DNA replication and repair enzymes(6,11-13). Little is known of the mechanisms by which checkpoint pathways interact with the replication apparatus when DNA is damaged or replication blocked. We used the two-dimensional gel technique(14) to examine replication intermediates in response to hydroxyurea-induced replication blocks. Here we show that hydroxyurea-treated rad53 mutants accumulate unusual DNA structures at replication forks. The persistence of these abnormal molecules during recovery from the hydroxyurea block correlates with the inability to dephosphorylate Rad53. Further, Rad53 is required to properly maintain stable replication forks during the block. We propose that Rad53 prevents collapse of the fork when replication pauses.
C1 Ist FIRC Oncol Mol, I-20141 Milan, Italy.
   Univ Milan, Dipartimento Genet & Biol Microorganismi, I-20133 Milan, Italy.
   Univ Med & Dent New Jersey, New Jersey Med Sch, Dept Microbiol & Mol Genet, Newark, NJ 07103 USA.
C3 IFOM - FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology; University of Milan; Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick; Rutgers University Biomedical & Health Sciences
RP Foiani, M (corresponding author), Ist FIRC Oncol Mol, Via Serio 21, I-20141 Milan, Italy.
FU Telethon [E.1108] Funding Source: Medline
NR 29
TC 636
Z9 791
U1 0
U2 28
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 2
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6846
BP 557
EP 561
DI 10.1038/35087613
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 458PC
UT WOS:000170202900050
PM 11484058
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Luther, GW
   Rozan, TF
   Taillefert, M
   Nuzzio, DB
   Di Meo, C
   Shank, TM
   Lutz, RA
   Cary, SC
AF Luther, GW
   Rozan, TF
   Taillefert, M
   Nuzzio, DB
   Di Meo, C
   Shank, TM
   Lutz, RA
   Cary, SC
TI Chemical speciation drives hydrothermal vent ecology
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID riftia-pachyptila jones; iron(ii) monosulfide; alvinella-pompejana; aqueous-solutions; pyrite formation; h2s oxidation; tube worm; sulfide; 125-degrees-c; environment
AB The physiology and biochemistry of many taxa inhabiting deep-sea hydrothermal vents have been elucidated(1-4); however, the physicochemical factors controlling the distribution of these organisms at a given vent site remain an enigma after 20 years of research(5-11). The chemical speciation of particular elements has been suggested as key to controlling biological community structure in these extreme aquatic environments(7,11,12). Implementation of electrochemical technology(13,14) has allowed us to make in situ measurements of chemical speciation at vents located at the East Pacific Rise (9 degrees 50' N) and on a scale relevant to the biology. Here we report that significant differences in oxygen, iron and sulphur speciation strongly correlate with the distribution of specific taxa in different microhabitats. In higher temperature (>30 degreesC) microhabitats, the appreciable formation of soluble iron-sulphide molecular clusters markedly reduces the availability of free H2S/ HS- to vent (micro)organisms, thus controlling the available habitat.
C1 Univ Delaware, Coll Marine Studies, Lewes, DE 19958 USA.
   Analyt Instrument Syst Inc, Ringoes, NJ 08851 USA.
   Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Biol, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA.
   Rutgers State Univ, Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA.
C3 University of Delaware; Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution; Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick
RP Luther, GW (corresponding author), Univ Delaware, Coll Marine Studies, Lewes, DE 19958 USA.
NR 24
TC 296
Z9 337
U1 3
U2 151
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 12
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6830
BP 813
EP 816
DI 10.1038/35071069
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 420TT
UT WOS:000168021900054
PM 11298448
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pollard, TD
AF Pollard, TD
TI Genomics, the cytoskeleton and motility
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID beta-actin; pseudogenes; proteins
AB The draft human genome sequence is an important step in cataloguing the molecular hardware that supports the processes of life. Here I look at what we have learned from the draft sequence about our cytoskeletal and motility systems. Most cytoskeletal and motility proteins were discovered previously by biochemical isolation, traditional cloning methods or random sequences of complementary DNAs. The ongoing challenges of assembling and annotating genes for motor proteins with long, fragmented coding sequences emphasize the importance of expert knowledge of related proteins and confirmatory evidence from cDNA sequences.
C1 Salk Inst Biol Studies, Struct Biol Lab, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
C3 Salk Institute
RP Pollard, TD (corresponding author), Salk Inst Biol Studies, Struct Biol Lab, 10010 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
NR 10
TC 42
Z9 49
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 15
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6822
BP 842
EP 843
DI 10.1038/35057029
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 401QC
UT WOS:000166938800052
PM 11237005
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Miura, A
   Yonebayashi, S
   Watanabe, K
   Toyama, T
   Shimada, H
   Kakutani, T
AF Miura, A
   Yonebayashi, S
   Watanabe, K
   Toyama, T
   Shimada, H
   Kakutani, T
TI Mobilization of transposons by a mutation abolishing full DNA methylation in Arabidopsis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cytosine methylation; ddm1 mutation; gene; thaliana; element; retrotransposons; maintenance; homology; mutants; virus
AB A major component of the large genomes of higher plants and vertebrates comprises transposable elements and their derivatives, which potentially reduce the stability of the genome(1). It has been proposed that methylation of cytosine residues may suppress transposition, but experimental evidence for this has been limited(2-5). Reduced methylation of repeat sequences results from mutations in the Arabidopsis gene DDM1 (decrease in DNA methylation)(6), which encodes a protein similar to the chromatin-remodelling factor SWI2/SNF2 (ref. 7). In the ddm1-induced hypomethylation background, silent repeat sequences are often reactivated transcriptionally, but no transposition of endogenous elements has been observed(8-11). A striking feature of the ddm1 mutation is that it induces developmental abnormalities by causing heritable changes in other loci(12,13). Here we report that one of the ddm1-induced abnormalities is caused by insertion of CAC1, an endogenous CACTA family transposon. This class of Arabidopsis elements transposes and increases in copy number at high frequencies specifically in the ddm1 hypomethylation background. Thus the DDM1 gene not only epigenetically ensures proper gene expression(13-16), but also stabilizes transposon behaviour, possibly through chromatin remodelling or DNA methylation.
C1 Natl Inst Genet, Shizuoka 4118540, Japan.
   Natl Inst Agrobiol Resources, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058602, Japan.
   Japan Sci & Technol Corp, CREST, Tokyo 1010062, Japan.
   Tokyo Univ Sci, Chiba 2788510, Japan.
C3 Research Organization of Information & Systems (ROIS); National Institute of Genetics (NIG) - Japan; National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences - Japan; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST); Tokyo University of Science
RP Kakutani, T (corresponding author), Natl Inst Genet, Shizuoka 4118540, Japan.
EM tkakutan@lab.nig.ac.jp
NR 33
TC 476
Z9 554
U1 0
U2 44
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 10
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6834
BP 212
EP 214
DI 10.1038/35075612
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 430FC
UT WOS:000168563000055
PM 11346800
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chiang, SH
   Baumann, CA
   Kanzaki, M
   Thurmond, DC
   Watson, RT
   Neudauer, CL
   Macara, IG
   Pessin, JE
   Saltiel, AR
AF Chiang, SH
   Baumann, CA
   Kanzaki, M
   Thurmond, DC
   Watson, RT
   Neudauer, CL
   Macara, IG
   Pessin, JE
   Saltiel, AR
TI Insulin-stimulated GLUT4 translocation requires the CAP-dependent activation of TC10
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nucleotide exchange factor; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; signaling pathways; glucose-transport; 3t3-l1 adipocytes; rat adipocytes; rho-gtpases; factor c3g; c-cbl; kinase
AB The stimulation of glucose uptake by insulin in muscle and adipose tissue requires translocation of the GLUT4 glucose transporter protein from intracellular storage sites to the cell surface(1-6). Although the cellular dynamics of GLUT4 vesicle trafficking are well described, the signalling pathways that link the insulin receptor to GLUT4 translocation remain poorly understood. Activation of phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase (PI(3)K) is required for this trafficking event, but it is not sufficient to produce GLUT4 translocation(7). We previously described a pathway involving the insulin-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of Cbl, which is recruited to the insulin receptor by the adapter protein CAP(8,9). On phosphorylation, Cbl is translocated to lipid rafts. Blocking this step completely inhibits the stimulation of GLUT4 translocation by insulin(10). Here we show that phosphorylated Cbl recruits the CrkII-C3G complex to lipid rafts, where C3G specifically activates the small GTP-binding protein TC10. This process is independent of PI(3)K, but requires the translocation of Cbl, Crk and C3G to the lipid raft. The activation of TC10 is essential for insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and GLUT4 translocation. The TC10 pathway functions in parallel with PI(3)K to stimulate fully GLUT4 translocation in response to insulin.
C1 Pfizer Global Res & Dev, Dept Cell Biol, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA.
   Univ Michigan, Sch Med, Dept Physiol & Med, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
   Univ Michigan, Cellular & Mol Biol Grad Program, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
   Univ Iowa, Dept Physiol & Biophys, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA.
   Univ Virginia, Ctr Cell Signaling, Charlottesville, VA 22908 USA.
C3 Pfizer; Pfizer USA; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; University of Iowa; University of Virginia
RP Saltiel, AR (corresponding author), Pfizer Global Res & Dev, Dept Cell Biol, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA.
NR 27
TC 475
Z9 581
U1 0
U2 36
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 19
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6831
BP 944
EP 948
DI 10.1038/35073608
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 423AG
UT WOS:000168152300050
PM 11309621
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Reisz, RR
   Smith, MM
AF Reisz, RR
   Smith, MM
TI Developmental biology - Lungfish dental pattern conserved for 360 Myr
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Kings Coll London, Inst Dent, London SE1 9RT, England.
   Univ Toronto, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada.
C3 University of London; King's College London; University of Toronto; University Toronto Mississauga
RP Reisz, RR (corresponding author), Univ Toronto, 3359 Mississauga Rd, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada.
EM moya.smith@kcl.ac.uk
NR 5
TC 26
Z9 30
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 31
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6837
BP 548
EP 548
DI 10.1038/35079187
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 437GE
UT WOS:000168982500040
PM 11385561
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Möbius, ME
   Lauderdale, BE
   Nagel, SR
   Jaeger, HM
AF Möbius, ME
   Lauderdale, BE
   Nagel, SR
   Jaeger, HM
TI Brazil-nut effect -: Size separation of granular particles
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID vertical vibration; segregation; convection; shaking; model
C1 Univ Chicago, James Franck Inst, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
   Univ Chicago, Dept Phys, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
C3 University of Chicago; University of Chicago
RP Möbius, ME (corresponding author), Univ Chicago, James Franck Inst, 5640 S Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
NR 13
TC 278
Z9 313
U1 1
U2 137
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 15
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6861
BP 270
EP 270
DI 10.1038/35104697
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 492CM
UT WOS:000172150700033
PM 11713519
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Brennan, J
   Lu, CC
   Norris, DP
   Rodriguez, TA
   Beddington, RSP
   Robertson, EJ
AF Brennan, J
   Lu, CC
   Norris, DP
   Rodriguez, TA
   Beddington, RSP
   Robertson, EJ
TI Nodal signalling in the epiblast patterns the early mouse embryo
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID anterior primitive endoderm; right asymmetric expression; visceral endoderm; transcription factor; posterior polarity; neural plate; gastrulation; axis; specification; requirement
AB Shortly after implantation the mouse embryo comprises three tissue layers. The founder tissue of the embryo proper, the epiblast, forms a radially symmetric cup of epithelial cells that grows in close apposition to the extra-embryonic ectoderm and the visceral endoderm. This simple cylindrical structure exhibits a distinct molecular pattern along its proximal-distal axis(1). The anterior-posterior axis of the embryo is positioned later by coordinated cell movements that rotate the pre-existing proximal-distal axis(2-5). The transforming growth factor-beta family member Nodal is known to be required for formation of the anterior-posterior axis(6). Here we show that signals from the epiblast are responsible for the initiation of proximal-distal polarity. Nodal acts to promote posterior cell fates in the epiblast and to maintain molecular pattern in the adjacent extra-embryonic ectoderm. Both of these functions are independent of Smad2. Moreover, Nodal signals from the epiblast also pattern the visceral endoderm by activating the Smad2-dependent pathway required for specification of anterior identity in overlying epiblast cells. Our experiments show that proximal-distal and subsequent anterior-posterior polarity of the pregastrulation embryo result from reciprocal cell-cell interactions between the epiblast and the two extra-embryonic tissues.
C1 Harvard Univ, Dept Mol & Cellular Biol, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Natl Inst Med Res, Div Mammalian Dev, London NW7 1AA, England.
C3 Harvard University; MRC National Institute for Medical Research
RP Robertson, EJ (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Dept Mol & Cellular Biol, 16 Divin Ave, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
NR 30
TC 427
Z9 553
U1 0
U2 16
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 21
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6840
BP 965
EP 969
DI 10.1038/35082103
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 444EN
UT WOS:000169386200049
PM 11418863
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bullock, SL
   Ish-Horowicz, D
AF Bullock, SL
   Ish-Horowicz, D
TI Conserved signals and machinery for RNA transport in Drosophila oogenesis and embryogenesis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID posterior determinant nanos; pair-rule transcripts; oskar messenger-rna; bicaudal-d protein; bicoid rna; anterior pole; egg chamber; localization; oocyte; gene
AB Localization of cytoplasmic messenger RNA transcripts is widely used to target proteins within cells. For many transcripts, localization depends on cis-acting elements within the transcripts and on microtubule-based motors; however, little is known about other components of the transport machinery or how these components recognize specific RNA cargoes. Here, we show that in Drosophila the same machinery and RNA signals drive specific accumulation of maternal RNAs in the early oocyte and apical transcript localization in blastoderm embryos. We demonstrate in vivo that Egalitarian (Egl) and Bicaudal D (BicD), maternal proteins required for oocyte determination, are selectively recruited by, and co-transported with, localizing transcripts in blastoderm embryos, and that interfering with the activities of Egl and BicD blocks apical localization. We propose that Egl and BicD are core components of a selective dynein motor complex that drives transcript localization in a variety of tissues.
C1 Imperial Canc Res Fund, Dev Genet Lab, London WC2A 3PX, England.
C3 Cancer Research UK
RP Ish-Horowicz, D (corresponding author), Imperial Canc Res Fund, Dev Genet Lab, POB 123,44 Lincolns Inn Fields, London WC2A 3PX, England.
NR 45
TC 210
Z9 259
U1 0
U2 9
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 6
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6864
BP 611
EP 616
DI 10.1038/414611a
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 498WB
UT WOS:000172535600040
PM 11740552
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lake, JA
   Quick, WP
   Beerling, DJ
   Woodward, FI
AF Lake, JA
   Quick, WP
   Beerling, DJ
   Woodward, FI
TI Plant development - Signals from mature to new leaves
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID stomatal responses; atmospheric co2
C1 Univ Sheffield, Dept Anim & Plant Sci, Sheffield S10 2TN, S Yorkshire, England.
C3 University of Sheffield
RP Lake, JA (corresponding author), Univ Sheffield, Dept Anim & Plant Sci, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, S Yorkshire, England.
NR 13
TC 316
Z9 381
U1 1
U2 156
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 10
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6834
BP 154
EP 154
DI 10.1038/35075660
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 430FC
UT WOS:000168563000036
PM 11346781
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kwiat, PG
   Barraza-Lopez, S
   Stefanov, A
   Gisin, N
AF Kwiat, PG
   Barraza-Lopez, S
   Stefanov, A
   Gisin, N
TI Experimental entanglement distillation and 'hidden' non-locality
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID noisy entanglement; density-matrices; states; inequality; purification; nonlocality
AB Entangled states are central to quantum information processing, including quantum teleportation(1), efficient quantum computation(2) and quantum cryptography(3). In general, these applications work best with pure, maximally entangled quantum states. However, owing to dissipation and decoherence, practically available states are likely to be non-maximally entangled, partially mixed (that is, not pure), or both. To counter this problem, various schemes of entanglement distillation, state purification and concentration have been proposed(4-11). Here we demonstrate experimentally the distillation of maximally entangled states from non-maximally entangled inputs. Using partial polarizers, we perform a filtering process to maximize the entanglement of pure polarization-entangled photon pairs generated by spontaneous parametric down-conversion(12,13).(.) We have also applied our methods to initial states that are partially mixed. After filtering, the distilled states demonstrate certain non-local correlations, as evidenced by their violation of a form of Bell's inequality(14,15). Because the initial states do not have this property, they can be said to possess 'hidden' non-locality(6,16).
C1 Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Phys, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA.
   Univ Geneva, Appl Phys Grp, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); Los Alamos National Laboratory; University of Geneva
RP Kwiat, PG (corresponding author), Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Phys, P-23, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA.
NR 26
TC 329
Z9 351
U1 0
U2 30
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 22
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6823
BP 1014
EP 1017
DI 10.1038/35059017
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 405FT
UT WOS:000167148800037
PM 11234004
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Johnson, L
   Mercer, K
   Greenbaum, D
   Bronson, RT
   Crowley, D
   Tuveson, DA
   Jacks, T
AF Johnson, L
   Mercer, K
   Greenbaum, D
   Bronson, RT
   Crowley, D
   Tuveson, DA
   Jacks, T
TI Somatic activation of the K-ras oncogene causes early onset lung cancer in mice
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tumor-development; gene-mutations; adenocarcinoma; progression; mouse; transformation; hyperplasia; prevalence; frequent; foci
AB About 30% of human tumours carry ras gene mutations(1,2). Of the three genes in this family (composed of K-ras, N-ras and H-ras), K-ras is the most frequently mutated member in human tumours, including adenocarcinomas of the pancreas (similar to 70-90% incidence), colon (similar to 50%) and lung (similar to 25-50%)(1-6). To constuct mouse tumour models involving K-ras, we used a new gene targeting procedure to create mouse strains carrying oncogenic alleles of K-ras that can be activated only on a spontaneous recombination event in the whole animal. Here we show that mice carrying these mutations were highly predisposed to a range of tumour types, predominantly early onset lung cancer. This model was further characterized by examining the effects of germline mutations in the tumour suppressor gene p53, which is known to be mutated along with K-ras in human tumours. This approach has several advantages over traditional transgenic strategies, including that it more closely recapitulates spontaneous oncogene activation as seen in human cancers.
C1 MIT, Dept Biol, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   Ctr Canc Res, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   Tufts Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Boston, MA 02111 USA.
   Tufts Univ, Sch Vet Med, Dept Pathol, Boston, MA 02111 USA.
   Dana Farber Canc Inst, Div Adult Oncol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Tufts University; Tufts University; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute
RP Jacks, T (corresponding author), MIT, Dept Biol, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
NR 31
TC 961
Z9 1150
U1 2
U2 55
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 26
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6832
BP 1111
EP 1116
DI 10.1038/35074129
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 425HQ
UT WOS:000168285500052
PM 11323676
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Eremets, ML
   Hemley, RJ
   Mao, H
   Gregoryanz, E
AF Eremets, ML
   Hemley, RJ
   Mao, H
   Gregoryanz, E
TI Semiconducting non-molecular nitrogen up to 240 GPa and its low-pressure stability
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID molecular-hydrogen; phase; transition
AB The triple bond of diatomic nitrogen has among the greatest binding energies of any molecule. At low temperatures and pressures, nitrogen forms a molecular crystal in which these strong bonds co-exist with weak van der Waals interactions between molecules, producing an insulator with a large band gap(1). As the pressure is raised on molecular crystals, intermolecular interactions increase and the molecules eventually dissociate to form monoatomic metallic solids, as was first predicted for hydrogen(2). Theory predicts that, in a pressure range between 50 and 94 GPa, diatomic nitrogen can be transformed into a non-molecular framework or polymeric structure with potential use as a high-energy-density material(3-5). Here we show that the non-molecular phase of nitrogen is semiconducting up to at least 240 GPa, at which pressure the energy gap has decreased to 0.4 eV. At 300 K, this transition from insulating to semiconducting behaviour starts at a pressure of approximately 140 GPa, but shifts to much higher pressure with decreasing temperature. The transition also exhibits remarkably large hysteresis with an equilibrium transition estimated to be near 100 GPa. Moreover, we have succeeded in recovering the non-molecular phase of nitrogen at ambient pressure (at temperatures below 100 K), which could be of importance for practical use.
C1 Carnegie Inst Sci, Geophys Lab, Washington, DC 20015 USA.
   Carnegie Inst Sci, Ctr High Pressure Res, Washington, DC 20015 USA.
C3 Carnegie Institution for Science; Carnegie Institution for Science
RP Hemley, RJ (corresponding author), Carnegie Inst Sci, Geophys Lab, 5251 Broad Branch Rd NW, Washington, DC 20015 USA.
EM hemley@gl.ciw.edu
NR 24
TC 307
Z9 333
U1 1
U2 109
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 10
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6834
BP 170
EP 174
DI 10.1038/35075531
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 430FC
UT WOS:000168563000043
PM 11346788
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rupert, PB
   Ferré-D'Amaré, AR
AF Rupert, PB
   Ferré-D'Amaré, AR
TI Crystal structure of a hairpin ribozyme-inhibitor complex with implications for catalysis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID delta virus ribozyme; tertiary structure formation; loop-b domain; guanosine requirement; secondary structure; binding-sites; metal-ions; in-vitro; rna; cleavage
AB The hairpin ribozyme catalyses sequence-specific cleavage of RNA. The active site of this natural RNA results from the docking of two irregular helices: stems A and B. One strand of stem A harbours the scissile bond. The 2.4 Angstrom resolution structure of a hairpin ribozyme-inhibitor complex reveals that the ribozyme aligns the 2'-OH nucleophile and the 5'-oxo leaving group by twisting apart the nucleotides that flank the scissile phosphate. The base of the nucleotide preceding the cleavage site is stacked within stem A; the next nucleotide, a conserved guanine, is extruded from stem A and accommodated by a highly complementary pocket in the minor groove of stem B. Metal ions are absent from the active site. The bases of four conserved purines are positioned potentially to serve as acid-base catalysts. This is the first structure determination of a fully assembled ribozyme active site that catalyses a phosphodiester cleavage without recourse to metal ions.
C1 Fred Hutchinson Canc Res Ctr, Div Basic Sci, Seattle, WA 98109 USA.
C3 Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center
RP Ferré-D'Amaré, AR (corresponding author), Fred Hutchinson Canc Res Ctr, Div Basic Sci, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA 98109 USA.
NR 50
TC 392
Z9 486
U1 1
U2 35
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 12
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6830
BP 780
EP 786
DI 10.1038/35071009
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 420TT
UT WOS:000168021900045
PM 11298439
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU O'Hanlon, L
AF O'Hanlon, L
TI The outrageous hypothesis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mars; surface
NR 8
TC 4
Z9 4
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 18
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6857
BP 664
EP 666
DI 10.1038/35099718
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 482ZK
UT WOS:000171608000013
PM 11606989
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chen, J
AF Chen, J
TI The youth team
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 7
Z9 8
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 3
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6833
BP 13
EP 14
DI 10.1038/35075162
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 427XY
UT WOS:000168432800014
PM 11333946
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Breiling, A
   Turner, BM
   Bianchi, ME
   Orlando, V
AF Breiling, A
   Turner, BM
   Bianchi, ME
   Orlando, V
TI General transcription factors bind promoters repressed by Polycomb group proteins
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID drosophila-melanogaster; in-vivo; chromatin; complex; interacts; trithorax
AB To maintain cell identity during development and differentiation, mechanisms of cellular memory have evolved that preserve transcription patterns in an epigenetic manner. The proteins of the Polycomb group (PcG) are part of such a mechanism, maintaining gene silencing. They act as repressive multiprotein complexes that may render target genes inaccessible to the transcriptional machinery(1,2), inhibit chromatin remodelling(3,4), influence chromosome domain topology(5) and recruit histone deacetylases (HDACs)(6). PcG proteins have also been found to bind to core promoter regions(7), but the mechanism by which they regulate transcription remains unknown. To address this, we used formaldehyde-crosslinked chromatin immunoprecipitation (X-ChIP) to map TATA-binding protein (TBP), transcription initiation factor IIB (TFIIB) and IIF (TFIIF), and dHDAC1 (RPD3) across several Drosophila promoter regions. Here we show that binding of PcG proteins to repressed promoters does not exclude general transcription factors (GTFs) and that depletion of PcG proteins by double-stranded RNA interference leads to de-repression of developmentally regulated genes. We further show that PcG proteins interact in vitro with GTFs. We suggest that PcG complexes maintain silencing by inhibiting GTF-mediated activation of transcription.
C1 San Raffaele Sci Inst, DIBIT, I-20132 Milan, Italy.
   Univ Birmingham, Sch Med, Chromatin & Gene Express Grp, Birmingham B15 2TT, W Midlands, England.
C3 University of Birmingham
RP Orlando, V (corresponding author), San Raffaele Sci Inst, DIBIT, Via Olgettina 58, I-20132 Milan, Italy.
NR 28
TC 206
Z9 229
U1 0
U2 9
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 9
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6847
BP 651
EP 655
DI 10.1038/35088090
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 460PP
UT WOS:000170318000044
PM 11493924
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Moreno, PI
   Jacobson, GL Jr
   Lowell, TV
   Denton, GH
AF Moreno, PI
   Jacobson, GL Jr
   Lowell, TV
   Denton, GH
TI Interhemispheric climate links revealed by a late-glacial cooling episode in southern Chile
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID history; forests; pollen
AB Understanding the relative timings of climate events in the Northern and Southern hemispheres is a prerequisite for determining the causes of abrupt climate changes. But climate records from the Patagonian Andes(1-4) and New Zealand(5-8) for the period of transition from glacial to interglacial conditions-about 14.6-10 kyr before present, as determined by radiocarbon dating-show varying degrees of correlation with similar records from the Northern Hemisphere. It is necessary to resolve these apparent discrepancies in order to be able to assess the relative roles of Northern Hemisphere ice sheets and oceanic, atmospheric and astronomical influences in initiating climate change in the late-glacial period. Here we report pollen records from three sites in the Lake District of southern Chile (41 degrees S) from which we infer conditions similar to modern climate between about 13 and 12.2 C-14 kyr before present (BP), followed by cooling events at about 12.2 and 11.4 (14)Ckyr BP, and then by a warming at about 9.8 (14)Ckyr BP. These events were nearly synchronous with important palaeoclimate changes recorded in the North Atlantic region(9), supporting the idea that interhemispheric linkage through the atmosphere was the primary control on climate during the last deglaciation. In other regions of the Southern Hemisphere, where climate events are not in phase with those in the Northern Hemisphere, local oceanic influences may have counteracted the effects that propagated through the atmosphere.
C1 Univ Maine, Inst Quaternary & Climate Studies, Orono, ME 04469 USA.
   Univ Maine, Dept Biol Sci, Orono, ME 04469 USA.
   Univ Maine, Dept Geol Sci, Orono, ME 04469 USA.
   Univ Cincinnati, Dept Geol, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA.
C3 University of Maine System; University of Maine Orono; University of Maine System; University of Maine Orono; University of Maine System; University of Maine Orono; University System of Ohio; University of Cincinnati
RP Moreno, PI (corresponding author), Univ Maine, Inst Quaternary & Climate Studies, Orono, ME 04469 USA.
EM pimoreno@uchile.cl
NR 24
TC 127
Z9 135
U1 0
U2 51
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 15
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6822
BP 804
EP 808
DI 10.1038/35057252
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 401QC
UT WOS:000166938800036
PM 11236990
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lee, AL
   Wand, AJ
AF Lee, AL
   Wand, AJ
TI Microscopic origins of entropy, heat capacity and the glass transition in proteins
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID inelastic neutron-scattering; side-chain dynamics; order parameters; ribonuclease-a; nmr; relaxation; myoglobin; binding; h-2; motions
AB Internal motion is central to protein folding(1), to protein stability through the resulting residual entropy(2), and to protein function(1,3-7). Despite its importance, the precise nature of the internal motions of protein macromolecules remains a mystery. Here we report a survey of the temperature dependence of the fast dynamics of methyl-bearing side chains in a calmodulin-peptide complex using site-specific deuterium NMR relaxation methods. The amplitudes of motion had a markedly heterogeneous spectrum and segregated into three largely distinct classes. Other proteins studied at single temperatures tend to segregate similarly. Furthermore, a large variability in the degree of thermal activation of the dynamics in the calmodulin complex indicates a heterogeneous distribution of residual entropy and hence reveals the microscopic origins of heat capacity in proteins. These observations also point to an unexpected explanation for the low-temperature 'glass transition' of proteins. It is this transition that has been ascribed to the creation of protein motional modes that are responsible for biological activity(5-7).
C1 Univ Penn, Johnson Res Fdn, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   Univ Penn, Dept Biochem & Biophys, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
C3 University of Pennsylvania; University of Pennsylvania
RP Wand, AJ (corresponding author), Univ N Carolina, Sch Pharm, Div Med Chem & Nat Prod, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.
NR 28
TC 277
Z9 310
U1 0
U2 91
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 24
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6836
BP 501
EP 504
DI 10.1038/35078119
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 435CB
UT WOS:000168858700055
PM 11373686
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pichot, C
   Maâtaoui, M
   Raddi, S
   Raddi, P
AF Pichot, C
   Maâtaoui, M
   Raddi, S
   Raddi, P
TI Surrogate mother for endangered Cupressus
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 INRA, Unite Rech Forestieres Mediterraneennes, F-84000 Avignon, France.
   Fac Sci, Dept Biol, UMR INRA UAPV Ecol Invertebres, F-84000 Avignon, France.
   Univ Florence, DISTAF, I-50145 Florence, Italy.
   CNR, Inst Forest Tree Pathol, I-50144 Florence, Italy.
C3 INRAE; Avignon Universite; INRAE; University of Florence; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR)
RP Pichot, C (corresponding author), INRA, Unite Rech Forestieres Mediterraneennes, Ave Vivaldi, F-84000 Avignon, France.
NR 10
TC 63
Z9 73
U1 1
U2 21
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 5
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6842
BP 39
EP 39
DI 10.1038/35083687
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 448TB
UT WOS:000169644900030
PM 11452293
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kuhn, G
   Hijri, M
   Sanders, IR
AF Kuhn, G
   Hijri, M
   Sanders, IR
TI Evidence for the evolution of multiple genomes in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID internal transcribed spacers; scutellospora-castanea; gigaspora-margarita; sexual reproduction; genetic diversity; glomus-mosseae; ribosomal dna; sequences; glomales; spores
AB Ancient asexuals directly contradict the evolutionary theories that explain why organisms should evolve a sexual life history(1,2). The mutualistic, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are thought to have been asexual for approximately 400 million years(3,4). In the absence of sex, highly divergent descendants of formerly allelic nucleotide sequences are thought to evolve in a genome(2). In mycorrhizal fungi, where individual offspring receive hundreds of nuclei from the parent, it has been hypothesized that a population of genetically different nuclei should evolve within one individual(5,6). Here we use DNA-DNA fluorescent in situ hybridization to show that genetically different nuclei co-exist in individual arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. We also show that the population genetics techniques(4) used in other organisms are unsuitable for detecting recombination because the assumptions and underlying processes do not rt the fungal genomic structure shown here. Instead we used a phylogenetic approach to show that the within-individual genetic variation that occurs in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi probably evolved through accumulation of mutations in an essentially clonal genome, with some infrequent recombination events. We conclude that mycorrhizal fungi have evolved to be multi-genomic.
C1 Univ Lausanne, Inst Ecol, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
C3 University of Lausanne
RP Sanders, IR (corresponding author), Univ Lausanne, Inst Ecol, Biol Bldg, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
NR 24
TC 217
Z9 256
U1 2
U2 83
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 13
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6865
BP 745
EP 748
DI 10.1038/414745a
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 501GD
UT WOS:000172676200046
PM 11742398
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Aussillous, P
   Quéré, D
AF Aussillous, P
   Quéré, D
TI Liquid marbles
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID drops; surfaces; space
AB The transport of a small amount of liquid on a solid is not a simple process, owing to the nature of the contact between the two phases. Setting a liquid droplet in motion requires non-negligible forces (because the contact-angle hysteresis generates a force opposing the motion(1)), and often results in the deposition of liquid behind the drop. Different methods of levitation-electrostatic, electromagnetic, acoustic(2), or even simpler aerodynamic(2,3) techniques-have been proposed to avoid this wetting problem, but all have proved to be rather cumbersome. Here we propose a simple alternative, which consists of encapsulating an aqueous liquid droplet with a hydrophobic powder. The resulting 'liquid marbles' are found to behave like a soft solid, and show dramatically reduced adhesion to a solid surface. As a result, motion can be generated using gravitational, electrical and magnetic fields. Moreover, because the viscous friction associated with motion is very small(4), we can achieve quick displacements of the droplets without any leaks. All of these features are of potential benefit in microfluidic applications, and also permit the study of a drop in a non-wetting situation-an issue of renewed interest following the recent achievement of super-hydrophobic substrates(5).
C1 Coll France, CNRS, URA 792, Phys Mat Condensee Lab, F-75231 Paris 05, France.
C3 Universite PSL; College de France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
RP Quéré, D (corresponding author), Coll France, CNRS, URA 792, Phys Mat Condensee Lab, F-75231 Paris 05, France.
NR 14
TC 1027
Z9 1123
U1 9
U2 623
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 21
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6840
BP 924
EP 927
DI 10.1038/35082026
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 444EN
UT WOS:000169386200037
PM 11418851
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tanner, LH
   Hubert, JF
   Coffey, BP
   McInerney, DP
AF Tanner, LH
   Hubert, JF
   Coffey, BP
   McInerney, DP
TI Stability of atmospheric CO2 levels across the Triassic/Jurassic boundary
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID triassic mass extinction; carbon-dioxide; flood basalts; record; time; sea
AB The Triassic/Jurassic boundary, 208 million years ago, is associated with widespread extinctions in both the marine and terrestrial biota. The cause of these extinctions has been widely attributed to the eruption of flood basalts of the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province(1-4). This volcanic event is thought to have released significant amounts of CO2 into the atmosphere, which could have led to catastrophic greenhouse warming(5-7), but the evidence for CO2-induced extinction remains equivocal. Here we present the carbon isotope compositions of pedogenic calcite from palaeosol formations, spanning a 20-Myr period across the Triassic/Jurassic boundary. Using a standard diffusion model(8,9), we interpret these isotopic data to represent a rise in atmospheric CO2 concentrations of about 250 p.p.m. across the boundary, as compared with previous estimates of a 2,000-4,000 p.p.m. increase(4,5). The relative stability of atmospheric CO2 across this boundary suggests that environmental degradation and extinctions during the Early Jurassic were not caused by volcanic outgassing of CO2. Other volcanic effects-such as the release of atmospheric aerosols or tectonically driven sea-level change- may have been responsible for this event.
C1 Bloomsburg Univ Penn, Dept Geog & Geosci, Bloomsburg, PA 17815 USA.
   Univ Massachusetts, Dept Geosci, Amherst, MA 01003 USA.
   Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA.
   Fleet Natl Bank Connecticut, Environm Risk Management, Hartford, CT 06102 USA.
C3 Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education (PASSHE); Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania; University of Massachusetts System; University of Massachusetts Amherst; Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University
RP Tanner, LH (corresponding author), Bloomsburg Univ Penn, Dept Geog & Geosci, Bloomsburg, PA 17815 USA.
NR 30
TC 76
Z9 87
U1 7
U2 29
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 15
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6838
BP 675
EP 677
DI 10.1038/35079548
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 439JC
UT WOS:000169112500039
PM 11395765
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU McCarty, KF
   Nobel, JA
   Bartelt, NC
AF McCarty, KF
   Nobel, JA
   Bartelt, NC
TI Vacancies in solids and the stability of surface morphology
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID point-defects; relaxation; diffusion; steps
AB Determining how thermal vacancies are created and destroyed in solids is crucial for understanding many of their physical properties, such as solid-state diffusion. Surfaces are known to be good sources and sinks for bulk vacancies, but directly determining where the exchange between the surface and the bulk occurs is difficult. Here we show that vacancy generation (and annihilation) on the (110) surface of an ordered nickel-aluminium intermetallic alloy does not occur over the entire surface, but only near atomic step edges. This has been determined by oscillating the sample's temperature and observing in real time the response of the surface structure as a function of frequency (a version of Angstrom's method of measuring thermal conductivity(1)) using low-energy electron microscopy. Although the surface-exchange process is slow compared with bulk diffusion, the vacancy-generation rate nevertheless controls the dynamics of the alloy surface morphology. These observations, demonstrating that surface smoothing can occur through bulk vacancy transport rather than surface diffusion, should have important implications for the stability of fabricated nanoscale structures.
C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Livermore, CA 94551 USA.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); Sandia National Laboratories
RP McCarty, KF (corresponding author), Sandia Natl Labs, Livermore, CA 94551 USA.
EM mccarty@sandia.gov
NR 22
TC 109
Z9 126
U1 0
U2 76
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 9
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6847
BP 622
EP 625
DI 10.1038/35088026
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 460PP
UT WOS:000170318000036
PM 11493916
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Robinson, MS
   Thomas, PC
   Veverka, J
   Murchie, S
   Carcich, B
AF Robinson, MS
   Thomas, PC
   Veverka, J
   Murchie, S
   Carcich, B
TI The nature of ponded deposits on Eros
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB One of the surprises of the NEAR-Shoemaker mission was that Eros's surface exhibits a wide variety of landforms, which are indicative of a global covering of loose fragmental debris(1). At one extreme in roughness is the Shoemaker Regio area, which is characterized by a high density of boulders up to 100 m across, slumps, slides, and finer blanketing material. At the other extreme are distinctive, flat deposits that appear smooth down to a resolution of 1.2 cm per pixel. Here we report the results of global mapping and colour analysis of these smooth deposits. They have formed most efficiently in restricted areas, and appear to be the result of deposition of finer material sorted from the upper portion of the asteroid's regolith. The smooth deposits constitute a family of features with a range of morphologies, but all appear to be the result of sedimentation. The geography of the deposits is consistent with some predicted aspects of photoelectric sorting, but these exotic transport and depositional mechanisms are not well understood. Deposits with the properties seen on Eros have no obvious analogues in previous lunar or asteroid data.
C1 Northwestern Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Evanston, IL 60201 USA.
   Cornell Univ, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Laurel, MD 20723 USA.
C3 Northwestern University; Cornell University; Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory
RP Robinson, MS (corresponding author), Northwestern Univ, Dept Geol Sci, 1847 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, IL 60201 USA.
NR 18
TC 160
Z9 177
U1 0
U2 19
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 27
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6854
BP 396
EP 400
DI 10.1038/35096518
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 475UY
UT WOS:000171188700047
PM 11574881
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rhode, SC
   Pawlowski, M
   Tollrian, R
AF Rhode, SC
   Pawlowski, M
   Tollrian, R
TI The impact of ultraviolet radiation on the vertical distribution of zooplankton of the genus Daphnia
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID solar uv-radiation; adaptive significance; migration; exposure; magna
AB The vertical migration of zooplankton into lower and darker water strata by day is generally explained by the avoidance of visually orienting predators, mainly fish(1-4); however, it is unclear why daily zooplankton migration has been maintained in fishless areas(5). In addition to predation, ultraviolet radiation-a hazardous factor for zooplankton in the surface layers of marine and freshwater environments(6-8) - has been suspected as a possible cause of daytime downward migration(9). Here we test this hypothesis by studying several Daphnia species, both in a controlled laboratory system and under natural sunlight in an outdoor system. We selected Daphnia species that differed in their pigmentation as both melanin and carotenoids have been shown to protect Daphnia from ultraviolet light(10,11). All Daphnia species escaped into significantly deeper water layers under ultraviolet radiation. The extent to which the daphnids responded to this radiation was inversely linked to their pigmentation, which reduced ultraviolet transmission. These results suggest that ultraviolet avoidance is an additional factor in explaining daytime downward migration. Synergistic benefits might have shaped the evolution of this complex behaviour.
C1 Univ Munich, Dept Ecol, Inst Zool, D-80333 Munich, Germany.
C3 University of Munich
RP Tollrian, R (corresponding author), Univ Munich, Dept Ecol, Inst Zool, Karlstr 25, D-80333 Munich, Germany.
EM ralph.tollrian@lrz.uni-muenchen.de
NR 29
TC 198
Z9 224
U1 4
U2 94
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 5
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6842
BP 69
EP 72
DI 10.1038/35083567
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 448TB
UT WOS:000169644900044
PM 11452307
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Feduccia, A
AF Feduccia, A
TI Palaeoecology - Fossils and avian evolution
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID early tertiary origin; orders; birds
C1 Univ N Carolina, Dept Biol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.
C3 University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill
RP Feduccia, A (corresponding author), Univ N Carolina, Dept Biol, CB 3280, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.
NR 9
TC 2
Z9 2
U1 1
U2 11
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 29
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6863
BP 507
EP 508
DI 10.1038/35107144
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 496PV
UT WOS:000172405900035
PM 11734842
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Inoue, T
   Higuchi, M
   Hashimoto, Y
   Seki, M
   Kobayashi, M
   Kato, T
   Tabata, S
   Shinozaki, K
   Kakimoto, T
AF Inoue, T
   Higuchi, M
   Hashimoto, Y
   Seki, M
   Kobayashi, M
   Kato, T
   Tabata, S
   Shinozaki, K
   Kakimoto, T
TI Identification of CRE1 as a cytokinin receptor from Arabidopsis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID signal-transduction; response regulators; histidine kinase; thaliana; ethylene; mutants; gene; similarity; osmosensor; vectors
AB Cytokinins are a class of plant hormones that are central to the regulation of cell division and differentiation in plants(1,2). It has been proposed that they are detected by a two-component system, because overexpression of the histidine kinase gene CKI1 induces typical cytokinin responses(3) and genes for a set of response regulators of two-component systems can be induced by cytokinins(4,5). Two-component systems use a histidine kinase as an environmental sensor and rely on a phosphorelay for signal transduction. They are common in microorganisms, and are also emerging as important signal detection routes in plants(6-9). Here we report the identification of a cytokinin receptor. We identified Arabidopsis cre1 (cytokinin response 1) mutants, which exhibited reduced responses to cytokinins. The mutated gene CRE1 encodes a histidine kinase. CRE1 expression conferred a cytokinin-dependent growth phenotype on a yeast mutant that lacked the endogenous histidine kinase SLN1 (ref. 10), providing direct evidence that CRE1 is a cytokinin receptor. We also provide evidence that cytokinins can activate CRE1 to initiate phosphorelay signalling.
C1 Osaka Univ, Grad Sch Sci, Dept Biol, Osaka 5600043, Japan.
   RIKEN, Tsukuba Inst, Plant Mol Biol Lab, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050074, Japan.
   Kazusa DNA Res Inst, Chiba 2920812, Japan.
C3 University of Osaka; RIKEN; Kazusa DNA Research Institute
RP Kakimoto, T (corresponding author), Osaka Univ, Grad Sch Sci, Dept Biol, Osaka 5600043, Japan.
NR 27
TC 729
Z9 860
U1 1
U2 165
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 22
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6823
BP 1060
EP 1063
DI 10.1038/35059117
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 405FT
UT WOS:000167148800050
PM 11234017
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU de Bruin, D
   Zaman, Z
   Liberatore, RA
   Ptashne, M
AF de Bruin, D
   Zaman, Z
   Liberatore, RA
   Ptashne, M
TI Telomere looping permits gene activation by a downstream UAS in yeast
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID saccharomyces-cerevisiae; in-vivo; drosophila; heterochromatin; transcription; acetylation; expression; nucleosome; protein; dna
AB In yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), transcriptional activators, such as Gal4 and Gal4-VP16, work ordinarily from sites located in the upstream activating sequence (UAS) positioned about 250 base pairs upstream of the transcription start site(1). In contrast to their behaviour in mammalian cells, however, such activators fail to work when positioned at distances greater than similar to 600-700 base pairs upstream(2), or anywhere downstream(3,4) of the gene. Here we show that, in yeast, a gene bearing an enhancer positioned 1-2 kilobases downstream of the gene is activated if the reporter is linked to a telomere, but not if it is positioned at an internal chromosomal locus. These observations are explained by the finding that yeast telomeres form back-folding, or looped, structures. Because yeast telomeric regions resemble the heterochromatin found in higher eukaryotes, these findings might also explain why transcription of some higher eukaryotic genes depends on their location in heterochromatin.
C1 Rockefeller Univ, Lab Mol Genet & Immunol, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Sloan Kettering Inst Canc Res, Program Mol Biol, New York, NY 10021 USA.
C3 Rockefeller University; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
RP de Bruin, D (corresponding author), Rockefeller Univ, Lab Mol Genet & Immunol, 1230 York Ave, New York, NY 10021 USA.
NR 24
TC 119
Z9 119
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 4
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6816
BP 109
EP 113
DI 10.1038/35051119
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 388HT
UT WOS:000166175600050
PM 11343124
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hillaire-Marcel, C
   de Vernal, A
   Bilodeau, G
   Weaver, AJ
AF Hillaire-Marcel, C
   de Vernal, A
   Bilodeau, G
   Weaver, AJ
TI Absence of deep-water formation in the Labrador Sea during the last interglacial period
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID northern north-atlantic; thermohaline circulation; surface sediments; climate-change; ocean; isotopes; tracers; pacific; record; rates
AB The two main constituent water masses of the deep North Atlantic Ocean-North Atlantic Deep Water at the bottom and Labrador Sea Water at an intermediate level-are currently formed in the Nordic seas and the Labrador Sea, respectively(1). The rate of formation of these two water masses tightly governs the strength of the global ocean circulation and the associated heat transport across the North Atlantic Ocean(2). Numerical simulations have suggested a possible shut-down of Labrador Sea Water formation as a consequence of global warming(3). Here we use micropalaeontological data and stable isotope measurements in both planktonic and benthic foraminifera from deep Labrador Sea cores to investigate the density structure of the water column during the last interglacial period, which was thought to be about 2 degreesC warmer than present(4). Our results indicate that today's stratification between Labrador Sea Water and North Atlantic Deep Water never developed during the last interglacial period. Instead, a buoyant surface layer was present above a single water mass originating from the Nordic seas. Thus the present situation, with an active site of intermediate-water formation in the Labrador Sea, which settled some 7,000 years ago, has no analogue throughout the last climate cycle.
C1 Univ Quebec, GEOTOP, Montreal, PQ H3C 3P8, Canada.
   Univ Victoria, Sch Earth & Ocean Sci, Victoria, BC V8W 3P6, Canada.
C3 University of Quebec; University of Quebec Montreal; University of Victoria
RP Hillaire-Marcel, C (corresponding author), Univ Quebec, GEOTOP, CP 8888, Montreal, PQ H3C 3P8, Canada.
NR 30
TC 205
Z9 221
U1 0
U2 44
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 26
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6832
BP 1073
EP 1077
DI 10.1038/35074059
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 425HQ
UT WOS:000168285500042
PM 11323666
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hunt, GR
   Corballis, MC
   Gray, RD
AF Hunt, GR
   Corballis, MC
   Gray, RD
TI Laterality in tool manufacture by crows - Neural processing and not ecological factors may influence 'handedness' in these birds.
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID manual laterality; caledonian crows; hand; specialization; pan
C1 Univ Auckland, Dept Psychol, Auckland 92019, New Zealand.
C3 University of Auckland
RP Hunt, GR (corresponding author), Univ Auckland, Dept Psychol, Auckland 92019, New Zealand.
NR 12
TC 69
Z9 72
U1 0
U2 36
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 13
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6865
BP 707
EP 707
DI 10.1038/414707a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 501GD
UT WOS:000172676200030
PM 11742382
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Reusch, TBH
   Häberli, MA
   Aeschlimann, PB
   Milinski, M
AF Reusch, TBH
   Häberli, MA
   Aeschlimann, PB
   Milinski, M
TI Female sticklebacks count alleles in a strategy of sexual selection explaining MHC polymorphism
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID major histocompatibility complex; mate choice; mating preferences; genes; molecules; evolution; odor; mice
AB The origin and maintenance of polymorphism in major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes in natural populations is still unresolved(1). Sexual selection, frequency-dependent selection by parasites and pathogens, and heterozygote advantage have been suggested to explain the maintenance of high allele diversity at MHC genes(2-4). Here we argue that there are two (non-exclusive) strategies for MHC-related sexual selection, representing solutions to two different problems: inbreeding avoidance and parasite resistance. In species prone to inadvertent inbreeding, partners should prefer dissimilar MHC genotypes to similar ones. But if the goal is to maximize the resistance of offspring towards potential infections, the choosing sex should prefer mates with a higher diversity of MHC alleles. This latter strategy should apply when there are several MHC loci, as is the case in most vertebrates(2,5). We tested the relative importance of an 'allele counting' strategy compared to a disassortative mating strategy using wild-caught three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus) from an interconnected system of lakes. Here we show that gravid female fish preferred the odour of males with a large number of MHC class-IIB alleles to that of males with fewer alleles. Females did not prefer male genotypes dissimilar to their own.
C1 Max Planck Inst Limnol, Dept Evolutionary Ecol, D-24306 Plon, Germany.
C3 Max Planck Society
RP Reusch, TBH (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Limnol, Dept Evolutionary Ecol, Postfach 165, D-24306 Plon, Germany.
EM reusch@mpil-ploen.mpg.de
NR 28
TC 377
Z9 428
U1 0
U2 127
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 15
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6861
BP 300
EP 302
DI 10.1038/35104547
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 492CM
UT WOS:000172150700041
PM 11713527
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Klein, G
   Klein, E
AF Klein, G
   Klein, E
TI Bridge or ravine?
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Karolinska Inst, Ctr Microbiol & Tumor Biol, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
C3 Karolinska Institutet
RP Klein, G (corresponding author), Karolinska Inst, Ctr Microbiol & Tumor Biol, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 0
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 27
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6854
BP 365
EP 365
DI 
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 475UY
UT WOS:000171188700032
PM 11574864
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Béguin, P
   Nagashima, K
   Gonoi, T
   Shibasaki, T
   Takahashi, K
   Kashima, Y
   Ozaki, N
   Geering, T
   Iwanaga, T
   Seino, S
AF Béguin, P
   Nagashima, K
   Gonoi, T
   Shibasaki, T
   Takahashi, K
   Kashima, Y
   Ozaki, N
   Geering, T
   Iwanaga, T
   Seino, S
TI Regulation of Ca2+ channel expression at the cell surface by the small G-protein kir/Gem
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ras-like gtpase; calcium channels; beta-subunit; functional-characterization; n-type; facilitation; binding; roles; activation; signal
AB Voltage-dependent calcium (Ca2+) channels are involved in many specialized cellular functions(1-3), and are controlled by intracellular signals such as heterotrimeric G-proteins(4), protein kinases(5,6) and calmodulin (CaM)(7,8). However, the direct role of small G-proteins in the regulation of Ca2+ channels is unclear. We report here that the GTP-bound form of kir/Gem, identified originally as a Ras-related small G-protein that binds CaM9-11, inhibits high-voltage-activated Ca2+ channel activities by interacting directly with the beta -subunit. The reduced channel activities are due to a decrease in alpha (1)-subunit expression at the plasma membrane. The binding of Ca2+/CaM to kir/Gem is required for this inhibitory effect by promoting the cytoplasmic localization of kir/Gem. Inhibition of L-type Ca2+ channels by kir/Gem prevents Ca2+ triggered exocytosis in hormone-secreting cells. We propose that the small G-protein kir/Gem, interacting with beta -subunits, regulates Ca2+ channel expression at the cell surface.
C1 Chiba Univ, Grad Sch Med, Dept Cellular & Mol Med, Chuo Ku, Chiba 2608670, Japan.
   Univ Lausanne, Inst Pharmacol & Toxicol, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland.
   Chiba Univ, Pathogen Fungi & Microbial Toxicoses Res Ctr, Chuo Ku, Chiba 2608673, Japan.
   Chiba Univ, Grad Sch Med, Dept Mol Immunol,CREST, Chuo Ku, Chiba 2608670, Japan.
   Hokkaido Univ, Grad Sch Vet Med, Lab Anat, Sapporo, Hokkaido 0600818, Japan.
C3 Chiba University; University of Lausanne; Chiba University; Chiba University; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST); Hokkaido University
RP Seino, S (corresponding author), Chiba Univ, Grad Sch Med, Dept Cellular & Mol Med, Chuo Ku, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chiba 2608670, Japan.
NR 29
TC 246
Z9 283
U1 0
U2 9
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 15
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6838
BP 701
EP 706
DI 10.1038/35079621
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 439JC
UT WOS:000169112500048
PM 11395774
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Manne, AS
   Richels, RG
AF Manne, AS
   Richels, RG
TI An alternative approach to establishing trade-offs among greenhouse gases
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID emissions
AB The Kyoto Protocol permits countries to meet part of their emission reduction obligations by cutting back on gases other than CO2 (ref. 1). This approach requires a definition of trade-offs among the radiatively active gases. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has suggested global warming potentials for this purpose(2), which use the accumulated radiative forcing of each gas by a set time horizon to establish emission equivalence. But it has been suggested that this approach has serious shortcomings: damages or abatement costs are not considered(3-10) and the choice of time horizon for calculating cumulative radiative force is critical, but arbitrary(5). Here we describe an alternative framework for determining emission equivalence between radiatively active gases that addresses these weaknesses. We focus on limiting temperature change and rate of temperature change, but our framework is also applicable to other objectives. For a proposed ceiling, we calculate how much one should be willing to pay for emitting an additional unit of each gas. The relative prices then determine the trade-off between gases at each point in time, taking into account economical as well as physical considerations. Our analysis shows that the relative prices are sensitive to the lifetime of the gases, the choice of target and the proximity of the target, making short-lived gases more expensive to emit as we approach the prescribed ceiling.
C1 Elect Power Res Inst, Palo Alto, CA 94303 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
C3 Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI); Stanford University
RP Richels, RG (corresponding author), Elect Power Res Inst, POB 10412, Palo Alto, CA 94303 USA.
NR 13
TC 182
Z9 199
U1 0
U2 51
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 5
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6829
BP 675
EP 677
DI 10.1038/35070541
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 418DJ
UT WOS:000167875400042
PM 11287950
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Paulus, GG
   Grasbon, F
   Walther, H
   Villoresi, P
   Nisoli, M
   Stagira, S
   Priori, E
   De Silvestri, S
AF Paulus, GG
   Grasbon, F
   Walther, H
   Villoresi, P
   Nisoli, M
   Stagira, S
   Priori, E
   De Silvestri, S
TI Absolute-phase phenomena in photoionization with few-cycle laser pulses
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mode-locked lasers; x-rays; generation; ionization; frequency; compression; light
AB Currently, the shortest laser pulses(1) that can be generated in the visible spectrum consist of fewer than two optical cycles (measured at the full-width at half-maximum of the pulse's envelope). The time variation of the electric field in such a pulse depends on the phase of the carrier frequency with respect to the envelope- the absolute phase. Because intense laser-matter interactions generally depend on the electric field of the pulse, the absolute phase is important for a number of nonlinear processes(2-8). But clear evidence of absolute-phase effects has yet to be detected experimentally, largely because of the difficulty of stabilizing the absolute phase in powerful laser pulses. Here we use a technique that does not require phase stabilization to demonstrate experimentally the influence of the absolute phase of a short laser pulse on the emission of photoelectrons. Atoms are ionized by a short laser pulse, and the photoelectrons are recorded with two opposing detectors in a plane perpendicular to the laser beam. We detect an anticorrelation in the shot-to-shot analysis of the electron yield.
C1 Max Planck Inst Quantum Opt, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
   INFM, I-35131 Padua, Italy.
   Univ Padua, DEI, I-35131 Padua, Italy.
   Politecn Milan, Dipartimento Fis, INFM, I-20133 Milan, Italy.
C3 Max Planck Society; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Istituto Nazionale per la Fisica della Materia (INFM-CNR); University of Padua; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Istituto Nazionale per la Fisica della Materia (INFM-CNR); Polytechnic University of Milan
RP Paulus, GG (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Quantum Opt, Hans Kopfermann Str 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
NR 23
TC 648
Z9 701
U1 3
U2 103
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 8
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6860
BP 182
EP 184
DI 10.1038/35102520
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 490AY
UT WOS:000172029100040
PM 11700551
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Uz, BM
   Yoder, JA
   Osychny, V
AF Uz, BM
   Yoder, JA
   Osychny, V
TI Pumping of nutrients to ocean surface waters by the action of propagating planetary waves
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sargasso sea; mesoscale eddy; north pacific; rossby waves; topex/poseidon; variability; altimeter
AB Primary productivity in the oceans is limited by the lack of nutrients in surface waters. These nutrients are mostly supplied from nutrient-rich subsurface waters through upwelling and vertical mixing(1), but in the ocean gyres these mechanisms do not fully account for the observed productivity(2). Recently, the upward pumping of nutrients, through the action of eddies, has been shown to account for the remainder of the primary productivity; however, these were regional studies which focused on mesoscale (100-km-scale) eddies(3-6). Here we analyse remotely sensed chlorophyll and sea-surface-height data collected over two years and show that 1,000-km-scale planetary waves, which propagate in a westward direction in the oceans, are associated with about 5 to 20% of the observed variability in chlorophyll concentration (after low-frequency and large-scale variations are removed from the data). Enhanced primary production is the likely explanation for this observation, and if that is the case, propagating disturbances introduce nutrients to surface waters on a global scale-similar to the nutrient pumping that occurs within distinct eddies.
C1 Univ Rhode Isl, Grad Sch Oceanog, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA.
C3 University of Rhode Island
RP Uz, BM (corresponding author), Univ Rhode Isl, Grad Sch Oceanog, S Ferry Rd, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA.
EM m.uz@gso.uri.edu
NR 20
TC 124
Z9 136
U1 0
U2 21
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 1
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6820
BP 597
EP 600
DI 10.1038/35054527
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 397JJ
UT WOS:000166692300038
PM 11214314
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hollopeter, G
   Jantzen, HM
   Vincent, D
   Li, G
   England, L
   Ramakrishnan, V
   Yang, RB
   Nurden, P
   Nurden, A
   Julius, D
   Conley, PB
AF Hollopeter, G
   Jantzen, HM
   Vincent, D
   Li, G
   England, L
   Ramakrishnan, V
   Yang, RB
   Nurden, P
   Nurden, A
   Julius, D
   Conley, PB
TI Identification of the platelet ADP receptor targeted by antithrombotic drugs
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID p2y(1) receptor; adenylate-cyclase; blood-platelets; clopidogrel; activation; aggregation; proteins; channel; pathway; binding
AB Platelets have a crucial role in the maintenance of normal haemostasis, and perturbations of this system can lead to pathological thrombus formation and vascular occlusion, resulting in stroke, myocardial infarction and unstable angina. ADP released from damaged vessels and red blood cells induces platelet aggregation through activation of the integrin GPIIb-IIIa and subsequent binding of fibrinogen. ADP is also secreted from platelets on activation, providing positive feedback that potentiates the actions of many platelet activators(1). ADP mediates platelet aggregation through its action on two G-protein-coupled receptor subtypes(2,3). The P2Y(1) receptor couples to G(q) and mobilizes intracellular calcium ions to mediate platelet shape change and aggregation(4,5). The second ADP receptor required for aggregation (variously called P2Y(ADP), P2Y(AC), P2Ycyc or P2T(AC)) is coupled to the inhibition of adenylyl cyclase through G(i). The molecular identity of the G(i)-linked receptor is still elusive, even though it is the target of efrcacious antithrombotic agents, such as ticlopidine and clopidogrel(6-8) and AR-C66096 (ref. 9). Here we describe the cloning of this receptor, designated P2Y(12), and provide evidence that a patient with a bleeding disorder(10) has a defect in this gene. Cloning of the P2Y12 receptor should facilitate the development of better antiplatelet agents to treat cardiovascular diseases.
C1 COR Therapeut Inc, S San Francisco, CA 94080 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Mol & Cellular Pharmacol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Program Neurosci, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Hop Cardiol, CNRS, UMR 5533, F-33605 Pessac, France.
C3 Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd; Millennium Pharmaceuticals; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; CHU Bordeaux; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
RP Conley, PB (corresponding author), COR Therapeut Inc, S San Francisco, CA 94080 USA.
NR 28
TC 1192
Z9 1330
U1 1
U2 132
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 11
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6817
BP 202
EP 207
DI 10.1038/35051599
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 390UV
UT WOS:000166316200047
PM 11196645
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cyranoski, D
AF Cyranoski, D
TI 'One woman is enough ...'
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 3
Z9 3
U1 0
U2 0
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 22
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6827
BP 404
EP 406
DI 10.1038/35068702
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 412YX
UT WOS:000167583800011
PM 11260679
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hedges, JI
   Baldock, JA
   Gélinas, Y
   Lee, C
   Peterson, M
   Wakeham, SG
AF Hedges, JI
   Baldock, JA
   Gélinas, Y
   Lee, C
   Peterson, M
   Wakeham, SG
TI Evidence for non-selective preservation of organic matter in sinking marine particles
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID chemical-composition; amino-acids; flux; soils; c-13
AB The sinking of particulate organic matter from ocean surface waters transports carbon to the ocean interior(1,2), where almost all is then recycled. The unrecycled fraction of this organic matter can become buried in ocean sediments, thus sequestering carbon and so influencing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations(3). The processes controlling the extensive biodegradation of sinking particles remain unclear, partly because of the difficulty in resolving the composition of the residual organic matter at depth with existing chromatographic techniques(4). Here, using solid-state C-13 NMR spectroscopy(5), we characterize the chemical structure of organic carbon in both surface plankton and sinking particulate matter from the Pacific Ocean(4) and the Arabian Sea(6). We found that minimal changes occur in bulk organic composition, despite extensive (>98%) biodegradation, and that aminoacid-like material predominates throughout the water column in both regions. The compositional similarity between phytoplankton biomass and the small remnant of organic matter reaching the ocean interior indicates that the formation of unusual biochemicals, either by chemical recombination(7) or microbial biosynthesis(8), is not the main process controlling the preservation of particulate organic carbon within the water column at these two sites. We suggest instead that organic matter might be protected from degradation by the inorganic matrix of sinking particles.
C1 Univ Washington, Sch Oceanog, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   CSIRO Land & Water, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia.
   SUNY Stony Brook, Marine Sci Res Ctr, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA.
   Skidaway Inst Oceanog, Savannah, GA 31411 USA.
C3 University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO); CSIRO Land & Water; State University of New York (SUNY) System; Stony Brook University; University System of Georgia; University of Georgia; Skidaway Institute of Oceanography
RP Hedges, JI (corresponding author), Univ Washington, Sch Oceanog, Box 357940, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
EM jihedges@u.washington.edu
NR 31
TC 303
Z9 346
U1 2
U2 129
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 15
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6822
BP 801
EP 804
DI 10.1038/35057247
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 401QC
UT WOS:000166938800035
PM 11236989
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Alvarez, B
   Martinez, C
   Burgering, BMT
   Carrera, AC
AF Alvarez, B
   Martinez, C
   Burgering, BMT
   Carrera, AC
TI Forkhead transcription factors contribute to execution of the mitotic programme in mammals
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cell-cycle; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; phosphoinositide 3-kinase; regulatory subunit; factor fkhr; kinase; mitosis; progression; protein; growth
AB Cell cycle progression is a process that is tightly controlled by internal and external signals. Environmental cues, such as those provided by growth factors, activate early signals that promote cell cycle entry(1-3). Cells that have progressed past the restriction point become independent of growth factors, and cell cycle progression is then controlled endogenously. The phosphatidylinositol 3OH kinase (PI(3)K)/protein kinase B (PKB) pathway must be activated in G1 to inactivate forkhead transcription factors (FKH-TFs)(4,5) and allow cell cycle entry(2,3). Here we show that subsequent attenuation of the PI(3)K/PKB pathway is required to allow transcriptional activation of FKH-TF in G2. FKH-TF activity in G2 controls mammalian cell cycle termination, as interference with FKH transcriptional activation by disrupting PI(3)K/PKB downregulation, or by expressing a transcriptionally inactive FKH mutant, induces cell accumulation in G2/M, defective cytokinesis, and delayed transition from M to G1 of the cell cycle. We demonstrate that FKH-TFs regulate expression of mitotic genes such as cyclin B and polo-like kinase (Plk). Our results support the important role of forkhead in the control of mammalian cell cycle completion, and suggest that efficient execution of the mitotic programme depends on downregulation of PI(3)K/PKB and consequent induction of FKH transcriptional activity.
C1 Univ Autonoma Madrid, CSIC, Ctr Nacl Biotecnol, Dept Immunol & Oncol, E-28049 Madrid, Spain.
   Univ Med Ctr, Dept Hematol, NL-3584 CG Utrecht, Netherlands.
C3 Autonomous University of Madrid; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); CSIC - Centro Nacional de Biotecnologia (CNB); Utrecht University; Utrecht University Medical Center
RP Carrera, AC (corresponding author), Univ Autonoma Madrid, CSIC, Ctr Nacl Biotecnol, Dept Immunol & Oncol, E-28049 Madrid, Spain.
EM acarrera@cnb.uam.es
NR 29
TC 245
Z9 277
U1 0
U2 8
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 18
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6857
BP 744
EP 747
DI 10.1038/35099574
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 482ZK
UT WOS:000171608000046
PM 11607034
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Topinka, MA
   LeRoy, BJ
   Westervelt, RM
   Shaw, SEJ
   Fleischmann, R
   Heller, EJ
   Maranowski, KD
   Gossard, AC
AF Topinka, MA
   LeRoy, BJ
   Westervelt, RM
   Shaw, SEJ
   Fleischmann, R
   Heller, EJ
   Maranowski, KD
   Gossard, AC
TI Coherent branched flow in a two-dimensional electron gas
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID spectroscopy; microscopy
AB Semiconductor nanostructures based on two-dimensional electron gases (2DEGs) could form the basis of future devices for sensing, information processing and quantum computation. Although electron transport in 2DEG nanostructures has been well studied, and many remarkable phenomena have already been discovered (for example, weak localization, quantum chaos, universal conductance fluctuations(1,2)), fundamental aspects of the electron flow through these structures have so far not been clarified. However, it has recently become possible to image current directly through 2DEG devices using scanning probe microscope techniques(3-13). Here, we use such a technique to observe electron flow through a narrow constriction in a 2DEG-a quantum point contact. The images show that the electron flow from the point contact forms narrow, branching strands instead of smoothly spreading fans. Our theoretical study of this flow indicates that this branching of current flux is due to focusing of the electron paths by ripples in the background potential. The strands are decorated by interference fringes separated by half the Fermi wavelength, indicating the persistence of quantum mechanical phase coherence in the electron flow. These findings may have important implications for a better understanding of electron transport in 2DEGs and for the design of future nanostructure devices.
C1 Harvard Univ, Div Engn & Appl Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Dept Phys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Dept Chem & Biol Chem, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Max Planck Inst Stromungsforsch, D-37073 Gottingen, Germany.
   Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Mat, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University; Harvard University; Max Planck Society; University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara
RP Westervelt, RM (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Div Engn & Appl Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
EM westervelt@deas.harvard.edu
NR 18
TC 425
Z9 462
U1 1
U2 119
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 8
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6825
BP 183
EP 186
DI 10.1038/35065553
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 408HJ
UT WOS:000167320500038
PM 11242072
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mazzarello, P
AF Mazzarello, P
TI Lombroso and Tolstoy - An anthropologist's unwitting gift to literature.
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Pavia, Volta Coll, I-27100 Pavia, Italy.
   CNR, IGBE, I-27100 Pavia, Italy.
C3 University of Pavia; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR)
RP Mazzarello, P (corresponding author), Univ Pavia, Volta Coll, Via Abbiategrasso 207, I-27100 Pavia, Italy.
NR 2
TC 5
Z9 6
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 22
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6823
BP 983
EP 983
DI 10.1038/35059175
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 405FT
UT WOS:000167148800022
PM 11234045
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Retallack, GJ
AF Retallack, GJ
TI A 300-million-year record of atmospheric carbon dioxide from fossil plant cuticles
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID co2 concentrations; boundary; paleoclimate; australia; germany; climate
AB To understand better the link between atmospheric CO2 concentrations and climate over geological time, records of past CO2 are reconstructed from geochemical proxies(1-4). Although these records have provided us with a broad picture of CO2 variation throughout the Phanerozoic eon (the past 544 Myr), inconsistencies and gaps remain that still need to be resolved. Here I present a continuous 300-Myr record of stomatal abundance from fossil leaves of four genera of plants that are closely related to the present-day Ginkgo tree. Using the known relationship between leaf stomatal abundance and growing season CO2 concentrations(5,6), I reconstruct past atmospheric CO2 concentrations. For the past 300 Myr, only two intervals of low CO2 (<1,000 p.p.m.v.) are inferred, both of which coincide with known ice ages in Neogene (1-8 Myr) and early Permian (275- 290 Myr) times. But for most of the Mesozoic era (65-250 Myr), CO2 levels were high (1,000-2,000 p.p.m.v.), with transient excursions to even higher CO2 (>2,000 p.p.m.v.) concentrations. These results are consistent with some reconstructions of past CO2 (refs 1, 2) and palaeotemperature records(7), but suggest that CO2 reconstructions based on carbon isotope proxies(3,4) may be compromised by episodic outbursts of isotopically light methane(8,9). These results support the role of water vapour, methane and CO2 in greenhouse climate warming over the past 300 Myr.
C1 Univ Oregon, Dept Geol Sci, Eugene, OR 97403 USA.
C3 University of Oregon
RP Retallack, GJ (corresponding author), Univ Oregon, Dept Geol Sci, Eugene, OR 97403 USA.
NR 30
TC 328
Z9 415
U1 3
U2 140
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 17
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6835
BP 287
EP 290
DI 10.1038/35077041
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 432RT
UT WOS:000168710000041
PM 11357126
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Troy, CS
   MacHugh, DE
   Bailey, JF
   Magee, DA
   Loftus, RT
   Cunningham, P
   Chamberlain, AT
   Sykes, BC
   Bradley, DG
AF Troy, CS
   MacHugh, DE
   Bailey, JF
   Magee, DA
   Loftus, RT
   Cunningham, P
   Chamberlain, AT
   Sykes, BC
   Bradley, DG
TI Genetic evidence for Near-Eastern origins of European cattle
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mitochondrial-dna; population-growth; african; sequence; suggests
AB The limited ranges of the wild progenitors of many of the primary European domestic species point to their origins further east in Anatolia or the fertile crescent(1,2). The wild ox (Bos primigenius), however, ranged widely(3) and it is unknown whether it was domesticated within Europe as one feature of a local contribution to the farming economy(1,2,4). Here we examine mitochondrial DNA control-region sequence variation from 392 extant animals sampled from Europe, Africa and the Near East, and compare this with data from four extinct British wild oxen. The ancient sequences cluster tightly in a phylogenetic analysis and are clearly distinct from modern cattle. Network analysis of modern Bos taurus identifies four star-like clusters of haplotypes, with intracluster diversities that approximate to that expected from the time depth of domestic history. Notably, one of these clusters predominates in Europe and is one of three encountered at substantial frequency in the Near East. In contrast, African diversity is almost exclusively composed of a separate haplogroup, which is encountered only rarely elsewhere. These data provide strong support for a derived Near-Eastern origin for European cattle.
C1 Trinity Coll, Smurfit Inst, Dept Genet, Dublin 2, Ireland.
   Univ Coll Dublin, Fac Agr, Dept Anim Sci & Prod, Dublin 4, Ireland.
   Univ Sheffield, Dept Archaeol & Prehist, Sheffield S1 4ET, S Yorkshire, England.
   Univ Oxford, John Radcliffe Hosp, Inst Mol Med, Oxford OX3 9DS, England.
C3 Trinity College Dublin; University College Dublin; University of Sheffield; University of Oxford
RP Bradley, DG (corresponding author), Trinity Coll, Smurfit Inst, Dept Genet, Dublin 2, Ireland.
NR 22
TC 454
Z9 523
U1 0
U2 47
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 26
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6832
BP 1088
EP 1091
DI 10.1038/35074088
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 425HQ
UT WOS:000168285500046
PM 11323670
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kokoouline, V
   Greene, CH
   Esry, BD
AF Kokoouline, V
   Greene, CH
   Esry, BD
TI Mechanism for the destruction of H3+ ions by electron impact
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID quantum-defect theory; coulombic 3-body systems; rydberg state dynamics; dissociative recombination; storage-ring; h-3+; series; d-3(+); hco+
AB The rate at which the simplest triatomic ion (H-3(+)) dissociates following recombination with a low-energy electron has been measured in numerous experiments(1-10). This process is particularly important for understanding observations of H-3(+) in diffuse interstellar clouds(11-13). But, despite extensive efforts(14,15), no theoretical treatment has yet proved capable of predicting the measured dissociative recombination rates at low energy, even to within an order of magnitude. Here we show that the Jahn-Teller symmetry-distortion effect(16-19)-almost universally neglected in the theoretical description of electron-molecule collisions-generates recombination at a much faster rate than any other known mechanism. Our estimated rate constant overlaps the range of values spanned by experiments. We treat the low-energy collision process as a curve-crossing problem, which was previously thought inapplicable(20) to low-energy recombination in H-3(+). Our calculation reproduces the measured propensity for three-body versus two-body breakup of the neutral fragments(3), as well as the vibrational distribution(4) of the H-2 product molecules.
C1 Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
   Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
   Kansas State Univ, Dept Phys, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA.
C3 University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder; Kansas State University
RP Greene, CH (corresponding author), Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
NR 31
TC 176
Z9 181
U1 0
U2 17
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 30
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6850
BP 891
EP 894
DI 10.1038/35091025
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 467EG
UT WOS:000170689000039
PM 11528473
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nott, J
   Hayne, M
AF Nott, J
   Hayne, M
TI High frequency of 'super-cyclones' along the Great Barrier Reef over the past 5,000 years
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID coral-reefs; recruitment; disturbance; community; diversity; atoll; bebe
AB Understanding long-term variability in the occurrence of tropical cyclones that are of extreme intensity is important for determining their role in ecological disturbances(1-5), for predicting present and future community vulnerability and economic loss(6) and for assessing whether changes in the variability of such cyclones are induced by climate change(7). Our ability to accurately make these assessments has been limited by the short (less than 100 years) instrumented record of cyclone intensity. Here we determine the intensity of prehistoric tropical cyclones over the past 5,000 years from ridges of detrital coral and shell deposited above highest tide and terraces that have been eroded into coarse-grained alluvial fan deposits. These features occur along 1,500 km of the Great Barrier Reef and also the Gulf of Carpentaria, Australia. We infer that the deposits were formed by storms with recurrence intervals of two to three centuries(8-11), and we show that the cyclones responsible must have been of extreme intensity (central pressures less than 920 hPa). Our estimate of the frequency of such 'super-cyclones' is an order of magnitude higher than that previously estimated (which was once every several millennia(12-14)), and is sufficiently high to suggest that the character of rainforests and coral reef communities were probably shaped by these events.
C1 James Cook Univ N Queensland, Sch Trop Environm Studies & Geog, Cairns, Qld 4870, Australia.
   Australial Geol Survey Org, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
C3 James Cook University
RP Nott, J (corresponding author), James Cook Univ N Queensland, Sch Trop Environm Studies & Geog, POB 6811, Cairns, Qld 4870, Australia.
EM Jonathan.Nott@jcu.edu.au
NR 29
TC 165
Z9 178
U1 1
U2 65
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 4
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6855
BP 508
EP 512
DI 10.1038/35097055
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 478HG
UT WOS:000171340500043
PM 11586356
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Thomas, GL
   Thorne, RE
AF Thomas, GL
   Thorne, RE
TI Night-time predation by Steller sea lions
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Prince William Sound Sci Ctr, Cordova, AK 99574 USA.
RP Thomas, GL (corresponding author), Prince William Sound Sci Ctr, POB 705, Cordova, AK 99574 USA.
NR 9
TC 56
Z9 60
U1 1
U2 13
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 28
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6841
BP 1013
EP 1013
DI 10.1038/35082745
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 446TF
UT WOS:000169528500033
PM 11429591
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Abelson, M
   Baer, G
   Agnon, A
AF Abelson, M
   Baer, G
   Agnon, A
TI Evidence from gabbro of the Troodos ophiolite for lateral magma transport along a slow-spreading mid-ocean ridge
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID magnetic-susceptibility; midocean ridges; oman ophiolite; segmentation; anisotropy; cyprus; flow
AB The lateral flow of magma and ductile deformation of the lower crust along oceanic spreading axes has been thought to play a significant role in suppressing both mid-ocean ridge segmentation(1,2) and variations in crustal thickness(3,4). Direct investigation of such flow patterns is hampered by the kilometres of water that cover the oceanic crust, but such studies can be made on ophiolites(5) (fragments of oceanic crust accreted to a continent). In the Oman ophiolite, small-scale radial patterns of flow have been mapped along what is thought to be the relict of a fast-spreading mid-ocean ridge(5). Here we present evidence for broad-scale along-axis flow that has been frozen into the gabbro of the Troodos ophiolite in Cyprus (thought to be representative of a slow-spreading ridge axis). The gabbro suite of Troodos spans nearly 20 km of a segment of a fossil spreading axis, near a ridge- transform intersection(6,7). We mapped the pattern of magma flow by analysing the rocks' magnetic fabric at 20 sites widely distributed in the gabbro suite, and by examining the petrographic fabric at 9 sites. We infer an along-axis magma flow for much of the gabbro suite, which indicates that redistribution of melt occurred towards the segment edge in a large depth range of the oceanic crust. Our results support the magma plumbing structure that has been inferred indirectly from a seismic tomography experiment on the slow-spreading Mid-Atlantic Ridge(8).
C1 Geol Survey Israel, IL-95501 Jerusalem, Israel.
   Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Inst Earth Sci, IL-91904 Jerusalem, Israel.
C3 Geological Survey Israel; Hebrew University of Jerusalem
RP Abelson, M (corresponding author), Geol Survey Israel, 30 Malkhey Yisrael St, IL-95501 Jerusalem, Israel.
NR 30
TC 49
Z9 55
U1 0
U2 28
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 4
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6816
BP 72
EP 75
DI 10.1038/35051058
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 388HT
UT WOS:000166175600040
PM 11343114
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Emery, NJ
   Clayton, NS
AF Emery, NJ
   Clayton, NS
TI Effects of experience and social context on prospective caching strategies by scrub jays
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID black-capped chickadees; aphelocoma-coerulescens; memory; behavior; primates; caches; sites; time; mind
AB Social life has costs associated with competition for resources such as food(1). Food storing may reduce this competition as the food can be collected quickly and hidden elsewhere(2-4); however, it is a risky strategy because caches can be pilfered by others(5-9). Scrub jays (Aphelocoma coerulescens) remember 'what', 'where' and 'when' they cached(10-13). Like other corvids(6-9,14), they remember where conspecifics have cached, pilfering them when given the opportunity, but may also adjust their own caching strategies to minimize potential pilfering. To test this, jays were allowed to cache either in private (when the other bird's view was obscured) or while a conspecific was watching, and then recover their caches in private. Here we show that jays with prior experience of pilfering another bird's caches subsequently re-cached food in new cache sites during recovery trials, but only when they had been observed caching. Jays without pilfering experience did not, even though they had observed other jays caching. Our results suggest that jays relate information about their previous experience as a pilferer to the possibility of future stealing by another bird, and modify their caching strategy accordingly.
C1 Univ Cambridge, Dept Expt Psychol, Cambridge CB2 3EB, England.
   Univ Cambridge, Subdept Anim Behav, Cambridge CB3 8AA, England.
C3 University of Cambridge; University of Cambridge
RP Clayton, NS (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, Dept Expt Psychol, Downing St, Cambridge CB2 3EB, England.
NR 24
TC 367
Z9 418
U1 1
U2 131
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 22
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6862
BP 443
EP 446
DI 10.1038/35106560
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 494UP
UT WOS:000172304500042
PM 11719804
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dubois, M
   Demé, B
   Gulik-Krzywicki, T
   Dedieu, JC
   Vautrin, C
   Désert, S
   Perez, E
   Zemb, T
AF Dubois, M
   Demé, B
   Gulik-Krzywicki, T
   Dedieu, JC
   Vautrin, C
   Désert, S
   Perez, E
   Zemb, T
TI Self-assembly of regular hollow icosahedra in salt-free catanionic solutions
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID vesicles
AB Self-assembled structures having a regular hollow icosahedral form (such as those observed for proteins of virus capsids) can occur as a result of biomineralization processes(1), but are extremely rare in mineral crystallites(2). Compact icosahedra made from a boron oxide have been reported(3), but equivalent structures made of synthetic organic components such as surfactants have not hitherto been observed. It is, however, well known that lipids, as well as mixtures of anionic and cationic single chain surfactants, can readily form bilayers(4,5) that can adopt a variety of distinct geometric forms: they can fold into soft vesicles or random bilayers (the so-called sponge phase) or form ordered stacks of flat or undulating membranes(6). Here we show that in salt-free mixtures of anionic and cationic surfactants, such bilayers can self-assemble into hollow aggregates with a regular icosahedral shape. These aggregates are stabilized by the presence of pores located at the vertices of the icosahedra. The resulting structures have a size of about one micrometre and mass of about 10(10) daltons, making them larger than any known icosahedral protein assembly(7) or virus capsid(8). We expect the combination of wall rigidity and holes at vertices of these icosahedral aggregates to be of practical value for controlled drug or DNA release.
C1 CEA Saclay, Serv Chim Mol, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
   Inst Max Von Laue Paul Langevin, F-38042 Grenoble 09, France.
   CNRS, Ctr Genet Mol, F-91198 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
   IMRCP, CNRS, URA 470, F-31062 Toulouse, France.
C3 Universite Paris Saclay; CEA; Institut Laue-Langevin (ILL); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite Paris Saclay; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
RP Dubois, M (corresponding author), CEA Saclay, Serv Chim Mol, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
EM duboism@scm.saclay.cea.fr
NR 26
TC 319
Z9 344
U1 1
U2 134
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 15
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6838
BP 672
EP 675
DI 10.1038/35079541
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 439JC
UT WOS:000169112500038
PM 11395764
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tonomura, A
   Kasai, H
   Kamimura, O
   Matsuda, T
   Harada, K
   Nakayama, Y
   Shimoyama, J
   Kishio, K
   Hanaguri, T
   Kitazawa, K
   Sasase, M
   Okayasu, S
AF Tonomura, A
   Kasai, H
   Kamimura, O
   Matsuda, T
   Harada, K
   Nakayama, Y
   Shimoyama, J
   Kishio, K
   Hanaguri, T
   Kitazawa, K
   Sasase, M
   Okayasu, S
TI Observation of individual vortices trapped along columnar defects in high-temperature superconductors
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID vortex; anisotropy; crystals
AB Many superconductors do not entirely expel magnetic flux-rather, magnetic flux can penetrate the superconducting state in the form of vortices. Moving vortices create resistance, so they must be 'pinned' to permit dissipationless current flow. This is a particularly important issue for the high-transition-temperature superconductors, in which the vortices move very easily(1). Irradiation of superconducting samples by heavy ions produces columnar defects, which are considered(2) to be the optimal pinning traps when the orientation of the column coincides with that of the vortex line. Although columnar defect pinning has been investigated using macroscopic techniques(3,4), it has hitherto been impossible to resolve individual vortices intersecting with individual defects. Here we achieve the resolution required to image vortex lines and columnar defects in Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+delta (Bi-2212) thin films, using a 1-MV field-emission electron microscope(5). For our thin films, we rnd that the vortex lines at higher temperatures are trapped and oriented along tilted columnar defects, irrespective of the orientation of the applied magnetic field. At lower temperatures, however, vortex penetration always takes place perpendicular to the film plane, suggesting that intrinsic 'background' pinning in the material now dominates.
C1 Hitachi Ltd, Adv Res Lab, Hatoyama, Saitama 3500395, Japan.
   Japan Sci & Technol Corp, CREST, Kawaguchi, Saitama 3320012, Japan.
   Univ Tokyo, Dept Appl Chem, Tokyo 1138656, Japan.
   Univ Tokyo, Dept Adv Mat Sci, Sch Frontier Sci, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
   Japan Atom Energy Res Inst, Dept Mat Sci, Tokai, Ibaraki 3191195, Japan.
C3 Hitachi Limited; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST); University of Tokyo; University of Tokyo; Japan Atomic Energy Agency
RP Tonomura, A (corresponding author), Hitachi Ltd, Adv Res Lab, Hatoyama, Saitama 3500395, Japan.
NR 11
TC 106
Z9 113
U1 3
U2 25
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 9
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6847
BP 620
EP 622
DI 10.1038/35088021
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 460PP
UT WOS:000170318000035
PM 11493915
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Stuiver, MH
   Custers, JHHV
AF Stuiver, MH
   Custers, JHHV
TI Engineering disease resistance in plants
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID systemic acquired-resistance; salicylic-acid; hypersensitive response; transgenic tobacco; signaling pathways; avirulence gene; cell-death; arabidopsis; pathogens; defense
AB Ever since the initial discovery of the molecules and genes involved in disease resistance in plants, attempts have been made to engineer durable disease resistance in economically important crop plants. Unfortunately, many of these attempts have failed, owing to the complexity of disease-resistance signalling and the sheer diversity of infection mechanisms that different pathogens use. Although disease-resistant transgenic plants or seeds are not yet available commercially, future product development seems likely as our current level of understanding of pathogenesis and plant defence improves.
C1 Syngenta MOGEN, NL-2333 CB Leiden, Netherlands.
C3 Syngenta
RP Stuiver, MH (corresponding author), Syngenta MOGEN, Einsteinweg 97, NL-2333 CB Leiden, Netherlands.
NR 54
TC 100
Z9 129
U1 0
U2 61
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 14
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6839
BP 865
EP 868
DI 10.1038/35081200
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 441TV
UT WOS:000169246400065
PM 11459071
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lamas-Linares, A
   Howell, JC
   Bouwmeester, D
AF Lamas-Linares, A
   Howell, JC
   Bouwmeester, D
TI Stimulated emission of polarization-entangled photons
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID parametric down-conversion; horne-zeilinger entanglement; quantum cryptography; bell inequality; squeezed states; violation; light; teleportation; interference; realization
AB Entangled photon pairs-discrete light quanta that exhibit nonclassical correlations-play a crucial role in quantum information science (for example, in demonstrations of quantum non-locality(1-7), quantum teleportation(8,9) and quantum cryptography (10-12,31)). At the macroscopic optical-field level non-classical correlations can also be important, as in the case of squeezed light(13), entangled light beams(14,15) and teleportation of continuous quantum variables(16). Here we use stimulated parametric down-conversion to study entangled states of light that bridge the gap between discrete and macroscopic optical quantum correlations. We demonstrate experimentally the onset of laser-like action for entangled photons, through the creation and amplification of the spin-1/2 and spin-1 singlet states consisting of two and four photons, respectively. This entanglement structure holds great promise in quantum information science where there is a strong demand for entangled states of increasing complexity.
C1 Univ Oxford, Clarendon Lab, Ctr Quantum Computat, Oxford OX1 3PU, England.
C3 University of Oxford
RP Lamas-Linares, A (corresponding author), Univ Oxford, Clarendon Lab, Ctr Quantum Computat, Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3PU, England.
EM a.lamas@qubit.org
NR 31
TC 215
Z9 228
U1 0
U2 26
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 30
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6850
BP 887
EP 890
DI 10.1038/35091014
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 467EG
UT WOS:000170689000038
PM 11528472
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hall, A
   Stouffer, RJ
AF Hall, A
   Stouffer, RJ
TI An abrupt climate event in a coupled ocean-atmosphere simulation without external forcing
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID fresh-water input; thermohaline circulation; transient responses; gradual changes; carbon-dioxide; ice core; model; variability; transports; increase
AB Temperature reconstructions from the North Atlantic region indicate frequent abrupt and severe climate fluctuations during the last glacial and Holocene periods(1-3). The driving forces for these events are unclear and coupled atmosphere-ocean models of global circulation have only simulated such events by inserting large amounts of fresh water into the northern North Atlantic Ocean(4,5). Here we report a drastic cooling event in a 15,000-yr simulation of global circulation with present-day climate conditions without the use of such external forcing. In our simulation, the annual average surface temperature near southern Greenland spontaneously fell 6-10 standard deviations below its mean value for a period of 30-40 yr. The event was triggered by a persistent northwesterly wind that transported large amounts of buoyant cold and fresh water into the northern North Atlantic Ocean. Oceanic convection shut down in response to this flow, concentrating the entire cooling of the northern North Atlantic by the colder atmosphere in the uppermost ocean layer. Given the similarity between our simulation and observed records of rapid cooling events, our results indicate that internal atmospheric variability alone could have generated the extreme climate disruptions in this region.
C1 Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA.
   Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA.
C3 Columbia University; National Oceanic Atmospheric Admin (NOAA) - USA
RP Hall, A (corresponding author), Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA.
NR 25
TC 56
Z9 59
U1 0
U2 10
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 11
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6817
BP 171
EP 174
DI 10.1038/35051544
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 390UV
UT WOS:000166316200038
PM 11196636
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tang, GL
   Minemoto, Y
   Dibling, B
   Purcell, NH
   Li, ZW
   Karin, M
   Lin, A
AF Tang, GL
   Minemoto, Y
   Dibling, B
   Purcell, NH
   Li, ZW
   Karin, M
   Lin, A
TI Inhibition of JNK activation through NF-κB target genes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID necrosis-factor-alpha; protein-kinase; tnf receptor-1; jun kinases; cell-death; iap gene; apoptosis; identification; domain; induction
AB The proinflammatory cytokine tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) regulates immune responses, inflammation and programmed cell death (apoptosis)(1-4). The ultimate fate of a cell exposed to TNF-alpha is determined by signal integration between its different effectors, including I kappaB kinase (IKK), c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase (JNK) and caspases(1). Activation of caspases is required for apoptotic cell death(5), whereas IKK activation inhibits apoptosis through the transcription factor NF-kappaB, whose target genes include caspase inhibitors(1,6-10). JNK activates the transcription factor c-Jun/AP-1, as well as other targets(11-16). However, the role of JNK activation in apoptosis induced by TNF-alpha is less clear(17,18). It is unknown whether any crosstalk occurs between IKK and JNK, and, if so, how it affects TNF-alpha -induced apoptosis. We investigated this using murine embryonic fibroblasts that are deficient in either the IKK beta catalytic subunit of the IKK complex or the RelA/p65 subunit of NF-kappaB. Here we show that in addition to inhibiting caspases, the IKK/NF-kappaB pathway negatively modulates TNF-alpha -mediated JNK activation, partly through NF-kappaB-induced X-chromosome-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP)(7,9). This negative crosstalk, which is specific to TNF-alpha signalling and does not affect JNK activation by interleukin-1 (IL-1), contributes to inhibition of apoptosis.
C1 Univ Chicago, Ben May Inst Canc Res, Comm Canc Biol, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Pharmacol, Lab Gene Regulat & Signal Transduct, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
C3 University of Chicago; University of California System; University of California San Diego
RP Lin, A (corresponding author), Univ Chicago, Ben May Inst Canc Res, Comm Canc Biol, 5841 S Maryland Ave,MC 6027, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
NR 30
TC 651
Z9 721
U1 2
U2 29
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 15
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6861
BP 313
EP 317
DI 10.1038/35104568
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 492CM
UT WOS:000172150700045
PM 11713531
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Omacini, M
   Chaneton, EJ
   Ghersa, CM
   Müller, CB
AF Omacini, M
   Chaneton, EJ
   Ghersa, CM
   Müller, CB
TI Symbiotic fungal endophytes control insect host-parasite interaction webs
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID apparent competition; productivity; diversity; herbivores
AB Symbiotic microorganisms that live intimately associated with terrestrial plants affect both the quantity and quality of resources(1,2), and thus the energy supply to consumer populations at higher levels in the food chain. Empirical evidence on resource limitation of food webs points to primary productivity as a major determinant of consumer abundance and trophic structure(3-6). Prey quality plays a critical role in community regulation(7,8). Plants infected by endophytic fungi are known to be chemically protected against herbivore consumption(9-11). However, the influence of this microbe-plant association on multi-trophic interactions remains largely unexplored. Here we present the effects of fungal endophytes on insect food webs that reflect limited energy transfer to consumers as a result of low plant quality, rather than low productivity. Herbivore-parasite webs on endophyte-free grasses show enhanced insect abundance at alternate trophic levels, higher rates of parasitism, and increased dominance by a few trophic links. These results mirror predicted effects of increased productivity on food-web dynamics(12). Thus 'hidden' microbial symbionts can have community-wide impacts on the pattern and strength of resource-consumer interactions.
C1 Univ Buenos Aires, Fac Agron, IFEVA, Dept Recursos Nat & Ambiente, RA-1417 Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina.
   Imperial Coll, Dept Biol, Ascot SL5 7PY, Berks, England.
   Imperial Coll, NERC, Ctr Populat Biol, Ascot SL5 7PY, Berks, England.
   Zool Soc London, Inst Zool, London NW1 4RY, England.
C3 University of Buenos Aires; Imperial College London; Imperial College London; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Natural Environment Research Council (NERC); Zoological Society of London
RP Omacini, M (corresponding author), Univ Buenos Aires, Fac Agron, IFEVA, Dept Recursos Nat & Ambiente, Av San Martin 4453, RA-1417 Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina.
EM omacini@ifeva.edu.ar; christine.mueller@ioz.ac.uk
NR 30
TC 266
Z9 317
U1 0
U2 158
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 4
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6816
BP 78
EP 81
DI 10.1038/35051070
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 388HT
UT WOS:000166175600042
PM 11343116
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Stevens, CF
AF Stevens, CF
TI An evolutionary scaling law for the primate visual system and its basis in cortical function
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID brain structure volumes; geniculate neurons; cortex; insectivora; neocortex; nucleus; size; maps
AB A hallmark of mammalian brain evolution is the disproportionate increase in neocortical size as compared with subcortical structures(1). Because primary visual cortex (V1) is the most thoroughly understood cortical region, the visual system provides an excellent model in which to investigate the evolutionary expansion of neocortex. I have compared the numbers of neurons in the visual thalamus (lateral geniculate nucleus; LGN) and area V1 across primate species. Here I find that the number of V1 neurons increases as the 3/2 power of the number of LGN neurons. As a consequence of this scaling law, the human, for example, uses four times as many V1 neurons per LGN neuron (356) to process visual information as does a tarsier (87). I argue that the 3/2 power relationship is a natural consequence of the organization of V1, together with the requirement that spatial resolution in V1 should parallel the maximum resolution provided by the LGN. The additional observation that thalamus/ neocortex follows the same evolutionary scaling law as LGN/V1 may suggest that neocortex generally conforms to the same organizational principle as V1.
C1 Salk Inst Biol Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Howard Hughes Med Inst, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
C3 Salk Institute; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
RP Stevens, CF (corresponding author), Salk Inst Biol Studies, 10010 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
EM cfs@salk.edu
NR 18
TC 84
Z9 98
U1 2
U2 14
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 10
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6834
BP 193
EP 195
DI 10.1038/35075572
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 430FC
UT WOS:000168563000050
PM 11346795
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sinnarajah, S
   Dessauer, CW
   Srikumar, D
   Chen, J
   Yuen, J
   Yilma, S
   Dennis, JC
   Morrison, EE
   Vodyanoy, V
   Kehrl, JH
AF Sinnarajah, S
   Dessauer, CW
   Srikumar, D
   Chen, J
   Yuen, J
   Yilma, S
   Dennis, JC
   Morrison, EE
   Vodyanoy, V
   Kehrl, JH
TI RGS2 regulates signal transduction in olfactory neurons by attenuating activation of adenylyl cyclase III
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID receptor-cells; odorant detection; identification; stimulation; inhibition; mechanism; proteins; roles; camp
AB The heterotrimeric G-protein G(s) couples cell-surface receptors to the activation of adenylyl cyclases and cyclic AMP production (reviewed in refs 1, 2). RGS proteins, which act as GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs) for the G-protein alpha -subunits alpha (i) and alpha (q), lack such activity for alpha (s) (refs 3-6). But several RGS proteins inhibit cAMP production by G(s)-linked receptors(7,8). Here we report that RGS2 reduces cAMP production by odorant-stimulated olfactory epithelium membranes, in which the alpha (s) family member alpha (olf) links odorant receptors to adenylyl cyclase activation(9,10). Unexpectedly, RGS2 reduces odorant-elicited cAMP production, not by acting on alpha (olf) but by inhibiting the activity of adenylyl cyclase type III, the predominant adenylyl cyclase isoform in olfactory neurons. Furthermore, whole-cell voltage clamp recordings of odorant-stimulated olfactory neurons indicate that endogenous RGS2 negatively regulates odorant-evoked intracellular signalling. These results reveal a mechanism for controlling the activities of adenylyl cyclases, which probably contributes to the ability of olfactory neurons to discriminate odours.
C1 NIAID, Cell Mol Biol Sect B, Immunoregulat Lab, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   Univ Texas, Sch Med, Dept Integrat Biol & Pharmacol, Houston, TX 77225 USA.
   Auburn Univ, Dept Anat Physiol & Pharmacol, Auburn, AL 36849 USA.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases (NIAID); University of Texas System; Auburn University System; Auburn University
RP Kehrl, JH (corresponding author), NIAID, Cell Mol Biol Sect B, Immunoregulat Lab, NIH, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
FU National Institute of General Medical Sciences [R01GM060419] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER; NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM060419] Funding Source: Medline
NR 25
TC 213
Z9 244
U1 0
U2 9
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 22
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6823
BP 1051
EP 1055
DI 10.1038/35059104
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 405FT
UT WOS:000167148800048
PM 11234015
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Saika-Voivod, I
   Poole, PH
   Sciortino, F
AF Saika-Voivod, I
   Poole, PH
   Sciortino, F
TI Fragile-to-strong transition and polyamorphism in the energy landscape of liquid silica
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID configurational entropy; supercooled liquids; glass-transition; viscous silica; relaxation; viscosity; water; model
AB Liquid silica is the archetypal glass former, and compounds based on silica are ubiquitous as natural and man-made amorphous materials. Liquid silica is also the extreme case of a 'strong' liquid, in that the variation of viscosity with temperature closely follows the Arrhenius law as the liquid is cooled toward its glass transition temperature(1,2). In contrast, most liquids are to some degree 'fragile', showing significantly faster increases in their viscosity as the glass transition temperature is approached. Recent studies(3-6,35,36) have demonstrated the controlling influence of the potential energy hypersurface (or 'energy landscape') of the liquid on the transport properties near the glass transition. But the origin of strong liquid behaviour in terms of the energy landscape has not yet been resolved. Here we study the static and dynamic properties of liquid silica over a wide range of temperature and density using computer simulations. The results reveal a change in the energy landscape with decreasing temperature, which underlies a transition from a fragile liquid at high temperature to a strong liquid at low temperature. We also show that a specific heat anomaly is associated with this fragile-to-strong transition, and suggest that this anomaly is related to the polyamorphic behaviour of amorphous solid silica.
C1 Univ Western Ontario, Dept Appl Math, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada.
   Univ Roma La Sapienza, Dipartimento Fis, I-00185 Rome, Italy.
   Univ Roma La Sapienza, Ist Nazl Fis Mat, I-00185 Rome, Italy.
C3 Western University (University of Western Ontario); Sapienza University Rome; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Istituto Nazionale per la Fisica della Materia (INFM-CNR); Sapienza University Rome
RP Poole, PH (corresponding author), Univ Western Ontario, Dept Appl Math, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada.
EM poole@cmrg.apmaths.uwo.ca
NR 36
TC 370
Z9 389
U1 1
U2 117
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 2
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6846
BP 514
EP 517
DI 10.1038/35087524
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 458PC
UT WOS:000170202900038
PM 11484046
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Erlebacher, J
   Aziz, MJ
   Karma, A
   Dimitrov, N
   Sieradzki, K
AF Erlebacher, J
   Aziz, MJ
   Karma, A
   Dimitrov, N
   Sieradzki, K
TI Evolution of nanoporosity in dealloying
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID binary-alloys; corrosion; dissolution
AB Dealloying is a common corrosion process during which an alloy is 'parted' by the selective dissolution of the most electrochemically active of its elements. This process results in the formation of a nanoporous sponge composed almost entirely of the more noble alloy constituents(1). Although considerable attention has been devoted to the morphological aspects of the dealloying process, its underlying physical mechanism has remained unclear(2). Here we propose a continuum model that is fully consistent with experiments and theoretical simulations of alloy dissolution, and demonstrate that nanoporosity in metals is due to an intrinsic dynamical pattern formation process. That is, pores form because the more noble atoms are chemically driven to aggregate into two-dimensional clusters by a phase separation process (spinodal decomposition) at the solid-electrolyte interface, and the surface area continuously increases owing to etching. Together, these processes evolve porosity with a characteristic length scale predicted by our continuum model. We expect that chemically tailored nanoporous gold made by dealloying Ag-Au should be suitable for sensor applications, particularly in a biomaterials context.
C1 Northeastern Univ, Dept Phys, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Northeastern Univ, Ctr Interdisciplinary Res Complex Syst, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Arizona State Univ, Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA.
   Arizona State Univ, Ctr Solid State Sci, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Div Engn & Appl Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
C3 Northeastern University; Northeastern University; Arizona State University; Arizona State University-Tempe; Arizona State University; Arizona State University-Tempe; Harvard University
RP Erlebacher, J (corresponding author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA.
NR 25
TC 2513
Z9 2825
U1 21
U2 1499
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 22
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6827
BP 450
EP 453
DI 10.1038/35068529
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 412YX
UT WOS:000167583800036
PM 11260708
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lee, SH
   Fu, KK
   Hui, JN
   Richman, JM
AF Lee, SH
   Fu, KK
   Hui, JN
   Richman, JM
TI Noggin and retinoic acid transform the identity of avian facial prominences
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID epithelial-mesenchymal interactions; bone morphogenetic protein-4; neural crest; chick-embryos; limb buds; sonic hedgehog; expression; primordia; outgrowth; bmp-4
AB The signals that determine body part identity in vertebrate embryos are largely unknown, with some exceptions such as those for teeth and digits(1,2). The vertebrate face is derived from small buds of tissue, facial prominences, that surround the embryonic oral cavity(3). In chicken embryos, the skeleton of the upper beak is derived from the frontonasal mass and maxillary prominences(4). Here we show that bone morphogenetic proteins (Bmps) and the vitamin A derivative, retinoic acid (RA), are used to specify the identity of the frontonasal mass and maxillary prominences. Implanting two beads adjacent to the stage-15 presumptive maxillary field, one soaked in the Bmp antagonist Noggin(5) and one soaked in RA, induces a duplicate set of frontonasal mass skeletal elements in place of maxillary bones. We also show that the duplicated beak is due to transformation of the maxillary prominence into a second frontonasal mass and not due to ectopic migration of cells or splitting of the normal frontonasal mass. Thus the levels of Bmp and RA determine whether specific regions of the face form maxillary or frontonasal mass derivatives.
C1 Univ British Columbia, Fac Dent, Dept Oral Hlth Sci, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
   Gyeongsang Natl Univ, Coll Med, Dept Dent, Chinju, South Korea.
C3 University of British Columbia; Gyeongsang National University
RP Richman, JM (corresponding author), Univ British Columbia, Fac Dent, Dept Oral Hlth Sci, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
NR 26
TC 105
Z9 116
U1 1
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 20
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6866
BP 909
EP 912
DI 10.1038/414909a
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 503RB
UT WOS:000172813300046
PM 11780063
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rao, H
   Uhlmann, F
   Nasmyth, K
   Varshavsky, A
AF Rao, H
   Uhlmann, F
   Nasmyth, K
   Varshavsky, A
TI Degradation of a cohesin subunit by the N-end rule pathway is essential for chromosome stability
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sister-chromatid separation; protein; centromeres; proteolysis; cleavage
AB Cohesion between sister chromatids is established during DNA replication and depends on a protein complex called cohesin(1-7). At the metaphase-anaphase transition in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the ESP1-encoded protease separin cleaves SCC1, a subunit of cohesin with a relative molecular mass of 63,000 (M-r 63K)(8). The resulting 33K carboxy-terminal fragment of SCC1 bears an amino-terminal arginine-a destabilizing residue in the N-end rule(9). Here we show that the SCC1 fragment is short-lived (t(1/2) approximate to 2 min), being degraded by the ubiquitin/proteasome-dependent N-end rule pathway. Overexpression of a long-lived derivative of the SCC1 fragment is lethal. In ubr1 Delta cells, which lack the N-end rule pathway(9), we found a highly increased frequency of chromosome loss. The bulk of increased chromosome loss in ubr1 Delta cells is caused by metabolic stabilization of the ESP1-produced SCC1 fragment. This fragment is the first physiological substrate of the N-end rule pathway that is targeted through its N-terminal residue. A number of yeast proteins bear putative cleavage sites for the ESP1 separin, suggesting other physiological substrates and functions of the N-end rule pathway.
C1 CALTECH, Div Biol, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   Imperial Canc Res Fund, London WC2A 3PX, England.
   Res Inst Mol Pathol, A-1030 Vienna, Austria.
C3 California Institute of Technology; Cancer Research UK; Vienna Biocenter (VBC); Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP)
RP Varshavsky, A (corresponding author), CALTECH, Div Biol, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
EM avarsh@caltech.edu
NR 26
TC 238
Z9 283
U1 0
U2 18
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 19
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6831
BP 955
EP 959
DI 10.1038/35073627
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 423AG
UT WOS:000168152300053
PM 11309624
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bolnick, DI
AF Bolnick, DI
TI Intraspecific competition favours niche width expansion in Drosophila melanogaster
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sympatric speciation; genetic-basis; trade-off; environment; evolution; polymorphism; resistance; selection
AB Ecologists have proposed that when interspecific competition is reduced, competition within a species becomes a potent evolutionary force leading to rapid diversification(1). This view reflects the observation that populations invading species-poor communities frequently evolve broader niches(2). Niche expansion can be associated with an increase in phenotypic variance(3,4) (known as character release(5)), with the evolution of polymorphisms(6-9), or with divergence into many species using distinct resources(10-13) (adaptive radiation). The relationship between intraspecific competition and diversification is known from theory(14,15), and has been used as the foundation for some models of speciation(16-20). However, there has been little empirical proof that niches evolve in response to intraspecific competition. To test this hypothesis, I introduced cadmium-intolerant Drosophila melanogaster populations to environments containing both cadmium-free and cadmium-laced resources. Here I show that populations experiencing high competition adapted to cadmium more rapidly than low competition populations. This provides experimental confirmation that competition in a population can drive niche expansion onto new resources for which competition is less severe.
C1 Univ Calif Davis, Ctr Populat Biol, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Davis
RP Bolnick, DI (corresponding author), Univ Calif Davis, Ctr Populat Biol, Storer Hall, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
EM dibolnick@ucdavis.edu
NR 30
TC 196
Z9 235
U1 4
U2 131
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 22
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6827
BP 463
EP 466
DI 10.1038/35068555
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 412YX
UT WOS:000167583800040
PM 11260712
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cywes, C
   Wessels, MR
AF Cywes, C
   Wessels, MR
TI Group A Streptococcus tissue invasion by CD44-mediated cell signalling
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hyaluronic-acid capsule; cd44 interaction; m protein; keratinocytes; receptor; binding; rac1; skin
AB Streptococcus pyogenes (also known as group A Streptococcus, GAS), the agent of streptococcal sore throat and invasive soft-tissue infections, attaches to human pharyngeal or skin epithelial cells through specific recognition of its hyaluronic acid capsular polysaccharide by the hyaluronic-acid-binding protein CD44 (refs 1, 2). Because ligation of CD44 by hyaluronic acid can induce epithelial cell movement on extracellular matrix(3-5), we investigated whether molecular mimicry by the GAS hyaluronic acid capsule might induce similar cellular responses. Here we show that CD44-dependent GAS binding to polarized monolayers of human keratinocytes induced marked cytoskeletal rearrangements manifested by membrane ruffling and disruption of intercellular junctions. Transduction of the signal induced by GAS binding to CD44 on the keratinocyte surface involved Rac1 and the cytoskeleton linker protein ezrin, as well as tyrosine phosphorylation of cellular proteins. Studies of bacterial translocation in two models of human skin indicated that cell signalling triggered by interaction of the GAS capsule with CD44 opened intercellular junctions and promoted tissue penetration by GAS through a paracellular route. These results support a model of host cytoskeleton manipulation and tissue invasion by an extracellular bacterial pathogen.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Brigham & Womens Hosp, Channing Lab, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Childrens Hosp, Div Infect Dis, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Brigham & Women's Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; Harvard Medical School
RP Wessels, MR (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Brigham & Womens Hosp, Channing Lab, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
EM mwessels@channing.harvard.edu
NR 22
TC 177
Z9 216
U1 1
U2 32
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 6
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6864
BP 648
EP 652
DI 10.1038/414648a
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 498WB
UT WOS:000172535600050
PM 11740562
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Deslys, JP
   Comoy, E
   Hawkins, S
   Simon, S
   Schimmel, H
   Wells, G
   Grassi, J
   Moynagh, J
AF Deslys, JP
   Comoy, E
   Hawkins, S
   Simon, S
   Schimmel, H
   Wells, G
   Grassi, J
   Moynagh, J
TI Public health - Screening slaughtered cattle for BSE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 CEA, Serv Neurovirol, DRM DSV, F-92265 Fontenay Aux Roses, France.
   Biorad Life Sci Labs, Hercules, CA 94547 USA.
   Vet Labs Agcy, Addlestone KT15 3NB, Surrey, England.
   CEA, Serv Pharmacol & Immunol, DRM DSV, Saclay, France.
   Commiss European Communities, Joint Res Ctr, Inst Reference Mat & Measurements, B-2440 Geel, Belgium.
   Commiss European Communities, Directorate Gen Hlth & Consumer Protect, B-1049 Brussels, Belgium.
C3 CEA; Universite Paris Saclay; Veterinary Laboratories Agency; CEA; European Commission Joint Research Centre; EC JRC Institute for Reference Materials & Measurements (IRMM)
RP Deslys, JP (corresponding author), CEA, Serv Neurovirol, DRM DSV, BP6, F-92265 Fontenay Aux Roses, France.
EM jpdeslys@cea.fr
NR 5
TC 68
Z9 76
U1 0
U2 6
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 25
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6819
BP 476
EP 478
DI 10.1038/35054134
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 395FW
UT WOS:000166570500036
PM 11206535
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bessereau, JL
   Wright, A
   Williams, DC
   Schuske, K
   Davis, MW
   Jorgensen, EM
AF Bessereau, JL
   Wright, A
   Williams, DC
   Schuske, K
   Davis, MW
   Jorgensen, EM
TI Mobilization of a Drosophila transposon in the Caenorhabditis elegans germ line
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID c-elegans; mariner; expression; element; gene; sequence; encodes; mos1; tc3
AB Transposons have been enormously useful for genetic analysis in both Drosophila and bacteria. Mutagenic insertions constitute molecular tags that are used to rapidly clone the mutated gene. Such techniques would be especially advantageous in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, as the entire sequence of the genome has been determined. Several different types of endogenous transposons are present in C. elegans, and these can be mobilized in mutator strains (reviewed in ref. 1). Unfortunately, use of these native transposons for regulated transposition in C. elegans is limited. First, all strains contain multiple copies of these transposons and thus new insertions do not provide unique tags. Second, mutator strains tend to activate the transposition of several classes of transposons, so that the type of transposon associated with a particular mutation is not known. Here we demonstrate that the Drosophila mariner element Mos1 can be mobilized in C. elegans. First, efficient mobilization of Mos1 is possible in somatic cells. Second, heritable insertions of the transposon can be generated in the germ line. Third, genes that have been mutated by insertion can be rapidly identified using inverse polymerase chain reaction. Fourth, these insertions can subsequently be remobilized to generate deletion and frameshift mutations by imperfect excision.
C1 Univ Utah, Dept Biol, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA.
C3 Utah System of Higher Education; University of Utah
RP Jorgensen, EM (corresponding author), Univ Utah, Dept Biol, 257 S 1400 E, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA.
EM jorgensen@biology.utah.edu
NR 24
TC 111
Z9 141
U1 0
U2 11
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 6
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6851
BP 70
EP 74
DI 10.1038/35092567
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 469EG
UT WOS:000170801200040
PM 11544527
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lindsay, EA
   Vitelli, F
   Su, H
   Morishima, M
   Huynh, T
   Pramparo, T
   Jurecic, V
   Ogunrinu, G
   Sutherland, HF
   Scambler, PJ
   Bradley, A
   Baldini, A
AF Lindsay, EA
   Vitelli, F
   Su, H
   Morishima, M
   Huynh, T
   Pramparo, T
   Jurecic, V
   Ogunrinu, G
   Sutherland, HF
   Scambler, PJ
   Bradley, A
   Baldini, A
TI Tbx1 haploinsufficiency in the DiGeorge syndrome region causes aortic arch defects in mice
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID holt-oram syndrome; chromosomal region; 22q11 deletion; no overlap; gene; mouse; mutations; brachyury; deficient; family
AB DiGeorge syndrome is characterized by cardiovascular, thymus and parathyroid defects and craniofacial anomalies, and is usually caused by a heterozygous deletion of chromosomal region 22q11.2 (del22q11) (ref. 1). A targeted, heterozygous deletion, named Df(16)1, encompassing around 1 megabase of the homologous region in mouse causes cardiovascular abnormalities characteristic of the human disease(2). Here we have used a combination of chromosome engineering and P1 artificial chromosome transgenesis to localize the haploinsufficient gene in the region, Tbx1. We show that Tbx1, a member of the T-box transcription factor family, is required for normal development of the pharyngeal arch arteries in a gene dosage-dependent manner. Deletion of one copy of Tbx1 affects the development of the fourth pharyngeal arch arteries, whereas homozygous mutation severely disrupts the pharyngeal arch artery system. Our data show that haploinsufficiency of Tbx1 is sufficient to generate at least one important component of the DiGeorge syndrome phenotype in mice, and demonstrate the suitability of the mouse for the genetic dissection of microdeletion syndromes.
C1 Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat Cardiol, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Baylor Coll Med, Dept Mol & Human Genet, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Univ Miami, Sch Med, Miami, FL 33136 USA.
   Univ Texas, MD Anderson Canc Ctr, Dept Mol Genet, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Inst Child Hlth, London WC1N, England.
   Sanger Ctr, Cambridge CB10 1S, England.
   Howard Hughes Med Inst, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
C3 Baylor College of Medicine; Baylor College of Medicine; University of Miami; University of Texas System; UTMD Anderson Cancer Center; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
RP Baldini, A (corresponding author), Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat Cardiol, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
NR 26
TC 744
Z9 849
U1 0
U2 25
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 1
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6824
BP 97
EP 101
DI 10.1038/35065105
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 406BD
UT WOS:000167194300050
PM 11242049
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Haile-Selassie, Y
AF Haile-Selassie, Y
TI Late Miocene hominids from the Middle Awash, Ethiopia
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID australopithecus-afarensis; hominoids; lothagam; sequence; rift
AB Molecular studies suggest that the lineages leading to humans and chimpanzees diverged approximately 6.5-5.5 million years (Myr) ago, in the Late Miocene(1-3). Hominid fossils from this interval, however, are fragmentary and of uncertain phylogenetic status, age, or both(4-6). Here I report new hominid specimens from the Middle Awash area of Ethiopia that date to 5.2-5.8 Myr and are associated with a wooded palaeoenvironment(7). These Late Miocene fossils are assigned to the hominid genus Ardipithecus and represent the earliest definitive evidence of the hominid clade. Derived dental characters are shared exclusively with all younger hominids. This indicates that the fossils probably represent a hominid taxon that postdated the divergence of lineages leading to modern chimpanzees and humans. However, the persistence of primitive dental and postcranial characters in these new fossils indicates that Ardipithecus was phylogenetically close to the common ancestor of chimpanzees and humans. These new findings raise additional questions about the claimed hominid status of Orrorin tugenensis(8), recently described from Kenya and dated to similar to6 Myr(9).
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Integrat Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Human Evolut Studies Lab, Museum Vertebrate Zool, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California System; University of California Berkeley
RP Haile-Selassie, Y (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Integrat Biol, 3060 VLSB, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
NR 15
TC 306
Z9 366
U1 0
U2 67
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 12
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6843
BP 178
EP 181
DI 10.1038/35084063
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 451AJ
UT WOS:000169778700050
PM 11449272
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Madsen, O
   Scally, M
   Douady, CJ
   Kao, DJ
   DeBry, RW
   Adkins, R
   Amrine, HM
   Stanhope, MJ
   de Jong, WW
   Springer, MS
AF Madsen, O
   Scally, M
   Douady, CJ
   Kao, DJ
   DeBry, RW
   Adkins, R
   Amrine, HM
   Stanhope, MJ
   de Jong, WW
   Springer, MS
TI Parallel adaptive radiations in two major clades of placental mammals
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID molecular sequences; eutherian mammals; divergence; tree; phylogeny; evolution; origins
AB Higher level relationships among placental mammals, as well as the historical biogeography and morphological diversification of this group, remain unclear(1-3). Here we analyse independent molecular data sets, having aligned lengths of DNA of 5,708 and 2,947 base pairs, respectively, for all orders of placental mammals. Phylogenetic analyses resolve placental orders into four groups: Xenarthra, Afrotheria, Laurasiatheria, and Euarchonta plus Glires. The first three groups are consistently monophyletic with different methods of analysis. Euarchonta plus Glires is monophyletic or paraphyletic depending on the phylogenetic method. A unique nine-base-pair deletion in exon 11 of the BRCA1 gene provides additional support for the monophyly of Afrotheria, which includes proboscideans, sirenians, hyracoids, tubulidentates, macroscelideans, chrysochlorids and tenrecids. Laurasiatheria contains cetartiodactyls, perissodactyls, carnivores, pangolins, bats and eulipotyphlan insectivores. Parallel adaptive radiations have occurred within Laurasiatheria and Afrotheria. In each group, there are aquatic, ungulate and insectivore-like forms.
C1 Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Biol, Riverside, CA 92521 USA.
   Univ Nijmegen, Dept Biochem, NL-6500 HB Nijmegen, Netherlands.
   Queens Univ Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, Antrim, North Ireland.
   Univ Cincinnati, Dept Biol Sci, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA.
   Univ Massachusetts, Dept Biol, Amherst, MA 01003 USA.
   Univ Calif Riverside, Grad Grp Genet, Riverside, CA 92521 USA.
   SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceut, Collegeville, PA 19426 USA.
   Inst Biodivers & Ecosyst Dynam, NL-1090 GT Amsterdam, Netherlands.
C3 University of California System; University of California Riverside; Radboud University Nijmegen; Queens University Belfast; University System of Ohio; University of Cincinnati; University of Massachusetts System; University of Massachusetts Amherst; University of California System; University of California Riverside; GlaxoSmithKline; Glaxosmithkline USA; University of Amsterdam
RP Springer, MS (corresponding author), Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Biol, Riverside, CA 92521 USA.
NR 28
TC 535
Z9 589
U1 1
U2 135
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 1
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6820
BP 610
EP 614
DI 10.1038/35054544
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 397JJ
UT WOS:000166692300042
PM 11214318
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fong, YW
   Zhou, Q
AF Fong, YW
   Zhou, Q
TI Stimulatory effect of splicing factors on transcriptional elongation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rna-polymerase-ii; small nuclear ribonucleoprotein; c-terminal domain; hiv-1 tat; p-tefb; tat-sf1; purification; affinity; protein; u2
AB Transcription and pre-mRNA splicing are tightly coupled gene expression events in eukaryotic cells(1,2). An interaction between the carboxy-terminal domain of the largest subunit of RNA polymerase (Pol) II and components of the splicing machinery is postulated to mediate this coupling(3-5). Here, we show that splicing factors function directly to promote transcriptional elongation, demonstrating that transcription is more intimately coupled to splicing than previously thought. The spliceosomal U small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs) interact with human transcription elongation factor TAT-SF1 (refs 6-9) and strongly stimulate polymerase elongation when directed to an intron-free human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) template. This effect is likely to be mediated through the binding of TAT-SF1 to elongation factor P-TEFb(10), a proposed component of the transcription elongation complex(11,12). Inclusion of splicing signals in the nascent transcript further stimulates transcription, supporting the notion that the recruitment of U snRNPs near the elongating polymerase is important for transcription. Because the TAT-SF1-UsnRNP complex also stimulates splicing in vitro, it may serve as a dual-function factor to couple transcription and splicing and to facilitate their reciprocal activation.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley
RP Zhou, Q (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, 229 Stanley Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
NR 30
TC 279
Z9 359
U1 0
U2 17
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 20
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6866
BP 929
EP 933
DI 10.1038/414929a
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 503RB
UT WOS:000172813300051
PM 11780068
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gadjourova, Z
   Andreev, YG
   Tunstall, DP
   Bruce, PG
AF Gadjourova, Z
   Andreev, YG
   Tunstall, DP
   Bruce, PG
TI Ionic conductivity in crystalline polymer electrolytes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nuclear-magnetic-resonance; solid electrolytes; poly(ethylene oxide); battery
AB Polymer electrolytes are the subject of intensive study, in part because of their potential use as the electrolyte in all-solid-state rechargeable lithium batteries(1). These materials are formed by dissolving a salt (for example LiI) in a solid host polymer such as poly(ethylene oxide) (refs 2-6), and may be prepared as both crystalline and amorphous phases. Conductivity in polymer electrolytes has long been viewed as confined to the amorphous phase above the glass transition temperature, T-g, where polymer chain motion creates a dynamic, disordered environment that plays a critical role in facilitating ion transport(2,3,7-9). Here we show that, in contrast to this prevailing view, ionic conductivity in the static, ordered environment of the crystalline phase can be greater than that in the equivalent amorphous material above T-g. Moreover, we demonstrate that ion transport in crystalline polymer electrolytes can be dominated by the cations, whereas both ions are generally mobile in the amorphous phase(10). Restriction of mobility to the lithium cation is advantageous for battery applications. The realization that order can promote ion transport in polymers is interesting in the context of electronically conducting polymers, where crystallinity favours electron transport(11,12).
C1 Univ St Andrews, Sch Phys & Astron, St Andrews KY16 9SS, Fife, Scotland.
   Univ St Andrews, Sch Chem, St Andrews KY16 9ST, Fife, Scotland.
C3 University of St Andrews; University of St Andrews
RP Bruce, PG (corresponding author), Univ St Andrews, Sch Phys & Astron, St Andrews KY16 9SS, Fife, Scotland.
NR 28
TC 903
Z9 1038
U1 24
U2 845
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 2
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6846
BP 520
EP 523
DI 10.1038/35087538
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 458PC
UT WOS:000170202900040
PM 11484048
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Malek, NP
   Sundberg, H
   McGrew, S
   Nakayama, K
   Kyriakidis, TR
   Roberts, JM
AF Malek, NP
   Sundberg, H
   McGrew, S
   Nakayama, K
   Kyriakidis, TR
   Roberts, JM
TI A mouse knock-in model exposes sequential proteolytic pathways that regulate p27Kip1 in G1 and S phase
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID kinase inhibitor p27(kip1); cell-cycle; f-box; p27; myc; accumulation; degradation; complex; ubiquitination; progression
AB The protein p27(Kip1) is an inhibitor of cell division(1). An increase in p27 causes proliferating cells to exit from the cell cycle, and a decrease in p27 is necessary for quiescent cells to resume division(2,3). Abnormally low amounts of p27 are associated with pathological states of excessive cell proliferation, especially cancers(4-8). In normal and tumour cells, p27 is regulated primarily at the level of translation(9-11) and protein turnover. Phosphorylation of p27 on threonine 187 (T187) by cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (Cdk2) is thought to initiate the major pathway for p27 proteolysis(12-15). To critically test the importance of this pathway in vivo, we replaced the murine p27 gene with one that encoded alanine instead of threonine at position 187 (p27(T187A)). Here we show that cells expressing p27(T187A) were unable to downregulate p27 during the S and G2 phases of the cell cycle, but that this had a surprisingly modest effect on cell proliferation both in vitro and in vivo. Our efforts to explain this unexpected result led to the discovery of a second proteolytic pathway for controlling p27, one that is activated by mitogens and degrades p27 exclusively during G1.
C1 Fred Hutchinson Canc Res Ctr, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Seattle, WA 98104 USA.
   Fred Hutchinson Canc Res Ctr, Dept Basic Sci, Seattle, WA 98104 USA.
   Kyushu Univ, Med Inst Bioregulat, Lab Embryon & Genet Engn, Fukuoka 8128582, Japan.
   Univ Washington, Dept Biochem, Seattle, WA 98104 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center; Kyushu University; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle
RP Roberts, JM (corresponding author), Fred Hutchinson Canc Res Ctr, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Seattle, WA 98104 USA.
NR 30
TC 228
Z9 271
U1 0
U2 6
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 20
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6853
BP 323
EP 327
DI 10.1038/35095083
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 473KB
UT WOS:000171040500042
PM 11565035
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Brandstetter, H
   Kim, JS
   Groll, M
   Huber, R
AF Brandstetter, H
   Kim, JS
   Groll, M
   Huber, R
TI Crystal structure of the tricorn protease reveals a protein disassembly line
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID inhibitor
AB The degradation of cytosolic proteins is carried out predominantly by the proteasome, which generates peptides of 7-9 amino acids long(1). These products need further processing. Recently, a proteolytic system was identified in the model organism Thermoplasma acidophilum that performs this processing(2,3). The hexameric core protein of this modular system, referred to as tricorn protease, is a 720K protease that is able to assemble further into a giant icosahedral capsid, as determined by electron microscopy(4). Here, we present the crystal structure of the tricorn protease at 2.0 Angstrom resolution. The structure reveals a complex mosaic protein whereby five domains combine to form one of six subunits, which further assemble to form the 3-2-symmetric core protein. The structure shows how the individual domains coordinate the specific steps of substrate processing, including channelling of the substrate to, and the product from, the catalytic site. Moreover, the structure shows how accessory protein components might contribute to an even more complex protein machinery that efficiently collects the tricorn-released products.
C1 Max Planck Inst Biochem, Abt Strukturforsch, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany.
C3 Max Planck Society
RP Brandstetter, H (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Biochem, Abt Strukturforsch, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany.
EM hbs@biochem.mpg.de
NR 20
TC 82
Z9 95
U1 0
U2 6
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 22
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6862
BP 466
EP 470
DI 10.1038/35106609
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 494UP
UT WOS:000172304500048
PM 11719810
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Podos, J
AF Podos, J
TI Correlated evolution of morphology and vocal signal structure in Darwin's finches
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID speciation; selection; song; phylogeny; tract; responses; movements; birdsong; sparrows
AB Speciation in many animal taxa is catalysed by the evolutionary diversification of mating signals(1). According to classical theories of speciation, mating signals diversify, in part, as an incidental byproduct of adaptation by natural selection to divergent ecologies(2,3), although empirical evidence in support of this hypothesis has been limited(4-6). Here I show, in Darwin's finches of the Galapagos Islands, that diversification of beak morphology and body size has shaped patterns of vocal signal evolution, such that birds with large beaks and body sizes have evolved songs with comparatively low rates of syllable repetition and narrow frequency bandwidths. The converse is true for small birds. Patterns of correlated evolution among morphology and song are consistent with the hypothesis that beak morphology constrains vocal evolution, with different beak morphologies differentially limiting a bird's ability to modulate vocal tract configurations during song production. These data illustrate how morphological adaptation may drive signal evolution and reproductive isolation, and furthermore identify a possible cause for rapid speciation in Darwin's finches.
C1 Univ Arizona, Dept Ecol & Evolut Biol, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
C3 University of Arizona
RP Podos, J (corresponding author), Univ Arizona, Dept Ecol & Evolut Biol, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
NR 30
TC 595
Z9 724
U1 3
U2 381
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 11
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6817
BP 185
EP 188
DI 10.1038/35051570
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 390UV
UT WOS:000166316200042
PM 11196640
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Knee, LBG
   Brunt, CM
AF Knee, LBG
   Brunt, CM
TI A massive cloud of cold atomic hydrogen in the outer Galaxy
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID h-i; molecular clouds; milky-way; temperatures; supershells; shells
AB A large fraction of the mass of the interstellar medium in our Galaxy is in the form of warm (10(3)-10(4) K) and cool (50-100 K) atomic hydrogen (H I) gas(1). Cold (10-30 K) regions are thought to be dominated by dense clouds of molecular hydrogen(2). Cold H I is difficult to observe, and therefore our knowledge of its abundance and distribution in the interstellar medium is poor. The few known clouds of cold H I are much smaller in size and mass than typical molecular clouds 3-5. Here we report the discovery that the H I supershell GSH139-03-69 is very cold (10 K). It is about 2 kiloparsecs in size and as massive as the largest molecular complexes(6). The existence of such an immense structure composed of cold atomic hydrogen in the interstellar medium runs counter to the prevailing view that cold gas resides almost exclusively in clouds dominated by molecular hydrogen.
C1 Natl Res Council Canada, Herzberg Inst Astrophys, Dominion Radio Astrophys Observ, Penticton, BC V2A 6K3, Canada.
   Univ Calgary, Dept Phys & Astron, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
C3 National Research Council Canada; University of Calgary
RP Knee, LBG (corresponding author), Natl Res Council Canada, Herzberg Inst Astrophys, Dominion Radio Astrophys Observ, POB 248, Penticton, BC V2A 6K3, Canada.
EM lewis.knee@nrc.ca
NR 26
TC 43
Z9 46
U1 0
U2 2
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 19
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6844
BP 308
EP 310
DI 10.1038/35085519
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 453LW
UT WOS:000169918200038
PM 11460155
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lu, BW
   Roegiers, F
   Jan, LY
   Jan, YN
AF Lu, BW
   Roegiers, F
   Jan, LY
   Jan, YN
TI Adherens junctions inhibit asymmetric division in the Drosophila epithelium
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID genetic interference; cell divisions; protein; bazooka; localization; orientation; neuroblasts; selection; prospero; pathway
AB Asymmetric division is a fundamental mechanism for generating cellular diversity. In the central nervous system of Drosophila, neural progenitor cells called neuroblasts undergo asymmetric division along the apical-basal cellular axis(1,2). Neuroblasts originate from neuroepithelial cells, which are polarized along the apical-basal axis and divide symmetrically along the planar axis. The asymmetry of neuroblasts might arise from neuroblast-specific expression of the proteins required for asymmetric division. Alternatively, both neuroblasts and neuroepithelial cells could be capable of dividing asymmetrically, but in neuroepithelial cells other polarity cues might prevent asymmetric division. Here we show that by disrupting adherens junctions we can convert the symmetric epithelial division into asymmetric division. We further confirm that the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) tumour suppressor protein is recruited to adherens junctions(3), and demonstrate that both APC and microtubule-associated EB1 homologues(3-5) are required for the symmetric epithelial division along the planar axis. Our results indicate that neuroepithelial cells have all the necessary components to execute asymmetric division, but that this pathway is normally overridden by the planar polarity cue provided by adherens junctions.
C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Howard Hughes Med Inst, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Physiol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Biochem, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco
RP Jan, YN (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Francisco, Howard Hughes Med Inst, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
NR 30
TC 209
Z9 235
U1 0
U2 12
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 25
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6819
BP 522
EP 525
DI 10.1038/35054077
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 395FW
UT WOS:000166570500050
PM 11206549
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Loveday, JS
   Nelmes, RJ
   Guthrie, M
   Belmonte, SA
   Allan, DR
   Klug, DD
   Tse, JS
   Handa, YP
AF Loveday, JS
   Nelmes, RJ
   Guthrie, M
   Belmonte, SA
   Allan, DR
   Klug, DD
   Tse, JS
   Handa, YP
TI Stable methane hydrate above 2 GPa and the source of Titan's atmospheric methane
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID high-pressure; clathrate; diffraction; system
AB Methane hydrate is thought to have been the dominant methane-containing phase in the nebula from which Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and their major moons formed(1). It accordingly plays an important role in formation models of Titan, Saturn's largest moon. Current understanding(1,2) assumes that methane hydrate dissociates into ice and free methane in the pressure range 1-2 GPa (10-20 kbar), consistent with some theoretical(3) and experimental(4,5) studies. But such pressure-induced dissociation would have led to the early loss of methane from Titan's interior to its atmosphere, where it would rapidly have been destroyed by photochemical processes(6,7). This is difficult to reconcile with the observed presence of significant amounts of methane in Titan's present atmosphere. Here we report neutron and synchrotron X-ray diffraction studies that determine the thermodynamic behaviour of methane hydrate at pressures up to 10 GPa. We rnd structural transitions at about 1 and 2 GPa to new hydrate phases which remain stable to at least 10 GPa. This implies that the methane in the primordial core of Titan remained in stable hydrate phases throughout differentiation, eventually forming a layer of methane clathrate approximately 100 km thick within the ice mantle. This layer is a plausible source for the continuing replenishment of Titan's atmospheric methane.
C1 Univ Edinburgh, Dept Phys & Astron, Edinburgh EH9 3JZ, Midlothian, Scotland.
   Natl Res Council Canada, Steacie Inst Mol Sci, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada.
C3 University of Edinburgh; National Research Council Canada
RP Loveday, JS (corresponding author), Univ Edinburgh, Dept Phys & Astron, Mayfield Rd, Edinburgh EH9 3JZ, Midlothian, Scotland.
NR 24
TC 278
Z9 292
U1 0
U2 85
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 5
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6829
BP 661
EP 663
DI 10.1038/35070513
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 418DJ
UT WOS:000167875400038
PM 11287946
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Berry, N
   Davis, C
   Jenkins, A
   Wood, D
   Minor, P
   Schild, G
   Bottiger, M
   Holmes, H
   Almond, N
AF Berry, N
   Davis, C
   Jenkins, A
   Wood, D
   Minor, P
   Schild, G
   Bottiger, M
   Holmes, H
   Almond, N
TI Vaccine safety - Analysis of oral polio vaccine CHAT stocks
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID origin; aids
C1 Natl Inst Biol Stand & Controls, Div Retrovirol, Potters Bar EN6 3QG, Herts, England.
   Natl Inst Biol Stand & Controls, Div Virol, Potters Bar EN6 3QG, Herts, England.
   Karolinska Inst, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
C3 National Institute for Biological Standards & Control; National Institute for Biological Standards & Control; Karolinska Institutet
RP Berry, N (corresponding author), Natl Inst Biol Stand & Controls, Div Retrovirol, Blanche Lane, Potters Bar EN6 3QG, Herts, England.
NR 7
TC 20
Z9 28
U1 0
U2 6
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 26
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6832
BP 1046
EP 1047
DI 10.1038/35074176
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 425HQ
UT WOS:000168285500034
PM 11323658
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Douglas, S
   Zauner, S
   Fraunholz, M
   Beaton, M
   Penny, S
   Deng, LT
   Wu, XN
   Reith, M
   Cavalier-Smith, T
   Maier, UG
AF Douglas, S
   Zauner, S
   Fraunholz, M
   Beaton, M
   Penny, S
   Deng, LT
   Wu, XN
   Reith, M
   Cavalier-Smith, T
   Maier, UG
TI The highly reduced genome of an enslaved algal nucleus
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID eukaryotic genome; plastid genome; red algae; nucleomorph; evolution; cryptomonads; chloroplasts; transport; chimeras; protein
AB Chromophyte algae differ fundamentally from plants in possessing chloroplasts that contain chlorophyll c and that have a more complex bounding-membrane topology(1). Although chromophytes are known to be evolutionary chimaeras of a red alga and a non-photosynthetic host(1), which gave rise to their exceptional membrane complexity, their cell biology is poorly understood. Cryptomonads are the only chromophytes that still retain the enslaved red algal nucleus as a minute nucleomorph(2-4). Here we report complete sequences for all three nucleomorph chromosomes from the cryptomonad Guillardia theta. This tiny 551-kilobase eukaryotic genome is the most gene-dense known, with only 17 diminutive spliceosomal introns and 44 overlapping genes. Marked evolutionary compaction hundreds of millions of years ago(1,4,5) eliminated nearly all the nucleomorph genes for metabolic functions, but left 30 for chloroplast-located proteins. To allow expression of these proteins, nucleomorphs retain hundreds of genetic-housekeeping genes(5). Nucleomorph DNA replication and periplastid protein synthesis require the import of many nuclear gene products across endoplasmic reticulum and periplastid membranes. The chromosomes have centromeres, but possibly only one loop domain, offering a means for studying eukaryotic chromosome replication, segregation and evolution.
C1 Univ British Columbia, Dept Bot, Canadian Inst Adv Res, Program Evolutionary Biol, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
   Univ Marburg, D-35032 Marburg, Germany.
   Natl Res Council Canada, Inst Marine Biosci, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada.
   Canadian Inst Adv Res, Program Evolutionary Biol, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada.
C3 Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR); University of British Columbia; Philipps University Marburg; National Research Council Canada; International Business Machines (IBM); IBM Canada; Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR)
RP Cavalier-Smith, T (corresponding author), Univ British Columbia, Dept Bot, Canadian Inst Adv Res, Program Evolutionary Biol, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
EM tom.cavalier-smith@zoo.ox.ac.uk
NR 30
TC 356
Z9 406
U1 1
U2 48
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 26
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6832
BP 1091
EP 1096
DI 10.1038/35074092
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 425HQ
UT WOS:000168285500047
PM 11323671
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rietze, RL
   Valcanis, H
   Brooker, GF
   Thomas, T
   Voss, AK
   Bartlett, PF
AF Rietze, RL
   Valcanis, H
   Brooker, GF
   Thomas, T
   Voss, AK
   Bartlett, PF
TI Purification of a pluripotent neural stem cell from the adult mouse brain
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID central-nervous-system; mammalian forebrain; in-vivo; neurons; expression; astrocytes; generation; marrow; blood; mcd24
AB The adult mammalian central nervous system (CNS) contains a population of neural stem cells (NSCs)(1-4) with properties said to include the generation of non-neural progeny(5-7). However, the precise identity, location and potential of the NSC in situ remain unclear. We purified NSCs from the adult mouse brain by flow cytometry, and directly examined the cells' properties. Here we show that one type of NSC, which expresses the protein nestin but only low levels of PNA-binding and HSA proteins, is found in both ependymal and subventricular zones and accounts for about 63% of the total NSC activity. Furthermore, the selective depletion of the population of this stem cell in querkopf(8) mutant mice (which are deficient in production of olfactory neurons) suggests that it acts as a major functional stem cell in vivo. Most freshly isolated NSCs, when co-cultured with a muscle cell line, rapidly differentiated in vitro into myocytes that contain myosin heavy chain (MyHC). This demonstrates that a predominant, functional type of stem cell exists in the periventricular region of the adult brain with the intrinsic ability to generate neural and non-neural cells.
C1 Walter & Eliza Hall Inst Med Res, Parkville, Vic 3050, Australia.
   Univ Melbourne, Howard Florey Inst Expt Physiol & Med, Parkville, Vic 3010, Australia.
C3 Walter & Eliza Hall Institute; University of Melbourne; Florey Institute of Neuroscience & Mental Health
RP Bartlett, PF (corresponding author), Walter & Eliza Hall Inst Med Res, Royal Parade, Parkville, Vic 3050, Australia.
EM bartlett@wehi.edu.au
NR 25
TC 536
Z9 626
U1 1
U2 39
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 16
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6848
BP 736
EP 739
DI 10.1038/35089085
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 462ZB
UT WOS:000170450200045
PM 11507641
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Brown, GD
   Gordon, S
AF Brown, GD
   Gordon, S
TI Immune recognition - A new receptor for β-glucans
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID saccharomyces-cerevisiae; phagocytosis; binding
C1 Univ Oxford, Sir William Dunn Sch Pathol, Oxford OX1 3RE, England.
C3 University of Oxford
RP Brown, GD (corresponding author), Univ Oxford, Sir William Dunn Sch Pathol, S Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3RE, England.
EM gbrown@molbiol.ox.ac.uk
NR 11
TC 1338
Z9 1558
U1 7
U2 167
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 6
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6851
BP 36
EP 37
DI 10.1038/35092620
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 469EG
UT WOS:000170801200029
PM 11544516
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ding, ZL
   Fong, RB
   Long, CJ
   Stayton, PS
   Hoffman, AS
AF Ding, ZL
   Fong, RB
   Long, CJ
   Stayton, PS
   Hoffman, AS
TI Size-dependent control of the binding of biotinylated proteins to streptavidin using a polymer shield
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB Many medical and biotechnological processes rely on controlling and manipulating the molecular-recognition capabilities of proteins(1-4). This can be achieved using small molecules capable of competing for protein binding or by changing environmental parameters that affect protein structure and hence binding. An alternative is provided by stimuli-responsive polymers that change reversibly from a water-soluble expanded coil to a water-insoluble collapsed globule upon small changes in temperature, pH or light intensity: when attached to proteins in the vicinity of their binding sites, they reversibly block and release small ligands(1,5-7). Here we show how this approach can be extended to achieve size-selective binding of large, macromolecular ligands. We use the thermally responsive polymer poly(N,N-diethylacrylamide) (PDEAAm), and attach it to the protein streptavidin approximately 20 Angstrom from the binding site for biotinylated proteins. Below the lower critical solution temperature of PDEAAm, the polymer is in its extended state and acts as a 'shield' to block the binding of large biotinylated proteins; above this temperature, it collapses and exposes the binding site, thereby allowing binding. We rnd that the degree of shielding depends on both the size of the biotinylated protein and the size of PDEAAm, suggesting that 'smart' polymer shields could be tailored to achieve a wide range of size-dependent ligand discrimination for use in affinity separations, biosensors and diagnostics technologies.
C1 Univ Washington, Dept Bioengn, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
C3 University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle
RP Hoffman, AS (corresponding author), Univ Washington, Dept Bioengn, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
NR 10
TC 227
Z9 258
U1 0
U2 68
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 3
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6833
BP 59
EP 62
DI 10.1038/35075028
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 427XY
UT WOS:000168432800041
PM 11333975
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ball, P
AF Ball, P
TI It all falls into place...
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 6
TC 20
Z9 26
U1 0
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 18
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6857
BP 667
EP 668
DI 10.1038/35099593
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 482ZK
UT WOS:000171608000014
PM 11606990
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Peretz, D
   Williamson, RA
   Kaneko, K
   Vergara, J
   Leclerc, E
   Schmitt-Ulms, G
   Mehlhorn, IR
   Legname, G
   Wormald, MR
   Rudd, PM
   Dwek, RA
   Burton, DR
   Prusiner, SB
AF Peretz, D
   Williamson, RA
   Kaneko, K
   Vergara, J
   Leclerc, E
   Schmitt-Ulms, G
   Mehlhorn, IR
   Legname, G
   Wormald, MR
   Rudd, PM
   Dwek, RA
   Burton, DR
   Prusiner, SB
TI Antibodies inhibit prion propagation and clear cell cultures of prion infectivity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dominant-negative inhibition; monoclonal-antibody; hamster prp; protein prp; scrapie; conversion; replication; pathology; model
AB Prions are the transmissible pathogenic agents responsible for diseases such as scrapie and bovine spongiform encephalopathy. In the favoured model of prion replication, direct interaction between the pathogenic prion protein (PrPSc) template and endogenous cellular prion protein (PrPC) is proposed to drive the formation of nascent infectious prions(1,2). Reagents specifically binding either prion-protein conformer may interrupt prion production by inhibiting this interaction. We examined the ability of several recombinant antibody antigen-binding fragments (Fabs) to inhibit prion propagation in cultured mouse neuroblastoma cells (ScN2a) infected with PrPSc. Here we show that antibodies binding cell-surface PrPC inhibit PrPSc formation in a dose-dependent manner. In cells treated with the most potent antibody, Fab D18, prion replication is abolished and pre-existing PrPSc is rapidly cleared, suggesting that this antibody may cure established infection. The potent activity of Fab D18 is associated with its ability to better recognize the total population of PrPC molecules on the cell surface, and with the location of its epitope on PrPC. Our observations support the use of antibodies in the prevention and treatment of prion diseases and identify a region of PrPC for drug targeting.
C1 Scripps Res Inst, Dept Immunol, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Scripps Res Inst, Dept Mol Biol, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Inst Neurodegenerat Dis, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Neurol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Biochem & Biophys, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Oxford, Dept Biochem, Glycobiol Inst, Oxford OX1 3QU, England.
C3 Scripps Research Institute; Scripps Research Institute; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of Oxford
RP Williamson, RA (corresponding author), Scripps Res Inst, Dept Immunol, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
EM anthony@scripps.edu; burton@scripps.edu
NR 29
TC 446
Z9 514
U1 0
U2 35
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 16
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6848
BP 739
EP 743
DI 10.1038/35089090
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 462ZB
UT WOS:000170450200046
PM 11507642
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schlein, Y
   Jacobson, RL
AF Schlein, Y
   Jacobson, RL
TI Parasitic infection -: Hunger tolerance and Leishmania in sandflies
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID phlebotomus-papatasi; vector
C1 Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Hadassah Med Sch, Dept Parasitol, IL-91120 Jerusalem, Israel.
C3 Hebrew University of Jerusalem
RP Schlein, Y (corresponding author), Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Hadassah Med Sch, Dept Parasitol, POB 12272, IL-91120 Jerusalem, Israel.
NR 11
TC 12
Z9 13
U1 1
U2 12
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 8
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6860
BP 168
EP 168
DI 10.1038/35102679
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 490AY
UT WOS:000172029100035
PM 11700547
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Acremann, Y
   Buess, M
   Back, CH
   Dumm, M
   Bayreuther, G
   Pescia, D
AF Acremann, Y
   Buess, M
   Back, CH
   Dumm, M
   Bayreuther, G
   Pescia, D
TI Ultrafast generation of magnetic fields in a Schottky diode
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID multilayer; excitation; injection; reversal; dynamics; films
AB For the development of future magnetic data storage technologies, the ultrafast generation of local magnetic fields is essential. Subnanosecond excitation of the magnetic state has so far been achieved by launching current pulses into micro-coils and micro-striplines(1-6) and by using high-energy electron beams(7). Local injection of a spin-polarized current through an all-metal junction has been proposed as an efficient method of switching magnetic elements(8,9), and experiments seem to confirm this(10-13). Spin injection has also been observed in hybrid ferromagnetic-semiconductor structures(14,15). Here we introduce a different scheme for the ultrafast generation of local magnetic fields in such a hybrid structure. The basis of our approach is to optically pump a Schottky diode with a focused, similar to 150-fs laser pulse. The laser pulse generates a current across the semiconductor-metal junction, which in turn gives rise to an in-plane magnetic field. This scheme combines the localization of current injection techniques(11-13,16) with the speed of current generation at a Schottky barrier. Specific advantages include the ability to rapidly create local fields along any in-plane direction anywhere on the sample, the ability to scan the field over many magnetic elements and the ability to tune the magnitude of the field with the diode bias voltage.
C1 ETH Zurich, Festkorperphys Lab, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
   Univ Regensburg, Inst Expt & Angew Phys, D-93040 Regensburg, Germany.
C3 Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; ETH Zurich; University of Regensburg
RP Pescia, D (corresponding author), ETH Zurich, Festkorperphys Lab, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
NR 22
TC 41
Z9 43
U1 0
U2 37
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 01
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6859
BP 51
EP 54
DI 10.1038/35102026
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 487VC
UT WOS:000171898900037
PM 11689938
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sturm, M
   Racine, C
   Tape, K
AF Sturm, M
   Racine, C
   Tape, K
TI Climate change - Increasing shrub abundance in the Arctic
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 USA, Cold Reg Res & Engn Lab, Ft Wainwright, AK 99703 USA.
   USA, Cold Reg Res & Engn Lab, Hanover, NH 03755 USA.
   Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Inst Geophys, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA.
C3 United States Department of Defense; United States Army; U.S. Army Corps of Engineers; U.S. Army Engineer Research & Development Center (ERDC); Cold Regions Research & Engineering Laboratory (CRREL); United States Department of Defense; United States Army; U.S. Army Corps of Engineers; U.S. Army Engineer Research & Development Center (ERDC); Cold Regions Research & Engineering Laboratory (CRREL); University of Alaska System; University of Alaska Fairbanks
RP Sturm, M (corresponding author), USA, Cold Reg Res & Engn Lab, POB 35170, Ft Wainwright, AK 99703 USA.
NR 13
TC 1036
Z9 1271
U1 8
U2 405
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 31
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6837
BP 546
EP 547
DI 10.1038/35079180
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 437GE
UT WOS:000168982500038
PM 11385559
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Graham, DW
   Lupton, JE
   Spera, FJ
   Christie, DM
AF Graham, DW
   Lupton, JE
   Spera, FJ
   Christie, DM
TI Upper-mantle dynamics revealed by helium isotope variations along the southeast Indian ridge
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID convection; basalts; tracer
AB Helium isotope variations in igneous rocks are important for relating isotopic heterogeneity to convective mixing in the Earth's mantle. High He-3/He-4 ratios at many ocean islands, along with lower and relatively uniform values in mid-ocean-ridge basalts (MORBs), are thought to result from a well mixed upper-mantle source for MORB and a distinct deeper-mantle source for ocean island basalts(1). At finer scales, He-3/He-4 variations along mid-ocean ridges have been related to underlying mantle heterogeneity(2,3), but relationships between the scales of geochemical segmentation and mantle convection remain enigmatic. Here we present helium isotope data for MORB glasses recovered along similar to5,800 km of the southeast Indian ridge, and develop an approach to quantitatively relate spatial variations in geochemical and geophysical parameters at the Earth's surface. A point-to-point correlation analysis reveals structure in the helium isotope data at length scales of similar to 150 and similar to 400 km that appears to be related to secondary convection in the underlying mantle.
C1 Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA.
   NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA.
   Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Geol Sci, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
C3 Oregon State University; National Oceanic Atmospheric Admin (NOAA) - USA; University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara
RP Graham, DW (corresponding author), Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA.
NR 30
TC 41
Z9 44
U1 0
U2 11
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 8
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6821
BP 701
EP 703
DI 10.1038/35055529
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 399MF
UT WOS:000166816400039
PM 11217856
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Orme, CA
   Noy, A
   Wierzbicki, A
   McBride, MT
   Grantham, M
   Teng, HH
   Dove, PM
   DeYoreo, JJ
AF Orme, CA
   Noy, A
   Wierzbicki, A
   McBride, MT
   Grantham, M
   Teng, HH
   Dove, PM
   DeYoreo, JJ
TI Formation of chiral morphologies through selective binding of amino acids to calcite surface steps
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID free-energy; electrostatic potentials; crystal nucleation; aqueous-solution; growth; crystallization; interfaces; solvation; model; diffraction
AB Many living organisms contain biominerals and composites with finely tuned properties, reflecting a remarkable level of control over the nucleation, growth and shape of the constituent crystals(1-6). Peptides and proteins play an important role in achieving this control(1,7,8). But the general view that organic molecules affect mineralization through stereochemical recognition, where geometrical and chemical constraints dictate their binding to a mineral, seems difficult to reconcile(4) with a mechanistic understanding, where crystallization is controlled by thermodynamic and kinetic factors(9). Indeed, traditional crystal growth models emphasize the inhibiting effect of so-called 'modifiers' on surface-step growth, rather than stereochemical matching to newly expressed crystal facets. Here we report in situ atomic force microscope observations and molecular modelling studies of calcite growth in the presence of chiral amino acids that reconcile these two seemingly divergent views. We rnd that enantiomer-specific binding of the amino acids to those surface-step edges that offer the best geometric and chemical rt changes the step-edge free energies, which in turn results in macroscopic crystal shape modifications. Our results emphasize that the mechanism underlying crystal modification through organic molecules is best understood by considering both stereochemical recognition and the effects of binding on the interfacial energies of the growing crystal.
C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Dept Chem & Mat Sci, Livermore, CA 94551 USA.
   Univ S Alabama, Dept Chem, Mobile, AL 36688 USA.
   Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA.
   George Washington Univ, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, Washington, DC 20052 USA.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; University of South Alabama; Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University; George Washington University
RP Orme, CA (corresponding author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Dept Chem & Mat Sci, Livermore, CA 94551 USA.
EM orme1@llnl.gov
NR 34
TC 631
Z9 703
U1 10
U2 368
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 14
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6839
BP 775
EP 779
DI 10.1038/35081034
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 441TV
UT WOS:000169246400042
PM 11459051
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mysterud, A
   Stenseth, NC
   Yoccoz, NG
   Langvatn, R
   Steinheim, G
AF Mysterud, A
   Stenseth, NC
   Yoccoz, NG
   Langvatn, R
   Steinheim, G
TI Nonlinear effects of large-scale climatic variability on wild and domestic herbivores
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID north-atlantic oscillation; red deer; plant phenology; population-dynamics; body-mass; consequences; density; sex
AB Large-scale climatic fluctuations, such as the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO)(1,2), have been shown to affect many ecological processes(3-6). Such effects have been typically assumed to be linear. Only one study has reported a nonlinear relation(7); however, that nonlinear relation was monotonic (that is, no reversal). Here we show that there is a strong nonlinear and non-monotonic (that is, reversed) effect of the NAO on body weight during the subsequent autumn for 23,838 individual wild red deer (Cervus elaphus) and 139,485 individual domestic sheep (Ovis aries) sampled over several decades on the west coast of Norway. These relationships are, at least in part, explained by comparable nonlinear and nonmonotonic relations between the NAO and local climatic variables (temperature, precipitation and snow depth). The similar patterns observed for red deer and sheep, the latter of which live indoors during winter and so experience a stable energy supply in winter, suggest that the (winter) climatic variability (for which the index is a proxy) must influence the summer foraging conditions directly or indirectly.
C1 Univ Oslo, Dept Biol, Div Zool, N-0316 Oslo, Norway.
   Polar Environm Ctr, Norwegian Inst Nat Res, Dept Arctic Ecol, N-9296 Tromso, Norway.
   Univ Courses Svalbard UNIS, N-9170 Longyearbyen, Spitsbergen, Norway.
   Agr Univ Norway, Dept Anim Sci, N-1432 As, Norway.
C3 University of Oslo; Norwegian Institute Nature Research; University Centre Svalbard (UNIS); Norwegian University of Life Sciences
RP Stenseth, NC (corresponding author), Univ Oslo, Dept Biol, Div Zool, POB 1050 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway.
EM n.c.stenseth@bio.uio.no
NR 30
TC 191
Z9 215
U1 1
U2 58
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 26
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6832
BP 1096
EP 1099
DI 10.1038/35074099
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 425HQ
UT WOS:000168285500048
PM 11323672
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Poldrack, RA
   Clark, J
   Paré-Blagoev, EJ
   Shohamy, D
   Moyano, JC
   Myers, C
   Gluck, MA
AF Poldrack, RA
   Clark, J
   Paré-Blagoev, EJ
   Shohamy, D
   Moyano, JC
   Myers, C
   Gluck, MA
TI Interactive memory systems in the human brain
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID event-related fmri; caudate-nucleus; hippocampus; acquisition; amnesia; lesions; place; rats
AB Learning and memory in humans rely upon several memory systems, which appear to have dissociable brain substrates(1,2). A fundamental question concerns whether, and how, these memory systems interact. Here we show using functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI) that these memory systems may compete with each other during classification learning in humans. The medial temporal lobe and basal ganglia were differently engaged across subjects during classification learning depending upon whether the task emphasized declarative or nondeclarative memory, even when the to-be-learned material and the level of performance did not differ. Consistent with competition between memory systems suggested by animal studies(3,4) and neuroimaging(5), activity in these regions was negatively correlated across individuals. Further examination of classification learning using event-related FMRI showed rapid modulation of activity in these regions at the beginning of learning, suggesting that subjects relied upon the medial temporal lobe early in learning. However, this dependence rapidly declined with training, as predicted by previous computational models of associative learning(6-8).
C1 Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Athinoula A Martinos Ctr Biomed Imaging, Charlestown, MA 02131 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Charlestown, MA 02131 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Grad Sch Educ, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Rutgers State Univ, Dept Psychol, Newark, NJ 07102 USA.
   Rutgers State Univ, Ctr Mol & Behav Neurosci, Newark, NJ 07102 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard University; Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick; Rutgers University Newark; Rutgers University System; Rutgers University Newark; Rutgers University New Brunswick
RP Poldrack, RA (corresponding author), Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Athinoula A Martinos Ctr Biomed Imaging, Charlestown, MA 02131 USA.
NR 29
TC 851
Z9 1004
U1 9
U2 102
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 29
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6863
BP 546
EP 550
DI 10.1038/35107080
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 496PV
UT WOS:000172405900048
PM 11734855
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bensaude-Vincent, B
AF Bensaude-Vincent, B
TI Chemical analysis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Paris 10, Dept Philosophy, F-92001 Nanterre, France.
C3 Universite Paris Nanterre
RP Bensaude-Vincent, B (corresponding author), Univ Paris 10, Dept Philosophy, 200 Ave Republ, F-92001 Nanterre, France.
NR 0
TC 2
Z9 2
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 22
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6827
BP 415
EP 415
DI 10.1038/35068642
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 412YX
UT WOS:000167583800020
PM 11260690
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pack, CC
   Berezovskii, VK
   Born, RT
AF Pack, CC
   Berezovskii, VK
   Born, RT
TI Dynamic properties of neurons in cortical area MT in alert and anaesthetized macaque monkeys
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID primary visual-cortex; motion perception; segregation; selectivity; coherence; model
AB In order to see the world with high spatial acuity, an animal must sample the visual image with many detectors that restrict their analyses to extremely small regions of space. The visual cortex must then integrate the information from these localized receptive fields to obtain a more global picture of the surrounding environment. We studied this process in single neurons within the middle temporal visual area (MT) of macaques using stimuli that produced conflicting local and global information about stimulus motion. Neuronal responses in alert animals initially reflected predominantly the ambiguous local motion features, but gradually converged to an unambiguous global representation. When the same animals were anaesthetized, the integration of local motion signals was markedly impaired even though neuronal responses remained vigorous and directional tuning characteristics were intact. Our results suggest that anaesthesia preferentially affects the visual processing responsible for integrating local signals into a global visual representation.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurobiol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
RP Pack, CC (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurobiol, 220 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
NR 27
TC 109
Z9 132
U1 0
U2 6
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 20
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6866
BP 905
EP 908
DI 10.1038/414905a
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 503RB
UT WOS:000172813300045
PM 11780062
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Patek, SN
AF Patek, SN
TI Spiny lobsters stick and slip to make sound - These crustaceans can scare off predators even when their usual armour turns soft.
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Duke Univ, Dept Biol, Durham, NC 27708 USA.
C3 Duke University
RP Patek, SN (corresponding author), Duke Univ, Dept Biol, Durham, NC 27708 USA.
NR 11
TC 82
Z9 100
U1 1
U2 22
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 10
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6834
BP 153
EP 154
DI 10.1038/35075656
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 430FC
UT WOS:000168563000035
PM 11346780
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tissenbaum, HA
   Guarente, L
AF Tissenbaum, HA
   Guarente, L
TI Increased dosage of a sir-2 gene extends lifespan in Caenorhabditis elegans
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID family-member; protein sir2; c-elegans; longevity; diapause; age-1; daf-2; reproduction; mutation; pathway
AB In Caenorhabditis elegans, mutations that reduce the activity of an insulin-like receptor (daf-2)(1) or a phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase (age-1)(2) favour entry into the dauer state during larval development(3) and extend lifespan in adults(3-6). Downregulation of this pathway activates a forkhead transcription factor (daf-16)(7,8), which may regulate targets that promote dauer formation in larvae and stress resistance and longevity in adults(9). In yeast, the SIR2 gene determines the lifespan of mother cells, and adding an extra copy of SIR2 extends lifespan(10). Sir2 mediates chromatin silencing through a histone deacetylase activity that depends on NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) as a cofactor(11-13). We have surveyed the lifespan of C. elegans strains containing duplications of chromosomal regions. Here we report that a duplication containing sir-2.1-the C. elegans gene most homologous to yeast SIR2-confers a lifespan that is extended by up to 50%. Genetic analysis indicates that the sir-2.1 transgene functions upstream of daf-16 in the insulin-like signalling pathway. Our findings suggest that Sir2 proteins may couple longevity to nutrient availability in many eukaryotic organisms.
C1 MIT, Dept Biol, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP Guarente, L (corresponding author), MIT, Dept Biol, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
EM leng@MIT.edu
NR 27
TC 1574
Z9 1933
U1 1
U2 219
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 8
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6825
BP 227
EP 230
DI 10.1038/35065638
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 408HJ
UT WOS:000167320500051
PM 11242085
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Couch, S
   Sparks, RSJ
   Carroll, MR
AF Couch, S
   Sparks, RSJ
   Carroll, MR
TI Mineral disequilibrium in lavas explained by convective self-mixing in open magma chambers
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID soufriere hills volcano; origin; plagioclase; california; complex; montserrat; intrusion; kinetics; rapakivi; lake
AB Characteristic features of many porphyritic andesite and dacite lavas are that they are rich in crystals and display a range of disequilibrium features, including reversely zoned crystals, resorption surfaces, wide ranges of mineral compositions and minerals which are not in equilibrium with the surrounding rock matrix. These features are often interpreted as evidence of the mixing of magmas of contrasting composition, temperature and origin(1,2). Here, however, we propose that such features can also be caused by convection within a magma body with a single composition, that is heated from below and cooled from above. We describe petrological observations of andesite lava erupted at the Soufriere Hills volcano, Montserrat, which indicate a heating event and the intermingling of crystals that have very different thermal histories. We present experimental data on a representative groundmass composition of this lava, which indicate that it is difficult to explain the calcic compositions of plagioclase overgrowth rims and microphenocrysts unless parts of the magma were at temperatures much higher than the inferred average temperature. The concept of convective self-mixing allows us to explain the occurrence of compositions of minerals that apparently cannot coexist under equilibrium conditions.
C1 Univ Bristol, Dept Earth Sci, Bristol BS8 1RJ, Avon, England.
   Univ Camerino, Dipartimento Sci Terra, I-62032 Camerino, Italy.
   Univ Camerino, INFM, I-62032 Camerino, Italy.
C3 University of Bristol; University of Camerino; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Istituto Nazionale per la Fisica della Materia (INFM-CNR); University of Camerino
RP Couch, S (corresponding author), Univ Bristol, Dept Earth Sci, Bristol BS8 1RJ, Avon, England.
NR 25
TC 361
Z9 398
U1 3
U2 69
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 28
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6841
BP 1037
EP 1039
DI 10.1038/35082540
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 446TF
UT WOS:000169528500044
PM 11429601
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Edwards, MH
   Kurras, GJ
   Tolstoy, M
   Bohnenstiehl, DR
   Coakley, BJ
   Cochran, JR
AF Edwards, MH
   Kurras, GJ
   Tolstoy, M
   Bohnenstiehl, DR
   Coakley, BJ
   Cochran, JR
TI Evidence of recent volcanic activity on the ultraslow-spreading Gakkel ridge
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID oceanic crustal thickness; mid-atlantic ridge; east pacific rise; arctic-ocean; satellite altimetry; rift-valley; lava-field; gravity
AB Seafloor spreading is accommodated by volcanic and tectonic processes along the global mid-ocean ridge system. As spreading rate decreases the influence of volcanism also decreases(1-4), and it is unknown whether significant volcanism occurs at all at ultraslow spreading rates (<1.5 cm yr(-1)). Here we present three-dimensional sonar maps of the Gakkel ridge, Earth's slowest-spreading mid-ocean ridge, located in the Arctic basin under the Arctic Ocean ice canopy. We acquired this data using hull-mounted sonars attached to a nuclear-powered submarine, the USS Hawkbill. Sidescan data for the ultraslow-spreading (<similar to>1.0 cm yr(-1)) eastern Gakkel ridge depict two young volcanoes covering approximately 720 km(2) of an otherwise heavily sedimented axial valley. The western volcano coincides with the average location of epicentres for more than 250 teleseismic events detected(5,26) in 1999, suggesting that an axial eruption was imaged shortly after its occurrence. These findings demonstrate that eruptions along the ultraslow-spreading Gakkel ridge are focused at discrete locations and appear to be more voluminous and occur more frequently than was previously thought.
C1 Univ Hawaii Manoa, Hawaii Inst Geophys & Planetol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA.
   Univ Hawaii Manoa, Sch Ocean & Earth Sci & Technol, Dept Geol & Geophys, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA.
   Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA.
   Tulane Univ, Dept Geol, New Orleans, LA 70118 USA.
C3 University of Hawaii System; University of Hawaii Manoa; University of Hawaii System; University of Hawaii Manoa; Columbia University; Tulane University
RP Edwards, MH (corresponding author), Univ Hawaii Manoa, Hawaii Inst Geophys & Planetol, POST 815, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA.
NR 26
TC 76
Z9 82
U1 0
U2 28
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 15
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6822
BP 808
EP 812
DI 10.1038/35057258
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 401QC
UT WOS:000166938800037
PM 11236991
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Geldner, N
   Friml, J
   Stierhof, YD
   Jürgens, G
   Palme, K
AF Geldner, N
   Friml, J
   Stierhof, YD
   Jürgens, G
   Palme, K
TI Auxin transport inhibitors block PIN1 cycling and vesicle traficking
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID brefeldin-a; arabidopsis-thaliana; plasma-membrane; acid-binding; cytoskeleton; protein; efflux; cells; plant; root
AB Polar transport of the phytohormone auxin mediates various processes in plant growth and development, such as apical dominance, tropisms, vascular patterning and axis formation(1,2). This view is based largely on the effects of polar auxin transport inhibitors. These compounds disrupt auxin efflux from the cell but their mode of action is unknown(3). It is thought that polar auxin flux is caused by the asymmetric distribution of efflux carriers acting at the plasma membrane(4). The polar localization of efflux carrier candidate PIN1 supports this model(4). Here we show that the seemingly static localization of PIN1 results from rapid actin-dependent cycling between the plasma membrane and endosomal compartments. Auxin transport inhibitors block PIN1 cycling and inhibit trafficking of membrane proteins that are unrelated to auxin transport. Our data suggest that PIN1 cycling is of central importance for auxin transport and that auxin transport inhibitors affect efflux by generally interfering with membrane-trafficking processes. In support of our conclusion, the vesicle-trafficking inhibitor brefeldin A mimics physiological effects of auxin transport inhibitors.
C1 Univ Tubingen, Zentrum Mol Biol Pflanzen, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany.
   Max Planck Gesell, Max Delbruck Lab, D-50829 Cologne, Germany.
   Masaryk Univ, Fac Sci, Dept Biochem, CS-61137 Brno, Czech Republic.
C3 Eberhard Karls University of Tubingen; Max Planck Society; Masaryk University
RP Jürgens, G (corresponding author), Univ Tubingen, Zentrum Mol Biol Pflanzen, Morgenstelle 3, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany.
NR 30
TC 970
Z9 1116
U1 3
U2 201
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 27
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6854
BP 425
EP 428
DI 10.1038/35096571
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 475UY
UT WOS:000171188700055
PM 11574889
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dresselhaus, MS
   Thomas, IL
AF Dresselhaus, MS
   Thomas, IL
TI Alternative energy technologies
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID semiconductor alloys
AB Fossil fuels currently supply most of the world's energy needs, and however unacceptable their long-term consequences, the supplies are likely to remain adequate for the next few generations. Scientists and policy makers must make use of this period of grace to assess alternative sources of energy and determine what is scientifically possible, environmentally acceptable and technologically promising.
C1 MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   US DOE, Off Basic Energy Sci, Germantown, MD 20874 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); United States Department of Energy (DOE)
RP Dresselhaus, MS (corresponding author), MIT, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
NR 12
TC 4399
Z9 4818
U1 18
U2 1644
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 15
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6861
BP 332
EP 337
DI 10.1038/35104599
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 492CM
UT WOS:000172150700052
PM 11713539
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bock, JB
   Matern, HT
   Peden, AA
   Scheller, RH
AF Bock, JB
   Matern, HT
   Peden, AA
   Scheller, RH
TI A genomic perspective on membrane compartment organization
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB Now that whole genome sequences are available for many eukaryotic organisms from yeast to man, we can form broad hypotheses on the basis of the relative expansion of protein families. To investigate the molecular mechanisms responsible for the organization of membrane compartments, we identified members of the SNARE, coat complex, Rab and Sec1 protein families in four eukaryotic genomes. Of these families only the Rab family expanded from the unicellular yeast to the multicellular fly and worm. All families were expanded in humans, where we find 35 SNAREs, 60 Rabs and 53 coat complex subunits. In addition, we were able to resolve the SNARE class of proteins into four distinct subfamilies.
C1 Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Cellular & Mol Physiol, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
C3 Stanford University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
RP Scheller, RH (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Cellular & Mol Physiol, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
EM scheller@cmgm.stanford.edu
NR 9
TC 532
Z9 669
U1 0
U2 69
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 15
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6822
BP 839
EP 841
DI 10.1038/35057024
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 401QC
UT WOS:000166938800051
PM 11237004
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Headon, DJ
   Emmal, SA
   Ferguson, BM
   Tucker, AS
   Justice, MJ
   Sharpe, PT
   Zonana, J
   Overbeek, PA
AF Headon, DJ
   Emmal, SA
   Ferguson, BM
   Tucker, AS
   Justice, MJ
   Sharpe, PT
   Zonana, J
   Overbeek, PA
TI Gene defect in ectodermal dysplasia implicates a death domain adapter in development
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nf-kappa-b; tnf receptor; eda gene; protein; homolog; mouse; family; involvement; apoptosis; mutations
AB Members of the tumour-necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) family that contain an intracellular death domain initiate signalling by recruiting cytoplasmic death domain adapter proteins(1,2). Edar is a death domain protein of the TNFR family that is required for the development of hair, teeth and other ectodermal derivatives(3,4). Mutations in Edar-or its ligand, Eda-cause hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia in humans and mice(3-7). This disorder is characterized by sparse hair, a lack of sweat glands and malformation of teeth(8). Here we report the identification of a death domain adapter encoded by the mouse crinkled locus. The crinkled mutant has an hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia phenotype identical to that of the edar (downless) and eda (Tabby) mutants(9). This adapter, which we have called Edaradd (for Edar-associated death domain), interacts with the death domain of Edar and links the receptor to downstream signalling pathways. We also identify a missense mutation in its human orthologue, EDARADD, that is present in a family affected with hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia. Our findings show that the death receptor/adapter signalling mechanism is conserved in developmental, as well as apoptotic, signalling.
C1 Baylor Coll Med, Dept Mol & Cellular Biol, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Baylor Coll Med, Dept Mol & Human Genet, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Oregon Hlth Sci Univ, Dept Mol & Med Genet, Portland, OR 97201 USA.
   Guys Hosp, Univ London Kings Coll, MRC, Ctr Dev Neurobiol, London SE1 1UL, England.
   Guys Hosp, Univ London Kings Coll, GKT Dent Inst, Dept Craniofacial Dev, London SE1 9RT, England.
C3 Baylor College of Medicine; Baylor College of Medicine; Oregon Health & Science University; University of London; King's College London; Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust; Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust; University of London; King's College London
RP Overbeek, PA (corresponding author), Baylor Coll Med, Dept Mol & Cellular Biol, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
FU MRC [G9800001] Funding Source: UKRI; Medical Research Council [G9800001] Funding Source: Medline; Medical Research Council [G9800001] Funding Source: researchfish
NR 28
TC 293
Z9 327
U1 0
U2 24
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 20
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6866
BP 913
EP 916
DI 10.1038/414913a
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 503RB
UT WOS:000172813300047
PM 11780064
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rousse, A
   Rischel, C
   Fourmaux, S
   Uschmann, I
   Sebban, S
   Grillon, G
   Balcou, P
   Föster, E
   Geindre, JP
   Audebert, P
   Gauthier, JC
   Hulin, D
AF Rousse, A
   Rischel, C
   Fourmaux, S
   Uschmann, I
   Sebban, S
   Grillon, G
   Balcou, P
   Föster, E
   Geindre, JP
   Audebert, P
   Gauthier, JC
   Hulin, D
TI Non-thermal melting in semiconductors measured at femtosecond resolution
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID x-ray-diffraction; phase-transformations; structural dynamics; laser; silicon; gaas; transitions; picosecond; pulses; insb
AB Ultrafast time-resolved optical spectroscopy has revealed new classes of physical(1), chemical(2) and biological(3) reactions, in which directed, deterministic motions of atoms have a key role. This contrasts with the random, diffusive motion of atoms across activation barriers that typically determines kinetic rates on slower timescales. An example of these new processes is the ultrafast melting of semiconductors, which is believed to arise from a strong modification of the inter-atomic forces owing to laser-induced promotion of a large fraction (10% or more) of the valence electrons to the conduction band(1,4-12). The atoms immediately begin to move and rapidly gain sufficient kinetic energy to induce melting-much faster than the several picoseconds required to convert the electronic energy into thermal motions(13). Here we present measurements of the characteristic melting time of InSb with a recently developed technique of ultrafast time-resolved X-ray diffraction(14-19) that, in contrast to optical spectroscopy, provides a direct probe of the changing atomic structure. The data establish unambiguously a loss of long-range order up to 900 Angstrom inside the crystal, with time constants as short as 350 femtoseconds. This ability to obtain the quantitative structural characterization of non-thermal processes should rnd widespread application in the study of ultrafast dynamics in other physical, chemical and biological systems.
C1 Ecole Polytech, ENSTA, Lab Opt Appl, CNRS,UMR 7639, F-91761 Palaiseau, France.
   Niels Bohr Inst, DK-2100 Copenhagen O, Denmark.
   Royal Vet & Agr Univ, Dept Math & Phys, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
   Univ Jena, Inst Opt & Quantum Elect, Xray Opt Grp, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
   Univ Paris 07, CEA,Ecole Polytech, Lab Utilisat Lasers Intenses, CNRS,UMR 7605, F-91128 Palaiseau, France.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - Institute of Physics (INP); Institut Polytechnique de Paris; ENSTA Paris; Ecole Polytechnique; University of Copenhagen; Niels Bohr Institute; University of Copenhagen; Friedrich Schiller University of Jena; Institut Polytechnique de Paris; Ecole Polytechnique; CEA; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Sorbonne Universite; CNRS - Institute of Physics (INP); Universite Paris Cite
RP Rousse, A (corresponding author), Ecole Polytech, ENSTA, Lab Opt Appl, CNRS,UMR 7639, Chemin Huniere, F-91761 Palaiseau, France.
NR 28
TC 652
Z9 711
U1 7
U2 188
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 1
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6824
BP 65
EP 68
DI 10.1038/35065045
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 406BD
UT WOS:000167194300041
PM 11242040
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lumaret, R
   Ouazzani, N
AF Lumaret, R
   Ouazzani, N
TI Plant genetics - Ancient wild olives in Mediterranean forests
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID olea-europaea l
C1 CNRS, Ctr Ecol Fonct & Evolut, F-34293 Montpellier 5, France.
   Ecole Natl Agr, Meknes, Morocco.
C3 Universite PSL; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (EPHE); Institut Agro; Institut Agro Montpellier; CIRAD; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD); Universite Paul-Valery; Universite de Montpellier; Moulay Ismail University of Meknes
RP Lumaret, R (corresponding author), CNRS, Ctr Ecol Fonct & Evolut, 1919 Route de Mende, F-34293 Montpellier 5, France.
NR 8
TC 82
Z9 83
U1 0
U2 12
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 18
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6857
BP 700
EP 700
DI 10.1038/35099680
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 482ZK
UT WOS:000171608000034
PM 11607022
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Michel, LS
   Liberal, V
   Chatterjee, A
   Kirchwegger, R
   Pasche, B
   Gerald, W
   Dobles, M
   Sorger, PK
   Murty, VVVS
   Benezra, R
AF Michel, LS
   Liberal, V
   Chatterjee, A
   Kirchwegger, R
   Pasche, B
   Gerald, W
   Dobles, M
   Sorger, PK
   Murty, VVVS
   Benezra, R
TI MAD2 haplo-insufficiency causes premature anaphase and chromosome instability in mammalian cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sister-chromatid separation; spindle-assembly checkpoint; promoting complex; human cancers; gene; mutations; identification; carcinomas; mitosis
AB The mitotic checkpoint protein hsMad2 is required to arrest cells in mitosis when chromosomes are unattached to the mitotic spindle(1). The presence of a single, lagging chromosome is sufficient to activate the checkpoint, producing a delay at the metaphase-anaphase transition until the last spindle attachment is made(2). Complete loss of the mitotic checkpoint results in embryonic lethality owing to chromosome mis-segregation in various organisms(3-6). Whether partial loss of checkpoint control leads to more subtle rates of chromosome instability compatible with cell viability remains unknown. Here we report that deletion of one MAD2 allele results in a defective mitotic checkpoint in both human cancer cells and murine primary embryonic fibroblasts. Checkpoint-defective cells show premature sister-chromatid separation in the presence of spindle inhibitors and an elevated rate of chromosome mis-segregation events in the absence of these agents. Furthermore, Mad2(+/-) mice develop lung tumours at high rates after long latencies, implicating defects in the mitotic checkpoint in tumorigenesis.
C1 Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Cell Biol & Genet Program, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Dept Med, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Dept Pathol, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Cornell Univ, Grad Sch Med Sci, Sloan Kettering Div, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Columbia Univ Coll Phys & Surg, Dept Pathol, New York, NY 10032 USA.
   Northwestern Univ, Sch Med, Div Hematol Oncol, Chicago, IL 60611 USA.
   Northwestern Univ, Sch Med, Robert H Lurie Comprehens Canc Ctr, Chicago, IL 60611 USA.
   MIT, Dept Biol, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
C3 Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Cornell University; Columbia University; Northwestern University; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center; Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago; Northwestern University; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP Benezra, R (corresponding author), Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Cell Biol & Genet Program, New York, NY 10021 USA.
NR 29
TC 645
Z9 752
U1 1
U2 26
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 18
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6818
BP 355
EP 359
DI 10.1038/35053094
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 392VY
UT WOS:000166434300050
PM 11201745
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bao, SW
   Chan, WT
   Merzenich, MM
AF Bao, SW
   Chan, WT
   Merzenich, MM
TI Cortical remodelling induced by activity of ventral tegmental dopamine neurons
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID auditory-cortex; somatosensory cortex; basal forebrain; cerebral-cortex; plasticity; receptors; systems; reorganization; prediction; induction
AB Representations of sensory stimuli in the cerebral cortex can undergo progressive remodelling according to the behavioural importance of the stimuli(1,2). The cortex receives widespread projections from dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA)(3-5), which are activated by new stimuli or unpredicted rewards(6,7), and are believed to provide a reinforcement signal for such learning-related cortical reorganization(8). In the primary auditory cortex (AI) dopamine release has been observed during auditory learning that remodels the sound-frequency representations(9,10). Furthermore, dopamine modulates longterm potentiation(11,12), a putative cellular mechanism underlying plasticity(13). Here we show that stimulating the VTA together with an auditory stimulus of a particular tone increases the cortical area and selectivity of the neural responses to that sound stimulus in AI. Conversely, the AI representations of nearby sound frequencies are selectively decreased. Strong, sharply tuned responses to the paired tones also emerge in a second cortical area, whereas the same stimuli evoke only poor or non-selective responses in this second cortical field in naive animals. In addition, we found that strong long-range coherence of neuronal discharge emerges between AI and this secondary auditory cortical area.
C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Keck Ctr Integrat Neurosci, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco
RP Merzenich, MM (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Francisco, Keck Ctr Integrat Neurosci, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
EM merz@phy.ucsf.edu
NR 30
TC 453
Z9 546
U1 0
U2 31
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 5
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6842
BP 79
EP 83
DI 10.1038/35083586
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 448TB
UT WOS:000169644900047
PM 11452310
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Orlic, D
   Kajstura, J
   Chimenti, S
   Jakoniuk, I
   Anderson, SM
   Li, BS
   Pickel, J
   McKay, R
   Nadal-Ginard, B
   Bodine, DM
   Leri, A
   Anversa, P
AF Orlic, D
   Kajstura, J
   Chimenti, S
   Jakoniuk, I
   Anderson, SM
   Li, BS
   Pickel, J
   McKay, R
   Nadal-Ginard, B
   Bodine, DM
   Leri, A
   Anversa, P
TI Bone marrow cells regenerate infarcted myocardium
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID growth-factor-i; stem-cells; adult mice; c-kit; expression; heart; vivo; differentiate; proliferation; hypertrophy
AB Myocardial infarction leads to loss of tissue and impairment of cardiac performance. The remaining myocytes are unable to reconstitute the necrotic tissue, and the post-infarcted heart deteriorates with time(1). Injury to a target organ is sensed by distant stem cells, which migrate to the site of damage and undergo alternate stem cell differentiation(2-5); these events promote structural and functional repair(6-8). This high degree of stem cell plasticity prompted us to test whether dead myocardium could be restored by transplanting bone marrow cells in infarcted mice. We sorted lineage-negative (Lin(-)) bone marrow cells from transgenic mice expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein(9) by fluorescence-activated cell sorting on the basis of c-kit expression(10). Shortly after coronary ligation, Lin(-) c-kit(POS) cells were injected in the contracting wall bordering the infarct. Here we report that newly formed myocardium occupied 68% of the infarcted portion of the ventricle 9 days after transplanting the bone marrow cells. The developing tissue comprised proliferating myocytes and vascular structures. Our studies indicate that locally delivered bone marrow cells can generate de novo myocardium, ameliorating the outcome of coronary artery disease.
C1 New York Med Coll, Dept Med, Valhalla, NY 10595 USA.
   NHGRI, Hematopoiesis Sect, Genet & Mol Biol Branch, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   NINDS, Mol Biol Lab, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
C3 New York Medical College; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
RP Anversa, P (corresponding author), New York Med Coll, Dept Med, Valhalla, NY 10595 USA.
NR 30
TC 4104
Z9 5022
U1 8
U2 590
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 5
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6829
BP 701
EP 705
DI 10.1038/35070587
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 418DJ
UT WOS:000167875400050
PM 11287958
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cayrel, R
   Hill, V
   Beers, TC
   Barbuy, B
   Spite, M
   Spite, F
   Plez, B
   Andersen, J
   Bonifacio, P
   François, P
   Molaro, P
   Nordström, B
   Primas, F
AF Cayrel, R
   Hill, V
   Beers, TC
   Barbuy, B
   Spite, M
   Spite, F
   Plez, B
   Andersen, J
   Bonifacio, P
   François, P
   Molaro, P
   Nordström, B
   Primas, F
TI Measurement of stellar age from uranium decay
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID metal-poor stars; abundance
AB The ages of the oldest stars in the Galaxy indicate when star formation began, and provide a minimum age for the Universe. Radioactive dating of meteoritic material(1) and stars(2) relies on comparing the present abundance ratios of radioactive and stable nuclear species to the theoretically predicted ratios of their production. The radioisotope Th-232 (half-life 14 Gyr) has been used to date Galactic stars(2-4), but it decays by only a factor of two over the lifetime of the Universe. U-238 (half-life 4.5 Gyr) is in principle a more precise age indicator, but even its strongest spectral line, from singly ionized uranium at a wavelength of 385.957 nm, has previously not been detected in stars(4-7). Here we report a measurement of this line in the very metal-poor star CS31082-001(8), a star which is strongly overabundant in its heavy elements. The derived uranium abundance, log(U/H) = -13.7 +/- 0.14 +/- 0.12 yields an age of 12.5 +/- 3 Gyr, though this is still model dependent. The observation of this cosmochronometer gives the most direct age determination of the Galaxy. Also, with improved theoretical and laboratory data, it will provide a highly precise lower limit to the age of the Universe.
C1 Observ Paris Meudon, DASGAL, F-75014 Paris, France.
   European So Observ, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
   Michigan State Univ, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA.
   Univ Sao Paulo, BR-01060970 Sao Paulo, Brazil.
   Observ Paris Meudon, DASGAL, F-92195 Meudon, France.
   Univ Montpellier 2, GRAAL, F-34095 Montpellier, France.
   Univ Copenhagen, Astron Observ, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
   Osservatorio Astron Trieste, I-34131 Trieste, Italy.
   European So Observ, Santiago 19, Chile.
   Univ Lund, Lund Observ, S-22100 Lund, Sweden.
C3 Universite PSL; Observatoire de Paris; European Southern Observatory; Michigan State University; Universidade de Sao Paulo; Universite PSL; Observatoire de Paris; Universite de Montpellier; University of Copenhagen; Istituto Nazionale Astrofisica (INAF); European Southern Observatory; Lund University
RP Cayrel, R (corresponding author), Observ Paris Meudon, DASGAL, F-75014 Paris, France.
NR 18
TC 355
Z9 370
U1 1
U2 21
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 8
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6821
BP 691
EP 692
DI 10.1038/35055507
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 399MF
UT WOS:000166816400035
PM 11217852
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU De Leo, GA
   Rizzi, L
   Caizzi, A
   Gatto, M
AF De Leo, GA
   Rizzi, L
   Caizzi, A
   Gatto, M
TI Carbon emissions - The economic benefits of the Kyoto Protocol
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Parma, Dipartimento Sci Ambientali, I-43100 Parma, Italy.
   Ctr Elettrotecn Sperimentale Italiano, Business Unit Ambiente, I-20092 Segrate, Italy.
   Politecn Milan, Consiglio Nazl Ric, Ctr Ingn Biomed, I-20133 Milan, Italy.
C3 University of Parma; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Polytechnic University of Milan
RP De Leo, GA (corresponding author), Univ Parma, Dipartimento Sci Ambientali, Parco Area Sci, I-43100 Parma, Italy.
NR 9
TC 24
Z9 27
U1 0
U2 14
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 4
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6855
BP 478
EP 479
DI 10.1038/35097156
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 478HG
UT WOS:000171340500034
PM 11586347
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Silphaduang, U
   Noga, EJ
AF Silphaduang, U
   Noga, EJ
TI Antimicrobials - Peptide antibiotics in mast cells of fish
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID innate
C1 N Carolina State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Clin Sci, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA.
C3 North Carolina State University
RP Silphaduang, U (corresponding author), N Carolina State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Clin Sci, 4700 Hillsborough St, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA.
NR 13
TC 326
Z9 381
U1 0
U2 46
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 15
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6861
BP 268
EP 269
DI 10.1038/35104690
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 492CM
UT WOS:000172150700031
PM 11713517
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bilham, R
   England, P
AF Bilham, R
   England, P
TI Plateau 'pop-up' in the great 1897 Assam earthquake
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID shillong plateau; northeast india; tectonics; deformation; himalaya; regions; zones
AB The great Assam earthquake of 12 June 1897 reduced to rubble all masonry buildings within a region of northeastern India roughly the size of England, and was felt over an area exceeding that of the great 1755 Lisbon earthquake(1). Hitherto it was believed that rupture occurred on a north-dipping Himalayan thrust fault propagating south of Bhutan(2-5). But here we show that the northern edge of the Shillong plateau rose violently by at least 11 m during the Assam earthquake, and that this was due to the rupture of a buried reverse fault approximately 110 km in length and dipping steeply away from the Himalaya. The stress drop implied by the rupture geometry and the prodigious fault slip of 18 +/- 7 m explains epicentral accelerations observed to exceed 1g vertically and surface velocities exceeding 3 ms(-1) (ref. 1). This quantitative observation of active deformation of a 'pop-up' structure confirms that faults bounding such structures can penetrate the whole crust. Plateau uplift in the past(2-5) million years has caused the Indian plate to contract locally by 4 +/- 2 mm yr(-1), reducing seismic risk in Bhutan but increasing the risk in northern Bangladesh.
C1 Univ Colorado, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
   Univ Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PR, England.
C3 University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder; University of Oxford
RP Bilham, R (corresponding author), Univ Colorado, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
NR 32
TC 460
Z9 494
U1 0
U2 29
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 12
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6830
BP 806
EP 809
DI 10.1038/35071057
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 420TT
UT WOS:000168021900052
PM 11298446
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ng, CKY
   Carr, K
   McAinsh, MR
   Powell, B
   Hetherington, AM
AF Ng, CKY
   Carr, K
   McAinsh, MR
   Powell, B
   Hetherington, AM
TI Drought-induced guard cell signal transduction involves sphingosine-1-phosphate
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cytosolic-free calcium; stomatal closure; channels; oscillations; elevation; kinase; ca-2+
AB Stomata form pores on leaf surfaces that regulate the uptake of CO2 for photosynthesis and the loss of water vapour during transpiration(1), An increase in the cytosolic concentration of free calcium ions ([Ca2+](cyt)) is a common intermediate in many of the pathways leading to either opening or closure of the stomatal pore(2,3). This observation has prompted investigations into how specificity is controlled in calcium-based signalling systems in plants. One possible explanation is that each stimulus generates a unique increase in [Ca2+](cyt), or 'calcium signature: that dictates the outcome of the final response(4). It has been suggested that the key to generating a calcium signature, and hence to understanding how specificity is controlled, is the ability to access differentially the cellular machinery controlling calcium influx and release from internal stores(2-5). Here we report that sphingosine-1-phosphate is a new calcium-mobilizing molecule in plants. We show that after drought treatment sphingosine-1-phosphate levels increase, and we present evidence that this molecule is involved in the signal-transduction pathway linking the perception of abscisic acid to reductions in guard cell turgor.
C1 Univ Lancaster, Inst Environm & Nat Sci, Dept Biol Sci, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, England.
   Avecia Ltd, Manchester M9 8ZS, Lancs, England.
C3 Lancaster University; Avecia
RP Hetherington, AM (corresponding author), Univ Lancaster, Inst Environm & Nat Sci, Dept Biol Sci, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, England.
NR 20
TC 277
Z9 314
U1 1
U2 52
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 29
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6828
BP 596
EP 599
DI 10.1038/35069092
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 417WW
UT WOS:000167859300051
PM 11279499
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Batista, FD
   Iber, D
   Neuberger, MS
AF Batista, FD
   Iber, D
   Neuberger, MS
TI B cells acquire antigen from target cells after synapse formation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID follicular dendritic cells; reactive lymphocytes-b; peptide-mhc complexes; t-cells; surface molecules; presenting cells; class-ii; receptor; affinity; internalization
AB Soluble antigen binds to the B-cell antigen receptor and is internalized for subsequent processing and the presentation of antigen-derived peptides to T cells(1). Many antigens are not soluble, however, but are integral components of membrane; furthermore, soluble antigens will usually be encountered in vivo in a membrane-anchored form, tethered by Fc or complement receptors(2-4). Here we show that B-cell interaction with antigens that are immobilized on the surface of a target cell leads to the formation of a synapse and the acquisition, even, of membrane-integral antigens from the target. B-cell antigen receptor accumulates at the synapse, segregated from the CD45 co-receptor which is excluded from the synapse, and there is a corresponding polarization of cytoplasmic effectors in the B cell. B-cell antigen receptor mediates the gathering of antigen into the synapse and its subsequent acquisition, thereby potentiating antigen processing and presentation to T cells with high efficacy. Synapse formation and antigen acquisition will probably enhance the activation of B cells at low antigen concentration, allow context-dependent antigen recognition and enhance the linking of B- and T-cell epitopes.
C1 Med Res Lab Mol Biol, Cambridge CB2 2QH, England.
C3 MRC Laboratory Molecular Biology
RP Batista, FD (corresponding author), Med Res Lab Mol Biol, Hills Rd, Cambridge CB2 2QH, England.
NR 30
TC 520
Z9 635
U1 0
U2 22
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 24
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6836
BP 489
EP 494
DI 10.1038/35078099
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 435CB
UT WOS:000168858700052
PM 11373683
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nishida, H
   Sawada, K
AF Nishida, H
   Sawada, K
TI macho-1 encodes a localized mRNA in ascidian eggs that specifies muscle fate during embryogenesis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cell lineage analysis; intracellular injection; gene-expression; tracer enzyme; embryos; differentiation; information; cytoplasm; mesoderm
AB Maternal information stored in particular regions of the egg cytoplasm has an important function in the determination of developmental fate during early animal development(1,2). Ascidians show mosaic development(3,4); such autonomous development has been taken as evidence that prelocalized ooplasmic factors specify tissue precursor cells during embryogenesis. Interest has been concentrated on the mechanisms underlying the formation of muscle cells in the tail, as yellow-coloured myoplasm in eggs is preferentially segregated into muscle-lineage blastomeres(5). Here we show that maternal messenger RNA of the macho-1 gene is a determinant of muscle fate in the ascidian Halocynthia roretzi. The macho-1 mRNA encodes a zinc-finger protein, and the mRNA is localized to the myoplasm of eggs. Depletion of the mRNA specifically resulted in the loss of primary muscle cells in the tail, as shown by the expression of muscle-specific molecular markers. The myoplasm of macho-1-deficient eggs lost its ability to promote muscle formation. Injection of synthesized macho-1 mRNA caused ectopic muscle formation in non-muscle-lineage cells. Our results indicate that macho-1 may be both required and sufficient for specification of muscle fate, and that the mRNA is a genuine, localized muscle determinant.
C1 Tokyo Inst Technol, Dept Biol Sci, Midori Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2268501, Japan.
C3 Institute of Science Tokyo; Tokyo Institute of Technology
RP Nishida, H (corresponding author), Tokyo Inst Technol, Dept Biol Sci, Midori Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2268501, Japan.
EM hnishida@bio.titech.ac.jp
NR 30
TC 221
Z9 238
U1 1
U2 18
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 8
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6821
BP 724
EP 729
DI 10.1038/35055568
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 399MF
UT WOS:000166816400045
PM 11217862
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hansen, JL
   van Hecke, M
   Haaning, A
   Ellegaard, C
   Andersen, KH
   Bohr, T
   Sams, T
AF Hansen, JL
   van Hecke, M
   Haaning, A
   Ellegaard, C
   Andersen, KH
   Bohr, T
   Sams, T
TI Pattern formation - Instabilities in sand ripples
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID water
C1 Niels Bohr Inst, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
   Danish Def Res Estab, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
   Danish Tech Univ, ISVA, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark.
   Danish Tech Univ, Inst Phys, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark.
C3 University of Copenhagen; Niels Bohr Institute; Technical University of Denmark; Technical University of Denmark
RP Hansen, JL (corresponding author), Niels Bohr Inst, Blegdamsvej 17, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
NR 7
TC 70
Z9 74
U1 0
U2 26
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 15
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6826
BP 324
EP 324
DI 
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 410WM
UT WOS:000167464100034
PM 11268196
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU West, M
   Menke, W
   Tolstoy, M
   Webb, S
   Sohn, R
AF West, M
   Menke, W
   Tolstoy, M
   Webb, S
   Sohn, R
TI Magma storage beneath axial volcano on the Juan de Fuca mid-ocean ridge
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID east pacific rise; de-fuca; partial melt; sea-floor; ground deformation; seismic tomography; velocity structure; 1998 eruption; rocks; temperature
AB Axial volcano, which is located near the intersection of the Juan de Fuca ridge and the Cobb-Eickelberg seamount chain beneath the northeast Pacific Ocean, is a locus of volcanic activity thought to be associated with the Cobb hotspot(1). The volcano rises 700 metres above the ridge, has substantial rift zones extending about 50 kilometres to the north and south, and has erupted as recently as 1998 (ref. 2). Here we present seismological data that constrain the three-dimensional velocity structure beneath the volcano. We image a large low-velocity zone in the crust, consisting of a shallow magma chamber and a more diffuse reservoir in the lower crust, and estimate the total magma volume in the system to be between 5 and 21 km(3). This volume is two orders of magnitude larger than the amount of melt emplaced during the most recent eruption(3,4) (0.1-0.2 km(3)). We therefore infer that such volcanic events remove only a small portion of the reservoir that they tap, which must accordingly be long-lived compared to the eruption cycle. On the basis of magma flux estimates, we estimate the crustal residence time of melt in the volcanic system to be a few hundred to a few thousand years.
C1 Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA.
   Columbia Univ, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, Palisades, NY 10964 USA.
   Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA.
C3 Columbia University; Columbia University; Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
RP West, M (corresponding author), Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA.
NR 30
TC 74
Z9 87
U1 0
U2 23
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 25
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6858
BP 833
EP 836
DI 10.1038/35101581
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 485JA
UT WOS:000171750200043
PM 11677604
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Heldwein, EEZ
   Brennan, RG
AF Heldwein, EEZ
   Brennan, RG
TI Crystal structure of the transcription activator BmrR bound to DNA and a drug
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID multidrug transporter; protein; soxr; merr; expression; repressor; regulator; gene; recognition; promoter
AB The efflux of chemically diverse drugs by multidrug transporters that span the membrane(1) is one mechanism of multidrug resistance in bacteria. The concentrations of many of these transporters are controlled by transcription regulators, such as BmrR in Bacillus subtilis(2), EmrR in Escherichia coli(3) and QacR in Staphylococcus aureus(4). These proteins promote transporter gene expression when they bind toxic compounds. BmrR activates transcription of the multidrug transporter gene, bmr, in response to cellular invasion by certain lipophilic cationic compounds (drugs)(2,5,6). BmrR belongs to the MerR family, which regulates response to stress such as exposure to toxic compounds or oxygen radicals in bacteria(7-12). MerR proteins have homologous aminoterminal DNA-binding domains but different carboxy-terminal domains, which enable them to bind specific 'coactivator' molecules. When bound to coactivator, MerR proteins upregulate transcription by reconfiguring the 19-base-pair spacer found between the -35 and -10 promoter elements to allow productive interaction with RNA polymerase(7,9-12). Here we report the 3.0 Angstrom resolution structure of BmrR in complex with the drug tetraphenylphosphonium (TPP) and a 22-base-pair oligodeoxynucleotide encompassing the bmr promoter. The structure reveals an unexpected mechanism for transcription activation that involves localized base-pair breaking, and base sliding and realignment of the -35 and -10 operator elements.
C1 Oregon Hlth Sci Univ, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Portland, OR 97201 USA.
C3 Oregon Health & Science University
RP Brennan, RG (corresponding author), Oregon Hlth Sci Univ, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Portland, OR 97201 USA.
NR 29
TC 196
Z9 233
U1 1
U2 18
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 18
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6818
BP 378
EP 382
DI 10.1038/35053138
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 392VY
UT WOS:000166434300056
PM 11201751
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Krusin-Elbaum, L
   Shibauchi, T
   Argyle, B
   Gignac, L
   Weller, D
AF Krusin-Elbaum, L
   Shibauchi, T
   Argyle, B
   Gignac, L
   Weller, D
TI Stable ultrahigh-density magnetooptical recordings using introduced linear defects
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID data-storage; anisotropy; films; microscopy; vortices; creep
AB The stability of data bits in magnetic recording media(1,2) at ultrahigh densities is compromised by the thermal 'flips'-magnetic spin reversals-of nano-sized spin domains(3), which erase the stored information. Media that are magnetized perpendicular to the plane of the film, such as ultrathin cobalt films or multilayered structures(4,5), are more stable against thermal self-erasure(2,6) than conventional memory devices. In this context, magnetooptical memories seem particularly promising for ultrahigh-density recording on portable disks, and bit densities of similar to 100 Gbit inch(-2) (ref. 7) have been demonstrated using recent advances in the bit writing and reading techniques(7-11). But the roughness and mobility of the magnetic domain walls(12,13) prevents closer packing of the magnetic bits, and therefore presents a challenge to reaching even higher bit densities. Here we report that the strain imposed by a linear defect in a magnetic thin film can smooth rough domain walls over regions hundreds of micrometres in size, and halt their motion. A scaling analysis of this process, based on the generic physics of disorder-controlled elastic lines(14-17), points to a simple way by which magnetic media might be prepared that can store data at densities in excess of 1 Tbit inch(-2).
C1 IBM Corp, Thomas J Watson Res Ctr, Yorktown Heights, NY 10598 USA.
   Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, MST STC, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA.
   IBM Corp, Almaden Res Ctr, San Jose, CA 95120 USA.
C3 International Business Machines (IBM); IBM USA; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Los Alamos National Laboratory; International Business Machines (IBM); IBM USA
RP Krusin-Elbaum, L (corresponding author), IBM Corp, Thomas J Watson Res Ctr, Yorktown Heights, NY 10598 USA.
NR 24
TC 119
Z9 124
U1 0
U2 26
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 22
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6827
BP 444
EP 446
DI 10.1038/35068515
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 412YX
UT WOS:000167583800034
PM 11260706
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Frankland, PW
   O'Brien, C
   Ohno, M
   Kirkwood, A
   Silva, AJ
AF Frankland, PW
   O'Brien, C
   Ohno, M
   Kirkwood, A
   Silva, AJ
TI α-CaMKII-dependent plasticity in the cortex is required for permanent memory
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID calmodulin kinase-ii; long-term-memory; retrograde-amnesia; hippocampal-formation; mutant mice; visual-cortex; consolidation; protein; lesions; neocortex
AB Cortical plasticity seems to be critical for the establishment of permanent memory traces(1-3). Little is known, however, about the molecular and cellular processes that support consolidation of memories in cortical networks(4,5). Here we show that mice heterozygous for a null mutation of a-calcium-calmodulin kinase II (alpha -CaMKII+/-) show normal learning and memory 1-3 days after training in two hippocampus-dependent tasks. However, their memory is severely impaired at longer retention delays (10-50 days). Consistent with this, we found that alpha -CaMKII+/- mice have impaired cortical, but not hippocampal, long-term potentiation. Our results represent a first step in unveiling the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the establishment of permanent memories, and they indicate that alpha -CaMKII may modulate the synaptic events required for the consolidation of memory traces in cortical networks.
C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Neurosci, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Mid Brain Inst, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA.
C3 Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins University
RP Silva, AJ (corresponding author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Neurosci, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA.
NR 30
TC 337
Z9 400
U1 1
U2 32
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 17
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6835
BP 309
EP 313
DI 10.1038/35077089
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 432RT
UT WOS:000168710000048
PM 11357133
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Saitoh, E
   Okamoto, S
   Takahashi, KT
   Tobe, K
   Yamamoto, K
   Kimura, T
   Ishihara, S
   Maekawa, S
   Tokura, Y
AF Saitoh, E
   Okamoto, S
   Takahashi, KT
   Tobe, K
   Yamamoto, K
   Kimura, T
   Ishihara, S
   Maekawa, S
   Tokura, Y
TI Observation of orbital waves as elementary excitations in a solid
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID electronic-structure; neutron-diffraction; raman-spectroscopy; spin; transition; scattering; mn
AB A basic concept in solid-state physics is that when some kind of symmetry in a solid is spontaneously broken, collective excitations will arise(1). For example, phonons are the collective excitations corresponding to lattice vibrations in a crystal, and magnons correspond to spin waves in a magnetically ordered compound. Modulations in the relative shape of the electronic clouds in an orbitally ordered state(2-9) could in principle give rise to orbital waves, or 'orbitons', but this type of elementary excitation has yet to be observed experimentally. Systems in which the electrons are strongly correlated-such as high-temperature superconductors and manganites exhibiting colossal magnetoresistivity-are promising candidates for supporting orbital waves, because they contain transition-metal ions in which the orbital degree of freedom is important(10,11). Orbitally ordered states have been found in several transition-metal compounds(12,13), and orbitons have been predicted theoretically for LaMnO3 (refs 4,5). Here we report experimental evidence for orbitons in LaMnO3, using Raman scattering measurements. We perform a model calculation of orbiton resonances which provides a good fit to the experimental data.
C1 Univ Tokyo, Dept Appl Phys, Tokyo 1138656, Japan.
   Tohoku Univ, Inst Mat Res, Sendai, Miyagi 9808577, Japan.
   Joint Res Ctr Atom Technol, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050046, Japan.
   Correlated Electron Res Ctr, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050046, Japan.
C3 University of Tokyo; Tohoku University; National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST); National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST)
RP Tokura, Y (corresponding author), Univ Tokyo, Dept Appl Phys, Tokyo 1138656, Japan.
EM tokura@ap.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp
NR 30
TC 203
Z9 214
U1 1
U2 106
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 8
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6825
BP 180
EP 183
DI 10.1038/35065547
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 408HJ
UT WOS:000167320500037
PM 11242071
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Petersen, S
   Casellas, R
   Reina-San-Martin, B
   Chen, HT
   Difilippantonio, MJ
   Wilson, PC
   Hanitsch, L
   Celeste, A
   Muramatsu, M
   Pilch, DR
   Redon, C
   Ried, T
   Bonner, WM
   Honjo, T
   Nussenzweig, MC
   Nussenzweig, A
AF Petersen, S
   Casellas, R
   Reina-San-Martin, B
   Chen, HT
   Difilippantonio, MJ
   Wilson, PC
   Hanitsch, L
   Celeste, A
   Muramatsu, M
   Pilch, DR
   Redon, C
   Ried, T
   Bonner, WM
   Honjo, T
   Nussenzweig, MC
   Nussenzweig, A
TI AID is required to initiate Nbs1/γ-H2AX focus formation and mutations at sites of class switching
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID double-strand breaks; cytidine deaminase aid; heavy-chain switch; somatic hypermutation; b-cells; immunoglobulin genes; dna-damage; recombination; repair; sequences
AB Class switch recombination (CSR) is a region-specific DNA recombination reaction that replaces one immunoglobulin heavy-chain constant region (CH) gene with another. This enables a single variable (V) region gene to be used in conjunction with different downstream CH genes, each having a unique biological activity. The molecular mechanisms that mediate CSR have not been defined, but activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), a putative RNA-editing enzyme, is required for this reaction(1). Here we report that the Nijmegen breakage syndrome protein (Nbs1) and phosphorylated H2A histone family member X (gamma -H2AX, also known as gamma -H2afx), which facilitate DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair(2-4), form nuclear foci at the CH region in the G1 phase of the cell cycle in cells undergoing CSR, and that switching is impaired in H2AX(-/-) mice. Localization of Nbs1 and gamma -H2AX to the IgH locus during CSR is dependent on AID. In addition, AID is required for induction of switch region (S mu)-specific DNA lesions that precede CSR. These results place AID function upstream of the DNA modifications that initiate CSR.
C1 NCI, Expt Immunol Branch, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   NCI, Genet Branch, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   NCI, Mol Pharmacol Lab, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   Rockefeller Univ, Lab Mol Immunol, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Howard Hughes Med Inst, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Kyoto Univ, Grad Sch Med, Dept Med Chem, Kyoto 6068501, Japan.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Cancer Institute (NCI); National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Cancer Institute (NCI); National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Cancer Institute (NCI); Rockefeller University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Kyoto University
RP Nussenzweig, A (corresponding author), NCI, Expt Immunol Branch, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
FU Intramural NIH HHS [Z99 CA999999] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 416
Z9 474
U1 0
U2 15
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 6
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6864
BP 660
EP 665
DI 10.1038/414660a
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 498WB
UT WOS:000172535600053
PM 11740565
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Riipi, M
   Alatalo, RV
   Lindström, L
   Mappes, J
AF Riipi, M
   Alatalo, RV
   Lindström, L
   Mappes, J
TI Multiple benefits of gregariousness cover detectability costs in aposematic aggregations
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID kin selection; evolution; predation; coloration; protection; larvae
AB Understanding the early evolution of aposematic (warning) coloration has been a challenge for scientists, as a new conspicuous morph in a population of cryptic insects would have a high predation risk and would probably die out before local predators learnt to avoid it(1-4). Fisher(5) presented the idea of aggregation benefit through the survival of related individuals; however, his theory has been strongly debated(6-8) as the mechanisms that favour grouping have never been explored experimentally with the incorporation of detectability costs. Here we create a comprehensive 'novel world' experiment with the great tit (Parus major) as a predator to explore simultaneously the predation-related benefits and costs for aposematic aggregated prey, manipulating both group size and signal strength. Our results show that grouping would have been highly beneficial for the first aposematic prey individuals surrounded by naive predators, because (1) detectability risk increased only asymptotically with group size; (2) additional detectability costs due to conspicuous signals were marginal in groups; (3) even naive predators deserted the group after detecting unpalatability (dilution effect); and (4) avoidance learning of signal was faster in groups. None of these mechanisms require kin selection.
C1 Univ Jyvaskyla, Dept Biol & Environm Sci, Konnevesi Res Stn, FIN-40351 Jyvaskyla, Finland.
C3 University of Jyvaskyla
RP Riipi, M (corresponding author), Univ Jyvaskyla, Dept Biol & Environm Sci, Konnevesi Res Stn, POB 35, FIN-40351 Jyvaskyla, Finland.
EM marianna.riipi@utu.fi; mappes@cc.jyu.fi
NR 21
TC 177
Z9 192
U1 1
U2 69
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 4
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6855
BP 512
EP 514
DI 10.1038/35097061
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 478HG
UT WOS:000171340500044
PM 11586357
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bartke, A
   Wright, JC
   Mattison, JA
   Ingram, DK
   Miller, RA
   Roth, GS
AF Bartke, A
   Wright, JC
   Mattison, JA
   Ingram, DK
   Miller, RA
   Roth, GS
TI Longevity - Extending the lifespan of long-lived mice
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ames dwarf mice; caloric restriction; gene
C1 So Illinois Univ, Sch Med, Dept Physiol, Carbondale, IL 62901 USA.
   NIA, NIH, Anim Ctr, Poolesville, MD 20837 USA.
   Univ Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
   Gerontol Res Ctr, Baltimore, MD 21224 USA.
C3 Southern Illinois University System; Southern Illinois University; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute on Aging (NIA); University of Michigan System; University of Michigan
RP Bartke, A (corresponding author), So Illinois Univ, Sch Med, Dept Physiol, Carbondale, IL 62901 USA.
NR 11
TC 337
Z9 391
U1 1
U2 40
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 22
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6862
BP 412
EP 412
DI 10.1038/35106646
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 494UP
UT WOS:000172304500033
PM 11719795
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tomlin, S
AF Tomlin, S
TI Back in business
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID top-quark
NR 4
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 0
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 15
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6822
BP 754
EP 755
DI 10.1038/35057483
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 401QC
UT WOS:000166938800010
PM 11236969
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schlesinger, WH
   Lichter, J
AF Schlesinger, WH
   Lichter, J
TI Limited carbon storage in soil and litter of experimental forest plots under increased atmospheric CO2
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID c-13 natural-abundance; united-states; pine forest; us forests; enrichment; accumulation; ecosystems; turnover; biomass; climate
AB The current rise in atmospheric CO2 concentration is thought to be mitigated in part by carbon sequestration within forest ecosystems(1,2), where carbon can be stored in vegetation or soils. The storage of carbon in soils is determined by the fraction that is sequestered in persistent organic materials, such as humus. In experimental forest plots of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) exposed to high CO2 concentrations(3,4), nearly half of the carbon uptake is allocated to short-lived tissues, largely foliage. These tissues fall to the ground and decompose, normally contributing only a small portion of their carbon content to refractory soil humic materials(5). Such findings call into question the role of soils as long-term carbon sinks, and show the need for a better understanding of carbon cycling in forest soils. Here we report a significant accumulation of carbon in the litter layer of experimental forest plots after three years of growth at increased CO2 concentrations (565 mul l(-1)). But fast turnover times of organic carbon in the litter layer (of about three years) appear to constrain the potential size of this carbon sink. Given the observation that carbon accumulation in the deeper mineral soil layers was absent, we suggest that significant, long-term net carbon sequestration in forest soils is unlikely.
C1 Duke Univ, Nicholas Sch Environm & Earth Sci, Durham, NC 27708 USA.
   Bowdoin Coll, Dept Biol, Brunswick, ME 04011 USA.
   Bowdoin Coll, Environm Studies Program, Brunswick, ME 04011 USA.
C3 Duke University; Bowdoin College; Bowdoin College
RP Schlesinger, WH (corresponding author), Duke Univ, Nicholas Sch Environm & Earth Sci, Durham, NC 27708 USA.
NR 30
TC 395
Z9 493
U1 3
U2 217
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 24
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6836
BP 466
EP 469
DI 10.1038/35078060
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 435CB
UT WOS:000168858700045
PM 11373676
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bianco, P
   Robey, PG
AF Bianco, P
   Robey, PG
TI Stem cells in tissue engineering
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID marrow stromal cells; gene-therapy; in-vitro; bone; transplantation; regeneration; expression; repair; vivo; prospects
AB The concept of producing 'spare parts' of the body for replacement of damaged or lost organs lies at the core of the varied biotechnological practices referred to generally as tissue engineering. Use of postnatal stem cells has the potential to significantly alter the perspective of tissue engineering. Successful long-term restoration of continuously self-renewing tissues such as skin, for example, depends on the use of extensively self-renewing stem cells. The identification and isolation of stem cells from a number of tissues provides appropriate targets for prospective gene therapies.
C1 Univ Roma La Sapienza, Dipartimento Med Sperimentale & Patol, I-00161 Rome, Italy.
   Natl Inst Dent & Craniofacial Res, Craniofacial & Skeletal Dis Branch, NIH, Bethesda, MD USA.
C3 Sapienza University Rome; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Dental & Craniofacial Research (NIDCR)
RP Bianco, P (corresponding author), Univ Roma La Sapienza, Dipartimento Med Sperimentale & Patol, I-00161 Rome, Italy.
FU National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research [ZIADE000649] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER; Telethon [E.1029] Funding Source: Medline
NR 42
TC 774
Z9 928
U1 3
U2 168
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 01
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6859
BP 118
EP 121
DI 10.1038/35102181
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 487VC
UT WOS:000171898900056
PM 11689957
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Barabási, AL
   Freeh, VW
   Jeong, HW
   Brockman, JB
AF Barabási, AL
   Freeh, VW
   Jeong, HW
   Brockman, JB
TI Parasitic computing
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID web
AB Reliable communication on the Internet is guaranteed by a standard set of protocols, used by all computers(1). Here we show that these protocols can be exploited to compute with the communication infrastructure, transforming the Internet into a distributed computer in which servers unwittingly perform computation on behalf of a remote node. In this model, which we call 'parasitic computing', one machine forces target computers to solve a piece of a complex computational problem merely by engaging them in standard communication. Consequently, the target computers are unaware that they have performed computation for the benefit of a commanding node. As experimental evidence of the principle of parasitic computing, we harness the power of several web servers across the globe, which-unknown to them-work together to solve an NP complete problem(2).
C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
   Univ Notre Dame, Dept Comp Sci & Engn, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
C3 University of Notre Dame; University of Notre Dame
RP Barabási, AL (corresponding author), Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
NR 14
TC 43
Z9 46
U1 0
U2 15
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 30
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6850
BP 894
EP 897
DI 10.1038/35091039
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 467EG
UT WOS:000170689000040
PM 11528474
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Brooks, R
AF Brooks, R
TI The relationship between matter and life
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB The disciplines of artificial intelligence and artificial life build computational systems inspired by various aspects of life. Despite the fact that living systems are composed only of non-living atoms there seems to be limits in the current levels of understanding within these disciplines in what is necessary to bridge the gap between non-living and living matter.
C1 MIT, Artificial Intelligence Lab, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP Brooks, R (corresponding author), MIT, Artificial Intelligence Lab, 545 Technol Sq, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
NR 13
TC 88
Z9 99
U1 2
U2 20
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 18
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6818
BP 409
EP 411
DI 10.1038/35053196
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 392VY
UT WOS:000166434300064
PM 11201756
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Irwin, DE
   Bensch, S
   Price, TD
AF Irwin, DE
   Bensch, S
   Price, TD
TI Speciation in a ring
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID phylloscopus; ensatina; warblers; ecology
AB The evolutionary divergence of a single species into two has never been directly observed in nature, primarily because speciation can take a long time to occur. A ring species, in which a chain of intergrading populations encircles a barrier and the terminal forms coexist without interbreeding, provides a situation in which variation in space can be used to infer variation in time(1-3). Here we reconstruct the pathway to speciation between two reproductively isolated forms of greenish warbler (Phylloscopus trochiloides). These two taxa do not interbreed in central Siberia but are connected by a long chain of intergrading populations encircling the Tibetan Plateau to the south(4). Molecular data and climatic history imply that the reproductively isolated taxa came into contact following expansions northward around the western and eastern sides of the plateau. Parallel selection pressures for increased song complexity during the northward expansions have been accompanied by divergence in song structure. Playback experiments show that the two Siberian forms do not recognize each other's songs. Our results show how gradual divergence in a trait involved in mate choice leads to the formation of new species.
C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Biol 0116, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego
RP Irwin, DE (corresponding author), Univ Lund, Dept Ecol, Sect Anim Ecol, Ecol Bldg, S-22362 Lund, Sweden.
NR 22
TC 283
Z9 338
U1 4
U2 121
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 18
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6818
BP 333
EP 337
DI 10.1038/35053059
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 392VY
UT WOS:000166434300045
PM 11201740
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Falck, J
   Mailand, N
   Syljuåsen, RG
   Bartek, J
   Lukas, J
AF Falck, J
   Mailand, N
   Syljuåsen, RG
   Bartek, J
   Lukas, J
TI The ATM-Chk2-Cdc25A checkpoint pathway guards against radioresistant DNA synthesis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cell-cycle regulation; damage checkpoint; ataxia-telangiectasia; human cdc25a; fha domain; phosphorylation; chk1; p53; atm; activation
AB When exposed to ionizing radiation (IR), eukaryotic cells activate checkpoint pathways to delay the progression of the cell cycle(1-3). Defects in the IR-induced S-phase checkpoint cause 'radioresistant DNA synthesis', a phenomenon that has been identified in cancer-prone patients suffering from ataxia-telangiectasia, a disease caused by mutations in the ATM gene(4-6). The Cdc25A phosphatase(7) activates the cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (Cdk2) needed for DNA synthesis(8,9), but becomes degraded in response to DNA damage(10) or stalled replication(11). Here we report a functional link between ATM, the checkpoint signalling kinase Chk2/Cds1 (Chk2)(12) and Cdc25A, and implicate this mechanism in controlling the S-phase checkpoint. We show that IR-induced destruction of Cdc25A requires both ATM and the Chk2-mediated phosphorylation of Cdc25A on serine 123. An IR-induced loss of Cdc25A protein prevents dephosphorylation of Cdk2 and leads to a transient blockade of DNA replication. We also show that tumour-associated Chk2 alleles(13) cannot bind or phosphorylate Cdc25A, and that cells expressing these Chk2 alleles, elevated Cdc25A or a Cdk2 mutant unable to undergo inhibitory phosphorylation (Cdk2AF) fail to inhibit DNA synthesis when irradiated. These results support Chk2 as a candidate tumour suppressor, and identify the ATM-Chk2-Cdc25A-Cdk2 pathway as a genomic integrity checkpoint that prevents radioresistant DNA synthesis.
C1 Danish Canc Soc, Inst Canc Biol, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
C3 Danish Cancer Society
RP Bartek, J (corresponding author), Danish Canc Soc, Inst Canc Biol, Strandblvd 49, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
NR 30
TC 869
Z9 1093
U1 0
U2 44
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 12
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6830
BP 842
EP 847
DI 10.1038/35071124
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 420TT
UT WOS:000168021900062
PM 11298456
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sharpless, NE
   Bardeesy, N
   Lee, KH
   Carrasco, D
   Castrillon, DH
   Aguirre, AJ
   Wu, EA
   Horner, JW
   DePinho, RA
AF Sharpless, NE
   Bardeesy, N
   Lee, KH
   Carrasco, D
   Castrillon, DH
   Aguirre, AJ
   Wu, EA
   Horner, JW
   DePinho, RA
TI Loss of p16Ink4a with retention of p19Arf predisposes mice to tumorigenesis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID plasmacytoma susceptibility; tumor suppression; g(1) control; ink4a locus; mouse skin; in-vivo; immortalization; cells; gene; fibroblasts
AB The cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p16(INK4a) can induce senescence of human cells, and its loss by deletion, mutation or epigenetic silencing is among the most frequently observed molecular lesions in human cancer(1,2). Overlapping reading frames in the INK4A/ARF gene encode p16(INK4a) and a distinct tumour-suppressor protein, p19(ARF) (ref. 3). Here we describe the generation and characterization of a p16(Ink4a)-specific knockout mouse that retains normal p19(Arf) function. Mice lacking p16(Ink4a) were born with the expected mendelian distribution and exhibited normal development except for thymic hyperplasia. T cells deficient in p16(Ink4a) exhibited enhanced mitogenic responsiveness, consistent with the established role of p16(Ink4a) in constraining cellular proliferation. In contrast to mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEFs) deficient in p19(Arf) (ref. 4), p16(Ink4a)-null MEFs possessed normal growth characteristics and remained susceptible to Ras-induced senescence. Compared with wild-type MEFs, p16(Ink4a) null MEFs exhibited an increased rate of immortalization, although this rate was less than that observed previously for cells null for Ink4a/Arf, p19(Arf) or p53 (refs 4, 5). Furthermore, p16(Ink4a) deficiency was associated with an increased incidence of spontaneous and carcinogen-induced cancers. These data establish that p16(Ink4a), along with p19(Arf), functions as a tumour suppressor in mice.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Adult Oncol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Genet, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Dana Farber Canc Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Brigham & Womens Hosp, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Brigham & Women's Hospital; Harvard Medical School
RP DePinho, RA (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Adult Oncol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
NR 30
TC 636
Z9 739
U1 0
U2 22
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 6
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6851
BP 86
EP 91
DI 10.1038/35092592
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 469EG
UT WOS:000170801200044
PM 11544531
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Scott, IC
   Blitz, IL
   Pappano, WN
   Maas, SA
   Cho, KWY
   Greenspan, DS
AF Scott, IC
   Blitz, IL
   Pappano, WN
   Maas, SA
   Cho, KWY
   Greenspan, DS
TI Homologues of Twisted gastrulation are extracellular cofactors in antagonism of BMP signalling
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID bone morphogenetic protein-1; drosophila embryo; growth-factor; activity gradient; family member; chordin; binding; xenopus; genes; sog
AB Twisted gastrulation (TSG) is involved in specifying the dorsal-most cell fate in Drosophila embryos(1), but its mechanism of action is poorly understood. TSG has been proposed to modify the action of Short gastrulation (SOG), thereby increasing signalling by the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) Decapentaplegic. SOG, an inhibitor of BMP signalling, is in turn inactivated by the protease Tolloid(2,3). Here we identify Tsg gene products from human, mouse, Xenopus, zebrafish and chick. Expression patterns in mouse and Xenopus embryos are consistent with in vivo interactions between Tsg, BMPs and the vertebrate SOG orthologue, chordin. We show that Tsg binds both the vertebrate Decapentaplegic orthologue BMP4 and chordin, and that these interactions have multiple effects. Tsg increases chordin's binding of BMP4, potentiates chordin's ability to induce secondary axes in Xenopus embryos, and enhances chordin cleavage by vertebrate tolloid-related proteases at a site poorly used in Tsg's absence; also, the presence of Tsg enhances the secondary axis-inducing activity of two products of chordin cleavage. We conclude that Tsg acts as a cofactor in chordin's antagonism of BMP signalling.
C1 Univ Wisconsin, Sch Med, Dept Pathol & Lab Med, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
   Univ Wisconsin, Sch Med, Dept Biomol Chem, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
   Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Dev & Cell Biol, Irvine, CA 92697 USA.
   Univ Calif Irvine, Ctr Dev Biol, Irvine, CA 92697 USA.
C3 University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; University of California System; University of California Irvine; University of California System; University of California Irvine
RP Greenspan, DS (corresponding author), Univ Wisconsin, Sch Med, Dept Pathol & Lab Med, 1300 Univ Ave, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
NR 27
TC 156
Z9 204
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 22
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6827
BP 475
EP 478
DI 10.1038/35068572
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 412YX
UT WOS:000167583800043
PM 11260715
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fernandez-Lopez, S
   Kim, HS
   Choi, EC
   Delgado, M
   Granja, JR
   Khasanov, A
   Kraehenbuehl, K
   Long, G
   Weinberger, DA
   Wilcoxen, KM
   Ghadiri, MR
AF Fernandez-Lopez, S
   Kim, HS
   Choi, EC
   Delgado, M
   Granja, JR
   Khasanov, A
   Kraehenbuehl, K
   Long, G
   Weinberger, DA
   Wilcoxen, KM
   Ghadiri, MR
TI Antibacterial agents based on the cyclic D,L-α-peptide architecture
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transmembrane ion channels; antimicrobial peptides; nanotubes; membranes; cells; dyes
AB The rapid emergence of bacterial infections that are resistant to many drugs underscores the need for new therapeutic agents(1-3). Here we report that six- and eight-residue cyclic D,L-alpha -peptides act preferentially on Gram-positive and/or Gram-negative bacterial membranes compared to mammalian cells, increase membrane permeability, collapse transmembrane ion potentials, and cause rapid cell death. The effectiveness of this class of materials as selective antibacterial agents is highlighted by the high efficacy observed against lethal methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in mice. Cyclic D,L-alpha -peptides are proteolytically stable, easy to synthesize, and can be derived from a potentially vast membrane-active sequence space. The unique abiotic structure of the cyclic peptides and their quick bactericidal action may also contribute to limit temporal acquirement of drug resistant bacteria. The low molecular weight D,L-alpha -peptides offer an attractive complement to the current arsenal of naturally derived antibiotics, and hold considerable potential in combating a variety of existing and emerging infectious diseases.
C1 Scripps Res Inst, Dept Chem, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Scripps Res Inst, Dept Mol Biol, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Scripps Res Inst, Skaggs Inst Chem Biol, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
C3 Scripps Research Institute; Scripps Research Institute; Scripps Research Institute
RP Ghadiri, MR (corresponding author), Scripps Res Inst, Dept Chem, 10666 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
EM ghadiri@scripps.edu
NR 22
TC 838
Z9 961
U1 1
U2 246
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 26
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6845
BP 452
EP 455
DI 10.1038/35086601
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 456DQ
UT WOS:000170068200052
PM 11473322
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Xie, JY
   Black, DL
AF Xie, JY
   Black, DL
TI A CaMK IV responsive RNA element mediates depolarization-induced alternative splicing of ion channels
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pre-messenger-rna; activated potassium channels; adrenal chromaffin cells; combinatorial control; binding-protein; hair-cells; expression; mechanism; variants; kinase
AB Calcium regulation of gene expression is critical for the longlasting activity-dependent changes in cellular electrical properties that underlie important physiological functions such as learning and memory(1). Cellular electrical properties are diversified through the extensive alternative splicing of ion channel premessenger RNAs2; however, the regulation of splicing by cell signalling pathways has not been well explored. Here we show that depolarization of GH(3) pituitary cells represses splicing of the STREX exon(3) in BK potassium channel transcripts through the action of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases (CaMKs). Overexpressing constitutively active CaMK IV, but not CaMK I or II, specifically decreases STREX inclusion in the mRNA. This decrease is prevented by mutations in particular RNA repressor sequences. Transferring 54 nucleotides from the 3' splice site upstream of STREX to a heterologous gene is sufficient to confer CaMK IV repression on an otherwise constitutive exon. These experiments define a CaMK IV-responsive RNA element (CaRRE), which mediates the alternative splicing of ion channel pre-mRNAs. The CaRRE presents a unique molecular target for inducing long-term adaptive changes in cellular electrical properties. It also provides a model system for dissecting the effect of signal transduction pathways on alternative splicing.
C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Microbiol & Mol Genet, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles
RP Black, DL (corresponding author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
NR 30
TC 204
Z9 253
U1 0
U2 12
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 19
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6831
BP 936
EP 939
DI 10.1038/35073593
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 423AG
UT WOS:000168152300048
PM 11309619
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chudinovskikh, L
   Boehler, R
AF Chudinovskikh, L
   Boehler, R
TI High-pressure polymorphs of olivine and the 660-km seismic discontinuity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID x-ray-diffraction; system mg2sio4-fe2sio4; mineral physics; phase-boundary; lower mantle; calibration; temperatures; transformations; srb4o7-sm2+; perovskite
AB It had long been accepted that the 400-km seismic discontinuity in the Earth's mantle results from the phase transition of (Mg,Fe)(2)SiO4-olivine to its high-pressure polymorph beta -spinel (wadsleyite), and that the 660-km discontinuity results from the breakdown of the higher-pressure polymorph gamma -spinel (ringwoodite) to MgSiO3-perovskite and (Mg,Fe)O-magnesiowustite(1-4). An in situ multi-anvil-press X-ray study(5) indicated, however, that the phase boundary of the latter transition occurs at pressures 2 GPa lower than had been found in earlier studies using multi-anvil recovery experiments(6) and laser-heated diamond-anvil cells(7). Such a lower-pressure phase boundary would be irreconcilable with the accuracy of seismic measurements of the 660-km discontinuity, and would thus require a mineral composition of the mantle that is significantly different from what is currently thought. Here, however, we present measurements made with a laser-heated diamond-anvil cell which indicate that gamma -Mg2SiO4 is stable up to pressure and temperature conditions equivalent to 660-km depth in the Earth's mantle (24 GPa and 1,900 K) and then breaks down into MgSiO3-perovskite and MgO (periclase). We paid special attention to pressure accuracy and thermal pressure in our experiments, and to ensuring that our experiments were performed under nearly hydrostatic, inert pressure conditions using a variety of heating methods. We infer that these factors are responsible for the different results obtained in our experiments compared to the in situ multi-anvil-press study(5).
C1 Max Planck Inst Chem, D-55020 Mainz, Germany.
C3 Max Planck Society
RP Boehler, R (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Chem, Postfach 3060, D-55020 Mainz, Germany.
NR 29
TC 66
Z9 79
U1 0
U2 31
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 31
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6837
BP 574
EP 577
DI 10.1038/35079060
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 437GE
UT WOS:000168982500048
PM 11385569
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Khodri, M
   Leclainche, Y
   Ramstein, G
   Braconnot, P
   Marti, O
   Cortijo, E
AF Khodri, M
   Leclainche, Y
   Ramstein, G
   Braconnot, P
   Marti, O
   Cortijo, E
TI Simulating the amplification of orbital forcing by ocean feedbacks in the last glaciation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID north-atlantic ocean; general-circulation model; laurentide ice-sheet; thermohaline circulation; interglacial period; growth; sea; sensitivity; inception; record
AB According to Milankovitch theory, the lower summer insolation at high latitudes about 115,000 years ago allowed winter snow to persist throughout summer, leading to ice-sheet build-up and glaciation(1), But attempts to simulate the last glaciation using global atmospheric models have failed to produce this outcome when forced by insolation changes only(2-5). These results point towards the importance of feedback effects-for example, through changes in vegetation or the ocean circulation-for the amplification of solar forcing(6-9). Here we present a fully coupled ocean-atmosphere model of the last glaciation that produces a build-up of perennial snow cover at known locations of ice sheets during this period. We show that ocean feedbacks lead to a cooling of the high northern latitudes, along with an increase in atmospheric moisture transport from the Equator to the poles. These changes agree with available geological data(10-15) and, together, they lead to an increased delivery of snow to high northern latitudes, The mechanism we present explains the onset of glaciation-which would be amplified by changes in vegetation-in response to weak orbital forcing.
C1 Ctr Etud Saclay, LSCE, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
C3 Universite Paris Saclay
RP Khodri, M (corresponding author), Ctr Etud Saclay, LSCE, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
NR 30
TC 140
Z9 148
U1 0
U2 19
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 29
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6828
BP 570
EP 574
DI 10.1038/35069044
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 417WW
UT WOS:000167859300044
PM 11279492
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Li, J
   Stein, D
   McMullan, C
   Branton, D
   Aziz, MJ
   Golovchenko, JA
AF Li, J
   Stein, D
   McMullan, C
   Branton, D
   Aziz, MJ
   Golovchenko, JA
TI Ion-beam sculpting at nanometre length scales
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID polynucleotide molecules; bombarded si(001); discrimination; channel; sio2
AB Manipulating matter at the nanometre scale is important for many electronic, chemical and biological advances(1-3), but present solid-state fabrication methods do not reproducibly achieve dimensional control at the nanometre scale. Here we report a means of fashioning matter at these dimensions that uses low-energy ion beams and reveals surprising atomic transport phenomena that occur in a variety of materials and geometries. The method is implemented in a feedback-controlled sputtering system that provides fine control over ion beam exposure and sample temperature. We call the method "ion-beam sculpting'', and apply it to the problem of fabricating a molecular-scale hole, or nanopore, in a thin insulating solid-state membrane. Such pores can serve to localize molecular-scale electrical junctions and switches(4-6) and function as masks(7) to create other small-scale structures. Nanopores also function as membrane channels in all living systems, where they serve as extremely sensitive electro-mechanical devices that regulate electric potential, ionic flow, and molecular transport across cellular membranes(8). We show that ion-beam sculpting can be used to fashion an analogous solid-state device: a robust electronic detector consisting of a single nanopore in a Si(3)N(4) membrane, capable of registering single DNA molecules in aqueous solution.
C1 Harvard Univ, Dept Phys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Div Engn & Appl Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Dept Mol & Cellular Biol, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University; Harvard University
RP Golovchenko, JA (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Dept Phys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
EM golovchenko@physics.harvard.edu
NR 27
TC 1538
Z9 1981
U1 17
U2 671
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 12
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6843
BP 166
EP 169
DI 10.1038/35084037
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 451AJ
UT WOS:000169778700046
PM 11449268
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zou, ZH
   Horowitz, LF
   Montmayeur, JP
   Snapper, S
   Buck, LB
AF Zou, ZH
   Horowitz, LF
   Montmayeur, JP
   Snapper, S
   Buck, LB
TI RETRACTED: Genetic tracing reveals a stereotyped sensory map in the olfactory cortex (Retracted Article. See vol 452, pg 120, 2008)
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article; Retracted Publication
ID odorant receptor; functional expression; multigene family; mitral cells; tufted cells; bulb; organization; projections; information; pathways
AB The olfactory system translates myriad chemical structures into diverse odour perceptions. To gain insight into how this is accomplished, we prepared mice that coexpressed a transneuronal tracer with only one of about 1,000 different odorant receptors. The tracer travelled from nasal neurons expressing that receptor to the olfactory bulb and then to the olfactory cortex, allowing visualization of cortical neurons that receive input from a particular odorant receptor. These studies revealed a stereotyped sensory map in the olfactory cortex in which signals from a particular receptor are targeted to specific clusters of neurons. Inputs from different receptors overlap spatially and could be combined in single neurons, potentially allowing for an integration of the components of an odorant's combinatorial receptor code. Signals from the same receptor are targeted to multiple olfactory cortical areas, permitting the parallel, and perhaps differential, processing of inputs from a single receptor before delivery to the neocortex and limbic system.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurobiol, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Sch Med, Dept Med,Med Serv,Gastrointestinal Unit, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital
RP Buck, LB (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurobiol, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
EM lbuck@hms.harvard.edu
NR 48
TC 178
Z9 209
U1 0
U2 6
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 8
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6860
BP 173
EP 179
DI 10.1038/35102506
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 490AY
UT WOS:000172029100038
PM 11700549
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Birney, E
   Bateman, A
   Clamp, ME
   Hubbard, TJ
AF Birney, E
   Bateman, A
   Clamp, ME
   Hubbard, TJ
TI Mining the draft human genome
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB Now that the draft human genome sequence is available, everyone wants to be able to use it. However, we have perhaps become complacent about our ability to turn new genomes into lists of genes. The higher volume of data associated with a larger genome is accompanied by a much greater increase in complexity. We need to appreciate both the scale of the challenge of vertebrate genome analysis and the limitations of current gene prediction methods and understanding.
C1 European Bioinformat Inst, Cambridge CB10 1SA, England.
   Sanger Ctr, Cambridge CB10 1SA, England.
C3 European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL); European Bioinformatics Institute; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute
RP Birney, E (corresponding author), European Bioinformat Inst, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SA, England.
EM birney@ebi.ac.uk
NR 16
TC 40
Z9 46
U1 1
U2 4
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 15
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6822
BP 827
EP 828
DI 10.1038/35057004
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 401QC
UT WOS:000166938800046
PM 11236999
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Simmonds, RW
   Marchenkov, A
   Hoskinson, E
   Davis, JC
   Packard, RE
AF Simmonds, RW
   Marchenkov, A
   Hoskinson, E
   Davis, JC
   Packard, RE
TI Quantum interference of superfluid 3He
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rotation measurements; earths rotation; interferometer; gyroscope; gyrometer; phase
AB Celebrated interference experiments have demonstrated the wave nature of light(1) and electrons(2), quantum interference being the manifestation of wave-particle duality. More recently, double-path interference experiments have also demonstrated the quantum-wave nature of beams of neutrons(3), atoms(4) and Bose-Einstein condensates(5). In condensed matter systems, double-path quantum interference is observed in the d.c. superconducting quantum interference device(6) (d.c. SQUID). Here we report a double-path quantum interference experiment involving a liquid: superfluid He-3. Using a geometry analogous to the superconducting d.c. SQUID, we control a quantum phase shift by using the rotation of the Earth, and rnd the classic interference pattern with periodicity determined by the He-3 quantum of circulation.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley
RP Packard, RE (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
NR 26
TC 52
Z9 58
U1 0
U2 19
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 5
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6842
BP 55
EP 58
DI 10.1038/35083518
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 448TB
UT WOS:000169644900039
PM 11452302
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Samad, TA
   Moore, KA
   Sapirstein, A
   Billet, S
   Allchorne, A
   Poole, S
   Bonventre, JV
   Woolf, CJ
AF Samad, TA
   Moore, KA
   Sapirstein, A
   Billet, S
   Allchorne, A
   Poole, S
   Bonventre, JV
   Woolf, CJ
TI Interleukin-1β-mediated induction of Cox-2 in the CNS contributes to inflammatory pain hypersensitivity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID prostaglandin e-2 release; rat spinal-cord; cytosolic phospholipase a(2); ion channels; hyperalgesia; cells; cyclooxygenase-2; mice; expression; allodynia
AB Inflammation causes the induction of cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2)(1), leading to the release of prostanoids, which sensitize peripheral nociceptor terminals and produce localized pain hypersensitivity(2). Peripheral inflammation also generates pain hypersensitivity in neighbouring uninjured tissue (secondary hyperalgesia), because of increased neuronal excitability in the spinal cord (central sensitization)(3), and a syndrome comprising diffuse muscle and joint pain, fever, lethargy and anorexia(4). Here we show that Cox-2 may be involved in these central nervous system (CNS) responses, by finding a widespread induction of Cox-2 expression in spinal cord neurons and in other regions of the CNS, elevating prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) levels in the cerebrospinal fluid. The major inducer of central Cox-2 upregulation is interleukin-1 beta in the CNS, and as basal phospholipase A(2) activity in the CNS does not change with peripheral inflammation, Cox-2 levels must regulate central prostanoid production. Intraspinal administration of an interleukin-converting enzyme or Cox-2 inhibitor decreases inflammation-induced central PGE(2) levels and mechanical hyperalgesia. Thus, preventing central prostanoid production by inhibiting the interleukin-1 beta -mediated induction of Cox-2 in neurons or by inhibiting central Cox-2 activity reduces centrally generated inflammatory pain hypersensitivity.
C1 Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Dept Anesthesia & Crit Care, Neural Plast Res Grp, Charlestown, MA 02129 USA.
   Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Dept Med, Charlestown, MA 02129 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Charlestown, MA 02129 USA.
   UCL, Dept Anat, London WC1E 6BT, England.
   Natl Inst Biol Stand & Controls, S Mimms EN6 3QG, Herts, England.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard University; University of London; University College London; National Institute for Biological Standards & Control
RP Woolf, CJ (corresponding author), Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Dept Anesthesia & Crit Care, Neural Plast Res Grp, Charlestown, MA 02129 USA.
EM woolf.clifford@mgh.harvard.edu
NR 30
TC 1064
Z9 1232
U1 0
U2 63
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 22
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6827
BP 471
EP 475
DI 10.1038/35068566
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 412YX
UT WOS:000167583800042
PM 11260714
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Simpson, F
AF Simpson, F
TI Resistance to mantle flow inferred from the electromagnetic strike of the Australian upper mantle
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID electrical anisotropy; azimuthal anisotropy; deformation; distortion; induction; beneath; model
AB Seismic anisotropy is thought to result from the strain-induced lattice-preferred orientation of mantle minerals, especially olivine(1,2), owing to shear waves propagating faster along the a-axis of olivine crystals than along the other axes. This anisotropy results in birefringence, or 'shear-wave splitting'(3), which has been investigated in numerous studies(1,4). Although olivine is also anisotropic with respect to electrical conductivity 5 (with the a-axis being most conductive), few studies of the electrical anisotropy of the upper mantle have been undertaken, and these have been limited to relatively shallow depths in the lithospheric upper mantle(6,7). Theoretical models of mantle flow have been used to infer that, for progressive simple shear imparted by the motion of an overriding tectonic plate, the a-axes of olivine crystals should align themselves parallel to the direction of plate motion(8,9). Here, however, we show that a significant discrepancy exists between the electromagnetic strike of the mantle below Australia and the direction of present-day absolute plate motion(10). We infer from this discrepancy that the a-axes of olivine crystals are not aligned with the direction of the present-day plate motion of Australia, indicating resistance to deformation of the mantle by plate motion.
C1 Univ Gottingen, Inst Geophys, D-3400 Gottingen, Germany.
   Inst Geol & Nucl Sci, Lower Hutt, New Zealand.
C3 University of Gottingen; Earth Sciences New Zealand; GNS Science - New Zealand
RP Simpson, F (corresponding author), Univ Gottingen, Inst Geophys, D-3400 Gottingen, Germany.
NR 21
TC 53
Z9 58
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 9
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6847
BP 632
EP 635
DI 10.1038/35088051
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 460PP
UT WOS:000170318000039
PM 11493919
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tomioka, H
   Iwamoto, E
   Itakura, H
   Hirai, K
AF Tomioka, H
   Iwamoto, E
   Itakura, H
   Hirai, K
TI Generation and characterization of a fairly stable triplet carbene
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID trivalent carbon; spectroscopy
AB Most molecules are held together by covalent bonds-electron pairs jointly shared by the two atoms that are linked by the bond. Free radicals, in contrast, have at least one unpaired electron. In the case of carbon-based radicals, the carbon atom at the radical centre no longer makes four bonds with other atoms as it would do in its normal, tetravalent state. The presence of unpaired electrons renders such radicals highly reactive, so they normally occur only as transient intermediates during chemical reactions. But the discovery(1,2) by Gomberg in 1900 of triphenylmethyl, the first relatively stable free radical containing a central trivalent carbon atom, illustrated that radicals with suitable geometrical and electronic structures can be stable. Compounds containing a divalent carbon atom that uses only two of its four valence electrons for bonding are usually less stable than Gomberg-type radicals with trivalent carbon(3-5). Although the role of these so-called carbenes in chemical reactions has long been postulated, they were unambiguously identified only in the 1950s. More recently, stable carbenes have been prepared(6,7), but the singlet state of these molecules(6-12), with the two nonbonding valence electrons paired, means that they are not radicals. Carbenes in the second possible electronic state, the triplet state, are radicals: the two nonbonding electrons have parallel spins and occupy different orbitals(13,14). Here we report the preparation and characterization of a triplet carbene, whose half-life of 19 minutes at room temperature shows it to be significantly more stable than previously observed triplet carbenes(15-17).
C1 Mie Univ, Fac Engn, Dept Chem Mat, Tsu, Mie 5148507, Japan.
C3 Mie University
RP Tomioka, H (corresponding author), Mie Univ, Fac Engn, Dept Chem Mat, Tsu, Mie 5148507, Japan.
EM tomioka@chem.mie-u.ac.jp
NR 29
TC 98
Z9 111
U1 2
U2 51
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 9
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6847
BP 626
EP 628
DI 10.1038/35088038
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 460PP
UT WOS:000170318000037
PM 11493917
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yamamoto, J
   Tanaka, H
AF Yamamoto, J
   Tanaka, H
TI Transparent nematic phase in a liquid-crystal-based microemulsion
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transition; elastomers; emulsions; behavior; topology; model; order
AB Complex fluids(1,2) are usually produced by mixing together several distinct components, the interactions between which can give rise to unusual optical and rheological properties of the system as a whole. For example, the properties of microemulsions (composed of water, oil and surfactants) are determined by the microscopic structural organization of the fluid that occurs owing to phase separation of the component elements. Here we investigate the effect of introducing an additional organizing factor into such a fluid system, by replacing the oil component of a conventional water-in-oil microemulsion with an intrinsically anisotropic fluid-a nematic liquid crystal. As with the conventional case, the fluid phase-separates into an emulsion of water microdroplets (stabilized by the surfactant as inverse micelles) dispersed in the 'oil' phase. But the properties are further influenced by a significant directional coupling between the liquid-crystal molecules and the surfactant tails that emerge (essentially radially) from the micelles. The result is a modified bulk-liquid crystal that is an ordered nematic at the mesoscopic level, but which does not exhibit the strong light scattering generally associated with bulk nematic order(2): the bulk material here is essentially isotropic and thus transparent.
C1 Univ Tokyo, Inst Ind Sci, Meguro Ku, Tokyo 1538505, Japan.
C3 University of Tokyo
RP Tanaka, H (corresponding author), Univ Tokyo, Inst Ind Sci, Meguro Ku, 4-6-1 Komaba, Tokyo 1538505, Japan.
NR 20
TC 120
Z9 128
U1 3
U2 77
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 18
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6818
BP 321
EP 325
DI 10.1038/35053035
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 392VY
UT WOS:000166434300041
PM 11201736
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Valladas, H
   Clottes, J
   Geneste, JM
   Garcia, MA
   Arnold, M
   Cachier, H
   Tisnérat-Laborde, N
AF Valladas, H
   Clottes, J
   Geneste, JM
   Garcia, MA
   Arnold, M
   Cachier, H
   Tisnérat-Laborde, N
TI Palaeolithic paintings -: Evolution of prehistoric cave art
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID radiocarbon
C1 Lab Sci Climat & Environm, UMR CEA CNRS 1572, F-91198 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
   DR AC Aquitaine, Serv Reg Archeol Aquitaine, F-33074 Bordeaux, France.
   Maison Archeol & Ethnol, F-92023 Nanterre, France.
   CEA, CNRS, UMS 2004, F-91198 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
C3 Universite Paris Saclay; CEA; CEA; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite Paris Saclay
RP Valladas, H (corresponding author), Lab Sci Climat & Environm, UMR CEA CNRS 1572, F-91198 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
NR 11
TC 122
Z9 141
U1 1
U2 59
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 4
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6855
BP 479
EP 479
DI 10.1038/35097160
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 478HG
UT WOS:000171340500035
PM 11586348
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kipp, L
   Skibowski, M
   Johnson, RL
   Berndt, R
   Adelung, R
   Harm, S
   Seemann, R
AF Kipp, L
   Skibowski, M
   Johnson, RL
   Berndt, R
   Adelung, R
   Harm, S
   Seemann, R
TI Sharper images by focusing soft X-rays with photon sieves
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB Fresnel zone plates consisting of alternating transmissive and opaque circular rings can be used to focus X-rays(1). The spatial resolution that can be achieved with these devices is of the order of the width of the outermost zone and is therefore limited by the smallest structure (20-40 nm) that can be fabricated by lithography today(2). Here we show that a large number of pinholes distributed appropriately over the Fresnel zones make it possible to focus soft X-rays to spot sizes smaller than the diameter of the smallest pinhole. In addition, higher orders of diffraction and secondary maxima can be suppressed by several orders of magnitude. In combination with the next generation of synchrotron light sources (free-electron lasers) these 'photon sieves' offer new opportunities for high-resolution X-ray microscopy and spectroscopy in physical and life sciences.
C1 Univ Kiel, Inst Expt & Angew Phys, D-24098 Kiel, Germany.
   Univ Hamburg, Inst Expt Phys, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany.
   Niedmers & Seemann, European Patent Attorneys, D-22767 Hamburg, Germany.
C3 University of Kiel; University of Hamburg
RP Kipp, L (corresponding author), Univ Kiel, Inst Expt & Angew Phys, Olshaussenstr 40, D-24098 Kiel, Germany.
NR 9
TC 353
Z9 404
U1 4
U2 148
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 8
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6860
BP 184
EP 188
DI 10.1038/35102526
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 490AY
UT WOS:000172029100041
PM 11700552
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dhanasekaran, SM
   Barrette, TR
   Ghosh, D
   Shah, R
   Varambally, S
   Kurachi, K
   Pienta, KJ
   Rubin, MA
   Chinnaiyan, AM
AF Dhanasekaran, SM
   Barrette, TR
   Ghosh, D
   Shah, R
   Varambally, S
   Kurachi, K
   Pienta, KJ
   Rubin, MA
   Chinnaiyan, AM
TI Delineation of prognostic biomarkers in prostate cancer
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID molecular classification; expression; progression; genetics
AB Prostate cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in American men(1,2). Screening for prostate-specific antigen (PSA) has led to earlier detection of prostate cancer(3), but elevated serum PSA levels may be present in non-malignant conditions such as benign prostatic hyperlasia (BPH). Characterization of gene-expression profiles that molecularly distinguish prostatic neoplasms may identify genes involved in prostate carcinogenesis, elucidate clinical biomarkers, and lead to an improved classification of prostate cancer(4-6). Using microarrays of complementary DNA, we examined gene-expression profiles of more than 50 normal and neoplastic prostate specimens and three common prostate-cancer cell lines. Signature expression profiles of normal adjacent prostate (NAP), BPH, localized prostate cancer, and metastatic, hormone-refractory prostate cancer were determined. Here we establish many associations between genes and prostate cancer. We assessed two of these genes-hepsin, a transmembrane serine protease, and pim-1, a serine/threonine kinase-at the protein level using tissue microarrays consisting of over 700 clinically stratified prostate-cancer specimens. Expression of hepsin and pim-1 proteins was significantly correlated with measures of clinical outcome. Thus, the integration of cDNA microarray, high-density tissue microarray, and linked clinical and pathology data is a powerful approach to molecular profiling of human cancer.
C1 Univ Michigan, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
   Univ Michigan, Sch Med, Dept Biostat, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
   Univ Michigan, Sch Med, Dept Human Genet, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
   Univ Michigan, Sch Med, Dept Urol, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
   Univ Michigan, Sch Med, Dept Internal Med, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
   Univ Michigan, Sch Med, Ctr Comprehens Canc, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
C3 University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan
RP Chinnaiyan, AM (corresponding author), Univ Michigan, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
EM arul@umich.edu
NR 20
TC 1367
Z9 1643
U1 1
U2 169
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 23
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6849
BP 822
EP 826
DI 10.1038/35090585
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 465ET
UT WOS:000170577200038
PM 11518967
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Berlin, S
   Ellegren, H
AF Berlin, S
   Ellegren, H
TI Evolutionary genetics - Clonal inheritance of avian mitochondrial DNA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID modern humans; origin
C1 Uppsala Univ, Dept Evolutionary Biol, Evolutionary Biol Ctr, SE-75236 Uppsala, Sweden.
C3 Uppsala University
RP Berlin, S (corresponding author), Uppsala Univ, Dept Evolutionary Biol, Evolutionary Biol Ctr, Norbyvagen 18D, SE-75236 Uppsala, Sweden.
EM hans.ellegren@ebc.uu.se
NR 14
TC 39
Z9 45
U1 0
U2 8
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 6
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6851
BP 37
EP 38
DI 10.1038/35092623
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 469EG
UT WOS:000170801200030
PM 11544517
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Soengas, MS
   Capodieci, P
   Polsky, D
   Mora, J
   Esteller, M
   Opitz-Araya, X
   McCombie, R
   Herman, JG
   Gerald, WL
   Lazebnik, YA
   Cordón-Cardó, C
   Lowe, SW
AF Soengas, MS
   Capodieci, P
   Polsky, D
   Mora, J
   Esteller, M
   Opitz-Araya, X
   McCombie, R
   Herman, JG
   Gerald, WL
   Lazebnik, YA
   Cordón-Cardó, C
   Lowe, SW
TI Inactivation of the apoptosis effector Apaf-1 in malignant melanoma
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID p53-dependent apoptosis; methylation; expression; caspase-9; chemoresistance; mutations; bcl-2; p53
AB Metastatic melanoma is a deadly cancer that fails to respond to conventional chemotherapy and is poorly understood at the molecular level(1). p53 mutations often occur in aggressive and chemoresistant cancers but are rarely observed in melanoma(1,2). Here we show that metastatic melanomas often lose Apaf-1, a cell-death effector that acts with cytochrome c and caspase-9 to mediate p53-dependent apoptosis(3). Loss of Apaf-1 expression is accompanied by allelic loss in metastatic melanomas, but can be recovered in melanoma cell lines by treatment with the methylation inhibitor 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5aza2dC). Apaf-1-negative melanomas are invariably chemoresistant and are unable to execute a typical apoptotic programme in response to p53 activation. Restoring physiological levels of Apaf-1 through gene transfer or 5aza2dC treatment markedly enhances chemosensitivity and rescues the apoptotic defects associated with Apaf-1 loss. We conclude that Apaf-1 is inactivated in metastatic melanomas, which leads to defects in the execution of apoptotic cell death. Apaf-1 loss may contribute to the low frequency of p53 mutations observed in this highly chemoresistant tumour type.
C1 Cold Spring Harbor Lab, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724 USA.
   Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Oncol Ctr, Baltimore, MD 21231 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Baltimore, MD 21231 USA.
C3 Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins Medicine; Johns Hopkins University
RP Lowe, SW (corresponding author), Cold Spring Harbor Lab, POB 100, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724 USA.
EM lowe@cshl.org
NR 29
TC 815
Z9 931
U1 0
U2 29
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 11
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6817
BP 207
EP 211
DI 10.1038/35051606
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 390UV
UT WOS:000166316200048
PM 11196646
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gao, KQ
   Shubin, NH
AF Gao, KQ
   Shubin, NH
TI Late Jurassic salamanders from northern China
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID evolutionary; phylogeny; caudata
AB With ten extant families, salamanders (urodeles) are one of the three major groups of modern amphibians (lissamphibians)(1-6) Extant salamanders are often used as a model system to assess fundamental issues of developmental, morphological and biogeographical evolution(6-11). Unfortunately, our understanding of these issues has been hampered by the paucity of fossil evidence available to assess the early history of the group(5,6,12). Here we report the discovery of an extraordinary sample of salamander fossils, some with rare soft-tissue impressions, from the Upper Jurassic of China(13-16). With over 500 articulated specimens, this assemblage documents the morphological diversity of early urodeles and includes larvae and adults of both neotenic and metamorphosed taxa. Phylogenetic analysis confirms that these salamanders are primitive, and reveals that all basal salamander clades have Asian distributions. This is compelling evidence for an Asian origin of Recent salamanders, as well as for an extensive and early radiation of several major lineages, These discoveries show that the evolution of salamanders has involved phylogenetic and ecological diversification around a body plan that has remained fundamentally stable for over 150 million years.
C1 Amer Museum Nat Hist, New York, NY 10024 USA.
   Univ Chicago, Dept Organismal Biol & Anat, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
C3 American Museum of Natural History (AMNH); University of Chicago
RP Gao, KQ (corresponding author), Amer Museum Nat Hist, Cent Pk W & 79th St, New York, NY 10024 USA.
EM kgao@amnh.org
NR 26
TC 124
Z9 151
U1 0
U2 16
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 29
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6828
BP 574
EP 577
DI 10.1038/35069051
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 417WW
UT WOS:000167859300045
PM 11279493
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jacobson, MZ
AF Jacobson, MZ
TI Strong radiative heating due to the mixing state of black carbon in atmospheric aerosols
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID single-scattering albedo; tropical indian-ocean; anthropogenic sulfate; soot; model
AB Aerosols affect the Earth's temperature and climate by altering the radiative properties of the atmosphere. A large positive component of this radiative forcing from aerosols is due to black carbon-soot-that is released from the burning of fossil fuel and biomass, and, to a lesser extent, natural fires, but the exact forcing is affected by how black carbon is mixed with other aerosol constituents. From studies of aerosol radiative forcing, it is known that black carbon can exist in one of several possible mixing states; distinct from other aerosol particles (externally mixed(1-7)) or incorporated within them (internally mixed(1,3,7)), or a black-carbon core could be surrounded by a well mixed shell 7. But so far it has been assumed that aerosols exist predominantly as an external mixture. Here I simulate the evolution of the chemical composition of aerosols, finding that the mixing state and direct forcing of the black-carbon component approach those of an internal mixture, largely due to coagulation and growth of aerosol particles. This finding implies a higher positive forcing from black carbon than previously thought, suggesting that the warming effect from black carbon may nearly balance the net cooling effect of other anthropogenic aerosol constituents. The magnitude of the direct radiative forcing from black carbon itself exceeds that due to CH4, suggesting that black carbon may be the second most important component of global warming after CO2 in terms of direct forcing.
C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
C3 Stanford University
RP Jacobson, MZ (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
NR 21
TC 1982
Z9 2392
U1 15
U2 1060
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 8
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6821
BP 695
EP 697
DI 10.1038/35055518
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 399MF
UT WOS:000166816400037
PM 11217854
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Moll, J
   Barzaghi, P
   Lin, S
   Bezakova, G
   Lochmüller, H
   Engvall, E
   Müller, U
   Ruegg, MA
AF Moll, J
   Barzaghi, P
   Lin, S
   Bezakova, G
   Lochmüller, H
   Engvall, E
   Müller, U
   Ruegg, MA
TI An agrin minigene rescues dystrophic symptoms in a mouse model for congenital muscular dystrophy
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID creatine-kinase gene; neuromuscular-junction; extracellular-matrix; basement-membrane; skeletal-muscle; laminin; mice; expression; differentiation; dystroglycan
AB Congenital muscular dystrophy is a heterogeneous and severe, progressive muscle-wasting disease that frequently leads to death in early childhood(1,2). Most cases of congenital muscular dystrophy are caused by mutations in LAMA2, the gene encoding the alpha2 chain of the main laminin isoforms expressed by muscle fibres. Muscle fibre deterioration in this disease is thought to be caused by the failure to form the primary laminin scaffold, which is necessary for basement membrane structure(3), and the missing interaction between muscle basement membrane and the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex (DGC)(4) or the integrins(5). With the aim to restore muscle function in a mouse model for this disease, we have designed a minigene of agrin, a protein known for its role in the formation of the neuromuscular junction(6). Here we show that this mini-agrin-which binds to basement membrane(7) and to alpha -dystroglycan(8), a member of the DGC-amends muscle pathology by a mechanism that includes agrin-mediated stabilization of alpha -dystroglycan and the laminin alpha5 chain. Our data provides in vivo evidence that a non-homologous protein in combination with rational protein design can be used to devise therapeutic tools that may restore muscle function in human muscular dystrophies.
C1 Univ Basel, Biozentrum, Dept Pharmacol Neurobiol, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland.
   Univ Munich, Genzentrum Munich, D-81377 Munich, Germany.
   Burnham Inst, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Friedrich Miescher Inst, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland.
C3 University of Basel; University of Munich; Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute; Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research
RP Ruegg, MA (corresponding author), Univ Basel, Biozentrum, Dept Pharmacol Neurobiol, Klingelbergstr 70, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland.
NR 30
TC 187
Z9 207
U1 1
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 20
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6853
BP 302
EP 307
DI 10.1038/35095054
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 473KB
UT WOS:000171040500038
PM 11565031
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yoshida, N
   Oeda, K
   Watanabe, E
   Mikami, T
   Fukita, Y
   Nishimura, K
   Komai, K
   Matsuda, K
AF Yoshida, N
   Oeda, K
   Watanabe, E
   Mikami, T
   Fukita, Y
   Nishimura, K
   Komai, K
   Matsuda, K
TI Protein function - Chaperonin turned insect toxin
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID crystal-structure; groel
C1 Kinki Univ, Fac Agr, Dept Agr Chem, Nara 6318505, Japan.
   Sumitomo Chem Co Ltd, Agr Chem Res Lab, Takarazuka, Hyogo 6658555, Japan.
   Sumitomo Chem Co Ltd, Organ Synth Res Lab, Takarazuka, Hyogo 6658555, Japan.
   Sumitomo Pharmaceut Co Ltd, Genom Sci Labs, Takarazuka, Hyogo 6658555, Japan.
   Univ Osaka Prefecture, Adv Sci & Technol Res Inst, Osaka 5998570, Japan.
C3 Kindai University (Kinki University); Sumitomo Chem Co Ltd; Sumitomo Chem Co Ltd; Japan Advanced Institute of Science & Technology (JAIST); Osaka Metropolitan University
RP Yoshida, N (corresponding author), Kinki Univ, Fac Agr, Dept Agr Chem, 3327-204 Nakamachi, Nara 6318505, Japan.
NR 9
TC 99
Z9 109
U1 0
U2 19
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 3
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6833
BP 44
EP 44
DI 10.1038/35075148
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 427XY
UT WOS:000168432800036
PM 11333970
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ye, YH
   Meyer, HH
   Rapoport, TA
AF Ye, YH
   Meyer, HH
   Rapoport, TA
TI The AAA ATPase Cdc48/p97 and its partners transport proteins from the ER into the cytosol
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID saccharomyces-cerevisiae; membrane-fusion; endoplasmic-reticulum; mediated proteolysis; ubiquitin; degradation; proteasome; pathway; p97; mechanism
AB In eukaryotic cells, incorrectly folded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) are exported into the cytosol and degraded by the proteasome(1). This pathway is co-opted by some viruses. For example, the US11 protein of the human cytomegalovirus targets the major histocompatibility complex class I heavy chain for cytosolic degradation(2). How proteins are extracted from the ER membrane is unknown. In bacteria and mitochondria, members of the AAA ATPase family are involved in extracting and degrading membrane proteins(3,4). Here we demonstrate that another member of this family, Cdc48 in yeast and p97 in mammals, is required for the export of ER proteins into the cytosol. Whereas Cdc48/p97 was previously known to function in a complex with the cofactor p47 (ref. 5) in membrane fusion(6-8), we demonstrate that its role in ER protein export requires the interacting partners Ufd1 and Npl4. The AAA ATPase interacts with substrates at the ER membrane and is needed to release them as polyubiquitinated species into the cytosol. We propose that the Cdc48/p97-Ufd1-Npl4 complex extracts proteins from the ER membrane for cytosolic degradation.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Cell Biol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Cell Biol, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Yale University
RP Rapoport, TA (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
NR 30
TC 931
Z9 1117
U1 3
U2 69
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 6
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6864
BP 652
EP 656
DI 10.1038/414652a
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 498WB
UT WOS:000172535600051
PM 11740563
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fransson, T
   Jakobsson, S
   Johansson, P
   Kullberg, C
   Lind, J
   Vallin, A
AF Fransson, T
   Jakobsson, S
   Johansson, P
   Kullberg, C
   Lind, J
   Vallin, A
TI Bird migration - Magnetic cues trigger extensive refuelling
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sea-turtles
C1 Swedish Museum Nat Hist, Bird Ringing Ctr, SE-10405 Stockholm, Sweden.
   Stockholm Univ, Dept Zool, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
   Geol Survey Sweden, SE-75128 Uppsala, Sweden.
C3 Swedish Museum of Natural History; Stockholm University
RP Fransson, T (corresponding author), Stockholm Univ, Dept Zool, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
NR 13
TC 141
Z9 154
U1 1
U2 54
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 01
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6859
BP 35
EP 36
DI 10.1038/35102115
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 487VC
UT WOS:000171898900031
PM 11689932
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Winklbauer, R
   Medina, A
   Swain, RK
   Steinbeisser, H
AF Winklbauer, R
   Medina, A
   Swain, RK
   Steinbeisser, H
TI Frizzled-7 signalling controls tissue separation during Xenopus gastrulation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID convergent extension movements; glycogen-synthase kinase-3; beta-catenin; signaling pathways; wnt; morphogenesis; mesoderm; embryos; target
AB Cell signalling through Frizzled receptors has evolved to considerable complexity within the metazoans. The Frizzled-dependent signalling cascade comprises several branches, whose differential activation depends on specific Wnt ligands, Frizzled receptor isoforms and the cellular context. In Xenopus laevis embryos, the canonical beta -catenin pathway contributes to the establishment of the dorsal-ventral axis(1). A different branch, referred to as the planar cell polarity pathway, is essential for cell polarization during elongation of the axial mesoderm by convergent extension(2). Here we demonstrate that a third branch of the cascade is independent of Dishevelled function and involves signalling through trimeric G proteins and protein kinase C (PKC). During gastrulation, Frizzled-7 (Fz7)-dependent PKC signalling controls cell-sorting behaviour in the mesoderm. Loss of zygotic Fz7 function results in the inability of involuted anterior mesoderm to separate from the ectoderm, which leads to severe gastrulation defects. This result provides a developmentally relevant in vivo function for the Fz/PKC pathway in vertebrates.
C1 Max Planck Inst Dev Biol, Dept Cell Biol, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany.
C3 Max Planck Society
RP Steinbeisser, H (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Dev Biol, Dept Cell Biol, Spemann Str 35, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany.
NR 21
TC 219
Z9 257
U1 0
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 25
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6858
BP 856
EP 860
DI 10.1038/35101621
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 485JA
UT WOS:000171750200049
PM 11677610
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Segrè, PN
   Liu, F
   Umbanhowar, P
   Weitz, DA
AF Segrè, PN
   Liu, F
   Umbanhowar, P
   Weitz, DA
TI An effective gravitational temperature for sedimentation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID velocity fluctuations; diffusion
AB The slow sedimentation of suspensions of solid particles in a fluid results in complex phenomena that are poorly understood. For a low volume fraction (phi) of particles, long-range hydrodynamic interactions result in surprising spatial correlations(1) in the velocity fluctuations; these are reminiscent of turbulence, even though the Reynolds number is very low(2-4). At higher values of phi, the behaviour of sedimentation remains unclear; the upward backflow of fluid becomes increasingly important, while collisions and crowding further complicate inter-particle interactions(5-8). Concepts from equilibrium statistical mechanics could in principle be used to describe the fluctuations and thereby provide a unified picture of sedimentation, but one essential ingredient-an effective temperature that provides a mechanism for thermalization-is missing. Here we show that the gravitational energy of fluctuations in particle number can act as an effective temperature. Moreover, we demonstrate that the high-phi behaviour is in fact identical to that at low phi, provided that the suspension viscosity and sedimentation velocity are scaled appropriately, and that the effects of particle packing are included.
C1 Harvard Univ, Dept Phys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Univ Penn, Dept Phys, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   Northwestern Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Evanston, IL 60208 USA.
C3 Harvard University; University of Pennsylvania; Northwestern University
RP Weitz, DA (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Dept Phys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
EM weitz@deas.harvard.edu
NR 16
TC 141
Z9 160
U1 0
U2 46
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 1
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6820
BP 594
EP 597
DI 10.1038/35054518
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 397JJ
UT WOS:000166692300037
PM 11214313
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sur, B
   Rogge, RB
   Hammond, RP
   Anghel, VNP
   Katsaras, J
AF Sur, B
   Rogge, RB
   Hammond, RP
   Anghel, VNP
   Katsaras, J
TI Atomic structure holography using thermal neutrons
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID x-ray holography; electron holography; resolution; microscopy; images
AB The idea of atomic-resolution holography has its roots in the X-ray work of Bragg(1) and in Gabor's electron interference microscope(2). Gabor's lensless microscope was not realized in his time, but over the past twelve years there has been a steady increase in the number of reports on atomic-resolution holography. All of this work involves the use of electrons(3-6) or hard X-rays(7-11) to produce the hologram. Neutrons are often unique among scattering probes in their interaction with materials: for example, the relative visibility of hydrogen and its isotopes is a great advantage in the study of polymers and biologically relevant materials. Recent work(12) proposed that atomic-resolution holography could be achieved with thermal neutrons. Here we use monochromatic thermal neutrons, adopting the inside-source concept of Szoke(13), to image planes of oxygen atoms located above and below a single hydrogen atom in the oxide mineral simpsonite(14).
C1 Atom Energy Canada Ltd, Chalk River Labs, Chalk River, ON K0J 1J0, Canada.
   CNR, Steacie Inst Mol Sci, Chalk River, ON K0J 1J0, Canada.
   McMaster Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Hamilton, ON L8S 4M1, Canada.
C3 Atomic Energy of Canada Limited; National Research Council Canada; McMaster University
RP Rogge, RB (corresponding author), Atom Energy Canada Ltd, Chalk River Labs, Chalk River, ON K0J 1J0, Canada.
NR 22
TC 64
Z9 72
U1 1
U2 15
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 29
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6863
BP 525
EP 527
DI 10.1038/35107026
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 496PV
UT WOS:000172405900041
PM 11734848
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lindley, D
AF Lindley, D
TI Questions of direction - Top-down versus bottom-up
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 1
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 15
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6826
BP 305
EP 305
DI 10.1038/35066643
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 410WM
UT WOS:000167464100021
PM 11268181
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Klarreich, E
AF Klarreich, E
TI Biologists join the dots
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 3
TC 103
Z9 128
U1 0
U2 26
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 4
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6855
BP 450
EP 452
DI 10.1038/35097256
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 478HG
UT WOS:000171340500014
PM 11586322
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bae, SH
   Bae, KH
   Kim, JA
   Seo, YS
AF Bae, SH
   Bae, KH
   Kim, JA
   Seo, YS
TI RPA governs endonuclease switching during processing of Okazaki fragments in eukaryotes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID replication protein-a; dna-binding-protein; essential in-vivo; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; stranded-dna; polymerase-delta; sv40 origin; yeast; gene; metabolism
AB Extensive work on the maturation of lagging strands during the replication of simian virus 40 DNA suggests that the initiator RNA primers of Okazaki fragments are removed by the combined action of two nucleases, RNase HI and Fen1, before the Okazaki fragments join(1-5). Despite the well established in vitro roles of these two enzymes(6), genetic analyses in yeast revealed that null mutants of RNase HI and/or Fen1 are not lethal(7-9), suggesting that an additional enzymatic activity may be required for the removal of RNA. One such enzyme is the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Dna2 helicase(10-12)/endonuclease(12), which is essential for cell viability(13,14) and is well suited to removing RNA primers of Okazaki fragments(15). In addition, Dna2 interacts genetically and physically with several proteins involved in the elongation or maturation of Okazaki fragments(10,16). Here we show that the endonucleases Dna2 and Fen1 act sequentially to facilitate the complete removal of the primer RNA. The sequential action of these enzymes is governed by a single-stranded DNA-binding protein, replication protein-A (RPA). Our results demonstrate that the processing of Okazaki fragments in eukaryotes differs significantly from, and is more complicated than, that occurring in prokaryotes. We propose a novel biochemical mechanism for the maturation of eukaryotic Okazaki fragments.
C1 Sungkyunkwan Univ, Sch Med, Samsung Biomed Res Inst, Natl Creat Res Initiat Ctr Cell Cycle Control, Suwon 440746, South Korea.
C3 Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU)
RP Seo, YS (corresponding author), Sungkyunkwan Univ, Sch Med, Samsung Biomed Res Inst, Natl Creat Res Initiat Ctr Cell Cycle Control, 300 Chunchun Dong, Suwon 440746, South Korea.
EM ysseo@med.skku.ac.kr
NR 30
TC 293
Z9 348
U1 0
U2 23
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 26
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6845
BP 456
EP 461
DI 10.1038/35086609
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 456DQ
UT WOS:000170068200053
PM 11473323
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pan, JW
   Simon, C
   Brukner, C
   Zeilinger, A
AF Pan, JW
   Simon, C
   Brukner, C
   Zeilinger, A
TI Entanglement purification for quantum communication
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cryptography; state; teleportation; photons
AB The distribution of entangled states between distant locations will be essential for the future large-scale realization of quantum communication schemes such as quantum cryptography(1,2) and quantum teleportation(3). Because of unavoidable noise in the quantum communication channel, the entanglement between two particles is more and more degraded the further they propagate. Entanglement purircation(4-7) is thus essential to distil highly entangled states from less entangled ones. Existing general purification protocols(4-6) are based on the quantum controlled-NOT (CNOT) or similar quantum logic operations, which are very difficult to implement experimentally. Present realizations of CNOT gates are much too imperfect to be useful for long-distance quantum communication(8). Here we present a scheme for the entanglement purification of general mixed entangled states, which achieves 50 per cent of the success probability of schemes based on the CNOT operation, but requires only simple linear optical elements. Because the perfection of such elements is very high, the local operations necessary for purification can be performed with the required precision. Our procedure is within the reach of current technology, and should significantly simplify the implementation of long-distance quantum communication.
C1 Univ Vienna, Inst Expt Phys, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
C3 University of Vienna
RP Zeilinger, A (corresponding author), Univ Vienna, Inst Expt Phys, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
EM Zeilinger-office@exp.univie.ac.at
NR 30
TC 675
Z9 739
U1 4
U2 157
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 26
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6832
BP 1067
EP 1070
DI 10.1038/35074041
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 425HQ
UT WOS:000168285500040
PM 11323664
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Parkhill, J
   Wren, BW
   Thomson, NR
   Titball, RW
   Holden, MTG
   Prentice, MB
   Sebaihia, M
   James, KD
   Churcher, C
   Mungall, KL
   Baker, S
   Basham, D
   Bentley, SD
   Brooks, K
   Cerdeño-Tárraga, AM
   Chillingworth, T
   Cronin, A
   Davies, RM
   Davis, P
   Dougan, G
   Feltwell, T
   Hamlin, N
   Holroyd, S
   Jagels, K
   Karlyshev, AV
   Leather, S
   Moule, S
   Oyston, PCF
   Quail, M
   Rutherford, K
   Simmonds, M
   Skelton, J
   Stevens, K
   Whitehead, S
   Barrell, BG
AF Parkhill, J
   Wren, BW
   Thomson, NR
   Titball, RW
   Holden, MTG
   Prentice, MB
   Sebaihia, M
   James, KD
   Churcher, C
   Mungall, KL
   Baker, S
   Basham, D
   Bentley, SD
   Brooks, K
   Cerdeño-Tárraga, AM
   Chillingworth, T
   Cronin, A
   Davies, RM
   Davis, P
   Dougan, G
   Feltwell, T
   Hamlin, N
   Holroyd, S
   Jagels, K
   Karlyshev, AV
   Leather, S
   Moule, S
   Oyston, PCF
   Quail, M
   Rutherford, K
   Simmonds, M
   Skelton, J
   Stevens, K
   Whitehead, S
   Barrell, BG
TI Genome sequence of Yersinia pestis, the causative agent of plague
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dna-sequence; pseudotuberculosis; enterocolitica; virulence; identification; invasion; plasmid; locus; cells; shows
AB The Gram-negative bacterium Yersinia pestis is the causative agent of the systemic invasive infectious disease classically referred to as plague(1), and has been responsible for three human pandemics: the Justinian plague (sixth to eighth centuries), the Black Death (fourteenth to nineteenth centuries) and modern plague (nineteenth century to the present day). The recent identification of strains resistant to multiple drugs(2) and the potential use of Y. pestis as an agent of biological warfare mean that plague still poses a threat to human health. Here we report the complete genome sequence of Y. pestis strain CO92, consisting of a 4.65-megabase (Mb) chromosome and three plasmids of 96.2 kilobases (kb), 70.3 kb and 9.6 kb. The genome is unusually rich in insertion sequences and displays anomalies in GC base-composition bias, indicating frequent intragenomic recombination. Many genes seem to have been acquired from other bacteria and viruses (including adhesins, secretion systems and insecticidal toxins). The genome contains around 150 pseudogenes, many of which are remnants of a redundant enteropathogenic lifestyle. The evidence of ongoing genome fluidity, expansion and decay suggests Y. pestis is a pathogen that has undergone large-scale genetic flux and provides a unique insight into the ways in which new and highly virulent pathogens evolve.
C1 Sanger Ctr, Cambridge CB10 1SA, England.
   Univ London London Sch Hyg & Trop Med, Dept Infect & Trop Dis, London WC1E 7HT, England.
   Chem & Biol Sci, Salisbury SP4 0JQ, Wilts, England.
   St Bartholomews & Royal London Sch Med & Dent, Dept Med Microbiol, London EC1A 7BE, England.
   Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Dept Biol Sci, Ctr Mol Microbiol & Infect, London SW7 2AZ, England.
C3 Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute; University of London; London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine; University of London; Queen Mary University London; Imperial College London
RP Parkhill, J (corresponding author), Sanger Ctr, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SA, England.
NR 30
TC 980
Z9 2208
U1 0
U2 162
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 4
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6855
BP 523
EP 527
DI 10.1038/35097083
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 478HG
UT WOS:000171340500047
PM 11586360
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Elbashir, SM
   Harborth, J
   Lendeckel, W
   Yalcin, A
   Weber, K
   Tuschl, T
AF Elbashir, SM
   Harborth, J
   Lendeckel, W
   Yalcin, A
   Weber, K
   Tuschl, T
TI Duplexes of 21-nucleotide RNAs mediate RNA interference in cultured mammalian cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID double-stranded-rna; drosophila cells; protein-kinase; gene; methylation; inhibition
AB RNA interference (RNAi) is the process of sequence-specific, post-transcriptional gene silencing in animals and plants, initiated by double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) that is homologous in sequence to the silenced gene(1-4). The mediators of sequence-specific messenger RNA degradation are 21- and 22-nucleotide small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) generated by ribonuclease III cleavage from longer dsRNAs(5-9). Here we show that 21-nucleotide siRNA duplexes specifically suppress expression of endogenous and heterologous genes in different mammalian cell lines, including human embryonic kidney (293) and HeLa cells. Therefore, 21-nucleotide siRNA duplexes provide a new tool for studying gene function in mammalian cells and may eventually be used as gene-specific therapeutics.
C1 Max Planck Inst Biophys Chem, Dept Cellular Biochem, D-37033 Gottingen, Germany.
   Max Planck Inst Biophys Chem, Dept Biochem & Cell Biol, D-37033 Gottingen, Germany.
C3 Max Planck Society; Max Planck Society
RP Tuschl, T (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Biophys Chem, Dept Cellular Biochem, Fassberg 11, D-37033 Gottingen, Germany.
NR 31
TC 7779
Z9 10999
U1 11
U2 1284
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 24
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6836
BP 494
EP 498
DI 10.1038/35078107
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 435CB
UT WOS:000168858700053
PM 11373684
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kendrick, KM
   da Costa, AP
   Leigh, AE
   Hinton, MR
   Peirce, JW
AF Kendrick, KM
   da Costa, AP
   Leigh, AE
   Hinton, MR
   Peirce, JW
TI Sheep don't forget a face
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID temporal cortex; discrimination; familiarity; cells
C1 Babraham Inst, Lab Cognit & Dev Neurosci, Cambridge CB2 4AT, England.
C3 UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC); Babraham Institute
RP Kendrick, KM (corresponding author), Babraham Inst, Lab Cognit & Dev Neurosci, Cambridge CB2 4AT, England.
NR 9
TC 237
Z9 259
U1 1
U2 62
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 8
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6860
BP 165
EP 166
DI 10.1038/35102669
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 490AY
UT WOS:000172029100032
PM 11700543
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lovejoy, CO
   Heiple, KG
   Meindl, RS
AF Lovejoy, CO
   Heiple, KG
   Meindl, RS
TI Palaeoanthropology - Did our ancestors knuckle-walk?
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hedgehog
C1 Kent State Univ, Dept Anthropol, Div Biomed Sci, Kent, OH 44242 USA.
   Case Western Reserve Univ, Sch Med, Dept Orthopaed, Div Surg, Cleveland, OH 44206 USA.
C3 University System of Ohio; Kent State University; Kent State University Salem; Kent State University Kent; University System of Ohio; Case Western Reserve University
RP Lovejoy, CO (corresponding author), Kent State Univ, Dept Anthropol, Div Biomed Sci, Kent, OH 44242 USA.
NR 13
TC 22
Z9 31
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 15
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6826
BP 325
EP 326
DI 10.1038/35066636
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 410WM
UT WOS:000167464100036
PM 11268198
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Miguel, MC
   Vespignani, A
   Zapperi, S
   Weiss, J
   Grasso, JR
AF Miguel, MC
   Vespignani, A
   Zapperi, S
   Weiss, J
   Grasso, JR
TI Intermittent dislocation flow in viscoplastic deformation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID acoustic-emission; single-crystals; dynamics; simulation; patterns; lines; ice
AB The viscoplastic deformation (creep) of crystalline materials under constant stress involves the motion of a large number of interacting dislocations(1). Analytical methods and sophisticated 'dislocation dynamics' simulations have proved very effective in the study of dislocation patterning, and have led to macroscopic constitutive laws of plastic deformation(2-9). Yet, a statistical analysis of the dynamics of an assembly of interacting dislocations has not hitherto been performed. Here we report acoustic emission measurements on stressed ice single crystals, the results of which indicate that dislocations move in a scale-free intermittent fashion. This result is confirmed by numerical simulations of a model of interacting dislocations that successfully reproduces the main features of the experiment. We rnd that dislocations generate a slowly evolving configuration landscape which coexists with rapid collective rearrangements. These rearrangements involve a comparatively small fraction of the dislocations and lead to an intermittent behaviour of the net plastic response. This basic dynamical picture appears to be a generic feature in the deformation of many other materials(10-12). Moreover, it should provide a framework for discussing fundamental aspects of plasticity that goes beyond standard mean-field approaches that see plastic deformation as a smooth laminar flow.
C1 Abdus Salam Int Ctr Theoret Phys, I-34100 Trieste, Italy.
   Univ Barcelona, Fac Fis, Dept Fis Fonamental, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain.
   Univ La Sapienza, INFM, I-00185 Rome, Italy.
   CNRS, LGGE, F-38402 St Martin Dheres, France.
   LGIT, F-38041 Grenoble 9, France.
C3 Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP); University of Barcelona; Sapienza University Rome; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Istituto Nazionale per la Fisica della Materia (INFM-CNR); Communaute Universite Grenoble Alpes; Universite Grenoble Alpes (UGA); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Communaute Universite Grenoble Alpes; Universite Grenoble Alpes (UGA)
RP Miguel, MC (corresponding author), Abdus Salam Int Ctr Theoret Phys, POB 586, I-34100 Trieste, Italy.
NR 21
TC 458
Z9 503
U1 1
U2 136
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 5
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6829
BP 667
EP 671
DI 10.1038/35070524
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 418DJ
UT WOS:000167875400040
PM 11287948
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Keeling, RF
   Visbeck, M
AF Keeling, RF
   Visbeck, M
TI Palaeoceanography -: Antarctic stratification and glacial CO2
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID circulation models; ocean circulation; atmospheric co2; water; ice
C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego; Scripps Institution of Oceanography; Columbia University
RP Keeling, RF (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
NR 13
TC 23
Z9 25
U1 1
U2 13
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 9
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6847
BP 605
EP 606
DI 10.1038/35088129
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 460PP
UT WOS:000170318000030
PM 11493910
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lake, MW
   Wuebbens, MM
   Rajagopalan, KV
   Schindelin, H
AF Lake, MW
   Wuebbens, MM
   Rajagopalan, KV
   Schindelin, H
TI Mechanism of ubiquitin activation revealed by the structure of a bacterial MoeB-MoaD complex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID protein structures; biosynthesis; enzyme; molybdopterin; 4-thiouridine; mutagenesis; refinement; thiamin
AB The activation of ubiquitin and related protein modifiers(1,2) is catalysed by members of the E1 enzyme family that use ATP for the covalent self-attachment of the modifiers to a conserved cysteine. The Escherichia coli proteins MoeB and MoaD are involved in molybdenum cofactor (Moco) biosynthesis, an evolutionarily conserved pathway(3,4). The MoeB- and E1-catalysed reactions are mechanistically similar, and despite a lack of sequence similarity, MoaD and ubiquitin display the same fold including a conserved carboxy-terminal Gly-Gly motif(5). Similar to the E1 enzymes, MoeB activates the C terminus of MoaD to form an acyl-adenylate. Subsequently, a sulphurtransferase converts the MoaD acyl-adenylate to a thiocarboxylate that acts as the sulphur donor during Moco biosynthesis(6,7). These findings suggest that ubiquitin and E1 are derived from two ancestral genes closely related to moaD and moeB(3,5). Here we present the crystal structures of the MoeB-MoaD complex in its apo, ATP-bound, and MoaD-adenylate forms, and highlight the functional similarities between the MoeB- and E1-substrate complexes. These structures provide a molecular framework for understanding the activation of ubiquitin, Rub, SUMO and the sulphur incorporation step during Moco and thiamine biosynthesis.
C1 SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Biochem, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA.
   SUNY Stony Brook, Ctr Struct Biol, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA.
   Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Biochem, Durham, NC 27710 USA.
C3 State University of New York (SUNY) System; Stony Brook University; State University of New York (SUNY) System; Stony Brook University; Duke University
RP Schindelin, H (corresponding author), SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Biochem, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA.
NR 28
TC 215
Z9 271
U1 0
U2 18
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 15
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6861
BP 325
EP 329
DI 10.1038/35104586
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 492CM
UT WOS:000172150700048
PM 11713534
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Garcia-Pichel, F
   Pringault, O
AF Garcia-Pichel, F
   Pringault, O
TI Microbiology - Cyanobacteria track water in desert soils
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID chemotaxis; migrations
C1 Arizona State Univ, Dept Microbiol, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA.
   Univ Bordeaux 1, Lab Oceanog Biol, CNRS, UMR EPOC 5805, F-33120 Arcachon, France.
C3 Arizona State University; Arizona State University-Tempe; Universite de Bordeaux; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - National Institute for Earth Sciences & Astronomy (INSU)
RP Garcia-Pichel, F (corresponding author), Arizona State Univ, Dept Microbiol, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA.
EM ferran@asu.edu
NR 10
TC 170
Z9 207
U1 0
U2 67
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 27
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6854
BP 380
EP 381
DI 10.1038/35096640
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 475UY
UT WOS:000171188700041
PM 11574875
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bianco, PR
   Brewer, LR
   Corzett, M
   Balhorn, R
   Yeh, Y
   Kowalczykowski, SC
   Baskin, RJ
AF Bianco, PR
   Brewer, LR
   Corzett, M
   Balhorn, R
   Yeh, Y
   Kowalczykowski, SC
   Baskin, RJ
TI Processive translocation and DNA unwinding by individual RecBCD enzyme molecules
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID double-stranded dna; escherichia-coli; helicase activity; duplex dna; binding; assay; displacement; fluorescent; reca
AB RecBCD enzyme is a processive DNA helicase(1) and nuclease(2) that participates in the repair of chromosomal DNA through homologous recombination(3,4). We have visualized directly the movement of individual RecBCD enzymes on single molecules of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA). Detection involves the optical trapping of solitary, fluorescently tagged dsDNA molecules that are attached to polystyrene beads, and their visualization by fluorescence microscopy(5,6). Both helicase translocation and DNA unwinding are monitored by the displacement of fluorescent dye from the DNA by the enzyme(7). Here we show that unwinding is both continuous and processive, occurring at a maximum rate of 972 +/- 172 base pairs per second (0.30 mum s(-1)), with as many as 42,300 base pairs of dsDNA unwound by a single RecBCD enzyme molecule. The mean behaviour of the individual RecBCD enzyme molecules corresponds to that observed in bulk solution.
C1 Univ Calif Davis, Microbiol Sect, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
   Univ Calif Davis, Sect Mol & Cellular Biol, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
   Univ Calif Davis, Dept Appl Sci, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
   Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Elect Engn Technol Div, Livermore, CA 94550 USA.
   Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Biotechnol Res Program, Livermore, CA 94550 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Davis; University of California System; University of California Davis; University of California System; University of California Davis; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; University of California System; University of California System; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
RP Kowalczykowski, SC (corresponding author), Univ Calif Davis, Microbiol Sect, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
NR 19
TC 279
Z9 329
U1 2
U2 50
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 18
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6818
BP 374
EP 378
DI 10.1038/35053131
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 392VY
UT WOS:000166434300055
PM 11201750
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bannister, AJ
   Zegerman, P
   Partridge, JF
   Miska, EA
   Thomas, JO
   Allshire, RC
   Kouzarides, T
AF Bannister, AJ
   Zegerman, P
   Partridge, JF
   Miska, EA
   Thomas, JO
   Allshire, RC
   Kouzarides, T
TI Selective recognition of methylated lysine 9 on histone H3 by the HP1 chromo domain
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID fission yeast centromeres; position-effect variegation; dna-replication; protein; acetyltransferase; heterochromatin; bromodomain; mutations; disrupt; complex
AB Heterochromatin protein 1 (HP1) is localized at heterochromatin sites where it mediates gene silencing(1,2). The chromo domain of HP1 is necessary for both targeting and transcriptional repression(3,4). In the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, the correct localization of Swi6 (the HP1 equivalent) depends on Clr4, a homologue of the mammalian SUV39H1 histone methylase(5,6). Both Clr4 and SUV39H1 methylate specifically lysine 9 of histone H3 (ref. 6). Here we show that HP1 can bind with high affinity to histone H3 methylated at lysine 9 but not at lysine 4. The chromo domain of HP1 is identified as its methyl-lysine-binding domain. A point mutation in the chromo domain, which destroys the gene silencing activity of HP1 in Drosophila(3), abolishes methyl-lysine-binding activity. Genetic and biochemical analysis in S. pombe shows that the methylase activity of Clr4 is necessary for the correct localization of Swi6 at centromeric heterochromatin and for gene silencing. These results provide a stepwise model for the formation of a transcriptionally silent heterochromatin: SUV39H1 places a 'methyl marker' on histone H3, which is then recognized by HP1 through its chromo domain. This model may also explain the stable inheritance of the heterochromatic state.
C1 Univ Cambridge, Wellcome CRC Inst, Cambridge CB2 1QR, England.
   Univ Cambridge, Dept Pathol, Cambridge CB2 1QR, England.
   Western Gen Hosp, MRC, Human Genet Unit, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, Midlothian, Scotland.
   Univ Cambridge, Dept Biochem, Cambridge CB2 1GA, England.
C3 University of Cambridge; University of Cambridge; University of Edinburgh; University of Cambridge
RP Kouzarides, T (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, Wellcome CRC Inst, Tennis Court Rd, Cambridge CB2 1QR, England.
NR 21
TC 2299
Z9 2878
U1 3
U2 201
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 1
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6824
BP 120
EP 124
DI 10.1038/35065138
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 406BD
UT WOS:000167194300055
PM 11242054
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jimenez-Sanchez, G
   Childs, B
   Valle, D
AF Jimenez-Sanchez, G
   Childs, B
   Valle, D
TI Human disease genes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID biology
AB The complete human genome sequence will facilitate the identification of all genes that contribute to disease. We propose that the functional classification of disease genes and their products will reveal general principles of human disease. We have determined functional categories for nearly 1,000 documented disease genes, and found striking correlations between the function of the gene product and features of disease, such as age of onset and mode of inheritance. As knowledge of disease genes grows, including those contributing to complex traits, more sophisticated analyses will be possible; their results will yield a deeper understanding of disease and an enhanced integration of medicine with biology.
C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, McKusick Nathans Inst Genet Med, Dept Pediat, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
C3 Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
RP Valle, D (corresponding author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, McKusick Nathans Inst Genet Med, Dept Pediat, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
EM dvalle@jhmi.edu
NR 9
TC 283
Z9 350
U1 0
U2 11
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 15
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6822
BP 853
EP 855
DI 10.1038/35057050
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 401QC
UT WOS:000166938800056
PM 11237009
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nguyen, VQ
   Co, C
   Li, JJ
AF Nguyen, VQ
   Co, C
   Li, JJ
TI Cyclin-dependent kinases prevent DNA re-replication through multiple mechanisms
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cell-cycle; s-phase; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; subcellular-localization; chromosome-replication; cdk phosphorylation; distinct modes; nuclear export; mammalian cdc6; budding yeast
AB The stable propagation of genetic information requires that the entire genome of an organism be faithfully replicated once and only once each cell cycle. In eukaryotes, this replication is initiated at hundreds to thousands of replication origins distributed over the genome, each of which must be prohibited from re-initiating DNA replication within every cell cycle. How cells prevent reinitiation has been a long-standing question in cell biology. In several eukaryotes, cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) have been implicated in promoting the block to re-initiation(1), but exactly how they perform this function is unclear. Here we show that B-type CDKs in Saccharomyces cerevisiae prevent re-initiation through multiple overlapping mechanisms, including phosphorylation of the origin recognition complex (ORC), downregulation of Cdc6 activity, and nuclear exclusion of the Mcm2-7 complex. Only when all three inhibitory pathways are disrupted do origins re-initiate DNA replication in G2/M cells. These studies show that each of these three independent mechanisms of regulation is functionally important.
C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Biochem & Biophys, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco
RP Li, JJ (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
NR 30
TC 377
Z9 472
U1 0
U2 10
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 28
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6841
BP 1068
EP 1073
DI 10.1038/35082600
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 446TF
UT WOS:000169528500052
PM 11429609
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU WoldeGabriel, G
   Haile-Selassie, Y
   Renne, PR
   Hart, WK
   Ambrose, SH
   Asfaw, B
   Heiken, G
   White, T
AF WoldeGabriel, G
   Haile-Selassie, Y
   Renne, PR
   Hart, WK
   Ambrose, SH
   Asfaw, B
   Heiken, G
   White, T
TI Geology and palaeontology of the Late Miocene Middle Awash valley, Afar rift, Ethiopia
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID early hominid; australopithecus; climate; carbon; africa; aramis
AB The Middle Awash study area of Ethiopia's Afar rift has yielded abundant vertebrate fossils (approximate to 10,000), including several hominid taxa(1-4). The study area contains a long sedimentary record spanning Late Miocene (5.3-11.2 Myr ago) to Holocene times. Exposed in a unique tectonic and volcanic transition zone between the main Ethiopian rift (MER) and the Afar rift, sediments along the western Afar rift margin in the Middle Awash provide a unique window on the Late Miocene of Ethiopia. These deposits have now yielded the earliest hominids, described in an accompanying paper(5) and dated here to between 5.54 and 5.77 Myr. These geological and palaeobiological data from the Middle Awash provide fresh perspectives on hominid origins and early evolution. Here we show that these earliest hominids derive from relatively wet and wooded environments that were modulated by tectonic, volcanic, climatic and geomorphic processes. A similar wooded habitat also has been suggested for the 6.0 Myr hominoid fossils recently recovered from Lukeino, Kenya(6). These findings require fundamental reassessment of models that invoke a significant role for global climatic change and/or savannah habitat in the origin of hominids.
C1 Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Integrat Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Human Evolut Studies Lab, Museum Vertebrate Zool, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Berkeley, CA 94709 USA.
   Berkeley Geochronol Ctr, Berkeley, CA 94709 USA.
   Miami Univ, Dept Geol, Oxford, OH 45056 USA.
   Univ Illinois, Dept Anthropol, Urbana, IL 61801 USA.
   Rift Valley Res Serv, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); Los Alamos National Laboratory; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; Berkeley Geochronolgy Center; University System of Ohio; Miami University; University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
RP WoldeGabriel, G (corresponding author), Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, EES-6-MS D462, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA.
NR 26
TC 151
Z9 168
U1 0
U2 32
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 12
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6843
BP 175
EP 178
DI 10.1038/35084058
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 451AJ
UT WOS:000169778700049
PM 11449271
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wilde, SA
   Valley, JW
   Peck, WH
   Graham, CM
AF Wilde, SA
   Valley, JW
   Peck, WH
   Graham, CM
TI Evidence from detrital zircons for the existence of continental crust and oceans on the Earth 4.4 Gyr ago
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID jack hills; u-pb; isotopes; history
AB No crustal rocks are known to have survived since the time of the intense meteor bombardment that affected Earth(1) between its formation about 4,550 Myr ago and 4,030 Myr, the age of the oldest known components in the Acasta Gneiss of northwestern Canada(2). But evidence of an even older crust is provided by detrital zircons in metamorphosed sediments at Mt Narryer(3) and Jack Hills(4-8) in the Narryer Gneiss Terrane(9), Yilgarn Craton, Western Australia, where grains as old as similar to4,276 Myr have been found(4). Here we report, based on a detailed micro-analytical study of Jack Hills zircons(10), the discovery of a detrital zircon with an age as old as 4,404 +/- 8 Myr-about 130 million years older than any previously identified on Earth. We found that the zircon is zoned with respect to rare earth elements and oxygen isotope ratios (delta (18) O values from 7.4 to 5.0 parts per thousand), indicating that it formed from an evolving magmatic source. The evolved chemistry, high delta (18) O value and micro-inclusions of SiO2 are consistent with growth from a granitic melt(11,2) with a delta (18) O value from 8.5 to 9.5 parts per thousand. Magmatic oxygen isotope ratios in this range point toward the involvement of supracrustal material that has undergone low-temperature interaction with a liquid hydrosphere. This zircon thus represents the earliest evidence for continental crust and oceans on the Earth.
C1 Curtin Univ Technol, Sch Appl Geol, Perth, WA, Australia.
   Univ Wisconsin, Dept Geol & Geophys, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
   Univ Edinburgh, Dept Geol & Geophys, Edinburgh EH9 3JW, Midlothian, Scotland.
C3 Curtin University; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; University of Edinburgh
RP Wilde, SA (corresponding author), Curtin Univ Technol, Sch Appl Geol, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA, Australia.
EM wildes@lithos.curtin.edu.au
NR 29
TC 1250
Z9 1454
U1 3
U2 407
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 11
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6817
BP 175
EP 178
DI 10.1038/35051550
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 390UV
UT WOS:000166316200039
PM 11196637
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Brüls, T
   Gyapay, G
   Petit, JL
   Artiguenave, F
   Vico, V
   Qin, SZ
   Tin-Wollam, AM
   Da Silva, C
   Muselet, D
   Mavel, D
   Pelletier, E
   Levy, M
   Fujiyama, A
   Matsuda, F
   Wilson, R
   Rowen, L
   Hood, L
   Weissenbach, J
   Saurin, W
   Heilig, R
AF Brüls, T
   Gyapay, G
   Petit, JL
   Artiguenave, F
   Vico, V
   Qin, SZ
   Tin-Wollam, AM
   Da Silva, C
   Muselet, D
   Mavel, D
   Pelletier, E
   Levy, M
   Fujiyama, A
   Matsuda, F
   Wilson, R
   Rowen, L
   Hood, L
   Weissenbach, J
   Saurin, W
   Heilig, R
TI A physical map of human chromosome 14
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID human-genome; sequence
AB We report the construction of a tiling path of around 650 clones covering more than 99% of human chromosome 14. Clone overlap information to assemble the map was derived by comparing fully sequenced clones with a database of clone end sequences(1,2) (sequence tag connector strategy). We selected homogeneously distributed seed points using an auxiliary high-resolution radiation hybrid map comprising 1,895 distinct positions. The high long-range continuity and low redundancy of the tiling path indicates that the sequence tag connector approach compares favourably with alternative mapping strategies.
C1 Genoscope, F-91057 Evry, France.
   CNRS, UMR 8030, F-91057 Evry, France.
   Inst Syst Biol, Multimegabase Sequencing Ctr, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   Washington Univ, Genome Sequencing Ctr, St Louis, MO 63108 USA.
   RIKEN, Genome Sci Ctr, Tsurumi Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2300045, Japan.
   Ctr Natl Genotypage, F-91057 Evry, France.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - National Institute for Biology (INSB); CEA; Universite Paris Saclay; Institute for Systems Biology (ISB); Washington University (WUSTL); RIKEN; Universite Paris Saclay; CEA
RP Heilig, R (corresponding author), Genoscope, 2 Rue Gaston Cremieux,CP 5706, F-91057 Evry, France.
NR 15
TC 16
Z9 17
U1 0
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 15
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6822
BP 947
EP 948
DI 10.1038/35057177
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 401QC
UT WOS:000166938800065
PM 11237018
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Blisniuk, PM
   Hacker, BR
   Glodny, J
   Ratschbacher, L
   Bi, SW
   Wu, ZH
   McWilliams, MO
   Calvert, A
AF Blisniuk, PM
   Hacker, BR
   Glodny, J
   Ratschbacher, L
   Bi, SW
   Wu, ZH
   McWilliams, MO
   Calvert, A
TI Normal faulting in central Tibet since at least 13.5 Myr ago
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID east-west extension; southern tibet; active tectonics; thakkhola graben; plateau; deformation; miocene; beneath; uplift; convergence
AB Tectonic models for the evolution of the Tibetan plateau interpret observed east-west thinning of the upper crust to be the result of either increased potential energy of elevated crust(1) or geodynamic processes that may be unrelated to plateau formation(2-6). A key piece of information needed to evaluate these models is the timing of deformation within the plateau. The onset of normal faulting has been estimated to have commenced in southern Tibet between about 14 Myr ago(7) and about 8 Myr ago(8) and, in central Tibet, about 4 Myr ago(9). Here, however, we report a minimum age of approximately 13.5 Myr for the onset of graben formation in central Tibet, based on mineralization ages determined with Rb-Sr and 40Ar-39Ar data that post-date a major graben-bounding normal fault. These data, along with evidence for prolonged activity of normal faulting in this and other Tibetan grabens, support models that relate normal faulting to processes occurring beneath the plateau. Thinning of the upper crust is most plausibly the result of potential-energy increases resulting from spatially and temporally heterogeneous changes in thermal structure and density distribution within the crust and upper mantle beneath Tibet. This is supported by recent geophysical and geological data(10-17), which indicate that spatial heterogeneity exists in both the Tibetan crust and lithospheric mantle.
C1 Univ Potsdam, Inst Geowissensch, D-14415 Potsdam, Germany.
   Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Geol Sci, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
   Geoforschungszentrum Potsdam, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany.
   Tech Univ Bergakad Freiberg, Inst Geol, D-09596 Freiberg, Germany.
   Chinese Acad Geol Sci, Inst Geomech, Beijing 100081, Peoples R China.
   Stanford Univ, Dept Geol & Environm Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
C3 University of Potsdam; University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara; Helmholtz Association; GFZ Helmholtz Centre for Geosciences; Technical University Freiberg; China Geological Survey; Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences; Institute of Geomechanics, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences; Stanford University
RP Blisniuk, PM (corresponding author), Univ Potsdam, Inst Geowissensch, D-14415 Potsdam, Germany.
EM blisniuk@rz.uni-potsdam.de
NR 30
TC 417
Z9 556
U1 3
U2 119
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 9
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6847
BP 628
EP 632
DI 10.1038/35088045
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 460PP
UT WOS:000170318000038
PM 11493918
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Freeman, C
   Ostle, N
   Kang, H
AF Freeman, C
   Ostle, N
   Kang, H
TI An enzymic 'latch' on a global carbon store - A shortage of oxygen locks up carbon in peatlands by restraining a single enzyme.
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID organic-matter; phenolic materials; ecosystems; water; soil
C1 Univ Coll N Wales, Sch Biol Sci, Bangor LL57 2UW, Gwynedd, Wales.
C3 Bangor University
RP Freeman, C (corresponding author), Univ Coll N Wales, Sch Biol Sci, Bangor LL57 2UW, Gwynedd, Wales.
NR 13
TC 1044
Z9 1246
U1 26
U2 754
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 11
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6817
BP 149
EP 149
DI 10.1038/35051650
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 390UV
UT WOS:000166316200028
PM 11196627
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Butler, D
AF Butler, D
TI Are you ready for the revolution?
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 18
Z9 20
U1 0
U2 0
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 15
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6822
BP 758
EP 760
DI 10.1038/35057400
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 401QC
UT WOS:000166938800012
PM 11236971
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Butko, VY
   Adams, PW
AF Butko, VY
   Adams, PW
TI Quantum metallicity in a two-dimensional insulator
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transition; film
AB One of the most far-reaching problems in condensed-matter physics is to understand how interactions between electrons, and the resulting correlations, affect the electronic properties of disordered two-dimensional systems. Extensive experimental (1-6) and theoretical (7-11) studies have shown that interaction effects are enhanced by disorder, and that this generally results in a depletion of the density of electronic states. In the limit of strong disorder, this depletion takes the form of a complete gap(12,13) in the density of states. It is known that this `Coulomb gap' can turn a pure metal film that is highly disordered into a poorly conducting insulator(14), but the properties of these insulators are not well understood. Here we investigate the electronic properties of disordered beryllium films, with the aim of disentangling the effects of the Coulomb gap and the underlying disorder. We show that the gap is suppressed by a magnetic field and that this drives the strongly insulating beryllium films into a low-temperature `quantum metal' phase with resistance near the quantum resistance R-Q = h/e(2), where h is Planck's constant and e is the electron charge.
C1 Louisiana State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA.
   Russian Acad Sci, AF Ioffe Phys Tech Inst, St Petersburg 194021, Russia.
C3 Louisiana State University System; Louisiana State University; Russian Academy of Sciences; St. Petersburg Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Ioffe Physical Technical Institute
RP Adams, PW (corresponding author), Louisiana State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA.
EM adams@rouge.phys.lsu.edu
NR 20
TC 53
Z9 59
U1 0
U2 26
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 11
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6817
BP 161
EP 164
DI 10.1038/35051516
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 390UV
UT WOS:000166316200035
PM 11196633
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cooper, G
   Kimmich, N
   Belisle, W
   Sarinana, J
   Brabham, K
   Garrel, L
AF Cooper, G
   Kimmich, N
   Belisle, W
   Sarinana, J
   Brabham, K
   Garrel, L
TI Carbonaceous meteorites as a source of sugar-related organic compounds for the early Earth
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID murchison meteorite; mass spectrometry; carboxylic-acids; amino-acids; chromatography; derivatives; evolution; comets
AB The much-studied Murchison meteorite is generally used as the standard reference for organic compounds in extraterrestrial material. Amino acids and other organic compounds(1) important in contemporary biochemistry are thought to have been delivered to the early Earth by asteroids and comets, where they may have played a role in the origin of life(2-4). Polyhydroxylated compounds (polyols) such as sugars, sugar alcohols and sugar acids are vital to all known lifeforms-they are components of nucleic acids (RNA, DNA), cell membranes and also act as energy sources. But there has hitherto been no conclusive evidence for the existence of polyols in meteorites, leaving a gap in our understanding of the origins of biologically important organic compounds on Earth. Here we report that a variety of polyols are present in, and indigenous to, the Murchison and Murray meteorites in amounts comparable to amino acids. Analyses of water extracts indicate that extraterrestrial processes including photolysis and formaldehyde chemistry could account for the observed compounds. We conclude from this that polyols were present on the early Earth and therefore at least available for incorporation into the first forms of life.
C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA.
   Univ G DAnnunzio, IRSPS, I-65127 Pescara, Italy.
C3 National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Ames Research Center; G d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara
RP Cooper, G (corresponding author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA.
EM gcooper@mail.arc.nasa.gov
NR 29
TC 384
Z9 419
U1 1
U2 110
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 20
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6866
BP 879
EP 883
DI 10.1038/414879a
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 503RB
UT WOS:000172813300037
PM 11780054
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Valencia, M
   Bentele, M
   Vaze, MB
   Herrmann, G
   Kraus, E
   Lee, SE
   Schär, P
   Haber, JE
AF Valencia, M
   Bentele, M
   Vaze, MB
   Herrmann, G
   Kraus, E
   Lee, SE
   Schär, P
   Haber, JE
TI NEJ1 controls non-homologous end joining in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID double-strand breaks; dna-ligase; mating-type; illegitimate recombination; gene-expression; repair; yeast; ku70; identification; mutations
AB Broken DNA ends are rejoined by non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) pathways requiring the Ku proteins (Ku70, Ku80), DNA ligase IV and its associated protein Lif1/Xrcc4 (ref. 1). In mammalian meiotic cells, Ku protein levels are much lower than in somatic cells, apparently reducing the capacity of meiotic cells to carry out NHEJ and thereby promoting homologous recombination(2). In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, NHEJ is also downregulated in meiosis-competent MATa/MAT alpha diploid cells in comparison with diploids or haploids expressing only MATa or MAT alpha (3,4). Diploids expressing both MATa and MAT alpha show enhanced mitotic homologous recombination(4). Here we report that mating-type-dependent regulation of NHEJ in budding yeast is caused in part by transcriptional repression of both LIF1 and the gene NEJ1 (YLR265C)-identified from microarray screening of messenger RNAs. Deleting NEJ1 reduces NHEJ 100-fold in MATa or MAT alpha haploids. Constitutive expression of NEJ1, but not expression of LIF1, restores NHEJ in MATa/MAT alpha cells. Nej1 regulates the subcellular distribution of Lif1. A green fluorescent protein (GFP)-Lif1 fusion protein accumulates in the nucleus in cells expressing NEJ1 but is largely cytoplasmic when NEJ1 is repressed.
C1 Brandeis Univ, Rosenstiel Basic Med Sci Res Ctr, Waltham, MA 02454 USA.
   Brandeis Univ, Dept Biol, Waltham, MA 02454 USA.
   Univ Zurich, Inst Med Radiobiol, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland.
C3 Brandeis University; Brandeis University; University of Zurich
RP Haber, JE (corresponding author), Brandeis Univ, Rosenstiel Basic Med Sci Res Ctr, Waltham, MA 02454 USA.
NR 29
TC 178
Z9 227
U1 0
U2 6
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 6
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6864
BP 666
EP 669
DI 10.1038/414666a
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 498WB
UT WOS:000172535600054
PM 11740566
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Devlin, RH
   Biagi, CA
   Yesaki, TY
   Smailus, DE
   Byatt, JC
AF Devlin, RH
   Biagi, CA
   Yesaki, TY
   Smailus, DE
   Byatt, JC
TI Growth of domesticated transgenic fish - A growth-hormone transgene boosts the size of wild but not domesticated trout.
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID oncorhynchus-kisutch; gene construct; salmon; enhancement; selection; release
C1 Fisheries & Oceans Canada, W Vancouver, BC V7V 1N6, Canada.
   Monsanto Corp, St Louis, MO 63198 USA.
C3 Fisheries & Oceans Canada; Monsanto
RP Devlin, RH (corresponding author), Fisheries & Oceans Canada, 4160 Marine Dr, W Vancouver, BC V7V 1N6, Canada.
NR 10
TC 172
Z9 200
U1 2
U2 49
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 15
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6822
BP 781
EP 782
DI 10.1038/35057314
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 401QC
UT WOS:000166938800026
PM 11236982
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Biron, D
   Libros, P
   Sagi, D
   Mirelman, D
   Moses, E
AF Biron, D
   Libros, P
   Sagi, D
   Mirelman, D
   Moses, E
TI Asexual reproduction - 'Midwives' assist dividing amoebae
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dictyostelium-discoideum; entamoeba-histolytica
C1 Weizmann Inst Sci, Dept Phys Complex Syst, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel.
   Weizmann Inst Sci, Dept Biol Chem, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel.
C3 Weizmann Institute of Science; Weizmann Institute of Science
RP Biron, D (corresponding author), Weizmann Inst Sci, Dept Phys Complex Syst, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel.
EM elisha.moses@weizmann.ac.il
NR 7
TC 24
Z9 26
U1 0
U2 14
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 22
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6827
BP 430
EP 430
DI 10.1038/35068628
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 412YX
UT WOS:000167583800029
PM 11260701
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU McConnell, JR
   Emery, J
   Eshed, Y
   Bao, N
   Bowman, J
   Barton, MK
AF McConnell, JR
   Emery, J
   Eshed, Y
   Bao, N
   Bowman, J
   Barton, MK
TI Role of PHABULOSA and PHAVOLUTA in determining radial patterning in shoots
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hd-zip; gene; arabidopsis; meristem; encodes; members; leaves
AB The upper side of the angiosperm leaf is specialized for efficient capture of sunlight whereas the lower side is specialized for gas exchange. In Arabidopsis, the establishment of polarity in the leaf probably requires the generation and perception of positional information along the radial (adaxial versus abaxial or central versus peripheral) dimension of the plant. This is because the future upper (adaxial) side of the leaf develops from cells closer to the centre of the shoot, whereas the future under (abaxial) side develops from cells located more peripherally. Here we implicate the Arabidopsis PHABULOSA and PHAVOLUTA genes in the perception of radial positional information in the leaf primordium. Dominant phabulosa (phb)(1) and phavoluta (phv) mutations cause a dramatic transformation of abaxial leaf fates into adaxial leaf fates. They do so by altering the predicted sterol/lipid-binding domains of ATHB14 and ATHB9, proteins of previously unknown function that also contain DNA-binding motifs. This change probably renders the protein constitutively active, implicating this domain as a central regulator of protein function and the PHB and PHV proteins as receptors for an adaxializing signal.
C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Genet, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
   Univ Wisconsin, Mol & Cellular Biol Program, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
   Univ Wisconsin, Program Plant Breeding & Plant Genet, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
   Univ Calif Davis, Plant Biol Sect, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
C3 University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; University of California System; University of California Davis
RP Barton, MK (corresponding author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Genet, 445 Henry Mall, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
EM mkbarton@facstaff.wisc.edu
NR 15
TC 906
Z9 1260
U1 9
U2 147
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 15
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6838
BP 709
EP 713
DI 10.1038/35079635
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 439JC
UT WOS:000169112500050
PM 11395776
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Calvert, PD
   Govardovskii, VI
   Krasnoperova, N
   Anderson, RE
   Lem, J
   Makino, CL
AF Calvert, PD
   Govardovskii, VI
   Krasnoperova, N
   Anderson, RE
   Lem, J
   Makino, CL
TI Membrane protein diffusion sets the speed of rod phototransduction
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID photoreceptor light adaptation; lateral diffusion; outer segment; lipid bilayers; retinal rods; in-vivo; rhodopsin; transducin; photoresponse; activation
AB Retinal rods signal the activation of a single receptor molecule by a photon(1). To ensure efficient photon capture, rods maintain about 10(9) copies of rhodopsin densely packed into membranous disks(2). But a high packing density of rhodopsin may impede other steps in phototransduction that take place on the disk membrane(3), by restricting the lateral movement of, and hence the rate of encounters between, the molecules involved(4-6). Although it has been suggested that lateral diffusion of proteins on the membrane sets the rate of onset of the photoresponse(7), it was later argued that the subsequent processing of the complexes was the main determinant of this rate(8,9). The effects of protein density on response shut-off have not been reported. Here we show that a roughly 50% reduction in protein crowding achieved by the hemizygous knockout of rhodopsin in transgenic mice accelerates the rising phases and recoveries of flash responses by about 1.7-fold in vivo. Thus, in rods the rates of both response onset and recovery are set by the diffusional encounter frequency between proteins on the disk membrane.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Ophthalmol, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
   Massachusetts Eye & Ear Infirm, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
   New England Med Ctr, Dept Ophthalmol, Mol Cardiol Res Inst, Boston, MA 02111 USA.
   New England Med Ctr, Dept Genet, Mol Cardiol Res Inst, Boston, MA 02111 USA.
   Tufts Univ, Sch Med, Boston, MA 02111 USA.
   Univ Oklahoma, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Ophthalmol, Dean A McGee Eye Inst, Oklahoma City, OK 73104 USA.
   Univ Oklahoma, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Cell Biol, Dean A McGee Eye Inst, Oklahoma City, OK 73104 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts Eye & Ear Infirmary; Tufts Medical Center; Tufts Medical Center; Tufts University; University of Oklahoma System; University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center; University of Oklahoma System; University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center
RP Calvert, PD (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Ophthalmol, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
NR 30
TC 151
Z9 176
U1 0
U2 15
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 3
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6833
BP 90
EP 94
DI 10.1038/35075083
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 427XY
UT WOS:000168432800049
PM 11333983
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU La Porta, A
   Voth, GA
   Crawford, AM
   Alexander, J
   Bodenschatz, E
AF La Porta, A
   Voth, GA
   Crawford, AM
   Alexander, J
   Bodenschatz, E
TI Fluid particle accelerations in fully developed turbulence
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pressure; statistics; models
AB The motion of fluid particles as they are pushed along erratic trajectories by fluctuating pressure gradients is fundamental to transport and mixing in turbulence. It is essential in cloud formation and atmospheric transport(1,2), processes in stirred chemical reactors and combustion systems(3), and in the industrial production of nanoparticles(4). The concept of particle trajectories has been used successfully to describe mixing and transport in turbulence(3,5), but issues of fundamental importance remain unresolved. One such issue is the Heisenberg-Yaglom prediction of fluid particle accelerations(6,7), based on the 1941 scaling theory of Kolmogorov(8,9). Here we report acceleration measurements using a detector adapted from high-energy physics to track particles in a laboratory water flow at Reynolds numbers up to 63,000. We find that, within experimental errors, Kolmogorov scaling of the acceleration variance is attained at high Reynolds numbers. Our data indicate that the acceleration is an extremely intermittent variable-particles are observed with accelerations of up to 1,500 times the acceleration of gravity (equivalent to 40 times the root mean square acceleration). We find that the acceleration data reflect the anisotropy of the large-scale flow at all Reynolds numbers studied.
C1 Cornell Univ, Atom & Solid State Phys Lab, Nucl Studies Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
C3 Cornell University
RP Bodenschatz, E (corresponding author), Cornell Univ, Atom & Solid State Phys Lab, Nucl Studies Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
EM eb22@cornell.edu
NR 26
TC 479
Z9 504
U1 1
U2 78
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 22
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6823
BP 1017
EP 1019
DI 10.1038/35059027
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 405FT
UT WOS:000167148800038
PM 11234005
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lachner, M
   O'Carroll, N
   Rea, S
   Mechtler, K
   Jenuwein, T
AF Lachner, M
   O'Carroll, N
   Rea, S
   Mechtler, K
   Jenuwein, T
TI Methylation of histone H3 lysine 9 creates a binding site for HP1 proteins
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID chromo domain; in-vitro; heterochromatin; drosophila; localization; organization; component; interacts; genome; yeast
AB Distinct modifications of histone amino termini, such as acetylation, phosphorylation and methylation, have been proposed to underlie a chromatin-based regulatory mechanism(1,2) that modulates the accessibility of genetic information. In addition to histone modifications that facilitate gene activity, it is of similar importance to restrict inappropriate gene expression(3,4) if cellular and developmental programmes are to proceed unperturbed. Here we show that mammalian methyltransferases that selectively methylate histone H3 on lysine 9 (Suv39h HMTases)(5) generate a binding site for HP1 proteins-a family of heterochromatic adaptor molecules(6,7) implicated in both gene silencing and supra-nucleosomal chromatin structure. High-affinity in vitro recognition of a methylated histone H3 peptide by HP1 requires a functional chromo domain; thus, the HP1 chromo domain is a specific interaction motif for the methyl epitope on lysine 9 of histone H3. In vivo, heterochromatin association of HP1 proteins is lost in Suv39h double-null primary mouse fibroblasts but is restored after the re-introduction of a catalytically active SUV39H1 HMTase. Our data define a molecular mechanism through which the SUV39H-HP1 methylation system can contribute to the propagation of heterochromatic subdomains in native chromatin.
C1 Vienna Bioctr, Res Inst Mol Pathol, A-1030 Vienna, Austria.
C3 Vienna Biocenter (VBC); Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP)
RP Jenuwein, T (corresponding author), Vienna Bioctr, Res Inst Mol Pathol, Dr Bohrgasse 7, A-1030 Vienna, Austria.
NR 30
TC 2260
Z9 2801
U1 0
U2 220
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 1
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6824
BP 116
EP 120
DI 10.1038/35065132
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 406BD
UT WOS:000167194300054
PM 11242053
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Åhlund, M
   Andersson, M
AF Åhlund, M
   Andersson, M
TI Brood parasitism -: Female ducks can double their reproduction
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID paternity
C1 Univ Gothenburg, Dept Zool, S-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden.
C3 University of Gothenburg
RP Åhlund, M (corresponding author), Univ Gothenburg, Dept Zool, Box 463, S-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden.
NR 10
TC 81
Z9 88
U1 0
U2 36
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 6
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6864
BP 600
EP 601
DI 10.1038/414600b
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 498WB
UT WOS:000172535600036
PM 11740548
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schwartz, JCD
   Zhang, XW
   Fedorov, AA
   Nathenson, SG
   Almo, SC
AF Schwartz, JCD
   Zhang, XW
   Fedorov, AA
   Nathenson, SG
   Almo, SC
TI Structural basis for co-stimulation by the human CTLA-4/B7-2 complex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID counter-receptors cd80; protein models; soluble form; cd28; binding; dimerization; recognition; activation; b7-1; site
AB Regulation of T-cell activity is dependent on antigen-independent co-stimulatory signals provided by the disulphide-linked homodimeric T-cell surface receptors, CD28 and CTLA-4 (ref, 1), Engagement of CD28 with B7-1 and B7-2 ligands on antigen-presenting cells (APCs) provides a stimulatory signal for T-cell. activation, whereas subsequent engagement of CTLA-4 with these I same ligands results in attenuation of the response(1). Given their central function in immune modulation, CTLA-4- and CD28- associated signalling pathways are primary therapeutic targets for preventing autoimmune disease, graft versus host disease, graft rejection and promoting tumour immunity(1,2). However, little is known about the cell-surface organization of these receptor/ ligand complexes and the structural basis for signal transduction, Here we report the 3.2-Angstrom resolution structure of the complex between the disulphide-linked homodimer of human CTLA-4 and the receptor-binding domain of human B7-2. The unusual dimerization properties of both CTLA-4 and B7-2 place their respective ligand-binding sites distal to the dimer interface in each molecule and promote the formation of an alternating arrangement of bivalent CTLA-4 and B7-2 dimers that extends throughout the crystal. Direct observation of this CTLA-4/B7-2 network provides a model for the periodic organization of these molecules within the immunological synapse and suggests a distinct mechanism for signalling by dimeric cell-surface receptors.
C1 Yeshiva Univ Albert Einstein Coll Med, Dept Biochem, Bronx, NY 10461 USA.
   Yeshiva Univ Albert Einstein Coll Med, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Bronx, NY 10461 USA.
   Yeshiva Univ Albert Einstein Coll Med, Dept Cell Biol, Bronx, NY 10461 USA.
C3 Yeshiva University; Montefiore Medical Center; Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Yeshiva University; Montefiore Medical Center; Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Montefiore Medical Center; Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Yeshiva University
RP Almo, SC (corresponding author), Yeshiva Univ Albert Einstein Coll Med, Dept Biochem, 1300 Morris Pk Ave, Bronx, NY 10461 USA.
EM nathenso@aecom.yu.edu; almo@aecom.yu.edu
NR 32
TC 293
Z9 399
U1 1
U2 27
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 29
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6828
BP 604
EP 608
DI 10.1038/35069112
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 417WW
UT WOS:000167859300053
PM 11279501
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Thompson, JB
   Kindt, JH
   Drake, B
   Hansma, HG
   Morse, DE
   Hansma, PK
AF Thompson, JB
   Kindt, JH
   Drake, B
   Hansma, HG
   Morse, DE
   Hansma, PK
TI Bone indentation recovery time correlates with bond reforming time
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID atomic-force microscopy; collagen cross-links; scanning electron; fibrils; titin; immunoglobulin; microcracking; strength; domains; cornea
AB Despite centuries of work, dating back to Galileo(1), the molecular basis of bone's toughness and strength remains largely a mystery. A great deal is known about bone microsctructure(2-5) and the microcracks(6,7) that are precursors to its fracture, but little is known about the basic mechanism for dissipating the energy of an impact to keep the bone from fracturing. Bone is a nanocomposite of hydroxyapatite crystals and an organic matrix. Because rigid crystals such as the hydroxyapatite crystals cannot dissipate much energy, the organic matrix, which is mainly collagen, must be involved. A reduction in the number of collagen cross links has been associated with reduced bone strength(8-10) and collagen is molecularly elongated ('pulled') when bovine tendon is strained(11). Using an atomic force microscope(12-16), a molecular mechanistic origin for the remarkable toughness of another biocomposite material, abalone nacre, has been found(12). Here we report that bone, like abalone nacre, contains polymers with 'sacrircial bonds' that both protect the polymer backbone and dissipate energy. The time needed for these sacrificial bonds to reform after pulling correlates with the time needed for bone to recover its toughness as measured by atomic force microscope indentation testing. We suggest that the sacrificial bonds found within or between collagen molecules may be partially responsible for the toughness of bone.
C1 Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Phys, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
   Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Mol Cellular & Dev Biol, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara; University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara
RP Thompson, JB (corresponding author), Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Phys, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
EM jbthomp@physics.ucsb.edu
NR 30
TC 413
Z9 490
U1 2
U2 133
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 13
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6865
BP 773
EP 776
DI 10.1038/414773a
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 501GD
UT WOS:000172676200053
PM 11742405
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Singh, H
   Chen, Y
   Staudt, A
   Jacob, D
   Blake, D
   Heikes, B
   Snow, J
AF Singh, H
   Chen, Y
   Staudt, A
   Jacob, D
   Blake, D
   Heikes, B
   Snow, J
TI Evidence from the Pacific troposphere for large global sources of oxygenated organic compounds
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID in-situ measurements; nonmethane hydrocarbons; carbonyl-compounds; atmosphere; chemistry; nitrate; acetone; fate; air; hox
AB The presence of oxygenated organic compounds in the troposphere strongly influences key atmospheric processes. Such oxygenated species are, for example, carriers of reactive nitrogen and are easily photolysed, producing free radicals(1-3)-and so influence the oxidizing capacity and the ozone-forming potential of the atmosphere(4-6)-and may also contribute significantly to the organic component of aerosols(7,8). But knowledge of the distribution and sources of oxygenated organic compounds, especially in the Southern Hemisphere, is limited. Here we characterize the tropospheric composition of oxygenated organic species, using data from a recent airborne survey(9) conducted over the tropical Pacific Ocean (30 degrees N to 30 degrees S). Measurements of a dozen oxygenated chemicals (carbonyls, alcohols, organic nitrates, organic pernitrates and peroxides), along with several C-2-C-8 hydrocarbons, reveal that abundances of oxygenated species are extremely high, and collectively, oxygenated species are nearly five times more abundant than non-methane hydrocarbons in the Southern Hemisphere. Current atmospheric models are unable to correctly simulate these findings, suggesting that large, diffuse, and hitherto-unknown sources of oxygenated organic compounds must therefore exist. Although the origin of these sources is still unclear, we suggest that oxygenated species could be formed via the oxidation of hydrocarbons in the atmosphere, the photochemical degradation of organic matter in the oceans, and direct emissions from terrestrial vegetation.
C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Univ Calif Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697 USA.
   Univ Rhode Isl, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA.
C3 National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Ames Research Center; Harvard University; University of California System; University of California Irvine; University of Rhode Island
RP Singh, H (corresponding author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA.
NR 27
TC 347
Z9 376
U1 1
U2 105
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 26
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6832
BP 1078
EP 1081
DI 10.1038/35074067
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 425HQ
UT WOS:000168285500043
PM 11323667
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Niswender, KD
   Morton, GJ
   Stearns, WH
   Rhodes, CJ
   Myers, MG Jr
   Schwartz, MW
AF Niswender, KD
   Morton, GJ
   Stearns, WH
   Rhodes, CJ
   Myers, MG Jr
   Schwartz, MW
TI Intracellular signalling - Key enzyme in leptin-induced anorexia
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID activation; 3-kinase; obese; mice
C1 Univ Washington, Sch Med, Div Metab Endocrinol & Nutr, Seattle, WA 98104 USA.
   Univ Washington, Harborview Med Ctr, Seattle, WA 98104 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Joslin Diabet Ctr, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
   Pacific NW Res Inst, Seattle, WA 98122 USA.
C3 University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; Harborview Medical Center; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Joslin Diabetes Center, Inc.
RP Niswender, KD (corresponding author), Univ Washington, Sch Med, Div Metab Endocrinol & Nutr, Seattle, WA 98104 USA.
EM mschwart@u.washington.edu
NR 12
TC 490
Z9 574
U1 0
U2 16
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 25
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6858
BP 794
EP 795
DI 10.1038/35101657
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 485JA
UT WOS:000171750200033
PM 11677594
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nestler, EJ
   Landsman, D
AF Nestler, EJ
   Landsman, D
TI Learning about addiction from the genome
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mu-opioid receptor; proteins; neuroscience; sensitivity; progress; genes
AB Drug addiction can be defined as the compulsive seeking and taking of a drug despite adverse consequences. Although addiction involves many psychological and social factors, it also represents a biological process: the effects of repeated drug exposure on a vulnerable brain. The sequencing of the human and other mammalian genomes will help us to understand the biology of addiction by enabling us to identify both genes that contribute to individual risk for addiction and those through which drugs cause addiction. We illustrate this potential impact by searching a draft sequence of the human genome for genes related to desensitization of receptors that mediate the actions of drugs of abuse on the nervous system.
C1 Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Dept Psychiat, Dallas, TX 75390 USA.
   Natl Lib Med, Natl Ctr Biotechnol Informat, Computat Biol Branch, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
C3 University of Texas System; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Library of Medicine (NLM)
RP Nestler, EJ (corresponding author), Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Dept Psychiat, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390 USA.
FU National Library of Medicine [ZIALM000071] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
NR 15
TC 65
Z9 75
U1 0
U2 14
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 15
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6822
BP 834
EP 835
DI 10.1038/35057015
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 401QC
UT WOS:000166938800049
PM 11237002
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fagarasan, S
   Kinoshita, K
   Muramatsu, M
   Ikuta, K
   Honjo, T
AF Fagarasan, S
   Kinoshita, K
   Muramatsu, M
   Ikuta, K
   Honjo, T
TI In situ class switching and differentiation to IgA-producing cells in the gut lamina propria
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cytidine deaminase aid; b-cells; surface-receptors; marginal zone; plasma-cells; cd40 ligand; fc receptor; mice; activation; expression
AB One of the front lines of the immune defence is the gut mucosa, where immunoglobulin-alpha (IgA) is continuously produced to react with commensal bacteria and dietary antigens. It is generally accepted that, after antigenic stimulation in the Peyer's patches, IgA(+) lymphoblasts (B220(+)IgA(+)) migrate through the lymph and blood circulation, and eventually home to the lamina propria of the intestine(1,2). Mice that lack activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) are defective in class switch recombination (CSR) and somatic hypermutation(3). CSR changes the immunoglobulin heavy chain constant region (CH) gene being expressed from C mu to other CH genes, resulting in a switch of the immunoglobulin isotype from IgM to IgG, IgE or IgA. AID(-/-) mice also secrete large amounts of immunoglobulin-m (IgM) into faeces, and accumulate B220(-)IgM(+) plasma cells as well as B220(+)IgM(+) cells in the gut. Here we show that lamina propria B220(+)IgA(+) cells have just completed CSR, as they still express both AID and transcripts from circular DNA that has been 'looped-out' during CSR. Lamina propria IgM(+) B cells seem to be pre-committed to switching to IgA(+) in vitro as well as in vivo. Culturing lamina propria IgM(+) B cells together with lamina propria stromal cells enhances preferential switching and differentiation of B cells to IgA(+) plasma cells. We conclude that IgA(+) cells in the gut lamina propria are generated in situ from B220(+)IgM(+) lymphocytes.
C1 Kyoto Univ, Grad Sch Med, Dept Med Chem, Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068501, Japan.
C3 Kyoto University
RP Honjo, T (corresponding author), Kyoto Univ, Grad Sch Med, Dept Med Chem, Sakyo Ku, Yoshida Konoe Cho, Kyoto 6068501, Japan.
EM honjo@mfour.med.kyoto-u.ac.jp
NR 31
TC 346
Z9 403
U1 0
U2 19
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 11
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6856
BP 639
EP 643
DI 10.1038/35098100
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 480WE
UT WOS:000171485700051
PM 11675788
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ivanisevic, A
   Yeh, JY
   Mawst, L
   Kuech, TF
   Ellis, AB
AF Ivanisevic, A
   Yeh, JY
   Mawst, L
   Kuech, TF
   Ellis, AB
TI Semiconductor devices - Light-emitting diodes as chemical sensors
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID silicon
C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Chem, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
   Univ Wisconsin, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
   Univ Wisconsin, Dept Chem Engn, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
C3 University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison
RP Ellis, AB (corresponding author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Chem, 1101 Univ Ave, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
NR 11
TC 30
Z9 35
U1 0
U2 42
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 25
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6819
BP 476
EP 476
DI 10.1038/35054131
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 395FW
UT WOS:000166570500035
PM 11206534
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Blancou, P
   Vartanian, JP
   Christopherson, C
   Chenciner, N
   Basilico, C
   Kwok, S
   Wain-Hobson, S
AF Blancou, P
   Vartanian, JP
   Christopherson, C
   Chenciner, N
   Basilico, C
   Kwok, S
   Wain-Hobson, S
TI Polio vaccine samples not linked to AIDS - A search through the archives clears early vaccines of starting the AIDS pandemic.
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID poliomyelitis virus
C1 Inst Pasteur, Unite Retrovirol Mol, F-75724 Paris 15, France.
   Roche Mol Syst, Dept Infect Dis, Alameda, CA 94501 USA.
   NYU, Sch Med, Dept Microbiol, New York, NY 10016 USA.
C3 Pasteur Network; Universite Paris Cite; Institut Pasteur Paris; Roche Holding; Roche Holding USA; New York University
RP Blancou, P (corresponding author), Inst Pasteur, Unite Retrovirol Mol, 28 Rue Dr Roux, F-75724 Paris 15, France.
EM simon@pasteur.fr
NR 11
TC 18
Z9 27
U1 0
U2 8
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 26
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6832
BP 1045
EP 1046
DI 10.1038/35074171
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 425HQ
UT WOS:000168285500033
PM 11323657
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bradley, KA
   Mogridge, J
   Mourez, M
   Collier, RJ
   Young, JAT
AF Bradley, KA
   Mogridge, J
   Mourez, M
   Collier, RJ
   Young, JAT
TI Identification of the cellular receptor for anthrax toxin
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID protective antigen; lethal factor; crystal-structure; adenylate-cyclase; mammalian-cells; edema factor; high-titer; i-domain; macrophages; library
AB The tripartite toxin secreted by Bacillus anthracis, the causative agent of anthrax, helps the bacterium evade the immune system and can kill the host during a systemic infection. Two components of the toxin enzymatically modify substrates within the cytosol of mammalian cells: oedema factor (OF) is an adenylate cyclase that impairs host defences through a variety of mechanisms including inhibiting phagocytosis(1,2); lethal factor (LF) is a zinc-dependent protease that cleaves mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase and causes lysis of macrophages(3-5). Protective antigen (PA), the third component, binds to a cellular receptor and mediates delivery of the enzymatic components to the cytosol. Here we describe the cloning of the human PA receptor using a genetic complementation approach. The receptor, termed ATR (anthrax toxin receptor), is a type I membrane protein with an extracellular von Willebrand factor A domain that binds directly to PA. In addition, a soluble version of this domain can protect cells from the action of the toxin.
C1 Univ Wisconsin, McArdle Lab Canc Res, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Biol & Biomed Sci Grad Program, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Microbiol & Mol Genet, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
RP Young, JAT (corresponding author), Univ Wisconsin, McArdle Lab Canc Res, 1400 Univ Ave, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
NR 31
TC 741
Z9 954
U1 0
U2 66
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 8
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6860
BP 225
EP 229
DI 10.1038/n35101999
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 490AY
UT WOS:000172029100052
PM 11700562
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pfleiderer, C
   Julian, SR
   Lonzarich, GG
AF Pfleiderer, C
   Julian, SR
   Lonzarich, GG
TI Non-Fermi-liquid nature of the normal state of itinerant-electron ferromagnets
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID quantum phase-transition; magnetic-property; spin fluctuations; temperature; mnsi; resistivity; wave
AB A century of research on magnetic phenomena had led to the view that the normal state of itinerant-electron ferromagnets such as Fe, Ni and Co could be described in terms of the standard model of the metallic state or its extension known as the nearly ferromagnetic Fermi liquid theory(1-3). In recent years, however, a large body of observations has accumulated from various complex intermetallic systems(4,5) that raises the possibility that this assumption might be wrong. Here we examine this issue by means of high-precision measurements of the electrical transport and magnetic properties of pure ferromagnets-in particular, MnSi-in which the Curie temperature is tuned towards absolute zero by the application of hydrostatic pressure. With this method, it is possible for us to study the normal state over an extraordinarily large range of temperature of up to five orders of magnitude above the Curie temperature. Our results using MnSi reveal particularly striking combination of properties-most notably a T-3/2 power law for the resistivity-showing clearly that the normal state of this itinerant-electron ferromagnet cannot be described in terms of the standard model of metals.
C1 Univ Karlsruhe, Inst Phys, D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany.
   Univ Cambridge, Cavendish Lab, Cambridge CB3 0HE, England.
C3 Helmholtz Association; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology; University of Cambridge
RP Pfleiderer, C (corresponding author), Univ Karlsruhe, Inst Phys, Kaiserstr 12, D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany.
EM christian.pfleiderer@physik.uni-karlsruhe.de
NR 30
TC 367
Z9 395
U1 3
U2 123
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 22
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6862
BP 427
EP 430
DI 10.1038/35106527
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 494UP
UT WOS:000172304500037
PM 11719799
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ooi, TL
   Wu, B
   He, ZJJ
AF Ooi, TL
   Wu, B
   He, ZJJ
TI Distance determined by the angular declination below the horizon
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID visual-perception; locomotion; guidance
AB A biological system is often more efficient when it takes advantage of the regularities in its environment(1,2). Like other terrestrial creatures, our spatial sense relies on the regularities associated with the ground surface(2-6). A simple, but important, ecological fact is that the field of view of the ground surface extends upwards from near (feet) to infinity (horizon)(2). It forms the basis of a trigonometric relationship wherein the further an object on the ground is, the higher in the field of view it looks, with an object at infinity being seen at the horizon. Here, we provide support for the hypothesis that the visual system uses the angular declination below the horizon for distance judgement. Using a visually directed action task(7-10), we found that when the angular declination was increased by binocularly viewing through base-up prisms, the observer underestimated distance. After adapting to the same prisms, however, the observer overestimated distance on prism removal. Most significantly, we show that the distance overestimation as an after-effect of prism adaptation was due to a lowered perceived eye level, which reduced the object's angular declination below the horizon.
C1 So Coll Optometry, Dept Biomed Sci, Memphis, TN 38104 USA.
   Univ Louisville, Dept Psychol & Brain Sci, Louisville, KY 40292 USA.
C3 University of Louisville
RP Ooi, TL (corresponding author), So Coll Optometry, Dept Biomed Sci, Memphis, TN 38104 USA.
NR 21
TC 269
Z9 310
U1 0
U2 33
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 8
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6860
BP 197
EP 200
DI 10.1038/35102562
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 490AY
UT WOS:000172029100045
PM 11700556
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Digicaylioglu, M
   Lipton, SA
AF Digicaylioglu, M
   Lipton, SA
TI Erythropoietin-mediated neuroprotection involves cross-talk between Jak2 and NF-κB signalling cascades
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nitric-oxide; transcription factor; cytokine receptors; induced apoptosis; oxidative stress; gene-expression; cells; activation; inhibition; hippocampal
AB Erythropoietin, a kidney cytokine regulating haematopoiesis (the production of blood cells), is also produced in the brain after oxidative or nitrosative stress(1,2). The transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) upregulates EPO following hypoxic stimuli(3,4). Here we show that preconditioning with EPO protects neurons in models of ischaemic and degenerative damage due to excitotoxins(4,5) and consequent generation of free radicals, including nitric oxide (NO). Activation of neuronal EPO receptors (EPORs) prevents apoptosis induced by NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) or NO by triggering cross-talk between the signalling pathways of Janus kinase-2 (Jak2) and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB). We show that EPOR-mediated activation of Jak2 leads to phosphorylation of the inhibitor of NF-kappaB (I kappaB), subsequent nuclear translocation of the transcription factor NF-kappaB, and NF-kappaB-dependent transcription of neuroprotective genes. Transfection of cerebrocortical neurons with a dominant interfering form of Jak2 or an I kappaB alpha super-repressor blocks EPO-mediated prevention of neuronal apoptosis. Thus neuronal EPORs activate a neuroprotective pathway that is distinct from previously well characterized Jak and NF-kappaB functions. Moreover, this EPO effect may underlie neuroprotection mediated by hypoxic-schaemic preconditioning.
C1 Burnham Inst, Ctr Neurosci & Aging Res, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Brigham & Womens Hosp,Program Neurosci, Cerebrovasc & NeuroSci Res Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Brigham & Women's Hospital
RP Lipton, SA (corresponding author), Burnham Inst, Ctr Neurosci & Aging Res, 10901 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
NR 30
TC 807
Z9 926
U1 0
U2 48
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 9
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6847
BP 641
EP 647
DI 10.1038/35088074
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 460PP
UT WOS:000170318000042
PM 11493922
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tomlin, S
AF Tomlin, S
TI Sleepless in Seattle
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 3
TC 2
Z9 2
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 22
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6827
BP 407
EP 407
DI 10.1038/35068713
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 412YX
UT WOS:000167583800012
PM 11260681
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Davies, R
   Cartwright, J
   Pike, J
   Line, C
AF Davies, R
   Cartwright, J
   Pike, J
   Line, C
TI Early Oligocene initiation of North Atlantic Deep Water formation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB Dating the onset of deep-water flow between the Arctic and North Atlantic oceans is critical for modelling climate change in the Northern Hemisphere(1,2) and for explaining changes in global ocean circulation throughout the Cenozoic era(3) (from about 65 million years ago to the present). In the early Cenozoic era, exchange between these two ocean basins was inhibited by the Greenland-Scotland ridge(3,4), but a gateway through the Faeroe-Shetland basin has been hypothesized(3,5). Previous estimates of the date marking the onset of deep-water circulation through this basin-on the basis of circumstantial evidence from neighbouring basins-have been contradictory(5-9), ranging from about 35 to 15 million years ago. Here we describe the newly discovered Southeast Faeroes drift, which extends for 120 km parallel to the basin axis. The onset of deposition in this drift has been dated to the early Oligocene epoch (similar to 35 million years ago) from a petroleum exploration borehole. We show that the drift was deposited under a southerly flow regime, and conclude that the initiation of deep-water circulation from the Norwegian Sea into the North Atlantic Ocean took place much earlier than is currently assumed in most numerical models of ancient ocean circulation.
C1 ExxonMobil Int Ltd, London WC2B 6WF, England.
   Univ Cardiff, Dept Earth Sci, Cardiff CF10 3YE, S Glam, Wales.
C3 Exxon Mobil Corporation; Cardiff University
RP Davies, R (corresponding author), ExxonMobil Int Ltd, St Catherines House,2 Kingsway,POB 393, London WC2B 6WF, England.
EM richard_davies@email.mobil.com; cartwrightja@cardiff.ac.uk
NR 29
TC 121
Z9 143
U1 0
U2 20
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 19
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6831
BP 917
EP 920
DI 10.1038/35073551
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 423AG
UT WOS:000168152300042
PM 11309613
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mechsner, F
   Kerzel, D
   Knoblich, G
   Prinz, W
AF Mechsner, F
   Kerzel, D
   Knoblich, G
   Prinz, W
TI Perceptual basis of bimanual coordination
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID interlimb coordination; movement patterns; dynamics; constraints; transitions; model; phase
AB Periodic bimanual movements are often the focus of studies of the basic organizational principles of human actions(1-25). In such movements there is a typical spontaneous tendency towards mirror symmetry. Even involuntary slips from asymmetrical movement patterns into symmetry occur, but not vice versa. Traditionally, this phenomenon has been interpreted as a tendency towards co-activation of homologous muscles, probably originating in motoric neuronal structures. Here we provide evidence contrary to this widespread assumption. We show for two prominent experimental models-bimanual finger oscillation(1) and bimanual four-finger tapping(2)-that the symmetry bias is actually towards spatial, perceptual symmetry, without regard to the muscles involved. We suggest that spontaneous coordination phenomena of this kind are purely perceptual in nature. In the case of a bimanual circling model, our findings reveal that highly complex, even 'impossible' movements can easily be performed with only simple visual feedback. A 'motoric' representation of the performed perceptual oscillation patterns is not necessary. Thus there is no need to translate such a 'motoric' into a 'perceptual' representation or vice versa, using 'internal models' (ref. 29). We suggest that voluntary movements are organized by way of a representation of the perceptual goals, whereas the corresponding motor activity, of sometimes high complexity, is spontaneously and flexibly tuned in.
C1 Max Planck Inst Psychol Res, Dept Cognit & Act, D-80799 Munich, Germany.
C3 Max Planck Society
RP Mechsner, F (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Psychol Res, Dept Cognit & Act, Amalienstr 33, D-80799 Munich, Germany.
EM mechsner@mpipf-muenchen.mpg.de
NR 30
TC 505
Z9 563
U1 1
U2 57
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 01
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6859
BP 69
EP 73
DI 10.1038/35102060
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 487VC
UT WOS:000171898900043
PM 11689944
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sasaki, S
   Nakamura, K
   Hamabe, Y
   Kurahashi, E
   Hiroi, T
AF Sasaki, S
   Nakamura, K
   Hamabe, Y
   Kurahashi, E
   Hiroi, T
TI Production of iron nanoparticles by laser irradiation in a simulation of lunar-like space weathering
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID s-type asteroids; ordinary chondrite; regolith; meteorite; samples
AB 'Space weathering' is the term applied to the darkening and reddening of planetary surface materials with time, along with the changes to the depths of absorption bands in their optical spectra. It has been invoked to explain the mismatched spectra of lunar rocks and regolith, and between those of asteroids and meteorites(1-6). The formation of nanophase iron particles on regolith grains as a result of micrometeorite impacts or irradiation by the solar wind has been proposed as the main cause of the change in the optical properties(7,8). But laboratory simulations(9-14) have not revealed the presence of these particles, although nanosecond-pulse laser irradiation did reproduce the optical changes(12) Here we report observations by transmission electron microscopy of olivine samples subjected to pulse laser irradiation. We fmd within the amorphous vapour-deposited rims of olivine grains nanophase iron particles similar to those observed in the rims of space-weathered lunar regolith grains(15,16). Reduction by hydrogen atoms implanted by the solar wind is therefore not necessary to form the particles. Moreover, the results support the idea that ordinary chondrites came from S-type asteroids(5), and thereby provides some constraints on the surface exposure ages of those asteroids.
C1 Univ Tokyo, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
   Kobe Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Kobe, Hyogo 6578501, Japan.
   Brown Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Providence, RI 02912 USA.
C3 University of Tokyo; Kobe University; Brown University
RP Sasaki, S (corresponding author), Univ Tokyo, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
EM sho@eps.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp
NR 23
TC 379
Z9 423
U1 1
U2 83
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 29
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6828
BP 555
EP 557
DI 10.1038/35069013
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 417WW
UT WOS:000167859300038
PM 11279486
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kikkawa, M
   Sablin, EP
   Okada, Y
   Yajima, H
   Fletterick, RJ
   Hirokawa, N
AF Kikkawa, M
   Sablin, EP
   Okada, Y
   Yajima, H
   Fletterick, RJ
   Hirokawa, N
TI Switch-based mechanism of kinesin motors
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID x-ray structure; factor ef-tu; crystal-structure; angstrom resolution; molecular motor; nucleotide-binding; microtubule; protein; domain; ncd
AB Kinesin motors are specialized enzymes that use hydrolysis of ATP to generate force and movement along their cellular tracks, the microtubules. Although numerous biochemical and biophysical studies have accumulated much data that link microtubule-assisted ATP hydrolysis to kinesin motion, the structural view of kinesin movement remains unclear. This study of the monomeric kinesin motor KIF1A combines X-ray crystallography and cryo-electron microscopy, and allows analysis of force-generating conformational changes at atomic resolution. The motor is revealed in its two functionally critical states-complexed with ADP and with a non-hydrolysable analogue of ATP. The conformational change observed between the ADP-bound and the ATP-like structures of the KIF1A catalytic core is modular, extends to all kinesins and is similar to the conformational change used by myosin motors and G proteins. Docking of the ADP-bound and ATP-like crystallographic models of KIF1A into the corresponding cryo-electron microscopy maps suggests a rationale for the plus-end directional bias associated with the kinesin catalytic core.
C1 Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Med, Dept Cell Biol & Anat, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Biochem Biophys, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
C3 University of Tokyo; University of California System; University of California San Francisco
RP Hirokawa, N (corresponding author), Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Med, Dept Cell Biol & Anat, Bunkyo Ku, 7-3-1 Hongo, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
EM hirokawa@m.u-tokyo.ac.jp
NR 50
TC 302
Z9 345
U1 0
U2 33
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 24
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6836
BP 439
EP 445
DI 10.1038/35078000
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 435CB
UT WOS:000168858700037
PM 11373668
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Withers, P
   Neumann, GA
AF Withers, P
   Neumann, GA
TI Enigmatic northern plains of Mars - A network of ridges in this region opens a new tectonic window onto this planet.
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Arizona, Lunar & Planetary Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
   MIT, Dept Earth Atmospher & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Terr Phys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA.
C3 University of Arizona; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
RP Withers, P (corresponding author), Univ Arizona, Lunar & Planetary Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
EM withers@lpl.arizona.edu
NR 4
TC 29
Z9 32
U1 0
U2 3
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 5
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6829
BP 651
EP 651
DI 10.1038/35070640
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 418DJ
UT WOS:000167875400033
PM 11287941
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Marklund, GT
   Ivchenko, N
   Karlsson, T
   Fazakerley, A
   Dunlop, M
   Lindqvist, PA
   Buchert, S
   Owen, C
   Taylor, M
   Vaivalds, A
   Carter, P
   André, M
   Balogh, A
AF Marklund, GT
   Ivchenko, N
   Karlsson, T
   Fazakerley, A
   Dunlop, M
   Lindqvist, PA
   Buchert, S
   Owen, C
   Taylor, M
   Vaivalds, A
   Carter, P
   André, M
   Balogh, A
TI Temporal evolution of the electric field accelerating electrons away from the auroral ionosphere
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID electrostatic potentials; current region; black aurora; plasma sheet; altitude; polar
AB The bright night-time aurorae that are visible to the unaided eye are caused by electrons accelerated towards Earth by an upward-pointing electric field(1-3). On adjacent geomagnetic field lines the reverse process occurs: a downward-pointing electric field accelerates electrons away from Earth(4-11). Such magnetic-field-aligned electric fields in the collisionless plasma above the auroral ionosphere have been predicted(12), but how they could be maintained is still a matter for debate(13). The spatial and temporal behaviour of the electric fields-a knowledge of which is crucial to an understanding of their nature-cannot be resolved uniquely by single satellite measurements. Here we report on the first observations by a formation of identically instrumented satellites crossing a beam of upward-accelerated electrons. The structure of the electric potential accelerating the beam grew in magnitude and width for about 200 s, accompanied by a widening of the downward-current sheet, with the total current remaining constant. The 200-s timescale suggests that the evacuation of the electrons from the ionosphere contributes to the formation of the downward-pointing magnetic-field-aligned electric fields. This evolution implies a growing load in the downward leg of the current circuit, which may affect the visible discrete aurorae.
C1 Royal Inst Technol, KTH, Alfven Lab, Div Plasma Phys, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden.
   UCL, Mullard Space Sci Lab, Dorking RH5 6NT, Surrey, England.
   Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Blackett Lab, Space & Atmospher Phys Grp, London SW7 2BW, England.
   Swedish Inst Space Phys, Angstromlab, SE-75121 Uppsala, Sweden.
C3 Royal Institute of Technology; University of London; University College London; Imperial College London
RP Marklund, GT (corresponding author), Royal Inst Technol, KTH, Alfven Lab, Div Plasma Phys, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden.
EM marklund@plasma.kth.se
NR 24
TC 129
Z9 135
U1 0
U2 13
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 13
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6865
BP 724
EP 727
DI 10.1038/414724a
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 501GD
UT WOS:000172676200040
PM 11742392
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dragoi, V
   Rivadulla, C
   Sur, M
AF Dragoi, V
   Rivadulla, C
   Sur, M
TI Foci of orientation plasticity in visual cortex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cat area 17; ocular dominance; adaptation; selectivity; connections; inhibition; contrast
AB Cortical areas are generally assumed to be uniform in their capacity for adaptive changes or plasticity(1-4). Here we demonstrate, however, that neurons in the cat striate cortex (V1) show pronounced adaptation-induced short-term plasticity of orientation tuning primarily at specific foci. V1 neurons are clustered according to their orientation preference in iso-orientation domains(5) that converge at singularities or pinwheel centres(6,7). Although neurons in pinwheel centres have similar orientation tuning and responses to those in iso-orientation domains, we rnd that they differ markedly in their capacity for adaptive changes. Adaptation with an oriented drifting grating stimulus alters responses of neurons located at and near pinwheel centres to a broad range of orientations, causing repulsive shifts in orientation preference and changes in response magnitude. In contrast, neurons located in iso-orientation domains show minimal changes in their tuning properties after adaptation. The anisotropy of adaptation-induced orientation plasticity is probably mediated by inhomogeneities in local intracortical interactions that are overlaid on the map of orientation preference in V1.
C1 MIT, Dept Brain & Cognit Sci, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   MIT, Ctr Learning & Memory, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP Dragoi, V (corresponding author), MIT, Dept Brain & Cognit Sci, E25-618, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
EM vdragoi@ai.mit.edu
NR 30
TC 137
Z9 157
U1 0
U2 7
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 3
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6833
BP 80
EP 86
DI 10.1038/35075070
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 427XY
UT WOS:000168432800047
PM 11333981
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Crawley, MJ
   Brown, SL
   Hails, RS
   Kohn, DD
   Rees, M
AF Crawley, MJ
   Brown, SL
   Hails, RS
   Kohn, DD
   Rees, M
TI Biotechnology - Transgenic crops in natural habitats
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, NERC, Ctr Populat Biol, Dept Biol, Ascot SL5 7PY, Berks, England.
C3 Imperial College London; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Natural Environment Research Council (NERC)
RP Crawley, MJ (corresponding author), Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, NERC, Ctr Populat Biol, Dept Biol, Silwood Pk, Ascot SL5 7PY, Berks, England.
NR 3
TC 133
Z9 188
U1 0
U2 56
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 8
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6821
BP 682
EP 683
DI 10.1038/35055621
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 399MF
UT WOS:000166816400031
PM 11217848
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Roelofs, J
   Van Haastert, PJM
AF Roelofs, J
   Van Haastert, PJM
TI Genomics - Genes lost during evolution
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Groningen, Dept Biochem, NL-9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands.
C3 University of Groningen
RP Roelofs, J (corresponding author), Univ Groningen, Dept Biochem, Nijenborgh 4, NL-9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands.
EM p.j.m.van.haastert@chem.rug.nl
NR 4
TC 62
Z9 67
U1 0
U2 14
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 28
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6841
BP 1013
EP 1014
DI 10.1038/35082627
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 446TF
UT WOS:000169528500034
PM 11429590
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bertet, P
   Osnaghi, S
   Rauschenbeutel, A
   Nogues, G
   Auffeves, A
   Brune, M
   Raimond, JM
   Haroche, S
AF Bertet, P
   Osnaghi, S
   Rauschenbeutel, A
   Nogues, G
   Auffeves, A
   Brune, M
   Raimond, JM
   Haroche, S
TI A complementarity experiment with an interferometer at the quantum-classical boundary
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID which-way information; fringe visibility; single-photon; coherence; light; eraser; fields
AB To illustrate the quantum mechanical principle of complementarity, Bohr(1) described an interferometer with a microscopic slit that records the particle's path. Recoil of the quantum slit causes it to become entangled with the particle, resulting in a kind of Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen pair(2). As the motion of the slit can be observed, the ambiguity of the particle's trajectory is lifted, suppressing interference effects. In contrast, the state of a sufficiently massive slit does not depend on the particle's path; hence, interference fringes are visible. Although many experiments illustrating various aspects of complementarity have been proposed(3-9) and realized(10-18), none has addressed the quantum- classical limit in the design of the interferometer. Here we report an experimental investigation of complementarity using an interferometer in which the properties of one of the beam-splitting elements can be tuned continuously from being effectively microscopic to macroscopic. Following a recent proposal(19), we use an atomic double-pulse Ramsey interferometer(20), in which microwave pulses act as beam-splitters for the quantum states of the atoms. One of the pulses is a coherent field stored in a cavity, comprising a small, adjustable mean photon number. The visibility of the interference fringes in the final atomic state probability increases with this photon number, illustrating the quantum to classical transition.
C1 Ecole Normale Super, Dept Phys, Lab Kastler Brossel, F-75231 Paris 05, France.
C3 Universite PSL; College de France; Ecole Normale Superieure (ENS); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Sorbonne Universite
RP Haroche, S (corresponding author), Ecole Normale Super, Dept Phys, Lab Kastler Brossel, 24 Rue Lhomond, F-75231 Paris 05, France.
EM haroche@lkb.ens.fr
NR 31
TC 176
Z9 191
U1 2
U2 50
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 10
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6834
BP 166
EP 170
DI 10.1038/35075517
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 430FC
UT WOS:000168563000042
PM 11346787
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jackson, M
   Song, W
   Liu, MY
   Jin, L
   Dykes-Hoberg, M
   Lin, CLG
   Bowers, WJ
   Federoff, HJ
   Sternweis, PC
   Rothstein, JD
AF Jackson, M
   Song, W
   Liu, MY
   Jin, L
   Dykes-Hoberg, M
   Lin, CLG
   Bowers, WJ
   Federoff, HJ
   Sternweis, PC
   Rothstein, JD
TI Modulation of the neuronal glutamate transporter EAAT4 by two interacting proteins
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nucleotide exchange factor; cerebellar purkinje-cells; gated chloride channel; simplex virus vectors; rat-brain; synaptic transmission; surface expression; packaging system; localization; rho
AB Glutamate is the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system and is removed from the synaptic cleft by sodium-dependent glutamate transporters. To date, five distinct glutamate transporters have been cloned from animal and human tissue: GLAST (EAAT1), GLT-1 (EAAT2), EAAC1 (EAAT3), EAAT4, and EAAT5 (refs 1-5). GLAST and GLT-1 are localized primarily in astrocytes(6,7), whereas EAAC1 (refs 8, 9), EAAT4 (refs 9-11) and EAAT5 (ref. 5) are neuronal. Studies of EAAT4 and EAAC1 indicate an extrasynaptic localization on perisynaptic membranes that are near release sites(8-10). This localization facilitates rapid glutamate binding, and may have a role in shaping the amplitude of postsynaptic responses in densely packed cerebellar terminals(12-15). We have used a yeast two-hybrid screen to identify interacting proteins that may be involved in regulating EAAT4- the glutamate transporter expressed predominately in the cerebellum-or in targeting and/or anchoring or clustering the transporter to the target site. Here we report the identification and characterization of two proteins, GTRAP41 and GTRAP48 (for glutamate transporter EAAT4 associated protein) that specifically interact with the intracellular carboxy-terminal domain of EAAT4 and modulate its glutamate transport activity.
C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Neurol & Neurosci, Baltimore, MD 21287 USA.
   Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Dept Pharmacol, Dallas, TX 75235 USA.
   Univ Rochester, Sch Med & Dent, Dept Neurol, Rochester, NY 14642 USA.
   Univ Rochester, Sch Med & Dent, Ctr Aging & Dev Biol, Rochester, NY 14642 USA.
C3 Johns Hopkins University; University of Texas System; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; University of Rochester; University of Rochester
RP Rothstein, JD (corresponding author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Neurol & Neurosci, Baltimore, MD 21287 USA.
NR 26
TC 198
Z9 239
U1 0
U2 13
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 1
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6824
BP 89
EP 93
DI 10.1038/35065091
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 406BD
UT WOS:000167194300048
PM 11242047
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wolfsberg, TG
   McEntyre, J
   Schuler, GD
AF Wolfsberg, TG
   McEntyre, J
   Schuler, GD
TI Guide to the draft human genome
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gene; locuslink; proteins; database
AB There are a number of ways to investigate the structure, function and evolution of the human genome. These include examining the morphology of normal and abnormal chromosomes, constructing maps of genomic landmarks, following the genetic transmission of phenotypes and DNA sequence variations, and characterizing thousands of individual genes. To this list we can now add the elucidation of the genomic DNA sequence, albeit at 'working draft' accuracy. The current challenge is to weave together these disparate types of data to produce the information infrastructure needed to support the next generation of biomedical research. Here we provide an overview of the different sources of information about the human genome and how modern information technology, in particular the internet, allows us to link them together.
C1 Natl Lib Med, Natl Ctr Biotechnol Informat, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20894 USA.
   NHGRI, Genome Technol Branch, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Library of Medicine (NLM); National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI)
RP Schuler, GD (corresponding author), Natl Lib Med, Natl Ctr Biotechnol Informat, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20894 USA.
EM schuler@ncbi.nim.nih.gov
NR 25
TC 37
Z9 55
U1 0
U2 7
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 15
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6822
BP 824
EP 826
DI 10.1038/35057000
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 401QC
UT WOS:000166938800045
PM 11236998
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pertsinidis, A
   Ling, XS
AF Pertsinidis, A
   Ling, XS
TI Diffusion of point defects in two-dimensional colloidal crystals
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID particles
AB Uniform colloidal microspheres dispersed in a solvent will, under appropriate conditions, self-assemble into ordered crystalline structures(1). Using these colloidal crystals as a model system, a great variety of problems of interest to materials science, physical chemistry, and condensed-matter physics have been investigated during the past two decades. Recently, it has been demonstrated(2) that point defects can be created in two-dimensional colloidal crystals(3) by manipulating individual particles with optical tweezers. Direct imaging of these defects verified that their stable configurations have lower symmetry than the underlying triangular lattice, as predicted by numerical simulations for a number of two-dimensional systems(4-7). It was also observed that point defects can dissociate into pairs of well-separated dislocations, a topological excitation especially important in two dimensions. Here we use a similar experimental system to study the dynamics of mono- and di-vacancies in two-dimensional colloidal crystals. We see evidence that the excitation of point defects into dislocation pairs enhances the diffusion of di-vacancies. Moreover, the hopping of the defects does not follow a pure random walk, but exhibits surprising memory effects. We expect the results presented in this work to be relevant for explaining the dynamics of other two-dimensional systems.
C1 Brown Univ, Dept Phys, Providence, RI 02912 USA.
C3 Brown University
RP Pertsinidis, A (corresponding author), Brown Univ, Dept Phys, Providence, RI 02912 USA.
NR 9
TC 117
Z9 127
U1 0
U2 71
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 13
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6852
BP 147
EP 150
DI 10.1038/35093077
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 471FU
UT WOS:000170918800042
PM 11557976
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Eom, CB
   Lee, MK
   Choi, JH
   Belenky, LJ
   Song, X
   Cooley, LD
   Naus, MT
   Patnaik, S
   Jiang, J
   Rikel, M
   Polyanskii, A
   Gurevich, A
   Cai, XY
   Bu, SD
   Babcock, SE
   Hellstrom, EE
   Larbalestier, DC
   Rogado, N
   Regan, KA
   Hayward, MA
   He, T
   Slusky, JS
   Inumaru, K
   Haas, MK
   Cava, RJ
AF Eom, CB
   Lee, MK
   Choi, JH
   Belenky, LJ
   Song, X
   Cooley, LD
   Naus, MT
   Patnaik, S
   Jiang, J
   Rikel, M
   Polyanskii, A
   Gurevich, A
   Cai, XY
   Bu, SD
   Babcock, SE
   Hellstrom, EE
   Larbalestier, DC
   Rogado, N
   Regan, KA
   Hayward, MA
   He, T
   Slusky, JS
   Inumaru, K
   Haas, MK
   Cava, RJ
TI High critical current density and enhanced irreversibility field in superconducting MgB2 thin films
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB The discovery of superconductivity at 39 K in magnesium diboride(1) offers the possibility of a new class of low-cost, high-performance superconducting materials for magnets and electronic applications. This compound has twice the transition temperature of Nb3Sn and four times that of Nb-Ti alloy, and the vital prerequisite of strongly linked current flow has already been demonstrated(2-5). One possible drawback, however, is that the magnetic field at which superconductivity is destroyed is modest. Furthermore, the field which limits the range of practical applications-the irreversibility field H*(T)-is approximately 7 T at liquid helium temperature (4.2 K), significantly lower than about 10 T for Nb-Ti (ref. 6) and similar to 20 T for Nb3Sn (ref. 7). Here we show that MgB2 thin films that are alloyed with oxygen can exhibit a much steeper temperature dependence of H*(T) than is observed in bulk materials, yielding an H* value at 4.2 K greater than 14 T. In addition, very high critical current densities at 4.2 K are achieved: 1 MA cm(-2) at 1 T and 10(5) A cm(-2) at 10 T. These results demonstrate that MgB2 has potential for high-field superconducting applications.
C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
   Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Appl Superconduct, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
   Princeton Univ, Dept Chem, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
   Princeton Univ, Princeton Mat Inst, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
C3 University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; Princeton University; Princeton University
RP Eom, CB (corresponding author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, 1509 Univ Ave, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
EM eom@engr.wisc.edu
NR 18
TC 439
Z9 474
U1 1
U2 131
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 31
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6837
BP 558
EP 560
DI 10.1038/35079018
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 437GE
UT WOS:000168982500042
PM 11385563
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gilbert, IR
   Jarvis, PG
   Smith, H
AF Gilbert, IR
   Jarvis, PG
   Smith, H
TI Proximity signal and shade avoidance differences between early and late successional trees
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID natural-environment; light quality; phytochrome; plants; perception; canopy; growth
AB Competitive interactions between plants determine the success of individuals and species. In developing forests, competition for light is the predominant factor. Shade tolerators acclimate photo-synthetically to low light(1-3) and are capable of long-term survival under the shade cast by others, whereas shade avoiders rapidly dominate gaps but are overtaken in due course by shade-tolerant, later successional species. Shade avoidance(4-6) results from the phytochrome-mediated perception of far-red radiation (700- 800 nm) scattered from the leaves of neighbours, provides early warning of shading(7), and induces developmental responses that, when successful, result in the overgrowth of those neighbours(8). Shade tolerators cast a deep shade, whereas less-tolerant species cast light shade(9), and saplings tend to have high survivorship in shade cast by conspecific adults, but high rates of mortality when shaded by more-tolerant species(9). Here we report a parallel relationship in which the shade-avoidance responses of three tree species are inversely proportional to proximity signals generated by those species. On this basis, early successional species generate small proximity signals but react strongly to them, whereas late successional species react weakly but generate strong signals.
C1 Univ Nottingham, Div Plant Sci, Loughborough LE12 5RD, Leics, England.
   Univ Edinburgh, Inst Cell & Mol Biol, Edinburgh EH9 3JU, Midlothian, Scotland.
   Univ Edinburgh, Inst Ecol & Resource Management, Edinburgh EH9 3JU, Midlothian, Scotland.
C3 University of Nottingham; University of Edinburgh; University of Edinburgh
RP Smith, H (corresponding author), Univ Nottingham, Div Plant Sci, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, Leics, England.
EM Harry.Smith@Nottingham.ac.uk
NR 16
TC 98
Z9 110
U1 1
U2 59
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 14
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6839
BP 792
EP 795
DI 10.1038/35081062
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 441TV
UT WOS:000169246400047
PM 11459056
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Anderson, MC
   Green, C
AF Anderson, MC
   Green, C
TI Suppressing unwanted memories by executive control
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID anterior cingulate cortex; prefrontal cortex; inhibitory control; functional mri; retrieval
AB Freud proposed that unwanted memories can be forgotten by pushing them into the unconscious, a process called repression(1). The existence of repression has remained controversial for more than a century, in part because of its strong coupling with trauma, and the ethical and practical difficulties of studying such processes in controlled experiments. However, behavioural and neurobiological research on memory and attention shows that people have executive control processes directed at minimizing perceptual distraction(2,3), overcoming interference during short and long-term memory tasks(3-7) and stopping strong habitual responses to stimuli(8-13). Here we show that these mechanisms can be recruited to prevent unwanted declarative memories from entering awareness, and that this cognitive act has enduring consequences for the rejected memories. When people encounter cues that remind them of an unwanted memory and they consistently try to prevent awareness of it, the later recall of the rejected memory becomes more difficult. The forgetting increases with the number of times the memory is avoided, resists incentives for accurate recall and is caused by processes that suppress the memory itself. These results show that executive control processes not uniquely tied to trauma may provide a viable model for repression.
C1 Univ Oregon, Dept Psychol, Eugene, OR 97403 USA.
C3 University of Oregon
RP Anderson, MC (corresponding author), Univ Oregon, Dept Psychol, Eugene, OR 97403 USA.
EM mcanders@darkwing.uoregon.edu
NR 30
TC 810
Z9 951
U1 12
U2 270
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 15
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6826
BP 366
EP 369
DI 10.1038/35066572
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 410WM
UT WOS:000167464100050
PM 11268212
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Shoemaker, DD
   Schadt, EE
   Armour, CD
   He, YD
   Garrett-Engele, P
   McDonagh, PD
   Loerch, PM
   Leonardson, A
   Lum, PY
   Cavet, G
   Wu, LF
   Altschuler, SJ
   Edwards, S
   King, J
   Tsang, JS
   Schimmack, G
   Schelter, JM
   Koch, J
   Ziman, M
   Marton, MJ
   Li, B
   Cundiff, P
   Ward, T
   Castle, J
   Krolewski, M
   Meyer, MR
   Mao, M
   Burchard, J
   Kidd, MJ
   Dai, H
   Phillips, JW
   Linsley, PS
   Stoughton, R
   Scherer, S
   Boguski, MS
AF Shoemaker, DD
   Schadt, EE
   Armour, CD
   He, YD
   Garrett-Engele, P
   McDonagh, PD
   Loerch, PM
   Leonardson, A
   Lum, PY
   Cavet, G
   Wu, LF
   Altschuler, SJ
   Edwards, S
   King, J
   Tsang, JS
   Schimmack, G
   Schelter, JM
   Koch, J
   Ziman, M
   Marton, MJ
   Li, B
   Cundiff, P
   Ward, T
   Castle, J
   Krolewski, M
   Meyer, MR
   Mao, M
   Burchard, J
   Kidd, MJ
   Dai, H
   Phillips, JW
   Linsley, PS
   Stoughton, R
   Scherer, S
   Boguski, MS
TI Experimental annotation of the human genome using microarray technology
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sequence; identification; prediction; genes
AB The most important product of the sequencing of a genome is a complete, accurate catalogue of genes and their products, primarily messenger RNA transcripts and their cognate proteins. Such a catalogue cannot be constructed by computational annotation alone; it requires experimental validation on a genome scale. Using 'exon' and 'tiling' arrays fabricated by ink-jet oligonucleotide synthesis, we devised an experimental approach to validate and refine computational gene predictions and define full-length transcripts on the basis of co-regulated expression of their exons. These methods can provide more accurate gene numbers and allow the detection of mRNA splice variants and identification of the tissue- and disease-specific conditions under which genes are expressed. We apply our technique to chromosome 22q under 69 experimental condition pairs, and to the entire human genome under two experimental conditions. We discuss implications for more comprehensive, consistent and reliable genome annotation, more efficient, full-length complementary DNA cloning strategies and application to complex diseases.
C1 Rosetta Inpharmat Inc, Kirkland, WA 98034 USA.
RP Boguski, MS (corresponding author), Rosetta Inpharmat Inc, 12040 115th Ave NE, Kirkland, WA 98034 USA.
EM msb@rii.com
NR 28
TC 331
Z9 427
U1 0
U2 21
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 15
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6822
BP 922
EP +
DI 10.1038/35057141
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 401QC
UT WOS:000166938800059
PM 11237012
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ruiz, J
AF Ruiz, J
TI The stability against freezing of an internal liquid-water ocean in Callisto
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID galilean satellites; subsurface oceans; icy satellites; outer planets; evolution; convection; ganymede; europa; models; shell
AB The discovery of the induced magnetic field of Callisto-one of Jupiter's moons-has been interpreted(1,2) as evidence for a subsurface ocean, even though the presence of such an ocean is difficult to understand in the context of existing theoretical models(3-5). Tidal heating should not be significant for Callisto, and, in the absence of such heating, it is difficult to see how this internal ocean could have survived until today without freezing(1,6). Previous work(3,4) indicated that an outer ice layer on the ocean would be unstable against solid-state convection, which once begun would lead to total freezing of liquid water in about 10(8) years. Here I show that when a methodology(7) for more physically reasonable water ice viscosities (that is, stress-dependent non-newtonian viscosities, rather than the stress-independent newtonian viscosities considered previously) is adopted, the outer ice shell becomes stable against convection. This implies that a subsurface ocean could have survived up to the present, without the need for invoking antifreeze substances or other special conditions.
C1 Univ Complutense Madrid, Fac Ciencias Geol, Dept Geodinam, E-28040 Madrid, Spain.
   Univ Complutense Madrid, Seminar Planetary Sci, E-28040 Madrid, Spain.
C3 Complutense University of Madrid; Complutense University of Madrid
RP Ruiz, J (corresponding author), Univ Complutense Madrid, Fac Ciencias Geol, Dept Geodinam, E-28040 Madrid, Spain.
EM jaruiz@eucmax.sim.ucm.es
NR 30
TC 35
Z9 36
U1 0
U2 7
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 26
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6845
BP 409
EP 411
DI 10.1038/35086506
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 456DQ
UT WOS:000170068200038
PM 11473308
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Taylor, T
AF Taylor, T
TI Explanatory tyranny
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Bradford, Dept Archaeol Sci, Bradford BD7 1DP, W Yorkshire, England.
C3 University of Bradford
RP Taylor, T (corresponding author), Univ Bradford, Dept Archaeol Sci, Bradford BD7 1DP, W Yorkshire, England.
NR 1
TC 5
Z9 5
U1 0
U2 0
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 24
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6836
BP 419
EP 419
DI 10.1038/35078158
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 435CB
UT WOS:000168858700023
PM 11373652
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Appelbaum, FR
AF Appelbaum, FR
TI Haematopoietic cell transplantation as immunotherapy
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID versus-host-disease; allogeneic bone-marrow; minor histocompatibility antigens; acute myeloid-leukemia; tumor gene wt1; t-lymphocytes; class-i; hla system; graft; proteinase-3
AB The graft-versus-tumour effect seen after allogeneic (genetically different) haematopoietic cell transplantation for human malignancies represents the clearest example of the power of the human immune system to eradicate cancer. Recent advances in our understanding of the immunobiology of stem-cell engraftment, tolerance and tumour eradication are allowing clinicians to better harness this powerful effect.
C1 Fred Hutchinson Canc Res Ctr, Div Clin Res, Seattle, WA 98109 USA.
C3 Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center
RP Appelbaum, FR (corresponding author), Fred Hutchinson Canc Res Ctr, Div Clin Res, 1100 Fairview Ave N,D5-310,POB 19024, Seattle, WA 98109 USA.
NR 60
TC 346
Z9 407
U1 0
U2 24
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 17
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6835
BP 385
EP 389
DI 10.1038/35077251
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 432RT
UT WOS:000168710000062
PM 11357147
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sato, NK
   Aso, N
   Miyake, K
   Shiina, R
   Thalmeier, P
   Varelogiannis, G
   Geibel, C
   Steglich, F
   Fulde, P
   Komatsubara, T
AF Sato, NK
   Aso, N
   Miyake, K
   Shiina, R
   Thalmeier, P
   Varelogiannis, G
   Geibel, C
   Steglich, F
   Fulde, P
   Komatsubara, T
TI Strong coupling between local moments and superconducting 'heavy' electrons in UPd2Al3
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID fermion superconductivity; neutron-scattering; spin fluctuations; t-c; coexistence; excitations; magnetism
AB The electronic structure of heavy-fermion compounds arises from the interaction of nearly localized 4f- or 5f-shell electrons (with atomic magnetic moments) with the free-electron-like itinerant conduction-band electrons. In actinide or rare-earth heavy-fermion materials, this interaction yields itinerant electrons having an effective mass about 100 times (or more) the bare electron mass. Moreover, the itinerant electrons in UPd2Al3 are found to be superconducting well below the magnetic ordering temperature(1,2) of this compound, whereas magnetism generally suppresses superconductivity in conventional metals. Here we report the detection of a dispersive excitation of the ordered f-electron moments, which shows a strong interaction with the heavy superconducting electrons. This 'magnetic exciton' is a localized excitation which moves through the lattice as a result of exchange forces between the magnetic moments. By combining this observation with previous tunnelling measurements on this material(3), we argue that these magnetic excitons may produce effective interactions between the itinerant electrons, and so be responsible for superconductivity in a manner analogous to the role played by phonons in conventional superconductors.
C1 Nagoya Univ, Grad Sch Sci, Dept Phys, Nagoya, Aichi 4648602, Japan.
   Max Planck Inst Chem Phys Solids, D-01187 Dresden, Germany.
   Univ Tokyo, Inst Solid State Phys, Neutron Scattering Lab, Tokai, Ibaraki 3191106, Japan.
   Osaka Univ, Grad Sch Engn Sci, Dept Phys Sci, Toyonaka, Osaka 5608531, Japan.
   Max Planck Inst Phys Complex Syst, D-01187 Dresden, Germany.
   Fdn Res & Technol Hellas, Inst Elect Struct & Laser, Iraklion 71110, Greece.
   Tohoku Univ, Grad Sch Sci, Dept Phys, Sendai, Miyagi 9808578, Japan.
C3 Nagoya University; Max Planck Society; University of Tokyo; University of Osaka; Max Planck Society; Foundation for Research & Technology - Hellas (FORTH); Tohoku University
RP Sato, NK (corresponding author), Nagoya Univ, Grad Sch Sci, Dept Phys, Nagoya, Aichi 4648602, Japan.
EM kensho@edu3.phys.nagoya-u.ac.jp
NR 25
TC 282
Z9 294
U1 0
U2 72
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 15
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6826
BP 340
EP 343
DI 10.1038/35066519
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 410WM
UT WOS:000167464100041
PM 11268203
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sukharev, S
   Betanzos, M
   Chiang, CS
   Guy, HR
AF Sukharev, S
   Betanzos, M
   Chiang, CS
   Guy, HR
TI The gating mechanism of the large mechanosensitive channel MscL
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID escherichia-coli; ion-channel; single residue; protein; pressure; helix
AB The mechanosensitive channel of large conductance, MscL, is a ubiquitous membrane-embedded valve involved in turgor regulation in bacteria(1-5). The crystal structure of MscL from Mycobacterium tuberculosis(6) provides a starting point for analysing molecular mechanisms of tension-dependent channel gating. Here we develop structural models in which a cytoplasmic gate is formed by a bundle of five amino-terminal helices (S1), previously unresolved in the crystal structure. When membrane tension is applied, the transmembrane barrel expands and pulls the gate apart through the S1-M1 linker. We tested these models by substituting cysteines for residues predicted to be near each other only in either the closed or open conformation. Our results demonstrate that S1 segments form the bundle when the channel is closed, and crosslinking between S1 segments prevents opening. S1 segments interact with M2 when the channel is open, and crosslinking of S1 to M2 impedes channel closing. Gating is affected by the length of the S1-M1 linker in a manner consistent with the model, revealing critical spatial relationships between the domains that transmit force from the lipid bilayer to the channel gate.
C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Biol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA.
   NCI, Lab Expt & Computat Biol, DBS, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
C3 University System of Maryland; University of Maryland College Park; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Cancer Institute (NCI)
RP Sukharev, S (corresponding author), Univ Maryland, Dept Biol, Bldg 144, College Pk, MD 20742 USA.
NR 21
TC 302
Z9 351
U1 1
U2 42
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 8
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6821
BP 720
EP 724
DI 10.1038/35055559
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 399MF
UT WOS:000166816400044
PM 11217861
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wilson, RI
   Nicoll, RA
AF Wilson, RI
   Nicoll, RA
TI Endogenous cannabinoids mediate retrograde signalling at hippocampal synapses
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID depolarization-induced suppression; long-term potentiation; synaptic transmission; calcium channels; membrane-fusion; pyramidal cells; ca1 cells; n-type; inhibition; receptor
AB Marijuana affects brain function primarily by activating the G-protein-coupled cannabinoid receptor-1 (CB1)(1-3), which is expressed throughout the brain at high levels(4). Two endogenous lipids, anandamide and 2-arachidonylglycerol (2-AG), have been identified as CB1 ligands(5,6). Depolarized hippocampal neurons rapidly release both anandamide and 2-AG in a Ca2+-dependent manner(6-8). In the hippocampus, CB1 is expressed mainly by GABA (gamma -aminobutyric acid)-mediated inhibitory interneurons, where CB1 clusters on the axon terminal(9-11). A synthetic CB1 agonist depresses GABA release from hippocampal slices(10,12) These findings indicate that the function of endogenous cannabinoids released by depolarized hippocampal neurons might be to downregulate GABA release. Here we show that the transient suppression of GABA-mediated transmission that follows depolarization of hippocampal pyramidal neurons(13) is mediated by retrograde signalling through release of endogenous cannabinoids. Signalling by the endocannabinoid system thus represents a mechanism by which neurons fan communicate backwards across synapses to modulate their inputs.
C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Mol & Cellular Pharmacol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Physiol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco
RP Nicoll, RA (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Mol & Cellular Pharmacol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
NR 30
TC 1255
Z9 1479
U1 0
U2 99
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 29
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6828
BP 588
EP 592
DI 10.1038/35069076
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 417WW
UT WOS:000167859300049
PM 11279497
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Clark, DA
   Mitra, PP
   Wang, SSH
AF Clark, DA
   Mitra, PP
   Wang, SSH
TI Scalable architecture in mammalian brains
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID evolution; volumes
AB Comparison of mammalian brain parts has often focused on differences in absolute size(1-3), revealing only a general tendency for all parts to grow together(2). Attempts to find size-independent effects using body weight as a reference variable(1) obscure size relationships owing to independent variation of body size(4) and give phylogenies of questionable significance(5). Here we use the brain itself as a size reference to define the cerebrotype, a species-by-species measure of brain composition. With this measure, across many mammalian taxa the cerebellum occupies a constant fraction of the total brain volume (0.13 +/- 0.02), arguing against the hypothesis that the cerebellum acts as a computational engine principally serving the neocortex(3). Mammalian taxa can be well separated by cerebrotype, thus allowing the use of quantitative neuroanatomical data to test evolutionary relationships. Primate cerebrotypes have progressively shifted and neocortical volume fractions have become successively larger in lemurs and lorises, New World monkeys, Old World monkeys, and hominoids, lending support to the idea that primate brain architecture has been driven by directed selection pressure(4). At the same time, absolute brain size can vary over 100-fold within a taxon, while maintaining a relatively uniform cerebrotype. Brains therefore constitute a scalable architecture.
C1 Princeton Univ, Dept Mol Biol, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
   Princeton Univ, Dept Phys, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
   Bell Labs, Lucent Technol, Murray Hill, NJ 07974 USA.
C3 Princeton University; Princeton University; Alcatel-Lucent; Lucent Technologies; AT&T
RP Wang, SSH (corresponding author), Princeton Univ, Dept Mol Biol, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
EM samwang@molbio.princeton.edu
NR 30
TC 204
Z9 227
U1 0
U2 44
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 10
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6834
BP 189
EP 193
DI 10.1038/35075564
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 430FC
UT WOS:000168563000049
PM 11346794
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Aizenberg, J
   Tkachenko, A
   Weiner, S
   Addadi, L
   Hendler, G
AF Aizenberg, J
   Tkachenko, A
   Weiner, S
   Addadi, L
   Hendler, G
TI Calcitic microlenses as part of the photoreceptor system in brittlestars
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ophiuroidea; echinodermata; biomineralization; localization
AB Photosensitivity in most echinoderms has been attributed to 'diffuse' dermal receptors(1-3). Here we report that certain single calcite crystals used by brittlestars for skeletal construction(4,5) are also a component of specialized photosensory organs, conceivably with the function of a compound eye. The analysis of arm ossicles in Ophiocoma(6) showed that in light-sensitive species, the periphery of the labyrinthic calcitic skeleton extends into a regular array of spherical microstructures that have a characteristic double-lens design. These structures are absent in light-indifferent species. Photolithographic experiments in which a photoresist film was illuminated through the lens array showed selective exposure of the photoresist under the lens centres. These results provide experimental evidence that the microlenses are optical elements that guide and focus the light inside the tissue. The estimated focal distance (4-7 mum below the lenses) coincides with the location of nerve bundles-the presumed primary photoreceptors. The lens array is designed to minimize spherical aberration and birefringence and to detect light from a particular direction. The optical performance is further optimized by phototropic chromatophores that regulate the dose of illumination reaching the receptors. These structures represent an example of a multifunctional biomaterial that fulfills both mechanical and optical functions.
C1 Bell Labs, Lucent Technol, Murray Hill, NJ 07974 USA.
   Weizmann Inst Sci, Dept Biol Struct, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel.
   Natl Hist Museum Los Angeles Cty, Los Angeles, CA 90007 USA.
C3 Alcatel-Lucent; Lucent Technologies; AT&T; Weizmann Institute of Science
RP Aizenberg, J (corresponding author), Bell Labs, Lucent Technol, 600 Mt Ave, Murray Hill, NJ 07974 USA.
NR 25
TC 517
Z9 595
U1 5
U2 266
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 23
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6849
BP 819
EP 822
DI 10.1038/35090573
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 465ET
UT WOS:000170577200037
PM 11518966
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Harlow, ML
   Ress, D
   Stoschek, A
   Marshall, RM
   McMahan, UJ
AF Harlow, ML
   Ress, D
   Stoschek, A
   Marshall, RM
   McMahan, UJ
TI The architecture of active zone material at the frog's neuromuscular junction
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transmitter release; 3-dimensional structure; electron tomography; calcium-channel; reconstructions; organization; receptors; protein; sites; ice
AB Active zone material at the nervous system's synapses is situated next to synaptic vesicles that are docked at the presynaptic plasma membrane, and calcium channels that are anchored in the membrane. Here we use electron microscope tomography to show the arrangement and associations of structural components of this compact organelle at a model synapse, the frog's neuromuscular junction. Our findings indicate that the active zone material helps to dock the vesicles and anchor the channels, and that its architecture provides both a particular spatial relationship and a structural linkage between them. The structural linkage may include proteins that mediate the calcium-triggered exocytosis of neurotransmitter by the synaptic vesicles during synaptic transmission.
C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Neurobiol, Sch Med, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
C3 Stanford University
RP McMahan, UJ (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Dept Neurobiol, Sch Med, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
EM ujmcmahan@stanford.edu
NR 41
TC 286
Z9 349
U1 0
U2 26
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 25
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6819
BP 479
EP 484
DI 10.1038/35054000
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 395FW
UT WOS:000166570500038
PM 11206537
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ben-Jacob, E
   Levine, H
AF Ben-Jacob, E
   Levine, H
TI The artistry of nature
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID growth
C1 Tel Aviv Univ, Sch Phys & Astron, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Phys, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
C3 Tel Aviv University; University of California System; University of California San Diego
RP Ben-Jacob, E (corresponding author), Tel Aviv Univ, Sch Phys & Astron, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel.
NR 5
TC 42
Z9 48
U1 0
U2 14
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 22
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6823
BP 985
EP 986
DI 10.1038/35059178
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 405FT
UT WOS:000167148800023
PM 11234046
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pham, P
   Bertram, JG
   O'Donnell, M
   Woodgate, R
   Goodman, MF
AF Pham, P
   Bertram, JG
   O'Donnell, M
   Woodgate, R
   Goodman, MF
TI A model for SOS-lesion-targeted mutations in Escherichia coli
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dna-polymerase-iii; mutagenesis; repair; reca; proteins; complex; damage; clamp
AB The UmuD'C-2 protein complex (Escherichia coli pol V)(1-3) is a low-fidelity DNA polymerase (pol) that copies damaged DNA in the presence of RecA, single-stranded-DNA binding protein (SSB) and the beta,gamma -processivity complex of E. coli pol III (ref. 4). Here we propose a model to explain SOS-lesion-targeted mutagenesis, assigning specific biochemical functions for each protein during translesion synthesis. (SOS lesion-targeted mutagenesis occurs when pol V is induced as part of the SOS response to DNA damage and incorrectly incorporates nucleotides opposite template lesions.) Pol V plus SSB catalyses RecA filament disassembly in the 3' to 5' direction on the template, ahead of the polymerase, in a reaction that does not involve ATP hydrolysis. Concurrent ATP-hydrolysis-driven filament disassembly in the 5' to 3' direction results in a bidirectional stripping of RecA from the template strand. The bidirectional collapse of the RecA filament restricts DNA synthesis by pol V to template sites that are proximal to the lesion, thereby minimizing the occurrence of untargeted mutations at undamaged template sites.
C1 Univ So Calif, Dept Biol Sci & Chem, Hedco Mol Biol Labs, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA.
   Rockefeller Univ, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Howard Hughes Med Inst, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   NICHHD, Sect DNA Replicat Repair & Mutagenesis, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
C3 University of Southern California; Rockefeller University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD)
RP Goodman, MF (corresponding author), Univ So Calif, Dept Biol Sci & Chem, Hedco Mol Biol Labs, Univ Pk, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA.
FU Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development [ZIAHD001500] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
NR 19
TC 100
Z9 126
U1 0
U2 9
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 18
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6818
BP 366
EP 370
DI 10.1038/35053116
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 392VY
UT WOS:000166434300053
PM 11201748
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ma, LQ
   Komar, KM
   Tu, C
   Zhang, WH
   Cai, Y
   Kennelley, ED
AF Ma, LQ
   Komar, KM
   Tu, C
   Zhang, WH
   Cai, Y
   Kennelley, ED
TI A fern that hyperaccumulates arsenic - A hardy, versatile, fast-growing plant helps to remove arsenic from contaminated soils.
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Florida, Dept Soil & Water Sci, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA.
   Univ Georgia, Cooperat Extens Serv, Dawson, GA 31742 USA.
   Florida Int Univ, Dept Chem, Miami, FL 33199 USA.
   Florida Int Univ, SE Environm Res Ctr, Miami, FL 33199 USA.
C3 State University System of Florida; University of Florida; University System of Georgia; University of Georgia; State University System of Florida; Florida International University; State University System of Florida; Florida International University
RP Ma, LQ (corresponding author), Univ Florida, Dept Soil & Water Sci, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA.
NR 5
TC 1444
Z9 1769
U1 14
U2 608
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 1
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6820
BP 579
EP 579
DI 10.1038/35054664
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 397JJ
UT WOS:000166692300032
PM 11214308
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Snyder, J
   Slusky, JS
   Cava, RJ
   Schiffer, P
AF Snyder, J
   Slusky, JS
   Cava, RJ
   Schiffer, P
TI How 'spin ice' freezes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID magnetic-property; frustration; temperature; ho2ti2o7; glass; susceptibility; ferromagnet; anisotropy; relaxation; behavior
AB The large degeneracy of states resulting from the geometrical frustration of competing interactions is an essential ingredient of important problems in fields as diverse as magnetism(1), protein folding(2) and neural networks(3). As first explained by Pauling(4), geometrical frustration of proton positions is also responsible for the unusual low-temperature thermodynamics of ice and its measured 'ground state' entropy(5). Recent work has shown that the geometrical frustration of ice is mimicked by Dy2Ti2O7, a site-ordered magnetic material in which the spins reside on a lattice of corner-sharing tetrahedra where they form an unusual magnetic ground state known as 'spin ice'(6-13). Here we identify a cooperative spin-freezing transition leading to the spin-ice ground state in Dy2Ti2O7. This transition is associated with a very narrow range of relaxation times, and represents a new form of spin-freezing. The dynamics are analogous to those associated with the freezing of protons in ice, and they provide a means through which to study glass-like behaviour and the consequences of frustration in the limit of low disorder.
C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Phys, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
   Penn State Univ, Mat Res Inst, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
   Princeton Univ, Dept Chem, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA.
   Princeton Univ, Princeton Mat Inst, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA.
C3 Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park; Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park; Princeton University; Princeton University
RP Schiffer, P (corresponding author), Penn State Univ, Dept Phys, 104 Davey Lab, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
NR 31
TC 257
Z9 281
U1 2
U2 127
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 6
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6851
BP 48
EP 51
DI 10.1038/35092516
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 469EG
UT WOS:000170801200033
PM 11544520
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ibn-Elhaj, M
   Schadt, M
AF Ibn-Elhaj, M
   Schadt, M
TI Optical polymer thin films with isotropic and anisotropic nano-corrugated surface topologies
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID liquid-crystals; alignment; gratings
AB Light reflection from computer monitors, car dashboards and any other optical surface can impair the legibility of displays, degrade transmission of optical components and in some cases may even pose safety hazards. Antireflective coatings are therefore widely used, but existing antireflection technologies often perform suboptimally or are expensive to implement. Here we present an alternative approach to antireflection coatings, based on an extension of our photo-aligning and photo-patterning technology for liquid-crystal displays(1,2) (LCDs) and liquid-crystal polymer films with smooth surfaces(3,4) to optical polymer films with controlled surface topologies. Nano- and micro-corrugated topologies are shown to result from optically induced monomer phase-separation on the polymer surfaces. The properties of the resulting films make them suitable high-performance and low-cost antireflection coatings for optical components of virtually any size, shape and material. Moreover, the approach can be used to form a wide range of other functional polymer thin films with isotropic as well as anisotropic topologies. For example, films can be produced whose optical birefringence exceeds that of the birefringence of the polymer material itself. These new films can also be used as diffractive thin films, diffusers, and directional reflectors which preserve light polarization, or as substrates for aligning liquid crystals to produce bright, low-power-consumption LCDs with integrated optical functions and memory.
C1 ROLIC Res Ltd, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland.
RP Schadt, M (corresponding author), ROLIC Res Ltd, Gewerbestr 18, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland.
EM martin.schadt@rolic.ch
NR 29
TC 259
Z9 311
U1 1
U2 177
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 12
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6830
BP 796
EP 799
DI 10.1038/35071039
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 420TT
UT WOS:000168021900049
PM 11298443
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schumacher, MA
   Rivard, AF
   Bächinger, HP
   Adelman, JP
AF Schumacher, MA
   Rivard, AF
   Bächinger, HP
   Adelman, JP
TI Structure of the gating domain of a Ca2+-activated K+ channel complexed with Ca2+/calmodulin
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID activated potassium channels; peptide complex; calmodulin; recognition; software; program; pore; nmr
AB Small-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels (SK channels)(1,2) are independent of voltage and gated solely by intracellular Ca2+. These membrane channels are heteromeric complexes that comprise pore-forming a-subunits and the Ca2+-binding protein calmodulin (CaM). CaM binds to the SK channel through the CaM-binding domain (CaMBD), which is located in an intracellular region of the a-subunit immediately carboxy-terminal to the pore(3,4). Channel opening is triggered when Ca2+ binds the EF hands in the N-lobe of CaM4. Here we report the 1.60 Angstrom crystal structure of the SK channel CaMBD/Ca2+/CaM complex. The CaMBD forms an elongated dimer with a CaM molecule bound at each end; each CaM wraps around three alpha -helices, two from one CaMBD subunit and one from the other. As only the CaM N-lobe has bound Ca2+, the structure provides a view of both calcium-dependent and -independent CaM/protein interactions. Together with biochemical data, the structure suggests a possible gating mechanism for the SK channel.
C1 Oregon Hlth Sci Univ, Vollum Inst, Portland, OR 97201 USA.
   Shriners Hosp Children, Res Unit, Portland, OR 97201 USA.
   Oregon Hlth Sci Univ, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Portland, OR 97201 USA.
C3 Oregon Health & Science University; Oregon Health & Science University
RP Schumacher, MA (corresponding author), Oregon Hlth Sci Univ, Vollum Inst, L474, Portland, OR 97201 USA.
NR 30
TC 510
Z9 598
U1 1
U2 36
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 26
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6832
BP 1120
EP 1124
DI 10.1038/35074145
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 425HQ
UT WOS:000168285500054
PM 11323678
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Greiner, J
   Cuby, JG
   McCaughrean, MJ
AF Greiner, J
   Cuby, JG
   McCaughrean, MJ
TI An unusually massive stellar black hole in the Galaxy
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID x-ray binary; quasi-periodic oscillations; microquasar gro j1655-40; candidate grs-1915+105; rxte observations; outburst; curve; star
AB The X-ray source known as GRS1915+105 belongs to a group dubbed 'microquasars'(1,2). These objects are binary systems which sporadically eject matter at speeds that appear superluminal, as is the case for some quasars. GRS1915+105 is also one of only two known binary sources thought to contain a maximally spinning black hole(3). Determining the basic parameters of GRS195+105, such as the masses of the components, will help us to understand jet formation in this system, as well as providing links to other objects which exhibit jets. Using X-ray data, indirect methods(4,5) have previously been used to infer a variety of masses for the accreting compact object in the range 10-30 solar masses (M-circle dot). Here we report a direct measurement of the orbital period and mass function of GRS1915+105, which allow us to deduce a mass of 14 +/-4 M-circle dot for the black hole. Black holes with masses >5-7M(circle dot) challenge the conventional picture of black-hole formation in binary systems(6-9). Based on the mass estimate, we interpret the distinct X-ray variability of GRS1915+105 as arising from instabilities in an accretion disk that is dominated by radiation pressure, and radiating near the Eddington limit (the point where radiation pressure supports matter against gravity). Also, the mass estimate constrains most models which relate observable X-ray properties to the spin of black holes in microquasars.
C1 European So Observ, Santiago 19, Chile.
   Astrophys Inst Potsdam, D-14482 Potsdam, Germany.
C3 European Southern Observatory
RP Greiner, J (corresponding author), Astrophys Inst Potsdam, D-14482 Potsdam, Germany.
NR 29
TC 265
Z9 273
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 29
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6863
BP 522
EP 525
DI 10.1038/35107019
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 496PV
UT WOS:000172405900040
PM 11734847
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fernandez, A
   Davis, SB
   Wendt, JOL
   Cenni, R
   Young, RS
   Witten, ML
AF Fernandez, A
   Davis, SB
   Wendt, JOL
   Cenni, R
   Young, RS
   Witten, ML
TI Public health - Particulate emission from biomass combustion
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Arizona, Dept Environm Chem & Engn, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
   Univ Stuttgart, Inst Verfahrenstech & Dampfkesselwesen, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
   Univ Arizona, Arizona Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Pediat, Lung Injury Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
C3 University of Arizona; University of Stuttgart; University of Arizona Health Sciences; University of Arizona
RP Fernandez, A (corresponding author), Univ Arizona, Dept Environm Chem & Engn, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
EM wendt@u.arizona.edu
NR 5
TC 34
Z9 44
U1 0
U2 32
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 22
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6823
BP 998
EP 998
DI 10.1038/35059169
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 405FT
UT WOS:000167148800031
PM 11234053
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Menand, T
   Tait, SR
AF Menand, T
   Tait, SR
TI A phenomenological model for precursor volcanic eruptions
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID soufriere hills volcano; propagation; montserrat; fracture; rock
AB Intense explosions of relatively short duration frequently precede large explosive and effusive volcanic eruptions-by as much as weeks to months in the case of very viscous magmas(1-6). In some cases, such pre-eruption activity has served as a sufficient warning to those living in the vicinity to evacuate and avoid calamity(1). Precursor events seem to be related to the formation of a magma pathway to the surface, but their precise interpretation is a longstanding puzzle. It has been inferred from theoretical studies that exsolution of volatiles might create an almost separate gas pocket at the tip of a propagating dyke(7-9). Here we explain the role that such a process may have, using a laboratory study of the transient propagation of a liquid-filled crack with a gas pocket at its tip that grows with time. We show that once the gas pocket acquires sufficient buoyancy to overcome the fracture resistance of the host solid the dynamics of the gas pocket, rather than those of the liquid, determine the velocity of the crack tip. Furthermore, we rnd that the gas can ultimately separate from the liquid. We propose that fast-moving, gas-rich pockets reaching the surface ahead of the main liquid-filled fissure could be the origin of many precursor eruptions.
C1 Inst Phys Globe Paris, Lab Dynam Syst Geol, F-75252 Paris 05, France.
C3 Universite Paris Cite
RP Menand, T (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, BP Inst Multiphase Flow, Madingley Rise,Madingley Rd, Cambridge CB3 0EZ, England.
NR 24
TC 53
Z9 57
U1 1
U2 12
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 15
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6838
BP 678
EP 680
DI 10.1038/35079552
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 439JC
UT WOS:000169112500040
PM 11395766
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hou, JG
   Yang, JL
   Wang, HQ
   Li, QX
   Zeng, CG
   Yuan, LF
   Wang, B
   Chen, DM
   Zhu, QS
AF Hou, JG
   Yang, JL
   Wang, HQ
   Li, QX
   Zeng, CG
   Yuan, LF
   Wang, B
   Chen, DM
   Zhu, QS
TI Surface science -: Topology of two-dimensional C60 domains
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Sci & Technol China, Struct Res Lab, Hefei 230026, Peoples R China.
   Univ Sci & Technol China, Open Lab Bond Select Chem, Hefei 230026, Peoples R China.
   Rowland Inst Sci Inc, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
C3 Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Science & Technology of China, CAS; Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Science & Technology of China, CAS
RP Hou, JG (corresponding author), Univ Sci & Technol China, Struct Res Lab, Hefei 230026, Peoples R China.
NR 8
TC 103
Z9 122
U1 1
U2 144
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 18
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6818
BP 304
EP 305
DI 10.1038/35053163
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 392VY
UT WOS:000166434300033
PM 11201729
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jarillo, JA
   Gabrys, H
   Capel, J
   Alonso, JM
   Ecker, JR
   Cashmore, AR
AF Jarillo, JA
   Gabrys, H
   Capel, J
   Alonso, JM
   Ecker, JR
   Cashmore, AR
TI Phototropin-related NPL1 controls chloroplast relocation induced by blue light
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lemna-trisulca l; arabidopsis-thaliana; protein-kinase; nph1; photoreceptors; receptor; domains
AB In photosynthetic cells, chloroplasts migrate towards illuminated sites to optimize photosynthesis and move away from excessively illuminated areas to protect the photosynthetic machinery(1). Although this movement of chloroplasts in response to light has been known for over a century, the photoreceptor mediating this process has not been identified. The Arabidopsis gene NPL1 (ref. 2) is a paralogue of the NPH1 gene, which encodes phototropin, a photoreceptor for phototropic bending(3). Here we show that NPL1 is required for chloroplast relocation induced by blue light. A loss-of-function npl1 mutant showed no chloroplast avoidance response in strong blue light, whereas the accumulation of chloroplasts in weak light was normal. These results indicate that NPL1 may function as a photoreceptor mediating chloroplast relocation.
C1 Univ Penn, Dept Biol, Inst Plant Sci, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   Jagiellonian Univ, Inst Mol Biol, PL-31120 Krakow, Poland.
   Univ Almeria, Dept Biol Aplicada, Almeria 04120, Spain.
C3 University of Pennsylvania; Jagiellonian University; Universidad de Almeria
RP Cashmore, AR (corresponding author), Univ Penn, Dept Biol, Inst Plant Sci, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
NR 20
TC 398
Z9 437
U1 0
U2 54
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 19
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6831
BP 952
EP 954
DI 10.1038/35073622
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 423AG
UT WOS:000168152300052
PM 11309623
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kerrick, DM
   Connolly, JAD
AF Kerrick, DM
   Connolly, JAD
TI Metamorphic devolatilization of subducted marine sediments and the transport of volatiles into the Earth's mantle
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID consequences; crust; co2; h2o
AB Volatiles, most notably CO2, are recycled back into the Earth's interior at subduction zones(1,2). The amount of CO2 emitted from arc volcanism appears to be less than that subducted, which implies that a significant amount of CO2 either is released before reaching the depth at which arc magmas are generated or is subducted to deeper depths. Few high-pressure experimental studies(3-5) have addressed this problem and therefore metamorphic decarbonation in subduction zones remains largely unquantified, despite its importance to arc magmatism, palaeoatmospheric CO2 concentrations and the global carbon cycle(6). Here we present computed phase equilibria to quantify the evolution of CO2 and H2O through the subduction-zone metamorphism of carbonate-bearing marine sediments (which are considered to be a major source for CO2 released by arc volcanoes(6)). Our analysis indicates that siliceous limestones undergo negligible devolatilization under subduction-zone conditions. Along high-temperature geotherms clay-rich marls completely devolatilize before reaching the depths at which arc magmatism is generated, but along low-temperature geotherms, they undergo virtually no devolatilization. And from 80 to 180 km depth, little devolatilization occurs for all carbonate-bearing marine sediments. Infiltration of H2O-rich fluids therefore seems essential to promote subarc decarbonation of most marine sediments. In the absence of such infiltration, volatiles retained within marine sediments may explain the apparent discrepancy between subducted and volcanic volatile fluxes and represent a mechanism for return of carbon to the Earth's mantle.
C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Earth Sci, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
   Swiss Fed Inst Technol, Dept Earth Sci, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
C3 Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park; Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; ETH Zurich
RP Kerrick, DM (corresponding author), Penn State Univ, Dept Earth Sci, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
NR 20
TC 412
Z9 479
U1 0
U2 116
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 17
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6835
BP 293
EP 296
DI 10.1038/35077056
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 432RT
UT WOS:000168710000043
PM 11357128
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dinner, AR
   Blackburn, GM
   Karplus, M
AF Dinner, AR
   Blackburn, GM
   Karplus, M
TI Uracil-DNA glycosylase acts by substrate autocatalysis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hydrogen-bond; energy; mechanism; catalysis; dynamics; repair; nmr; simulation; enzyme
AB In humans, uracil appears in DNA at the rate of several hundred bases per cell each day as a result of misincorporation of deoxyuridine (dU) or deamination of cytosine. Four enzymes that catalyse the hydrolysis of the glycosylic bond of dU in DNA to yield an apyridiminic site as the first step in base excision repair have been identified in the human genome(1). The most efficient and well characterized of these uracil-DNA glycosylases is UDG (also known as UNG and present in almost all known organisms)(2), which excises U from single- or double-stranded DNA and is associated with DNA replication forks(3). We used a hybrid quantum-mechanical/molecular-mechanical (QM/MM) approach(4) to determine the mechanism of catalysis by UDG. In contrast to the concerted associative mechanism proposed initially (5-10), we show here that the reaction proceeds in a stepwise dissociative manner(11,12). Cleavage of the glycosylic bond yields an intermediate comprising an oxocarbenium cation and a uracilate anion. Subsequent attack by a water molecule and transfer of a proton to D145 result in the products. Surprisingly, the primary contribution to lowering the activation energy comes from the substrate, rather than from the enzyme. This 'autocatalysis' derives from the burial and positioning of four phosphate groups that stabilize the rate-determining transition state. The importance of these phosphates explains the residual activity observed for mutants that lack key residues(6-9). A corresponding catalytic mechanism could apply to the DNA glycosylases TDG and SMUG1, which belong to the same structural superfamily as UDG(13,14).
C1 Univ Oxford, Cent Chem Lab, Oxford OX1 3QH, England.
   Univ Sheffield, Krebs Inst, Dept Chem, Sheffield S3 7HF, S Yorkshire, England.
   Harvard Univ, Dept Chem & Biol Chem, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Univ Strasbourg, ISIS, Lab Chim Biophys, F-67000 Strasbourg, France.
C3 University of Oxford; University of Sheffield; Harvard University; Universites de Strasbourg Etablissements Associes; Universite de Strasbourg
RP Karplus, M (corresponding author), Univ Oxford, Cent Chem Lab, S Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3QH, England.
EM marci@tammy.harvard.edu
NR 30
TC 212
Z9 234
U1 4
U2 60
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 18
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6857
BP 752
EP 755
DI 10.1038/35099587
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 482ZK
UT WOS:000171608000048
PM 11607036
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Deitsch, KW
   Calderwood, MS
   Wellems, TE
AF Deitsch, KW
   Calderwood, MS
   Wellems, TE
TI Malaria -: Cooperative silencing elements in var genes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID plasmodium-falciparum; antigenic variation; erythrocytes; transcription; expression; switches
C1 NIAID, Parasit Dis Lab, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
RP Deitsch, KW (corresponding author), NIAID, Parasit Dis Lab, NIH, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
FU National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases [ZIAAI000483] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
NR 10
TC 179
Z9 200
U1 0
U2 11
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 30
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6850
BP 875
EP 876
DI 10.1038/35091146
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 467EG
UT WOS:000170689000034
PM 11528468
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Reynolds, JNJ
   Hyland, BI
   Wickens, JR
AF Reynolds, JNJ
   Hyland, BI
   Wickens, JR
TI A cellular mechanism of reward-related learning
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID membrane-potential fluctuations; nigrostriatal dopamine system; ventral tegmental area; self-stimulation; spiny neurons; in-vivo; brain-stimulation; rat neostriatum; neural-network; basal ganglia
AB Positive reinforcement helps to control the acquisition of learned behaviours. Here we report a cellular mechanism in the brain that may underlie the behavioural effects of positive reinforcement. We used intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) as a model of reinforcement learning(1), in which each rat learns to press a lever that applies reinforcing electrical stimulation to its own substantia nigra(2,3). The outputs from neurons of the substantia nigra terminate on neurons in the striatum in close proximity to inputs from the cerebral cortex on the same striatal neurons(4). We measured the effect of substantia nigra stimulation on these inputs from the cortex to striatal neurons and also on how quickly the rats learned to press the lever. We found that stimulation of the substantia nigra (with the optimal parameters for lever-pressing behaviour) induced potentiation of synapses between the cortex and the striatum, which required activation of dopamine receptors. The degree of potentiation within ten minutes of the ICSS trains was correlated with the time taken by the rats to learn ICSS behaviour.
C1 Univ Otago, Sch Med Sci, Neurosci Res Ctr, Dunedin, New Zealand.
   Univ Otago, Sch Med Sci, Dept Anat & Struct Biol, Dunedin, New Zealand.
   Univ Otago, Sch Med Sci, Dept Physiol, Dunedin, New Zealand.
C3 University of Otago; University of Otago; University of Otago
RP Wickens, JR (corresponding author), Univ Otago, Sch Med Sci, Neurosci Res Ctr, Dunedin, New Zealand.
NR 30
TC 630
Z9 742
U1 2
U2 42
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 6
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6851
BP 67
EP 70
DI 10.1038/35092560
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 469EG
UT WOS:000170801200039
PM 11544526
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Anderson, AK
   Phelps, EA
AF Anderson, AK
   Phelps, EA
TI Lesions of the human amygdala impair enhanced perception of emotionally salient events
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID medial temporal-lobe; attentional blink; memory; recognition; suppression; responses; fear
AB Commensurate with the importance of rapidly and efficiently evaluating motivationally significant stimuli, humans are probably endowed with distinct faculties(1,2) and maintain specialized neural structures to enhance their detection. Here we consider that a critical function of the human amygdala(3,4) is to enhance the perception of stimuli that have emotional significance. Under conditions of limited attention for normal perceptual awareness-that is, the attentional blink(5,6)-we show that healthy observers demonstrate robust benefits for the perception of verbal stimuli of aversive content compared with stimuli of neutral content. In contrast, a patient with bilateral amygdala damage has no enhanced perception for such aversive stimulus events. Examination of patients with either left or right amygdala resections shows that the enhanced perception of aversive words depends specifically on the left amygdala. All patients comprehend normally the affective meaning of the stimulus events, despite the lack of evidence for enhanced perceptual encoding of these events in patients with left amygdala lesions. Our results reveal a neural substrate for affective influences on perception, indicating that similar neural mechanisms may underlie the affective modulation of both recollective(7-9) and perceptual experience.
C1 Yale Univ, Dept Psychol, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
   NYU, Dept Psychol, New York, NY 10003 USA.
C3 Yale University; New York University
RP Anderson, AK (corresponding author), Yale Univ, Dept Psychol, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
EM adam.k.anderson@stanford.edu
NR 30
TC 1010
Z9 1244
U1 0
U2 124
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 17
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6835
BP 305
EP 309
DI 10.1038/35077083
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 432RT
UT WOS:000168710000047
PM 11357132
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bernstein, E
   Caudy, AA
   Hammond, SM
   Hannon, GJ
AF Bernstein, E
   Caudy, AA
   Hammond, SM
   Hannon, GJ
TI Role for a bidentate ribonuclease in the initiation step of RNA interference
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gene; plants
AB RNA interference (RNAi) is the mechanism through which double-stranded RNAs silence cognate genes(1-5). In plants, this can occur at both the transcriptional and the post-transcriptional levels(1,2,5); however, in animals, only post-transcriptional RNAi has been reported to date. In both plants and animals, RNAi is characterized by the presence of RNAs of about 22 nucleotides in length that are homologous to the gene that is being suppressed(6-8). These 22-nucleotide sequences serve as guide sequences that instruct a multicomponent nuclease, RISC, to destroy specific messenger RNAs6. Here we identify an enzyme, Dicer, which can produce putative guide RNAs. Dicer is a member of the RNase III family of nucleases that specifically cleave double-stranded RNAs, and is evolutionarily conserved in worms, flies, plants, fungi and mammals. The enzyme has a distinctive structure, which includes a helicase domain and dual RNase III motifs. Dicer also contains a region of homology to the RDE1/QDE2/ARGONAUTE family that has been genetically linked to RNAi(9,10).
C1 Cold Spring Harbor Lab, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724 USA.
   Watson Sch Biol Sci, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724 USA.
   SUNY Stony Brook, Grad Program Genet, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA.
   Genetica, Cambridge, MA 01239 USA.
C3 Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory; Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory; State University of New York (SUNY) System; Stony Brook University
RP Bernstein, E (corresponding author), Cold Spring Harbor Lab, 1 Bungtown Rd, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724 USA.
NR 23
TC 3730
Z9 5492
U1 9
U2 539
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 18
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6818
BP 363
EP 366
DI 10.1038/35053110
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 392VY
UT WOS:000166434300052
PM 11201747
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kuznicki, SM
   Bell, VA
   Nair, S
   Hillhouse, HW
   Jacubinas, RM
   Braunbarth, CM
   Toby, BH
   Tsapatsis, M
AF Kuznicki, SM
   Bell, VA
   Nair, S
   Hillhouse, HW
   Jacubinas, RM
   Braunbarth, CM
   Toby, BH
   Tsapatsis, M
TI A titanosilicate molecular sieve with adjustable pores for size-selective adsorption of molecules
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rigid-unit modes; phase-transition; flexibility; diffraction; framework; ets-10
AB Zeolites and related crystalline microporous oxides-tetrahedrally coordinated atoms covalently linked into a porous framework-are of interest for applications ranging from catalysis to adsorption and ion-exchange(1). In some of these materials (such as zeolite rho) adsorbates(2), ion-exchange, and dehydration and cation relocation(3,4) can induce strong framework deformations. Similar framework flexibility has to date not been seen in mixed octahedral/tetrahedral microporous framework materials, a newer and rapidly expanding class of molecular sieves(5-16). Here we show that the framework of the titanium silicate ETS-4, the first member of this class of materials(8), can be systematically contracted through dehydration at elevated temperatures to 'tune' the effective size of the pores giving access to the interior of the crystal. We show that this so-called 'molecular gate' effect can be used to tailor the adsorption properties of the materials to give size-selective adsorbents(17) suitable for commercially important separations of gas mixtures of molecules with similar size in the 4.0 to 3.0 Angstrom range, such as that of N-2/CH4, Ar/O-2 and N-2/O-2.
C1 Engelhard Corp, Strateg Technol Grp, Iselin, NJ 08830 USA.
   Univ Massachusetts, Dept Chem Engn, Goessmann Lab 159, Amherst, MA 01003 USA.
   NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA.
C3 Engelhard Corporation; University of Massachusetts System; University of Massachusetts Amherst; National Institute of Standards & Technology (NIST) - USA
RP Kuznicki, SM (corresponding author), Engelhard Corp, Strateg Technol Grp, 101 Wood Ave, Iselin, NJ 08830 USA.
EM steve.kuznicki@engelhard.com
NR 32
TC 545
Z9 633
U1 11
U2 426
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 16
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6848
BP 720
EP 724
DI 10.1038/35089052
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 462ZB
UT WOS:000170450200040
PM 11507636
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Richter, C
   Wunsch, M
   Rasheed, M
   Kötter, I
   Badran, MI
AF Richter, C
   Wunsch, M
   Rasheed, M
   Kötter, I
   Badran, MI
TI Endoscopic exploration of Red Sea coral reefs reveals dense populations of cavity-dwelling sponges
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID phytoplankton; abundance
AB Framework cavities are the largest but least explored coral reef habitat(1). Previous dive studies of caverns, spaces below plate corals, rubble and artificial cavities(1-3) suggest that cavity-dwelling (coelobite) filter-feeders are important in the trophodynamics of reefs(2,4,5). Quantitative community data are lacking, however, as the bulk of the narrow crevices interlacing the reef framework are inaccessible to conventional analysis methods(6). Here we have developed endoscopic techniques to explore Red Sea framework crevices up to 4 m into the carbonate rock, revealing a large internal surface (2.5-7.4 m(2) per projected m(2) reef) dominated by encrusting filter-feeders. Sponges alone provided up to 60% of coelobite cover, outweighing epi-reefal filter-feeder biomass by two orders of magnitude. Coelobite community filtration removed more than 60% of the phytoplankton in the course of its less than 5-minute passage through the crevices, corresponding to an uptake of roughly 0.9 g carbon m(-2) d(-1). Mineralization of the largely allochthonous organic material is a principal source of nutrients supporting coral and algal growth. The supply of new material by coelobites may provide a key to understanding the 'coral reef paradox'-a rich ecosystem thriving in nutrient-poor water.
C1 Zentrum Marine Trop Okol, D-28359 Bremen, Germany.
   Univ Jordan, Marine Sci Stn, Aqaba, Jordan.
   Yarmouk Univ, Aqaba, Jordan.
   Max Planck Inst Marien Mikrobiol, D-28359 Bremen, Germany.
C3 University of Bremen; Leibniz Association; Leibniz Zentrum fur Marine Tropenforschung (ZMT); University of Jordan; Yarmouk University; Max Planck Society
RP Richter, C (corresponding author), Zentrum Marine Trop Okol, Fahrenheitstr 6, D-28359 Bremen, Germany.
EM crichter@uni-bremen.de
NR 30
TC 182
Z9 202
U1 0
U2 37
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 18
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6857
BP 726
EP 730
DI 10.1038/35099547
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 482ZK
UT WOS:000171608000042
PM 11607030
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Parker, AR
   Lawrence, CR
AF Parker, AR
   Lawrence, CR
TI Water capture by a desert beetle
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Oxford, Dept Zool, Oxford OX1 3PS, England.
   QinetiQ, Mech Sci Sector, Farnborough GU14 0LX, Hants, England.
C3 University of Oxford; Qinetiq Group Plc
RP Parker, AR (corresponding author), Univ Oxford, Dept Zool, S Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3PS, England.
NR 9
TC 1948
Z9 2205
U1 38
U2 1566
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 01
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6859
BP 33
EP 34
DI 10.1038/35102108
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 487VC
UT WOS:000171898900029
PM 11689930
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zhou, YF
   Morais-Cabral, JH
   Kaufman, A
   MacKinnon, R
AF Zhou, YF
   Morais-Cabral, JH
   Kaufman, A
   MacKinnon, R
TI Chemistry of ion coordination and hydration revealed by a K+ channel-Fab complex at 2.0 Å resolution
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID potassium channel; conduction; pore
AB Ion transport proteins must remove an ion's hydration shell to coordinate the ion selectively on the basis of its size and charge. To discover how the K+ channel solves this fundamental aspect of ion conduction, we solved the structure of the KcsA K+ channel in complex with a monoclonal Fab antibody fragment at 2.0 Angstrom resolution. Here we show how the K+ channel displaces water molecules around an ion at its extracellular entryway, and how it holds a K+ ion in a square antiprism of water molecules in a cavity near its intracellular entryway. Carbonyl oxygen atoms within the selectivity filter form a very similar square antiprism around each K+ binding site, as if to mimic the waters of hydration. The selectivity filter changes its ion coordination structure in low K+ solutions. This structural change is crucial to the operation of the selectivity filter in the cellular context, where the K+ ion concentration near the selectivity filter varies in response to channel gating.
C1 Rockefeller Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Lab Mol Neurobiol & Biophys, New York, NY 10021 USA.
C3 Rockefeller University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
RP MacKinnon, R (corresponding author), Rockefeller Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Lab Mol Neurobiol & Biophys, 1230 York Ave, New York, NY 10021 USA.
EM mackinn@rockvax.rockefeller.edu
NR 30
TC 1781
Z9 2012
U1 8
U2 295
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 01
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6859
BP 43
EP 48
DI 10.1038/35102009
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 487VC
UT WOS:000171898900035
PM 11689936
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Raj, K
   Ogston, P
   Beard, P
AF Raj, K
   Ogston, P
   Beard, P
TI Virus-mediated killing of cells that lack p53 activity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID adenoassociated virus; dna-damage; e2 protein; phosphorylation; requirement; inhibition; mitosis; kinase; cdc25c; phase
AB A major goal of molecular oncology is to identify means to kill cells lacking p53 function. Most current cancer therapy is based on damaging cellular DNA by irradiation or chemicals. Recent reports(1,2) support the notion that, in the event of DNA damage, the p53 tumour-suppressor protein is able to prevent cell death by sustaining an arrest of the cell cycle at the G2 phase. We report here that adeno-associated virus (AAV) selectively induces apoptosis in cells that lack active p53. Cells with intact p53 activity are not killed but undergo arrest in the G2 phase of the cell cycle. This arrest is characterized by an increase in p53 activity and p21 levels and by the targeted destruction of CDC25C. Neither cell killing nor arrest depends upon AAV-encoded proteins. Rather, AAV DNA, which is single-stranded with hairpin structures at both ends(3,4), elicits in cells a DNA damage response that, in the absence of active p53, leads to cell death. AAV inhibits tumour growth in mice. Thus viruses can be used to deliver DNA of unusual structure into cells to trigger a DNA damage response without damaging cellular DNA and to selectively eliminate those cells lacking p53 activity.
C1 Swiss Inst Expt Canc Res, CH-1066 Epalinges, Switzerland.
C3 Swiss Institute Experimental Cancer Research
RP Beard, P (corresponding author), Swiss Inst Expt Canc Res, 155 Ch Boveresses, CH-1066 Epalinges, Switzerland.
NR 22
TC 172
Z9 206
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 30
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6850
BP 914
EP 917
DI 10.1038/35091082
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 467EG
UT WOS:000170689000046
PM 11528480
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Okabe, M
   Imai, T
   Kurusu, M
   Hiromi, Y
   Okano, H
AF Okabe, M
   Imai, T
   Kurusu, M
   Hiromi, Y
   Okano, H
TI Translational repression determines a neuronal potential in Drosophila asymmetric cell division
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sensory organ development; fate determination; glial-cell; stem-cell; protein; tramtrack; binding; notch; rna; lineage
AB Asymmetric cell division is a fundamental strategy for generating cellular diversity during animal development(1). Daughter cells manifest asymmetry in their differential gene expression. Transcriptional regulation of this process has been the focus of many studies, whereas cell-type-specific 'translational' regulation has been considered to have a more minor role. During sensory organ development in Drosophila, Notch signalling directs the asymmetry between neuronal and non-neuronal lineages(2), and a zinc-finger transcriptional repressor Tramtrack69 (TTK69) acts downstream of Notch as a determinant of non-neuronal identity(3,4). Here we show that repression of TTK69 protein expression in the neuronal lineage occurs translationally rather than transcriptionally. This translational repression is achieved by a direct interaction between cis-acting sequences in the 3' untranslated region of ttk69 messenger RNA and its trans-acting repressor, the RNA-binding protein Musashi (MSI)(5). Although msi can act downstream of Notch, Notch signalling does not affect MSI expression. Thus, Notch signalling is likely to regulate MSI activity rather than its expression. Our results define cell-type-specific translational control of ttk69 by MSI as a downstream event of Notch signalling in asymmetric cell division.
C1 Grad Univ Adv Studies, Div Dev Genet, Natl Inst Genet, Mishima, Shizuoka 4118540, Japan.
   Grad Univ Adv Studies, Dept Genet, Mishima, Shizuoka 4118540, Japan.
   Osaka Univ, Grad Sch Med, Dept Neurosci,Biomed Res Ctr, Div Neuroanat D12, Osaka 5650871, Japan.
   Keio Univ, Sch Med, Dept Physiol, Shinjuku Ku, Tokyo 1608582, Japan.
   Osaka Univ, Grad Sch Engn Sci, Div Biophys Engn, Neurosci Lab, Osaka 5608531, Japan.
   Univ Tsukuba, Inst Basic Med Sci, Dept Mol Neurobiol, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058572, Japan.
   Japan Sci & Technol Corp, Core Res Evolut Sci & Technol, Minato Ku, Tokyo 1050011, Japan.
C3 Research Organization of Information & Systems (ROIS); National Institute of Genetics (NIG) - Japan; Graduate University for Advanced Studies - Japan; Graduate University for Advanced Studies - Japan; University of Osaka; Keio University; University of Osaka; University of Tsukuba; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST)
RP Okabe, M (corresponding author), Grad Univ Adv Studies, Div Dev Genet, Natl Inst Genet, 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka 4118540, Japan.
NR 29
TC 156
Z9 193
U1 0
U2 11
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 3
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6833
BP 94
EP 98
DI 10.1038/35075094
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 427XY
UT WOS:000168432800050
PM 11333984
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mollereau, B
   Dominguez, M
   Webel, R
   Colley, NJ
   Keung, B
   de Celis, JF
   Desplan, C
AF Mollereau, B
   Dominguez, M
   Webel, R
   Colley, NJ
   Keung, B
   de Celis, JF
   Desplan, C
TI Two-step process for photoreceptor formation in Drosophila
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cell-fate; rhodopsin; eye; r7; expression; protein; gene; identification; receptor; complex
AB The formation of photoreceptor cells (PRCs) in Drosophila serves as a paradigm for understanding neuronal determination and differentiation. During larval stages, a precise series of sequential inductive processes leads to the recruitment of eight distinct PRCs (R1-R8)(1). But, final photoreceptor differentiation, including rhabdomere morphogenesis and opsin expression, is completed four days later, during pupal development(2,3). It is thought that photoreceptor cell fate is irreversibly established during larval development, when each photoreceptor expresses a particular set of transcriptional regulators and sends its projection to different layers of the optic lobes. Here, we show that the spalt (sal) gene complex(4-7) encodes two transcription factors that are required late in pupation for photoreceptor differentiation. In the absence of the sal complex, rhabdomere morphology and expression of opsin genes in the inner PRCs R7 and R8 are changed to become identical to those of outer R1-R6 PRCs. However, these cells maintain their normal projections to the medulla part of the optic lobe, and not to the lamina where outer PRCs project. These data indicate that photoreceptor differentiation occurs as a two-step process. First, during larval development, the photoreceptor neurons become committed and send their axonal projections to their targets in the brain. Second, terminal differentiation is executed during pupal development and the photoreceptors adopt their final cellular properties.
C1 NYU, Dept Biol, New York, NY 10003 USA.
   UMH, CSIC, Inst Neurociencias, San Juan Alicante 03550, Spain.
   Univ Wisconsin, Dept Ophthalmol, Madison, WI 53792 USA.
   Univ Wisconsin, Dept Visual Sci & Genet, Madison, WI 53792 USA.
   Univ Autonoma Madrid, Ctr Biol Mol Severo Ochoa, E-28049 Madrid, Spain.
C3 New York University; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); Universidad Miguel Hernandez de Elche; CSIC-UMH - Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante (IN); University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; Autonomous University of Madrid; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); CSIC - Centro de Biologia Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBM)
RP de Celis, JF (corresponding author), NYU, Dept Biol, New York, NY 10003 USA.
FU NEI NIH HHS [R01 EY008768] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 103
Z9 117
U1 0
U2 9
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 30
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6850
BP 911
EP 913
DI 10.1038/35091076
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 467EG
UT WOS:000170689000045
PM 11528479
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wade, J
   Wood, BJ
AF Wade, J
   Wood, BJ
TI The Earth's 'missing' niobium may be in the core
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID silicate partition-coefficients; continental-crust; high-pressure; magma ocean; temperature; mantle; differentiation; geochemistry; elements
AB As the Earth's metallic core segregated from the silicate mantle, some of the moderately siderophile ('iron-loving') elements such as vanadium and chromium(1,2) are thought to have entered the metal phase, thus causing the observed depletions of these elements in the silicate part of the Earth. In contrast, refractory 'lithophile' elements such as calcium, scandium and the rare-earth elements are known to be present in the same proportions in the silicate portion of the Earth as in the chondritic meteorites- thought to represent primitive planetary material(1,3). Hence these lithophile elements apparently did not enter the core. Niobium has always been considered to be lithophile and refractory yet it has been observed to be depleted relative to other elements of the same type in the crust and upper mantle(4,5). This observation has been used to infer the existence of hidden niobium-rich reservoirs in the Earth's deep mantle(5). Here we show, however, that niobium and vanadium partition in virtually identical fashion between liquid metal and liquid silicate at high pressure. Thus, if a significant fraction of the Earth's vanadium entered the core (as is thought), then so has a similar fraction of its niobium, and no hidden reservoir need be sought in the Earth's deep mantle.
C1 Univ Bristol, Dept Earth Sci, Bristol BS8 1RJ, Avon, England.
C3 University of Bristol
RP Wood, BJ (corresponding author), Univ Bristol, Dept Earth Sci, Bristol BS8 1RJ, Avon, England.
NR 19
TC 149
Z9 164
U1 1
U2 47
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 4
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6816
BP 75
EP 78
DI 10.1038/35051064
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 388HT
UT WOS:000166175600041
PM 11343115
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lutz, W
   Sanderson, W
   Scherbov, S
AF Lutz, W
   Sanderson, W
   Scherbov, S
TI The end of world population growth
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID united-states; forecasts; decline
AB There has been enormous concern about the consequences of human population growth for the environment and for social and economic development. But this growth is likely to come to an end in the foreseeable future. Improving on earlier methods of probabilistic forecasting(1), here we show that there is around an 85 per cent chance that the world's population will stop growing before the end of the century. There is a 60 per cent probability that the world's population will not exceed 10 billion people before 2100, and around a 15 per cent probability that the world's population at the end of the century will be lower than it is today. For different regions, the date and size of the peak population will vary considerably.
C1 Int Inst Appl Syst Anal, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria.
   SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Econ, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA.
   SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Hist, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA.
   Univ Groningen, NL-9700 AV Groningen, Netherlands.
C3 International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA); State University of New York (SUNY) System; Stony Brook University; State University of New York (SUNY) System; Stony Brook University; University of Groningen
RP Lutz, W (corresponding author), Int Inst Appl Syst Anal, Schlosspl 1, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria.
EM lutz@iiasa.ac.at
NR 19
TC 354
Z9 414
U1 5
U2 164
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 2
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6846
BP 543
EP 545
DI 10.1038/35087589
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 458PC
UT WOS:000170202900046
PM 11484054
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hudson, EW
   Lang, KM
   Madhavan, V
   Pan, SH
   Eisaki, H
   Uchida, S
   Davis, JC
AF Hudson, EW
   Lang, KM
   Madhavan, V
   Pan, SH
   Eisaki, H
   Uchida, S
   Davis, JC
TI Interplay of magnetism and high-Tc superconductivity at individual Ni impurity atoms in Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+δ
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nonmagnetic impurity; spin-fluctuation; zn substitution; bound-states; nmr; moments; cu; excitations; metals; probe
AB Magnetic interactions and magnetic impurities are destructive to superconductivity in conventional superconductors(1). By contrast, in some unconventional macroscopic quantum systems (such as superfluid He-3 and superconducting UGe2), the superconductivity (or superfluidity) is actually mediated by magnetic interactions. A magnetic mechanism has also been proposed for high-temperature superconductivity(2-6). Within this context, the fact that magnetic Ni impurity atoms have a weaker effect on superconductivity than non-magnetic Zn atoms in the high-Tc superconductors has been put forward as evidence supporting a magnetic mechanism(5,6). Here we use scanning tunnelling microscopy to determine directly the influence of individual Ni atoms on the local electronic structure of Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+delta. At each Ni site we observe two d-wave impurity states(7,8) of apparently opposite spin polarization, whose existence indicates that Ni retains a magnetic moment in the superconducting state. However, analysis of the impurity-state energies shows that quasiparticle scattering at Ni is predominantly non-magnetic. Furthermore, we show that the superconducting energy gap and correlations are unimpaired at Ni. This is in strong contrast to the effects of non-magnetic Zn impurities, which locally destroy superconductivity(9). These results are consistent with predictions for impurity atom phenomena(5,6) derived from a magnetic mechanism.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA.
   Boston Univ, Dept Phys, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
   Univ Tokyo, Dept Superconduct, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1138656, Japan.
   Stanford Univ, Dept Appl Phys, Stanford, CA 94205 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; National Institute of Standards & Technology (NIST) - USA; Boston University; University of Tokyo; Stanford University
RP Davis, JC (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
EM jcdavis@physics.berkeley.edu
NR 32
TC 319
Z9 343
U1 0
U2 83
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 21
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6840
BP 920
EP 924
DI 10.1038/35082019
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 444EN
UT WOS:000169386200036
PM 11418850
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Watson, R
   Pauly, D
AF Watson, R
   Pauly, D
TI Systematic distortions in world fisheries catch trends
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID fish
AB Over 75% of the world marine fisheries catch (over 80 million tonnes per year) is sold on international markets, in contrast to other food commodities (such as rice)(1,2). At present, only one institution, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) maintains global fisheries statistics. As an intergovernmental organization, however, FAO must generally rely on the statistics provided by member countries, even if it is doubtful that these correspond to reality. Here we show that misreporting by countries with large fisheries, combined with the large and widely fluctuating catch of species such as the Peruvian anchoveta, can cause globally spurious trends. Such trends influence unwise investment decisions by firms in the fishing sector and by banks, and prevent the effective management of international fisheries.
C1 Univ British Columbia, Fisheries Ctr, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
C3 University of British Columbia
RP Watson, R (corresponding author), Univ British Columbia, Fisheries Ctr, 2204 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
NR 19
TC 464
Z9 547
U1 3
U2 122
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 29
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6863
BP 534
EP 536
DI 10.1038/35107050
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 496PV
UT WOS:000172405900044
PM 11734851
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pawloski, JR
   Hess, DT
   Stamler, JS
AF Pawloski, JR
   Hess, DT
   Stamler, JS
TI Export by red blood cells of nitric oxide bioactivity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID human-erythrocyte membrane; anion-exchange protein; s-nitrosohemoglobin; hemoglobin binding; cytoplasmic fragment; molecular mechanisms; band-3 inhibitors; transport site; identification; translocation
AB Previous studies support a model in which the physiological O-2 gradient is transduced by haemoglobin into the coordinate release from red blood cells of O-2 and nitric oxide (NO)-derived vasoactivity to optimize oxygen delivery in the arterial periphery(1,2). But whereas both O-2 and NO diffuse into red blood cells, only O-2 can diffuse out(3-5). Thus, for the dilation of blood vessels by red blood cells, there must be a mechanism to export NO-related vasoactivity, and current models of NO-mediated intercellular communication should be revised. Here we show that in human erythrocytes haemoglobin-derived S-nitrosothiol (SNO), generated from imported NO, is associated predominantly with the red blood cell membrane, and principally with cysteine residues in the haemoglobin-binding cytoplasmic domain of the anion exchanger AE1. Interaction with AE1 promotes the deoxygenated structure in SNO-haemoglobin, which subserves NO group transfer to the membrane. Furthermore, we show that vasodilatory activity is released from this membrane precinct by deoxygenation. Thus, the oxygen-regulated cellular mechanism that couples the synthesis and export of haemoglobin-derived NO bioactivity operates, at least in part, through formation of AE1-SNO at the membrane-cytosol interface.
C1 Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Durham, NC 27710 USA.
   Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Med, Durham, NC 27710 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Duke University; Duke University
RP Stamler, JS (corresponding author), Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Box 2612, Durham, NC 27710 USA.
EM STAML001@mc.duke.edu
NR 28
TC 498
Z9 544
U1 0
U2 39
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 1
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6820
BP 622
EP 626
DI 10.1038/35054560
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 397JJ
UT WOS:000166692300045
PM 11214321
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Luo, ZX
   Cifelli, RL
   Kielan-Jaworowska, Z
AF Luo, ZX
   Cifelli, RL
   Kielan-Jaworowska, Z
TI Dual origin of tribosphenic mammals
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID south-america; evolution; discovery; australia; platypus; england; china
AB Marsupials, placentals and their close therian relatives possess complex (tribosphenic) molars that are capable of versatile occlusal functions. This functional complex is widely thought to be a key to the early diversification and evolutionary success of extant therians and their close relatives (tribosphenidans). Long thought to have arisen on northern continents, tribosphenic mammals have recently been reported from southern landmasses. The great age and advanced morphology of these new mammals has led to the alternative suggestion of a Gondwanan origin for the group. Implicit in both biogeographic hypotheses is the assumption that tribosphenic molars evolved only once in mammalian evolutionary history. Phylogenetic and morphometric analyses including these newly discovered taxa suggest a different interpretation: that mammals with tribosphenic molars are not monophyletic. Tribosphenic molars evolved independently in two ancient (holotherian) mammalian groups with different geographic distributions during the Jurassic/Early Cretaceous: an australosphenidan clade endemic to Gondwanan landmasses, survived by extant monotremes; and a boreosphenidan clade of Laurasian continents, including extant marsupials, placentals and their relatives.
C1 Oklahoma Museum Nat Hist, Norman, OK 73072 USA.
   Carnegiw Museum Nat Hist, Sect Vertebrate Paleontol, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA.
   Polish Acad Sci, Inst Paleobiol, PL-00818 Warsaw, Poland.
C3 Polish Academy of Sciences; Institute of Paleobiology of the Polish Academy of Sciences
RP Cifelli, RL (corresponding author), Oklahoma Museum Nat Hist, 2401 Chautauqua, Norman, OK 73072 USA.
EM rlc@uo.edu
NR 44
TC 197
Z9 231
U1 2
U2 29
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 4
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6816
BP 53
EP 57
DI 10.1038/35051023
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 388HT
UT WOS:000166175600034
PM 11343108
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wilson, JS
   Dhoot, AS
   Seeley, AJAB
   Khan, MS
   Köhler, A
   Friend, RH
AF Wilson, JS
   Dhoot, AS
   Seeley, AJAB
   Khan, MS
   Köhler, A
   Friend, RH
TI Spin-dependent exciton formation in π-conjugated compounds
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID light-emitting-diodes; containing poly-ynes; lowest singlet; triplet-states; electroluminescence; platinum; recombination; efficiency; rings
AB The efficiency of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) made from organic semiconductors is determined by the fraction of injected electrons and holes that recombine to form emissive spin-singlet states rather than non-emissive spin-triplet states. If the process by which these states form is spin-independent, the maximum efficiency of organic LEDs will be limited to 25 per cent(1). But recent reports have indicated fractions of emissive singlet states ranging from 22 to 63 per cent(2-5), and the reason for this variation remains unclear. Here we determine the absolute fraction of singlet states generated in a platinum-containing conjugated polymer and its corresponding monomer. The spin-orbit coupling introduced by the platinum atom allows triplet-state emission, so optically and electrically generated luminescence from both singlet and triplet states can be compared directly. We rnd an average singlet generation fraction of 22 +/- 1 per cent for the monomer, but 57 +/- 4 per cent for the polymer. This suggests that recombination is spin-independent for the monomer, but that a spin-dependent process, favouring singlet formation, is effective in the polymer. We suggest that this process is a consequence of the exchange interaction, which will operate on overlapping electron and hole wavefunctions on the same polymer chain at their capture radius.
C1 Univ Cambridge, Cavendish Lab, Cambridge CB3 0HE, England.
   Sultan Qaboos Univ, Dept Chem, Al Khoud 123, Oman.
C3 University of Cambridge; Sultan Qaboos University
RP Köhler, A (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, Cavendish Lab, Madingley Rd, Cambridge CB3 0HE, England.
NR 23
TC 444
Z9 497
U1 1
U2 113
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 25
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6858
BP 828
EP 831
DI 10.1038/35101565
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 485JA
UT WOS:000171750200041
PM 11677602
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Perna, NT
   Plunkett, G
   Burland, V
   Mau, B
   Glasner, JD
   Rose, DJ
   Mayhew, GF
   Evans, PS
   Gregor, J
   Kirkpatrick, HA
   Pósfai, G
   Hackett, J
   Klink, S
   Boutin, A
   Shao, Y
   Miller, L
   Grotbeck, EJ
   Davis, NW
   Limk, A
   Dimalanta, ET
   Potamousis, KD
   Apodaca, J
   Anantharaman, TS
   Lin, JY
   Yen, G
   Schwartz, DC
   Welch, RA
   Blattner, FR
AF Perna, NT
   Plunkett, G
   Burland, V
   Mau, B
   Glasner, JD
   Rose, DJ
   Mayhew, GF
   Evans, PS
   Gregor, J
   Kirkpatrick, HA
   Pósfai, G
   Hackett, J
   Klink, S
   Boutin, A
   Shao, Y
   Miller, L
   Grotbeck, EJ
   Davis, NW
   Limk, A
   Dimalanta, ET
   Potamousis, KD
   Apodaca, J
   Anantharaman, TS
   Lin, JY
   Yen, G
   Schwartz, DC
   Welch, RA
   Blattner, FR
TI Genome sequence of enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID shiga-like toxin; subinhibitory concentrations; hemorrhagic colitis; alignment; evolution; regions; genes; k-12
AB The bacterium Escherichia coli O157:H7 is a worldwide threat to public health and has been implicated in many outbreaks of haemorrhagic colitis, some of which included fatalities caused by haemolytic uraemic syndrome(1,2). Close to 75,000 cases of O157:H7 infection are now estimated to occur annually in the United States(3). The severity of disease, the lack of effective treatment and the potential for large-scale outbreaks from contaminated food supplies have propelled intensive research on the pathogenesis and detection of E. coli O157:H7 (ref. 4). Here we have sequenced the genome of E. coli O157:H7 to identify candidate genes responsible for pathogenesis, to develop better methods of strain detection and to advance our understanding of the evolution of E. coli, through comparison with the genome of the non-pathogenic laboratory strain E. coli K-12 (ref. 5). We rnd that lateral gene transfer is far more extensive than previously anticipated. In fact, 1,387 new genes encoded in strain-specific clusters of diverse sizes were found in O157:H7. These include candidate virulence factors, alternative metabolic capacities, several prophages and other new functions-all of which could be targets for surveillance.
C1 Univ Wisconsin, Genome Ctr Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
   Univ Wisconsin, Dept Anim Hlth & Biomed Sci, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
   Univ Wisconsin, Genet Lab, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
   Univ Wisconsin, Dept Chem, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
   Univ Wisconsin, Dept Biostat, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
   Univ Wisconsin, Dept Med Microbiol & Immunol, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
   Cereon Genom LLC, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   Biol Res Ctr, Inst Biochem, H-6701 Szeged, Hungary.
C3 University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; HUN-REN; HUN-REN Biological Research Center; Institute of Biochemistry - HAS
RP Perna, NT (corresponding author), Univ Wisconsin, Genome Ctr Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
FU NIDDK NIH HHS [R01 DK063250] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 1636
Z9 3944
U1 1
U2 216
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 25
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6819
BP 529
EP 533
DI 10.1038/35054089
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 395FW
UT WOS:000166570500052
PM 11206551
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rausch, C
   Daram, P
   Brunner, S
   Jansa, J
   Laloi, M
   Leggewie, G
   Amrhein, N
   Bucher, M
AF Rausch, C
   Daram, P
   Brunner, S
   Jansa, J
   Laloi, M
   Leggewie, G
   Amrhein, N
   Bucher, M
TI A phosphate transporter expressed in arbuscule-containing cells in potato
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mycorrhizal fungus; gene; identification; arabidopsis; diversity; vectors; cloning; plants
AB Arbuscular mycorrhizas are the most common non-pathogenic symbioses in the roots of plants. It is generally assumed that this symbiosis facilitated the colonization of land by plants(1). In arbuscular mycorrhizas, fungal hyphae often extend between the root cells and tuft-like branched structures (arbuscules) form within the cell lumina that act as the functional interface for nutrient exchange. In the mutualistic arbuscular-mycorrhizal symbiosis the host plant derives mainly phosphorus from the fungus, which in turn benefits from plant-based glucose(2). The molecular basis of the establishment and functioning of the arbuscular-mycorrhizal symbiosis is largely not understood. Here we identify the phosphate transporter gene StPT3 in potato (Solanum tuberosum). Functionality of the encoded protein was confirmed by yeast complementation. RNA localization and reporter gene expression indicated expression of StPT3 in root sectors where mycorrhizal structures are formed. A sequence motif in the StPT3 promoter is similar to transposon-like elements, suggesting that the mutualistic symbiosis evolved by genetic rearrangements in the StPT3 promoter.
C1 ETH Zurich, Fed Inst Technol, Inst Plant Sci, Expt Stn Eschikon 33, CH-8315 Lindau, Switzerland.
   Max Planck Inst Plant Mol Physiol, D-14424 Potsdam, Germany.
   ETH Zurich, Fed Inst Technol, Inst Plant Sci, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
C3 Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; ETH Zurich; Max Planck Society; Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; ETH Zurich
RP Bucher, M (corresponding author), ETH Zurich, Fed Inst Technol, Inst Plant Sci, Expt Stn Eschikon 33, CH-8315 Lindau, Switzerland.
NR 30
TC 340
Z9 397
U1 1
U2 128
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 22
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6862
BP 462
EP 466
DI 10.1038/35106601
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 494UP
UT WOS:000172304500047
PM 11719809
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Logothetis, NK
   Pauls, J
   Augath, M
   Trinath, T
   Oeltermann, A
AF Logothetis, NK
   Pauls, J
   Augath, M
   Trinath, T
   Oeltermann, A
TI Neurophysiological investigation of the basis of the fMRI signal
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID visual-cortex; human brain; neuronal-activity; glucose-metabolism; blood oxygenation; temporal binding; eeg; activation; oscillations; stimulation
AB Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is widely used to study the operational organization of the human brain, but the exact relationship between the measured fMRI signal and the underlying neural activity is unclear. Here we present simultaneous intracortical recordings of neural signals and fMRI responses. We compared local field potentials (LFPs), single- and multi-unit spiking activity with highly spatio-temporally resolved blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) fMRI responses from the visual cortex of monkeys. The largest magnitude changes were observed in LFPs, which at recording sites characterized by transient responses were the only signal that significantly correlated with the haemodynamic response. Linear systems analysis on a trial-by-trial basis showed that the impulse response of the neurovascular system is both animal- and site-specific, and that LFPs yield a better estimate of BOLD responses than the multi-unit responses. These findings suggest that the BOLD contrast mechanism reflects the input and intracortical processing of a given area rather than its spiking output.
C1 Max Planck Inst Biol Cybernet, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany.
C3 Max Planck Society
RP Logothetis, NK (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Biol Cybernet, Spemannstr 38, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany.
NR 50
TC 4743
Z9 5618
U1 5
U2 678
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 12
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6843
BP 150
EP 157
DI 10.1038/35084005
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 451AJ
UT WOS:000169778700042
PM 11449264
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Whiteley, M
   Bangera, MG
   Bumgarner, RE
   Parsek, MR
   Teitzel, GM
   Lory, S
   Greenberg, EP
AF Whiteley, M
   Bangera, MG
   Bumgarner, RE
   Parsek, MR
   Teitzel, GM
   Lory, S
   Greenberg, EP
TI Gene expression in Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID microbial biofilms; bacterial biofilms; resistance; antibiotics; gentamicin; mutation; sequence; binding; signals; flow
AB Bacteria often adopt a sessile biofilm lifestyle that is resistant to antimicrobial treatment(1-5). Opportunistic pathogenic bacteria like Pseudomonas aeruginosa can develop persistent infections(1-3). To gain insights into the differences between free-living P. aeruginosa cells and those in biofilms, and into the mechanisms underlying the resistance of biofilms to antibiotics, we used DNA microarrays. Here we show that, despite the striking differences in lifestyles, only about 1% of genes showed differential expression in the two growth modes; about 0.5% of genes were activated and about 0.5% were repressed in biofilms. Some of the regulated genes are known to affect antibiotic sensitivity of free-living P. aeruginosa. Exposure of biofilms to high levels of the antibiotic tobramycin caused differential expression of 20 genes. We propose that this response is critical for the development of biofilm resistance to tobramycin. Our results show that gene expression in biofilm cells is similar to that in free-living cells but there are a small number of significant differences. Our identification of biofilm-regulated genes points to mechanisms of biofilm resistance to antibiotics.
C1 Univ Iowa, Coll Med, Dept Microbiol, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Dept Microbiol & Mol Genet, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Univ Washington, Dept Microbiol, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   Northwestern Univ, Dept Civil Engn, Evanston, IL 60208 USA.
C3 University of Iowa; Harvard University; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; Northwestern University
RP Greenberg, EP (corresponding author), Univ Iowa, Coll Med, Dept Microbiol, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA.
NR 30
TC 877
Z9 1121
U1 3
U2 182
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 25
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6858
BP 860
EP 864
DI 10.1038/35101627
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 485JA
UT WOS:000171750200050
PM 11677611
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Farooqi, IS
   Keogh, JM
   Kamath, S
   Jones, S
   Gibson, WT
   Trussell, R
   Jebb, SA
   Lip, GYH
   O'Rahilly, S
AF Farooqi, IS
   Keogh, JM
   Kamath, S
   Jones, S
   Gibson, WT
   Trussell, R
   Jebb, SA
   Lip, GYH
   O'Rahilly, S
TI Metabolism - Partial leptin deficiency and human adiposity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID recombinant leptin; obese
C1 Univ Cambridge, Addenbrookes Hosp, Dept Med, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, England.
   Univ Cambridge, Addenbrookes Hosp, Dept Clin Biochem, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, England.
   City Hosp, Univ Dept Med, Birmingham B18 7QH, W Midlands, England.
   MRC Human Nutr Res, Cambridge CB1 9NL, England.
   Alberta Childrens Prov Gen Hosp, Dept Med Genet, Calgary, AB T2T 5C7, Canada.
   Alberta Childrens Prov Gen Hosp, Dept Paediat Endocrinol, Calgary, AB T2T 5C7, Canada.
C3 University of Cambridge; Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; Addenbrooke's Hospital; Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; Addenbrooke's Hospital; University of Cambridge; University of Birmingham; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Medical Research Council UK (MRC); MRC Human Nutrition Research; University of Calgary; University Calgary Hospital; Alberta Childrens Hospital; Alberta Childrens Hospital; University of Calgary; University Calgary Hospital
RP Farooqi, IS (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, Addenbrookes Hosp, Dept Med, Hills Rd, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, England.
EM sorahill@hgmp.mrc.ac.uk
NR 9
TC 306
Z9 336
U1 0
U2 21
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 01
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6859
BP 34
EP 35
DI 10.1038/35102112
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 487VC
UT WOS:000171898900030
PM 11689931
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jutel, M
   Watanabe, T
   Klunker, S
   Akdis, M
   Thomet, OAR
   Malolepszy, J
   Zak-Nejmark, T
   Koga, R
   Kobayashi, T
   Blaser, K
   Akdis, CA
AF Jutel, M
   Watanabe, T
   Klunker, S
   Akdis, M
   Thomet, OAR
   Malolepszy, J
   Zak-Nejmark, T
   Koga, R
   Kobayashi, T
   Blaser, K
   Akdis, CA
TI Histamine regulates T-cell and antibody responses by differential expression of H1 and H2 receptors
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID bee venom immunotherapy; molecular-basis; lymphocytes; mice; induction; immunity
AB Many pathological processes, including those causing allergies and autoimmune diseases, are associated with the presence of specialized subsets of T helper cells (T(H)1 and T(H)2) at the site of inflammation(1-4). The diversity of T(H)1 and T(H)2 function is not predetermined but depends on signals that drive the cells towards either subset(1-4). Histamine, released from effector cells (mast cells and basophils) during inflammatory reactions can influence immune response(5-8). Here we report that histamine enhances T(H)1-type responses by triggering the histamine receptor type 1 (H1R), whereas both T(H)1- and T(H)2-type responses are negatively regulated by H2R through the activation of different biochemical intracellular signals. In mice, deletion of H1R results in suppression of interferon (IFN)-gamma and dominant secretion of T(H)2 cytokines (interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13). Mutant mice lacking H2R showed upregulation of both T(H)1 and T(H)2 cytokines. Relevant to T-cell cytokine profiles, mice lacking H1R displayed increased specific antibody response with increased immunoglobulin-e (IgE) and IgG1, IgG2b and IgG3 compared with mice lacking H2R. These findings account for an important regulatory mechanism in the control of inflammatory functions through effector-cell-derived histamine.
C1 Swiss Inst Allergy & Asthma Res, CH-7270 Davos, Switzerland.
   Kyushu Univ, Med Inst Bioregulat, Higashi Ku, Fukuoka 8128582, Japan.
   Wroclaw Med Univ, Dept Internal Med & Allergol, PL-50417 Wroclaw, Poland.
C3 Swiss Institute of Allergy & Asthma Research; Kyushu University; Wroclaw Medical University
RP Jutel, M (corresponding author), Swiss Inst Allergy & Asthma Res, Obere Str 22, CH-7270 Davos, Switzerland.
NR 29
TC 466
Z9 518
U1 1
U2 37
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 27
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6854
BP 420
EP 425
DI 10.1038/35096564
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 475UY
UT WOS:000171188700054
PM 11574888
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Keenan, JP
   Nelson, A
   O'Connor, M
   Pascual-Leone, A
AF Keenan, JP
   Nelson, A
   O'Connor, M
   Pascual-Leone, A
TI Neurology - Self-recognition and the right hemisphere
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Beth Israel Deaconess Med Ctr, Dept Neurol,Behav Neurol Unit, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Brigham & Womens Hosp, Dept Behav Neurol,Div Cognit & Behav Neurol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Brigham & Women's Hospital; Harvard Medical School
RP Keenan, JP (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Beth Israel Deaconess Med Ctr, Dept Neurol,Behav Neurol Unit, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
NR 8
TC 260
Z9 302
U1 0
U2 39
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 18
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6818
BP 305
EP 305
DI 10.1038/35053167
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 392VY
UT WOS:000166434300034
PM 11201730
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Changela, A
   DiGate, RJ
   Mondragón, A
AF Changela, A
   DiGate, RJ
   Mondragón, A
TI Crystal structure of a complex of a type IA DNA topoisomerase with a single-stranded DNA molecule
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID protein; domain; identification; residues; insights; program; binding; toprim
AB A variety of cellular processes, including DNA replication, transcription, and chromosome condensation, require enzymes that can regulate the ensuing topological changes occurring in DNA. Such enzymes-DNA topoisomerases-alter DNA topology by catalysing the cleavage of single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) or double-stranded DNA (dsDNA), the passage of DNA through the resulting break, and the rejoining of the broken phosphodiester backbone(1). DNA topoisomerase III from Escherichia coli belongs to the type IA family of DNA topoisomerases, which transiently cleave ssDNA via formation of a covalent 5' phosphotyrosine intermediate. Here we report the crystal structure, at 2.05 Angstrom resolution, of an inactive mutant of E. coli DNA topoisomerase III in a non-covalent complex with an 8-base ssDNA molecule. The enzyme undergoes a conformational change that allows the oligonucleotide to bind within a groove leading to the active site. We note that the ssDNA molecule adopts a conformation like that of B-DNA while bound to the enzyme. The position of the DNA within the realigned active site provides insight into the role of several highly conserved residues during catalysis. These findings confirm various aspects of the type IA topoisomerase mechanism while suggesting functional implications for other topoisomerases and proteins that perform DNA rearrangements.
C1 Northwestern Univ, Dept Biochem Mol Biol & Cell Biol, Evanston, IL 60208 USA.
   Univ Maryland, Sch Med, Dept Pharmaceut Sci, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA.
C3 Northwestern University; University System of Maryland; University of Maryland Baltimore
RP Mondragón, A (corresponding author), Northwestern Univ, Dept Biochem Mol Biol & Cell Biol, 2153 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, IL 60208 USA.
EM a-mondragon@northwestern.edu
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM051350] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 101
Z9 115
U1 1
U2 11
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 28
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6841
BP 1077
EP 1081
DI 10.1038/35082615
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 446TF
UT WOS:000169528500054
PM 11429611
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ball, P
AF Ball, P
TI The positron probe
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 4
Z9 5
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 23
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6849
BP 764
EP 764
DI 10.1038/35090655
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 465ET
UT WOS:000170577200012
PM 11518936
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Guthöhrlein, GR
   Keller, M
   Hayasaka, K
   Lange, W
   Walther, H
AF Guthöhrlein, GR
   Keller, M
   Hayasaka, K
   Lange, W
   Walther, H
TI A single ion as a nanoscopic probe of an optical field
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cavity; atom; microscopy; molecule; generation; photons
AB In near-field imaging, resolution beyond the diffraction limit of optical microscopy is obtained by scanning the sampling region with a probe of subwavelength size(1). In recent experiments, single molecules were used as nanoscopic probes to attain a resolution of a few tens of nanometres(2,3). Positional control of the molecular probe was typically achieved by embedding it in a crystal attached to a substrate on a translation stage. However, the presence of the host crystal inevitably led to a disturbance of the light field that was to be measured. Here we report a near-field probe with atomic-scale resolution-a single calcium ion in a radiofrequency trap-that causes minimal perturbation of the optical field. We measure the three-dimensional spatial structure of an optical field with a spatial resolution as high as 60 nm (determined by the residual thermal motion of the trapped ion), and scan the modes of a low-loss optical cavity over a range of up to 100 mum. The precise positioning we achieve implies a deterministic control of the coupling between ion and field. At the same time, the field and the internal states of the ion are not affected by the trapping potential. Our set-up is therefore an ideal system for performing cavity quantum electrodynamics(4,5) experiments with a single particle.
C1 Max Planck Inst Quantum Opt, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
   Commun Res Labs, Nishi Ku, Kobe, Hyogo 65124, Japan.
C3 Max Planck Society; National Institute of Information & Communications Technology (NICT) - Japan
RP Lange, W (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Quantum Opt, Hans Kopfermann Str 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
NR 21
TC 319
Z9 340
U1 0
U2 29
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 01
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6859
BP 49
EP 51
DI 10.1038/35102129
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 487VC
UT WOS:000171898900036
PM 11689937
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lemon, B
   Inouye, C
   King, DS
   Tjian, R
AF Lemon, B
   Inouye, C
   King, DS
   Tjian, R
TI Selectivity of chromatin-remodelling cofactors for ligand-activated transcription
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID in-vitro; glucocorticoid receptor; complex; coactivator; binding; acetylation; enhancement; requires; family; genes
AB An array of regulatory protein and multi-subunit cofactors has been identified(1) that directs eukaryotic gene transcription. However, establishing the specific functions of various related cofactors has been difficult owing to the limitations inherent in assaying transcription in animals and cells indirectly. Here we describe, using an integrated chromatin-dependent reconstituted transcription reaction, the purification and identification of a multi-subunit cofactor (PBAF)(2) that is necessary for ligand-dependent transactivation by nuclear hormone receptors. A highly related cofactor, human SWI/SNF3, and the ISWI-containing chromatin-remodelling complex ACF(4) both fail to potentiate transcription. We also show that transcriptional activation mediated by nuclear hormone receptors requires TATA-binding protein (TBP)-associated factors (TAFs) as well as the multi-subunit cofactors ARC(5)/CRSP6. These studies demonstrate functional selectivity amongst highly related complexes involved in gene regulation and help define a more complete set of factors and cofactors required to activate transcription.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
RP Tjian, R (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, 401 Barker Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
NR 30
TC 220
Z9 273
U1 0
U2 11
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 20
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6866
BP 924
EP 928
DI 10.1038/414924a
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 503RB
UT WOS:000172813300050
PM 11780067
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU de Winter, W
   Oxnard, CE
AF de Winter, W
   Oxnard, CE
TI Evolutionary radiations and convergences in the structural organization of mammalian brains
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID locomotion
AB The sizes of mammalian brain components seem to be mostly related to the sizes of the whole brain (and body), suggesting a one-dimensional scale of encephalization(1-3). Previous multivariate study of such data concludes that evolutionary selection for enlargement of any one brain part is constrained to selection for a concerted enlargement of the whole brain(4). However, interactions between structurally related pairs of brain parts(5) confirm reports of differential change in brain nuclei(6), and imply mosaic rather than concerted evolution. Here we analyse a large number of variables simultaneously using multi-dimensional methods(7). We show that the relative proportions of different systems of functionally integrated brain structures vary independently between different mammalian orders, demonstrating separate evolutionary radiations in mammalian brain organization(8). Within each major order we identify clusters of unrelated species that occupy similar behavioural niches and have convergently evolved similar brain proportions. We conclude that within orders, mosaic brain organization is caused by selective adaptation, whereas between orders it suggests an interplay between selection and constraints.
C1 Univ Western Australia, Dept Anat & Human Biol, Perth, WA 6907, Australia.
C3 University of Western Australia
RP Oxnard, CE (corresponding author), Univ Western Australia, Dept Anat & Human Biol, Perth, WA 6907, Australia.
NR 27
TC 172
Z9 191
U1 0
U2 23
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 8
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6821
BP 710
EP 714
DI 10.1038/35055547
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 399MF
UT WOS:000166816400042
PM 11217859
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Liu, C
   Dutton, Z
   Behroozi, CH
   Hau, LV
AF Liu, C
   Dutton, Z
   Behroozi, CH
   Hau, LV
TI Observation of coherent optical information storage in an atomic medium using halted light pulses
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID electromagnetically induced transparency; dispersive property; group-velocity; propagation; gas
AB Electromagnetically induced transparency(1-3) is a quantum interference effect that permits the propagation of light through an otherwise opaque atomic medium; a 'coupling' laser is used to create the interference necessary to allow the transmission of resonant pulses from a 'probe' laser. This technique has been used(4-6) to slow and spatially compress light pulses by seven orders of magnitude, resulting in their complete localization and containment within an atomic cloud(4). Here we use electromagnetically induced transparency to bring laser pulses to a complete stop in a magnetically trapped, cold cloud of sodium atoms. Within the spatially localized pulse region, the atoms are in a superposition state determined by the amplitudes and phases of the coupling and probe laser fields. Upon sudden turn-off of the coupling laser, the compressed probe pulse is effectively stopped; coherent information initially contained in the laser fields is 'frozen' in the atomic medium for up to 1 ms. The coupling laser is turned back on at a later time and the probe pulse is regenerated: the stored coherence is read out and transferred back into the radiation field. We present a theoretical model that reveals that the system is self-adjusting to minimize dissipative loss during the 'read' and 'write' operations. We anticipate applications of this phenomenon for quantum information processing.
C1 Rowland Inst Sci Inc, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Div Engn & Appl Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Dept Phys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University
RP Liu, C (corresponding author), Rowland Inst Sci Inc, 100 Edwin H Land Blvd, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
NR 15
TC 2081
Z9 2275
U1 7
U2 267
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 25
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6819
BP 490
EP 493
DI 10.1038/35054017
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 395FW
UT WOS:000166570500041
PM 11206540
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cowley, MA
   Smart, JL
   Rubinstein, M
   Cordán, MG
   Diano, S
   Horvath, TL
   Cone, RD
   Low, MJ
AF Cowley, MA
   Smart, JL
   Rubinstein, M
   Cordán, MG
   Diano, S
   Horvath, TL
   Cone, RD
   Low, MJ
TI Leptin activates anorexigenic POMC neurons through a neural network in the arcuate nucleus
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID central melanocortin system; neuropeptide-y receptor; hypothalamic neurons; obese gene; mouse; mice; innervation; channels; rats; area
AB The administration of leptin(1) to leptin-deficient humans, and the analogous Lep(ob)/Lep(ob) mice, effectively reduces hyperphagia and obesity(2,3). But common obesity is associated with elevated leptin, which suggests that obese humans are resistant to this adipocyte hormone. In addition to regulating long-term energy balance, leptin also rapidly affects neuronal activity(4-6). Proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and neuropeptide-Y types of neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus(7) are both principal sites of leptin receptor expression and the source of potent neuropeptide modulators, melanocortins and neuropeptide Y, which exert opposing effects on feeding and metabolism(8,9). These neurons are therefore ideal for characterizing leptin action and the mechanism of leptin resistance; however, their diffuse distribution makes them difficult to study. Here we report electrophysiological recordings on POMC neurons, which we identified by targeted expression of green fluorescent protein in transgenic mice. Leptin increases the frequency of action potentials in the anorexigenic POMC neurons by two mechanisms: depolarization through a nonspecific cation channel; and reduced inhibition by local orexigenic neuropeptide-Y/GABA (gamma -aminobutyric acid) neurons. Furthermore, we show that melanocortin peptides have an autoinhibitory effect on this circuit. On the basis of our results, we propose an integrated model of leptin action and neuronal architecture in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus.
C1 Oregon Hlth Sci Univ, Vollum Inst, Portland, OR 97201 USA.
   Univ Buenos Aires, Sch Sci, Dept Biol, RA-1428 Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina.
   CONICET, Inst Invest Ingn Genet & Biol Mol, RA-1428 Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina.
   Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Obstet & Gynecol, Reprod Neurosci Unit, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
   Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurol, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
C3 Oregon Health & Science University; University of Buenos Aires; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas (CONICET); Yale University; Yale University
RP Cone, RD (corresponding author), Oregon Hlth Sci Univ, Vollum Inst, L474, Portland, OR 97201 USA.
NR 29
TC 1875
Z9 2221
U1 3
U2 164
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 24
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6836
BP 480
EP 484
DI 10.1038/35078085
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 435CB
UT WOS:000168858700050
PM 11373681
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mochizuki, N
   Yamashita, S
   Kurokawa, K
   Ohba, Y
   Nagai, T
   Miyawaki, A
   Matsuda, M
AF Mochizuki, N
   Yamashita, S
   Kurokawa, K
   Ohba, Y
   Nagai, T
   Miyawaki, A
   Matsuda, M
TI Spatio-temporal images of growth-factor-induced activation of Ras and Rap1
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID green fluorescent protein; signal-regulated kinase; dependent activation; molecular switch; phosphorylation; pathways; gene; creb
AB G proteins of the Ras family function as molecular switches in many signalling cascades(1-3); however, little is known about where they become activated in living cells. Here we use FRET (fluorescent resonance energy transfer)-based sensors to report on the spatio-temporal images of growth-factor-induced activation of Ras and Rap1. Epidermal growth factor activated Ras at the peripheral plasma membrane and Rap1 at the intracellular perinuclear region of COS-1 cells. In PC12 cells, nerve growth factor-induced activation of Ras was initiated at the plasma membrane and transmitted to the whole cell body. After three hours, high Ras activity was observed at the extending neurites. By using the FRAP (fluorescence recovery after photobleaching) technique, we found that Ras at the neurites turned over rapidly; therefore, the sustained Ras activity at neurites was due to high GTP/GDP exchange rate and/or low GTPase activity, but not to the retention of the active Ras. These observations may resolve long-standing questions as to how Ras and Rap1 induce different cellular responses(4) and how the signals for differentiation and survival are distinguished by neuronal cells(5).
C1 Natl Cardiovasc Ctr, Res Inst, Dept Struct Anal, Suita, Osaka 5658565, Japan.
   Int Med Ctr Japan, Res Inst, Dept Pathol, Shinjuku Ku, Tokyo 1628655, Japan.
   Osaka Univ, Inst Microbial Dis, Dept Tumor Virol, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan.
   RIKEN, Brain Sci Inst, Lab Cell Funct & Dynam, Wako, Saitama 3510198, Japan.
C3 National Cerebral & Cardiovascular Center - Japan; Japan Institute for Health Security (JIHS); National Center for Global Health & Medicine - Japan; University of Osaka; RIKEN
RP Matsuda, M (corresponding author), Natl Cardiovasc Ctr, Res Inst, Dept Struct Anal, 5-7-1 Fujishirodai, Suita, Osaka 5658565, Japan.
NR 25
TC 495
Z9 565
U1 0
U2 76
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 28
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6841
BP 1065
EP 1068
DI 10.1038/35082594
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 446TF
UT WOS:000169528500051
PM 11429608
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wilson, SI
   Rydström, A
   Trimborn, T
   Willert, K
   Nusse, R
   Jessell, TM
   Edlund, T
AF Wilson, SI
   Rydström, A
   Trimborn, T
   Willert, K
   Nusse, R
   Jessell, TM
   Edlund, T
TI The status of Wnt signalling regulates neural and epidermal fates in the chick embryo
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID beta-catenin; nonneural ectoderm; sox3 genes; induction; expression; xenopus; cells; fgf; gastrulation; requirement
AB The acquisition of neural fate by embryonic ectodermal cells is a fundamental step in the formation of the vertebrate nervous system. Neural induction seems to involve signalling by fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and attenuation of the activity of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)(1-4). But FGFs, either alone or in combination with BMP antagonists, are not sufficient to induce neural fate in prospective epidermal ectoderm of amniote embryos(1,3,4). These findings suggest that additional signals are involved in the specification of neural fate. Here we show that the state of Wnt signalling is a critical determinant of neural and epidermal fates in the chick embryo. Continual Wnt signalling blocks the response of epiblast cells to FGF signals, permitting the expression and signalling of BMP to direct an epidermal fate. Conversely, a lack of exposure of epiblast cells to Wnt signals permits FGFs to induce a neural fate.
C1 Umea Univ, Dept Microbiol, S-90187 Umea, Sweden.
   Stanford Univ, Beckman Ctr, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Dev Biol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Columbia Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Biochem & Mol Biophys, New York, NY 10032 USA.
C3 Umea University; Stanford University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Columbia University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
RP Edlund, T (corresponding author), Umea Univ, Dept Microbiol, S-90187 Umea, Sweden.
NR 29
TC 227
Z9 306
U1 0
U2 16
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 17
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6835
BP 325
EP 330
DI 10.1038/35077115
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 432RT
UT WOS:000168710000052
PM 11357137
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU White, RJ
   Averner, M
AF White, RJ
   Averner, M
TI Humans in space
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID spaceflight; microgravity; orientation
AB Many successful space missions over the past 40 years have highlighted the advantages and necessity of humans in the exploration of space. But as space travel becomes ever more feasible in the twenty-first century, the health and safety of future space explorers will be paramount. In particular, understanding the risks posed by exposure to radiation and extended weightlessness will be crucial if humans are to travel far from Earth.
C1 Natl Space Biomed Res Inst, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Baylor Coll Med, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA.
C3 Baylor College of Medicine; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Ames Research Center
RP White, RJ (corresponding author), Natl Space Biomed Res Inst, 1 Baylor Plaza,NA-425, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
NR 36
TC 235
Z9 276
U1 0
U2 59
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 22
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6823
BP 1115
EP 1118
DI 10.1038/35059243
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 405FT
UT WOS:000167148800060
PM 11234026
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Enquist, BJ
   Niklas, KJ
AF Enquist, BJ
   Niklas, KJ
TI Invariant scaling relations across tree-dominated communities
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID plant; density; size; productivity; energetics; diversity; dimension; evolution; ecology; rates
AB Organizing principles are needed to link organismal, community and ecosystem attributes across spatial and temporal scales. Here we extend allometric theory-how attributes of organisms change with variation in their size-and test its predictions against worldwide data sets for forest communities by quantifying the relationships among tree size-frequency distributions, standing biomass, species number and number of individuals per unit area. As predicted, except for the highest latitudes, the number of individuals scales as the -2 power of basal stem diameter or as the -3/4 power of above-ground biomass. Also as predicted, this scaling relationship varies little with species diversity, total standing biomass, latitude and geographic sampling area. A simulation model in which individuals allocate biomass to leaf, stem and reproduction, and compete for space and light obtains features identical to those of a community. In tandem with allometric theory, our results indicate that many macroecological features of communities may emerge from a few allometric principles operating at the level of the individual.
C1 Univ Arizona, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
   Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Natl Ctr Ecol Anal & Synth, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
   Cornell Univ, Dept Plant Biol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
C3 University of Arizona; University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara; Cornell University
RP Enquist, BJ (corresponding author), Univ Arizona, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
EM benquist@u.arizona.edu
NR 40
TC 469
Z9 558
U1 4
U2 159
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 5
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6829
BP 655
EP 660
DI 10.1038/35070500
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 418DJ
UT WOS:000167875400037
PM 11287945
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mandelboim, O
   Lieberman, N
   Lev, M
   Paul, L
   Arnon, TI
   Bushkin, Y
   Davis, DM
   Strominger, JL
   Yewdell, JW
   Porgador, A
AF Mandelboim, O
   Lieberman, N
   Lev, M
   Paul, L
   Arnon, TI
   Bushkin, Y
   Davis, DM
   Strominger, JL
   Yewdell, JW
   Porgador, A
TI Recognition of haemagglutinins on virus-infected cells by NKp46 activates lysis by human NK cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID natural-killer-cells; immunoglobulin-superfamily; molecular-cloning; receptor; cytotoxicity; antigen; member; acid
AB Natural killer (NK) cells destroy virus-infected and tumour cells, apparently without the need for previous antigen stimulation(1). In part, target cells are recognized by their diminished expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules, which normally interact with inhibitory receptors on the NK cell surface(2-8). NK cells also express triggering receptors that are specific for non-MHC ligands; but the nature of the ligands recognized on target cells is undefined(9-14). NKp46 is thought to be the main activating receptor for human NK cells(9,15). Here we show that a soluble NKp46-immunoglobulin fusion protein binds to both the haemagglutinin of influenza virus and the haemagglutinin-neuraminidase of parainfluenza virus. In a substantial subset of NK cells, recognition by NKp46 is required to lyse cells expressing the corresponding viral glycoproteins. The binding requires the sialylation of NKp46 oligosaccharides, which is consistent with the known sialic binding capacity of the viral glycoproteins. These findings indicate how NKp46-expressing NK cells may recognize target cells infected by influenza or parainfluenza without the decreased expression of target-cell MHC class I protein.
C1 Ben Gurion Univ Negev, Fac Hlth Sci, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, IL-84105 Beer Sheva, Israel.
   Ben Gurion Univ Negev, Ctr Canc Res, IL-84105 Beer Sheva, Israel.
   Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Hadassah Med Sch, Lautenberg Ctr Gen & Tumor Immunol, IL-91120 Jerusalem, Israel.
   Publ Hlth Res Inst City New York Inc, Lab Mol Immunol, New York, NY 10016 USA.
   Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Dept Biol, London SW7 2AZ, England.
   Harvard Univ, Dept Mol & Cellular Biol, Cambridge, MA USA.
   NIAID, Viral Dis Lab, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
C3 Ben-Gurion University of the Negev; Ben-Gurion University of the Negev; Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Imperial College London; Harvard University; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
RP Porgador, A (corresponding author), Ben Gurion Univ Negev, Fac Hlth Sci, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, IL-84105 Beer Sheva, Israel.
EM angel@bgumail.bgu.ac.il
NR 29
TC 755
Z9 933
U1 1
U2 35
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 22
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6823
BP 1055
EP 1060
DI 10.1038/35059110
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 405FT
UT WOS:000167148800049
PM 11234016
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Martinez, LM
   Angell, CA
AF Martinez, LM
   Angell, CA
TI A thermodynamic connection to the fragility of glass-forming liquids
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID configurational entropy; energy landscape; viscous-liquids; relaxation; transition; heat; dynamics; model; viscosity; link
AB Although liquids normally crystallize on cooling, there are members of all liquid types (including molecular, ionic and metallic) that supercool and then solidify at their glass transition temperature, T-g. This continuous solidification process exhibits great diversity within each class of liquid-both in the steepness of the viscosity-temperature profile, and in the rate at which the excess entropy of the liquid over the crystalline phase changes as T-g is approached. However, the source of the diversity is unknown. The viscosity and associated relaxation time behaviour have been classified between 'strong' and 'fragile' extremes, using T-g as a scaling parameter(1), but attempts to correlate such kinetic properties with the thermodynamic behaviour have been controversial(2,3). Here we show that the kinetic fragility can be correlated with a scaled quantity representing excess entropy, using data over the entire fragility range and embracing liquids of all classes. The excess entropy used in our correlation contains both configurational and vibration-related contributions. In order to reconcile our correlation with existing theory and simulations, we propose that variations in the fragility of liquids originate in differences between their vibrational heat capacities, harmonic and anharmonic, which we interpret in terms of an energy landscape. The differences evidently relate to behaviour of low-energy modes near and below the boson peak.
C1 Arizona State Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA.
C3 Arizona State University; Arizona State University-Tempe
RP Angell, CA (corresponding author), Arizona State Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA.
EM caa@asu.edu
NR 32
TC 660
Z9 720
U1 9
U2 347
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 5
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6829
BP 663
EP 667
DI 10.1038/35070517
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 418DJ
UT WOS:000167875400039
PM 11287947
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pardini, AT
   Jones, CS
   Noble, LR
   Kreiser, B
   Malcolm, H
   Bruce, BD
   Stevens, JD
   Cliff, G
   Scholl, MC
   Francis, M
   Duffy, CAJ
   Martin, AP
AF Pardini, AT
   Jones, CS
   Noble, LR
   Kreiser, B
   Malcolm, H
   Bruce, BD
   Stevens, JD
   Cliff, G
   Scholl, MC
   Francis, M
   Duffy, CAJ
   Martin, AP
TI Sex-biased dispersal of great white sharks - In some respects, these sharks behave more like whales and dolphins than other fish.
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mitochondrial
C1 Univ Aberdeen, Dept Zool, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, Scotland.
   Univ So Mississippi, Dept Biol Sci, Hattiesburg, MS 39406 USA.
   Univ Colorado, Dept Environm Populat & Organism Biol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
   CSIRO, Marine Res Labs, Hobart, Tas 7000, Australia.
   Natal Sharks Board, ZA-4320 Umhlanga Rocks, South Africa.
   Natl Inst Water & Atmospher Res, Wellington, New Zealand.
C3 University of Aberdeen; University of Southern Mississippi; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder; Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO); Earth Sciences New Zealand; National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research (NIWA) - New Zealand
RP Pardini, AT (corresponding author), Univ Aberdeen, Dept Zool, Tillydrone Ave, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, Scotland.
EM am@stripe.colorado.edu
NR 13
TC 252
Z9 298
U1 1
U2 125
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 12
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6843
BP 139
EP 140
DI 10.1038/35084125
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 451AJ
UT WOS:000169778700036
PM 11449258
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chen, Y
   Schier, AF
AF Chen, Y
   Schier, AF
TI The zebrafish Nodal signal Squint functions as a morphogen
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID long-range action; one-eyed pinhead; tgf-beta family; activin; induction; mesoderm; gradient; gastrulation; organizer; endoderm
AB Secreted morphogens induce distinct cellular responses in a concentration-dependent manner and act directly at a distance(1-7). The existence of morphogens during mesoderm induction and patterning in vertebrates has been highly controversial, and it remains unknown whether endogenous mesoderm inducers act directly as morphogens(8-10), function locally(9) or act through relay mechanisms(11-12). Here we test the morphogen properties of Cyclops and Squint-two Nodal-related transforming growth factor-beta signals required for mesoderm formation and patterning in zebrafish(13-16). Whereas different levels of both Squint and Cyclops can induce different downstream genes(14,17-19), we rnd that only Squint can function directly at a distance. These results indicate that Squint acts as a secreted morphogen that does not require a relay mechanism.
C1 NYU, Sch Med, Skirball Inst Biomol Med, Dev Genet Program, New York, NY 10016 USA.
   NYU, Sch Med, Dept Cell Biol, New York, NY 10016 USA.
C3 New York University; New York University
RP Schier, AF (corresponding author), NYU, Sch Med, Skirball Inst Biomol Med, Dev Genet Program, New York, NY 10016 USA.
NR 28
TC 250
Z9 317
U1 0
U2 11
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 31
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6837
BP 607
EP 610
DI 10.1038/35079121
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 437GE
UT WOS:000168982500057
PM 11385578
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zurek, WH
AF Zurek, WH
TI Sub-Planck structure in phase space and its relevance for quantum decoherence
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID chaos; evolution
AB Heisenberg's principle(1) states that the product of uncertainties of position and momentum should be no less than the limit set by Planck's constant, (h) over bar /2. This is usually taken to imply that phase space structures associated with sub-Planck scales (<< (h) over bar) do not exist, or at least that they do not matter. Here I show that this common assumption is false: non-local quantum superpositions (or 'Schrodinger's cat' states) that are confined to a phase space volume characterized by the classical action A, much larger than (h) over bar, develop spotty structure on the sub-Planck scale, a = (h) over bar (2)/A. Structure saturates on this scale particularly quickly in quantum versions of classically chaotic systems-such as gases that are modelled by chaotic scattering of molecules-because their exponential sensitivity to perturbations(2) causes them to be driven into non-local 'cat' states. Most importantly, these sub-Planck scales are physically significant: a determines the sensitivity of a quantum system or environment to perturbations. Therefore, this scale controls the effectiveness of decoherence and the selection of preferred pointer states by the environment(3-8). It will also be relevant in setting limits on the sensitivity of quantum meters.
C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theory, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); Los Alamos National Laboratory
RP Zurek, WH (corresponding author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theory, T-6,MS B288, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA.
EM whz@LANL.gov
NR 24
TC 324
Z9 333
U1 0
U2 21
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 16
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6848
BP 712
EP 717
DI 10.1038/35089017
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 462ZB
UT WOS:000170450200038
PM 11507634
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tafuri, A
   Shahinian, A
   Bladt, F
   Yoshinaga, SK
   Jordana, M
   Wakeham, A
   Boucher, LM
   Bouchard, D
   Chan, VSF
   Duncan, G
   Odermatt, B
   Ho, A
   Itie, A
   Horan, T
   Whoriskey, JS
   Pawson, T
   Penninger, JM
   Ohashi, PS
   Mak, TW
AF Tafuri, A
   Shahinian, A
   Bladt, F
   Yoshinaga, SK
   Jordana, M
   Wakeham, A
   Boucher, LM
   Bouchard, D
   Chan, VSF
   Duncan, G
   Odermatt, B
   Ho, A
   Itie, A
   Horan, T
   Whoriskey, JS
   Pawson, T
   Penninger, JM
   Ohashi, PS
   Mak, TW
TI ICOS is essential for effective T-helper-cell responses
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID deficient mice; cd40 ligand; immune-responses; co-stimulation; cd28; interleukin-4
AB The outcome of T-cell responses after T-cell encounter with specific antigens is modulated by co-stimulatory signals, which are required for both lymphocyte activation and development of adaptive immunity(1-3). ICOS4,5, an inducible co-stimulator with homology to CD28, is expressed on activated, but not resting T cells, and shows T-cell co-stimulatory function in vitro. ICOS binds specifically to its counter-receptor B7RP-1 (refs 5-7), but not to B7-1 or B7-2. Here we provide in vivo genetic evidence that ICOS delivers a co-stimulatory signal that is essential both for efficient interaction between T and B cells and for normal antibody responses to T-cell-dependent antigens. To determine the physiological function of ICOS, we generated and characterized gene-targeted ICOS-deficient mice. In vivo, a lack of ICOS results in severely deficient T-cell-dependent B-cell responses. Germinal centre formation is impaired and immunoglobulin class switching, including production of allergy-mediating IgE, is defective. ICOS-deficient T cells primed in in vivo and restimulated in vitro with specific antigen produce only low levels of interleukin-4, but remain fully competent to produce interferon-gamma.
C1 Amgen Inst, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada.
   Univ Toronto, Ontario Canc Inst, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada.
   Univ Toronto, Dept Med Biophys, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada.
   Univ Toronto, Dept Immunol, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada.
   Mt Sinai Hosp, Samuel Lunenfeld Res Inst, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada.
   Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320 USA.
   McMaster Univ, Fac Hlth Sci, Dept Pathol & Mol Med, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada.
   Univ Zurich Hosp, Dept Pathol, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland.
C3 University of Toronto; University Health Network Toronto; University of Toronto; University of Toronto; University of Toronto; Sinai Health System Toronto; Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute; Amgen; McMaster University; University of Zurich; University Zurich Hospital
RP Mak, TW (corresponding author), Amgen Inst, 620 Univ Ave, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada.
NR 29
TC 567
Z9 691
U1 1
U2 28
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 4
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6816
BP 105
EP 109
DI 10.1038/35051113
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 388HT
UT WOS:000166175600049
PM 11343123
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dainton, M
AF Dainton, M
TI Palaeoanthropology - Did our ancestors knuckle-walk?
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Liverpool, New Med Sch, Dept Human Anat & Cell Biol, Liverpool L69 3GE, Merseyside, England.
C3 University of Liverpool
RP Dainton, M (corresponding author), Univ Liverpool, New Med Sch, Dept Human Anat & Cell Biol, Ashton St, Liverpool L69 3GE, Merseyside, England.
NR 12
TC 28
Z9 35
U1 0
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 15
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6826
BP 324
EP 325
DI 10.1038/35066634
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 410WM
UT WOS:000167464100035
PM 11268197
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Harlow, HJ
   Lohuis, T
   Beck, TDI
   Iaizzo, PA
AF Harlow, HJ
   Lohuis, T
   Beck, TDI
   Iaizzo, PA
TI Muscle strength in overwintering bears - Unlike humans, bears retain their muscle tone when moribund for long periods.
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID skeletal-muscle; winter sleep; immobilization; metabolism
C1 Univ Wyoming, Dept Zool & Physiol, Laramie, WY 82071 USA.
   Colorado Div Wildlife, Dolores, CO 81323 USA.
   Univ Minnesota, Dept Anesthesiol, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA.
   Univ Minnesota, Dept Physiol, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA.
C3 University of Wyoming; University of Minnesota System; University of Minnesota Twin Cities; University of Minnesota System; University of Minnesota Twin Cities
RP Harlow, HJ (corresponding author), Univ Wyoming, Dept Zool & Physiol, Laramie, WY 82071 USA.
NR 11
TC 134
Z9 155
U1 1
U2 34
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 22
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6823
BP 997
EP 997
DI 10.1038/35059165
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 405FT
UT WOS:000167148800030
PM 11234052
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yarrow, K
   Haggard, P
   Heal, R
   Brown, P
   Rothwell, JC
AF Yarrow, K
   Haggard, P
   Heal, R
   Brown, P
   Rothwell, JC
TI Illusory perceptions of space and time preserve cross-saccadic perceptual continuity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID eye-movements; information; integration; object
AB When voluntary saccadic eye movements are made to a silently ticking clock, observers sometimes think that the second hand takes longer than normal to move to its next position(1). For a short period, the clock appears to have stopped (chronostasis). Here we show that the illusion occurs because the brain extends the percept of the saccadic target backwards in time to just before the onset of the saccade. This occurs every time we move the eyes but it is only perceived when an external time reference alerts us to the phenomenon. The illusion does not seem to depend on the shift of spatial attention that accompanies the saccade. However, if the target is moved unpredictably during the saccade, breaking perception of the target's spatial continuity, then the illusion disappears. We suggest that temporal extension of the target's percept is one of the mechanisms that 'fill in' the perceptual 'gap' during saccadic suppression. The effect is critically linked to perceptual mechanisms that identify a target's spatial stability.
C1 Inst Neurol, Sobell Dept Neurophysiol, London WC1N 3BG, England.
   UCL, Dept Psychol, Inst Cognit Neurosci, London WC1N 3AR, England.
   Univ Oxford, John Radcliffe Hosp, Dept Clin Neurol, Ctr Funct Magnet Resonance Imaging Brain, Oxford OX3 9DU, England.
C3 University of London; University College London; University of London; University College London; University of Oxford
RP Yarrow, K (corresponding author), Inst Neurol, Sobell Dept Neurophysiol, 8-11 Queen Sq, London WC1N 3BG, England.
NR 24
TC 201
Z9 224
U1 1
U2 28
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 15
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6861
BP 302
EP 305
DI 10.1038/35104551
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 492CM
UT WOS:000172150700042
PM 11713528
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chinsamy, A
   Elzanowski, A
AF Chinsamy, A
   Elzanowski, A
TI Bone histology - Evolution of growth pattern in birds
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Cape Town, Dept Zool, ZA-7700 Rondebosch, South Africa.
   S African Museum, ZA-8000 Cape Town, South Africa.
   Univ Wroclaw, Inst Zool, PL-50335 Wroclaw, Poland.
C3 University of Cape Town; University of Wroclaw
RP Chinsamy, A (corresponding author), Univ Cape Town, Dept Zool, Private Bag, ZA-7700 Rondebosch, South Africa.
NR 13
TC 81
Z9 88
U1 0
U2 18
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 26
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6845
BP 402
EP 403
DI 10.1038/35086650
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 456DQ
UT WOS:000170068200034
PM 11473304
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Venkatasubramanian, R
   Siivola, E
   Colpitts, T
   O'Quinn, B
AF Venkatasubramanian, R
   Siivola, E
   Colpitts, T
   O'Quinn, B
TI Thin-film thermoelectric devices with high room-temperature figures of merit
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID filled skutterudite antimonides; thermal-conductivity; localization; lattice
AB Thermoelectric materials are of interest for applications as heat pumps and power generators. The performance of thermoelectric devices is quantified by a figure of merit, ZT, where Z is a measure of a material's thermoelectric properties and T is the absolute temperature. A material with a figure of merit of around unity was first reported over four decades ago, but since then-despite investigation of various approaches-there has been only modest progress in finding materials with enhanced ZT values at room temperature. Here we report thin-film thermoelectric materials that demonstrate a significant enhancement in ZT at 300 K, compared to state-of-the-art bulk Bi2Te3 alloys. This amounts to a maximum observed factor of similar to2.4 for our p-type Bi2Te3/Sb2Te3 superlattice devices. The enhancement is achieved by controlling the transport of phonons and electrons in the superlattices. Preliminary devices exhibit significant cooling (32 K at around room temperature) and the potential to pump a heat flux of up to 700 W cm(-2); the localized cooling and heating occurs some 23,000 times faster than in bulk devices. We anticipate that the combination of performance, power density and speed achieved in these materials will lead to diverse technological applications: for example, in thermochemistry-on-a-chip, DNA microarrays, fibre-optic switches and microelectrothermal systems.
C1 Res Triangle Inst, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA.
C3 Research Triangle Institute
RP Venkatasubramanian, R (corresponding author), Res Triangle Inst, POB 12194, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA.
EM rama@rti.org
NR 42
TC 4725
Z9 5377
U1 46
U2 3288
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 11
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6856
BP 597
EP 602
DI 10.1038/35098012
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 480WE
UT WOS:000171485700040
PM 11595940
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Clément, S
   Krause, U
   Desmedt, F
   Tanti, JF
   Behrends, J
   Pesesse, X
   Sasaki, T
   Penninger, J
   Doherty, M
   Malaisse, W
   Dumont, JE
   Le Marchand-Brustel, Y
   Erneux, C
   Hue, L
   Schurmans, S
AF Clément, S
   Krause, U
   Desmedt, F
   Tanti, JF
   Behrends, J
   Pesesse, X
   Sasaki, T
   Penninger, J
   Doherty, M
   Malaisse, W
   Dumont, JE
   Le Marchand-Brustel, Y
   Erneux, C
   Hue, L
   Schurmans, S
TI The lipid phosphatase SHIP2 controls insulin sensitivity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate; phosphoinositide 3-kinase; 5-phosphatase ship2; glucose-transport; skeletal-muscle; protein; metabolism; cells; gene
AB Insulin is the primary hormone involved in glucose homeostasis, and impairment of insulin action and/or secretion has a critical role in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus. Type-II SH2-domain-containing inositol 5-phosphatase, or 'SHIP2', is a member of the inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase family(1). In vitro studies have shown that SHIP2, in response to stimulation by numerous growth factors and insulin, is closely linked to signalling events mediated by both phosphoinositide-3-OH kinase and Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase(2-5). Here we report the generation of mice lacking the SHIP2 gene. Loss of SHIP2 leads to increased sensitivity to insulin, which is characterized by severe neonatal hypoglycaemia, deregulated expression of the genes involved in gluconeogenesis, and perinatal death. Adult mice that are heterozygous for the SHIP2 mutation have increased glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity associated with an increased recruitment of the GLUT4 glucose transporter and increased glycogen synthesis in skeletal muscles. Our results show that SHIP2 is a potent negative regulator of insulin signalling and insulin sensitivity in vivo.
C1 IBMM, IRIBHN, B-6041 Gosselies, Belgium.
   ICP, Hormone & Metab Res Unit, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium.
   IRIBHN, B-1070 Brussels, Belgium.
   Fac Med Nice, INSERM, E9911, F-06107 Nice 02, France.
   Univ Toronto, Ontario Canc Inst, Amgen Inst, Dept Med Biophys & Immunol, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada.
   Free Univ Brussels, Expt Med Lab, B-1070 Brussels, Belgium.
C3 Universite Libre de Bruxelles; Universite Libre de Bruxelles; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); Universite Cote d'Azur; University of Toronto; University Health Network Toronto; Universite Libre de Bruxelles
RP Schurmans, S (corresponding author), IBMM, IRIBHN, Rue Professeurs Jeener & Brachet 12, B-6041 Gosselies, Belgium.
NR 25
TC 293
Z9 335
U1 0
U2 14
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 4
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6816
BP 92
EP 97
DI 10.1038/35051094
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 388HT
UT WOS:000166175600046
PM 11343120
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Krause, DW
AF Krause, DW
TI Fossil molar from a Madagascan marsupial - The discovery of a tiny tooth from the Late Cretaceous period has sizeable implications.
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Anat Sci, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA.
C3 State University of New York (SUNY) System; Stony Brook University
RP Krause, DW (corresponding author), SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Anat Sci, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA.
NR 15
TC 59
Z9 68
U1 0
U2 6
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 2
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6846
BP 497
EP 498
DI 10.1038/35087649
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 458PC
UT WOS:000170202900030
PM 11484038
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Alexopoulou, L
   Holt, AC
   Medzhitov, R
   Flavell, RA
AF Alexopoulou, L
   Holt, AC
   Medzhitov, R
   Flavell, RA
TI Recognition of double-stranded RNA and activation of NF-κB by Toll-like receptor 3
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dependent protein-kinase; signaling pathways; adapter protein; cpg-dna; mice; pkr; family; cells; tlr4; endotoxin
AB Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a family of innate immune-recognition receptors that recognize molecular patterns associated with microbial pathogens, and induce antimicrobial immune responses(1,2). Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) is a molecular pattern associated with viral infection, because it is produced by most viruses at some point during their replication(3). Here we show that mammalian TLR3 recognizes dsRNA, and that activation of the receptor induces the activation of NF-kappaB and the production of type I interferons (IFNs). TLR3-deficient (TLR3(-/-)) mice showed reduced responses to polyinosine-polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)), resistance to the lethal effect of poly(I:C) when sensitized with D-galactosamine (D-GalN), and reduced production of inflammatory cytokines. MyD88 is an adaptor protein that is shared by all the known TLRs(1). When activated by poly(I:C), TLR3 induces cytokine production through a signalling pathway dependent on MyD88. Moreover, poly(I:C) can induce activation of NF-kappaB and mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases independently of MyD88, and cause dendritic cells to mature.
C1 Immunobiol Sect, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
   Dept Mol Cellular & Dev Biol, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
   Howard Hughes Med Inst, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
   Yale Univ, Sch Med, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Yale University
RP Flavell, RA (corresponding author), Immunobiol Sect, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
NR 29
TC 5083
Z9 6229
U1 14
U2 541
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 18
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6857
BP 732
EP 738
DI 10.1038/35099560
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 482ZK
UT WOS:000171608000044
PM 11607032
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Calzada, A
   Sacristán, M
   Sánchez, E
   Bueno, A
AF Calzada, A
   Sacristán, M
   Sánchez, E
   Bueno, A
TI Cdc6 cooperates with Sic1 and Hct1 to inactivate mitotic cyclin-dependent kinases
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID yeast saccharomyces-cerevisiae; anaphase-promoting complex; budding yeast; dna-replication; mcm proteins; s-phase; proteolysis; genes; cdk; origins
AB Exit from mitosis requires the inactivation of mitotic cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs). In the budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, inactivation of CDKs during late mitosis involves degradation of B-type cyclins as well as direct inhibition of cyclin-CDK complexes by the CDK-inhibitor protein Sic1 (refs 1-3). Several striking similarities exist between Sic1 and Cdc6, a DNA replication factor essential for the formation of pre-replicative complexes at origins of DNA replication(4-9). Transcription of both genes is activated during late mitosis by a process dependent on Swi5 (ref. 10). Like Sic1, Cdc6 binds CDK complexes in vivo(11,12) and downregulates them in vitro(11). Here we show that Cdc6, like Sic1, also contributes to inactivation of CDKs during late mitosis in S. cerevisiae. Deletion of the CDK-interacting domain of Cdc6 does not inhibit the function of origins of DNA replication during S phase, but instead causes a delay in mitotic exit; this delay is accentuated in the absence of Sic1 or of cyclin degradation. By contributing to mitotic exit and inactivation of CDKs, Cdc6 helps to create the conditions that are required for its subsequent role in the formation of pre-replicative complexes at origins of DNA replication.
C1 Univ Salamanca, Inst Microbiol Bioquim, CSIC, Salamanca, Spain.
   Univ Salamanca, CSIC, Inst Biol Mol & Celular Canc, Dept Genet & Microbiol, Salamanca, Spain.
C3 Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); CSIC-USAL - Instituto de Biologia Funcional y Genomica (IBFG); University of Salamanca; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); CSIC-USAL - Instituto de Biologia Molecular y Celular del Cancer de Salamanca (IBMCC); University of Salamanca
RP Bueno, A (corresponding author), Univ Salamanca, Inst Microbiol Bioquim, CSIC, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain.
NR 26
TC 68
Z9 78
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 19
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6844
BP 355
EP 358
DI 10.1038/35085610
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 453LW
UT WOS:000169918200052
PM 11460169
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Turner, BL
   Haygarth, PM
AF Turner, BL
   Haygarth, PM
TI Biogeochemistry - Phosphorus solubilization in rewetted soils
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Inst Grassland & Environm Res, Soil Sci Grp, Okehampton EX20 2SB, Devon, England.
RP Turner, BL (corresponding author), ARS, USDA, NW Irrigat & Soils Res Lab, Kimberly, ID 83341 USA.
NR 6
TC 345
Z9 408
U1 4
U2 226
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 17
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6835
BP 258
EP 258
DI 10.1038/35077146
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 432RT
UT WOS:000168710000032
PM 11357117
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jedema, FJ
   Filip, AT
   van Wees, BJ
AF Jedema, FJ
   Filip, AT
   van Wees, BJ
TI Electrical spin injection and accumulation at room temperature in an all-metal mesoscopic spin valve
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID giant magnetoresistance; diffusion length; magnetic multilayers; transport; semiconductor; permalloy; charge; switch
AB Finding a means to generate, control and use spin-polarized currents represents an important challenge for spin-based electronics(1-3), or 'spintronics'. Spin currents and the associated phenomenon of spin accumulation can be realized by driving a current from a ferromagnetic electrode into a non-magnetic metal or semiconductor. This was first demonstrated over 15 years ago in a spin injection experiment(4) on a single crystal aluminium bar at temperatures below 77 K. Recent experiments(5-8) have demonstrated successful optical detection of spin injection in semiconductors, using either optical injection by circularly polarized light or electrical injection from a magnetic semiconductor. However, it has not been possible to achieve fully electrical spin injection and detection at room temperature. Here we report room-temperature electrical injection and detection of spin currents and observe spin accumulation in an all-metal lateral mesoscopic spin valve, where ferromagnetic electrodes are used to drive a spin-polarized current into crossed copper strips. We anticipate that larger signals should be obtainable by optimizing the choice of materials and device geometry.
C1 Univ Groningen, Dept Appl Phys, NL-9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands.
   Univ Groningen, Ctr Mat Sci, NL-9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands.
C3 University of Groningen; University of Groningen
RP Jedema, FJ (corresponding author), Univ Groningen, Dept Appl Phys, Nijenborgh 4-13, NL-9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands.
EM jedema@phys.rug.nl
NR 26
TC 1057
Z9 1179
U1 6
U2 290
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 15
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6826
BP 345
EP 348
DI 10.1038/35066533
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 410WM
UT WOS:000167464100043
PM 11268205
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jefferis, GSXE
   Marin, EC
   Stocker, RF
   Luo, LQ
AF Jefferis, GSXE
   Marin, EC
   Stocker, RF
   Luo, LQ
TI Target neuron prespecification in the olfactory map of Drosophila
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID odorant receptors; nervous-system; antennal lobe; sensory map; melanogaster; mechanisms; interneurons; connectivity; organization; generation
AB In Drosophila and mice, olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) expressing the same receptors have convergent axonal projections to specific glomerular targets in the antennal lobe/olfactory bulb, creating an odour map in this first olfactory structure of the central nervous system(1-3). Projection neurons of the Drosophila antennal lobe send dendrites into glomeruli and axons to higher brain centres(4), thereby transferring this odour map further into the brain. Here we use the MARCM method(5) to perform a systematic clonal analysis of projection neurons, allowing us to correlate lineage and birth time of projection neurons with their glomerular choice. We demonstrate that projection neurons are prespecified by lineage and birth order to form a synapse with specific incoming ORN axons, and therefore to carry specific olfactory information. This prespecification could be used to hardwire the fly's olfactory system, enabling stereotyped behavioural responses to odorants. Developmental studies lead us to hypothesize that recognition molecules ensure reciprocally specific connections of ORNs and projection neurons. These studies also imply a previously unanticipated role for precise dendritic targeting by postsynaptic neurons in determining connection specificity.
C1 Stanford Univ, Neurosci Program, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Univ Fribourg, Dept Biol, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
   Univ Fribourg, Program Neurosci, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
C3 Stanford University; Stanford University; University of Fribourg; University of Fribourg
RP Luo, LQ (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Neurosci Program, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
NR 25
TC 339
Z9 413
U1 0
U2 28
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 8
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6860
BP 204
EP 208
DI 10.1038/35102574
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 490AY
UT WOS:000172029100047
PM 11719930
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cole, ST
   Eiglmeier, K
   Parkhill, J
   James, KD
   Thomson, NR
   Wheeler, PR
   Honoré, N
   Garnier, T
   Churcher, C
   Harris, D
   Mungall, K
   Basham, D
   Brown, D
   Chillingworth, T
   Connor, R
   Davies, RM
   Devlin, K
   Duthoy, S
   Feltwell, T
   Fraser, A
   Hamlin, N
   Holroyd, S
   Hornsby, T
   Jagels, K
   Lacroix, C
   Maclean, J
   Moule, S
   Murphy, L
   Oliver, K
   Quail, MA
   Rajandream, MA
   Rutherford, KM
   Rutter, S
   Seeger, K
   Simon, S
   Simmonds, M
   Skelton, J
   Squares, R
   Squares, S
   Stevens, K
   Taylor, K
   Whitehead, S
   Woodward, JR
   Barrell, BG
AF Cole, ST
   Eiglmeier, K
   Parkhill, J
   James, KD
   Thomson, NR
   Wheeler, PR
   Honoré, N
   Garnier, T
   Churcher, C
   Harris, D
   Mungall, K
   Basham, D
   Brown, D
   Chillingworth, T
   Connor, R
   Davies, RM
   Devlin, K
   Duthoy, S
   Feltwell, T
   Fraser, A
   Hamlin, N
   Holroyd, S
   Hornsby, T
   Jagels, K
   Lacroix, C
   Maclean, J
   Moule, S
   Murphy, L
   Oliver, K
   Quail, MA
   Rajandream, MA
   Rutherford, KM
   Rutter, S
   Seeger, K
   Simon, S
   Simmonds, M
   Skelton, J
   Squares, R
   Squares, S
   Stevens, K
   Taylor, K
   Whitehead, S
   Woodward, JR
   Barrell, BG
TI Massive gene decay in the leprosy bacillus
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mycobacterium-leprae; genome sequence; tuberculosis; identification; cluster; domain
AB Leprosy, a chronic human neurological disease, results from infection with the obligate intracellular pathogen Mycobacterium leprae, a close relative of the tubercle bacillus. Mycobacterium leprae has the longest doubling time of all known bacteria and has thwarted every effort at culture in the laboratory. Comparing the 3.27-megabase (Mb) genome sequence of an armadillo-derived Indian isolate of the leprosy bacillus with that of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (4.41 Mb) provides clear explanations for these properties and reveals an extreme case of reductive evolution. Less than half of the genome contains functional genes but pseudogenes, with intact counterparts in M. tuberculosis, abound. Genome downsizing and the current mosaic arrangement appear to have resulted from extensive recombination events between dispersed repetitive sequences. Gene deletion and decay have eliminated many important metabolic activities including siderophore production, part of the oxidative and most of the microaerophilic and anaerobic respiratory chains, and numerous catabolic systems and their regulatory circuits.
C1 Inst Pasteur, Unite Genet Mol Bacterienne, F-75724 Paris 15, France.
   Sanger Ctr, Hinxton CB10 1SA, England.
   Vet Labs Agcy, Addlestone KT15 3NB, Surrey, England.
C3 Pasteur Network; Universite Paris Cite; Institut Pasteur Paris; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute; Veterinary Laboratories Agency
RP Cole, ST (corresponding author), Inst Pasteur, Unite Genet Mol Bacterienne, 28 Rue Docteur Roux, F-75724 Paris 15, France.
NR 50
TC 1355
Z9 2210
U1 0
U2 114
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 22
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6823
BP 1007
EP 1011
DI 10.1038/35059006
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 405FT
UT WOS:000167148800035
PM 11234002
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mustard, JF
   Cooper, CD
   Rifkin, MK
AF Mustard, JF
   Cooper, CD
   Rifkin, MK
TI Evidence for recent climate change on Mars from the identification of youthful near-surface ground ice
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID global surveyor; orbiter camera; water; behavior; model; views
AB Ground ice in the crust and soil may be one of the largest reservoirs of water on Mars(1-3). Near-surface ground ice is predicted to be stable at latitudes higher than 40 degrees (ref. 4), where a number of geomorphologic features indicative of viscous creep and hence ground ice have been observed(5). Mid-latitude soils have also been implicated as a water-ice reservoir(6), the capacity of which is predicted to vary on a 100,000-year timescale owing to orbitally driven variations in climate(7). It is uncertain, however, whether near-surface ground ice currently exists at these latitudes, and how it is changing with time. Here we report observational evidence for a mid-latitude reservoir of near-surface water ice occupying the pore space of soils. The thickness of the ice-occupied soil reservoir (1-10 m) and its distribution in the 30 degrees to 60 degrees latitude bands indicate a reservoir of (1.5-6.0) x 10(4) km(3), equivalent to a global layer of water 10-40 cm thick. We infer that the reservoir was created during the last phase of high orbital obliquity less than 100,000 years ago, and is now being diminished.
C1 Brown Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Providence, RI 02912 USA.
C3 Brown University
RP Mustard, JF (corresponding author), Brown Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Providence, RI 02912 USA.
NR 20
TC 469
Z9 526
U1 2
U2 43
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 26
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6845
BP 411
EP 414
DI 10.1038/35086515
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 456DQ
UT WOS:000170068200039
PM 11473309
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Khalifah, P
   Nelson, KD
   Jin, R
   Mao, ZQ
   Liu, Y
   Huang, Q
   Gao, XPA
   Ramirez, AP
   Cava, RJ
AF Khalifah, P
   Nelson, KD
   Jin, R
   Mao, ZQ
   Liu, Y
   Huang, Q
   Gao, XPA
   Ramirez, AP
   Cava, RJ
TI Non-Fermi-liquid behaviour in La4Ru6O19
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID electronic-structure
AB Understanding the complexities of electronic and magnetic ground states in solids is one of the main goals of solid-state physics. Transition-metal oxides have proved to be particularly fruitful in this regard, especially for those materials with the perovskite structure, where the special characteristics of transition-metal-oxygen orbital hybridization determine their properties. Ruthenates have recently emerged as an important family of perovskites because of the unexpected evolution from high-temperature ferromagnetism in SrRuO3 to low-temperature superconductivity in Sr2RuO4 (refs 1, 2). Here we show that a ruthenate in a different structural family, La4Ru6O19, displays a number of highly unusual properties, most notably non-Fermi-liquid behaviour. The properties of La4Ru6O19 have no analogy among the thousands of previously characterized transition-metal oxides. Instead, they resemble those of CeCu6-xAux-a widely studied f-electron-based heavy fermion intermetallic compound that is often considered as providing the best example of non-Fermi-liquid behaviour. In the ruthenate, non-Fermi-liquid behaviour appears to arise from just the right balance between the interactions of localized electronic states derived from Ru-Ru bonding and delocalized states derived from Ru-O hybridization.
C1 Princeton Univ, Dept Chem, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA.
   Princeton Univ, Princeton Mat Inst, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA.
   Penn State Univ, Dept Phys, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
   Univ Maryland, Dept Mat & Nucl Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA.
   Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA.
   Univ Maryland, Dept Mat & Nucl Engn, Murray Hill, NJ 07974 USA.
   Lucent Technol, Murray Hill, NJ 07974 USA.
C3 Princeton University; Princeton University; Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park; University System of Maryland; University of Maryland College Park; National Institute of Standards & Technology (NIST) - USA; Alcatel-Lucent; Lucent Technologies
RP Cava, RJ (corresponding author), Princeton Univ, Dept Chem, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA.
NR 14
TC 96
Z9 101
U1 2
U2 73
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 15
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6838
BP 669
EP 671
DI 10.1038/35079534
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 439JC
UT WOS:000169112500037
PM 11395763
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Krinos, CM
   Coyne, MJ
   Weinacht, KG
   Tzianabos, AO
   Kasper, DL
   Comstock, LE
AF Krinos, CM
   Coyne, MJ
   Weinacht, KG
   Tzianabos, AO
   Kasper, DL
   Comstock, LE
TI Extensive surface diversity of a commensal microorganism by multiple DNA inversions
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID bacteroides-fragilis; reveals; gene
AB The dynamic interactions between a host and its intestinal microflora that lead to commensalism are unclear. Bacteria that colonize the intestinal tract do so despite the development of a specific immune response by the host(1). The mechanisms used by commensal organisms to circumvent this immune response have yet to be established. Here we demonstrate that the human colonic microorganism, Bacteroides fragilis, is able to modulate its surface antigenicity by producing at least eight distinct capsular polysaccharides-a number greater than any previously reported for a bacterium-and is able to regulate their expression in an on-off manner by the reversible inversion of DNA segments containing the promoters for their expression. This means of generating surface diversity allows the organism to exhibit a wide array of distinct surface polysaccharide combinations, and may have broad implications for how the predominant human colonic microorganisms, the Bacteroides species, maintain an ecological niche in the intestinal tract.
C1 Harvard Univ, Brigham & Womens Hosp, Sch Med, Dept Med,Channing Lab, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Microbiol & Mol Genet, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Brigham & Women's Hospital; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
RP Comstock, LE (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Brigham & Womens Hosp, Sch Med, Dept Med,Channing Lab, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
FU NIAID NIH HHS [R01 AI044193] Funding Source: Medline
NR 9
TC 253
Z9 324
U1 0
U2 36
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 29
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6863
BP 555
EP 558
DI 10.1038/35107092
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 496PV
UT WOS:000172405900050
PM 11734857
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nielsen, SJ
   Schneider, R
   Bauer, UM
   Bannister, AJ
   Morrison, A
   O'Carroll, D
   Firestein, R
   Cleary, M
   Jenuwein, T
   Herrera, RE
   Kouzarides, T
AF Nielsen, SJ
   Schneider, R
   Bauer, UM
   Bannister, AJ
   Morrison, A
   O'Carroll, D
   Firestein, R
   Cleary, M
   Jenuwein, T
   Herrera, RE
   Kouzarides, T
TI Rb targets histone H3 methylation and HP1 to promoters
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID retinoblastoma protein; chromatin-structure; in-vivo; deacetylase; expression; domain
AB In eukaryotic cells the histone methylase SUV39H1 and the methyl-lysine binding protein HP1 functionally interact to repress transcription at heterochromatic sites(1). Lysine 9 of histone H3 is methylated by SUV39H1 (ref. 2), creating a binding site for the chromo domain of HP1 (refs 3, 4). Here we show that SUV39H1 and HP1 are both involved in the repressive functions of the retinoblastoma (Rb) protein. Rb associates with SUV39H1 and HP1 in vivo by means of its pocket domain. SUV39H1 cooperates with Rb to repress the cyclin E promoter, and in fibroblasts that are disrupted for SUV39, the activity of the cyclin E and cyclin A2 genes are specifically elevated. Chromatin immunoprecipitations show that Rb is necessary to direct methylation of histone H3, and is necessary for binding of HP1 to the cyclin E promoter. These results indicate that the SUV39H1-HP1 complex is not only involved in heterochromatic silencing but also has a role in repression of euchromatic genes by Rb and perhaps other co-repressor proteins.
C1 Wellcome CRC Inst, Cambridge CB2 1QR, England.
   Dept Pathol, Cambridge CB2 1QR, England.
   Baylor Coll Med, Dept Mol & Cellular Biol, Breast Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Vienna Bioctr, Res Inst Mol Pathol, A-1030 Vienna, Austria.
   Stanford Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Pathol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
C3 Baylor College of Medicine; Vienna Biocenter (VBC); Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP); Stanford University
RP Kouzarides, T (corresponding author), Wellcome CRC Inst, Tennis Court Rd, Cambridge CB2 1QR, England.
EM tk106@mole.bio.cam.ac.uk
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R25 GM056929] Funding Source: Medline; National Institute of General Medical Sciences [R25GM056929] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
NR 19
TC 725
Z9 912
U1 0
U2 48
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 2
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6846
BP 561
EP 565
DI 10.1038/35087620
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 458PC
UT WOS:000170202900051
PM 11484059
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Grigorenko, A
   Bending, S
   Tamegai, T
   Ooi, S
   Henini, M
AF Grigorenko, A
   Bending, S
   Tamegai, T
   Ooi, S
   Henini, M
TI A one-dimensional chain state of vortex matter
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID high-temperature superconductors; layered superconductors; lattice; irreversibility; bi2sr2cacu2o8; anisotropy; surface; order; line
AB Magnetic flux penetrates isotropic type II superconductors in flux-quantized vortices, which arrange themselves into a lattice structure that is independent of the direction of the applied field(1). In extremely anisotropic high-transition-temperature (high-T-c) superconductors, a lattice of stacks of circular 'pancake' vortices forms when a magnetic field is applied perpendicular to the copper oxide layers, while an orthogonal elongated lattice of elliptical Josephson vortices forms when the applied field is parallel to the layers(2-5). Here we report that when a tilted magnetic field is applied to single crystals of Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+delta, these lattices can interact to form a new state of vortex matter in which all stacks of pancake vortices intersect the Josephson vortices. The sublattice of Josephson vortices can therefore be used to manipulate the sublattice of pancake vortices. This result explains the suppression of irreversible magnetization by in-plane fields as seen in Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+delta crystals, a hitherto mysterious observation(6). The ability to manipulate sublattices could be important for flux-logic devices, where a 'bit' might be represented by a pancake vortex stack, and the problem of vortex positioning is overcome through sublattice interactions. This also enables the development of flux transducers and amplifiers, considerably broadening the scope for applications of anisotropic high-T-c superconductors.
C1 Univ Bath, Dept Phys, Bath BA2 7AY, Avon, England.
   Univ Tokyo, Dept Appl Phys, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1138627, Japan.
   Japan Sci & Technol Corp, CREST, Tokyo, Japan.
   Univ Nottingham, Dept Phys, Nottingham NG7 2RD, England.
C3 University of Bath; University of Tokyo; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST); University of Nottingham
RP Bending, S (corresponding author), Univ Bath, Dept Phys, Bath BA2 7AY, Avon, England.
NR 16
TC 179
Z9 185
U1 0
U2 41
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 13
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6865
BP 728
EP 731
DI 10.1038/414728a
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 501GD
UT WOS:000172676200041
PM 11742393
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hummer, G
   Rasaiah, JC
   Noworyta, JP
AF Hummer, G
   Rasaiah, JC
   Noworyta, JP
TI Water conduction through the hydrophobic channel of a carbon nanotube
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID molecular-dynamics; simulation; transition; kinetics; ions
AB Confinement of matter on the nanometre scale can induce phase transitions not seen in bulk systems(1). In the case of water, so-called drying transitions occur on this scale(2-5) as a result of strong hydrogen-bonding between water molecules, which can cause the liquid to recede from nonpolar surfaces to form a vapour layer separating the bulk phase from the surface(6). Here we report molecular dynamics simulations showing spontaneous and continuous filling of a nonpolar carbon nanotube with a one-dimensionally ordered chain of water molecules. Although the molecules forming the chain are in chemical and thermal equilibrium with the surrounding bath, we observe pulse-like transmission of water through the nanotube. These transmission bursts result from the tight hydrogen-bonding network inside the tube, which ensures that density fluctuations in the surrounding bath lead to concerted and rapid motion along the tube axis(7-9). We also rnd that a minute reduction in the attraction between the tube wall and water dramatically affects pore hydration, leading to sharp, two-state transitions between empty and filled states on a nanosecond timescale. These observations suggest that carbon nanotubes, with their rigid nonpolar structures(10,11), might be exploited as unique molecular channels for water and protons, with the channel occupancy and conductivity tunable by changes in the local channel polarity and solvent conditions.
C1 NIDDKD, Chem Phys Lab, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   Univ Maine, Dept Chem, Orono, ME 04469 USA.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); University of Maine System; University of Maine Orono
RP Hummer, G (corresponding author), NIDDKD, Chem Phys Lab, NIH, Bldg 2, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
EM hummer@helix.nih.gov
NR 28
TC 3223
Z9 3544
U1 20
U2 1558
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 8
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6860
BP 188
EP 190
DI 10.1038/35102535
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 490AY
UT WOS:000172029100042
PM 11700553
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Norell, MA
   Clarke, JA
AF Norell, MA
   Clarke, JA
TI Fossil that fills a critical gap in avian evolution
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID birds; radiation; patagonia
AB Despite the discoveries of well-preserved Mesozoic birds(1-5), a key part of avian evolution, close to the radiation of all living birds (Aves), remains poorly represented(6). Here we report on a new taxon from the Late Cretaceous locality of Ukhaa Tolgod, Mongolia(7), that offers insight into this critically unsampled period. Apsaravis and the controversial alvarezsaurids(8) are the only avialan(9) taxa known from the continental deposits at Ukhaa Tolgod, which have produced hundreds of fossil mammals, lizards and other small inosaurs(7). The new taxon, Apsaravis ukhaana, is the best-preserved specimen of a Mesozoic ornithurine bird discovered in over a century. It provides data important for assessing morphological evolution across Avialae, with implications for, first, the monophyly of Enantiornithes and Sauriurae; second, the proposition that the Mesozoic sister taxa of extant birds, as part of an `ecological bottleneck', inhabited exclusively near-shore and marine environments(2); and third, the evolution of flight after its origin.
C1 Yale Univ, Dept Geol & Geophys, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
   Amer Museum Nat Hist, Div Paleontol, New York, NY 10024 USA.
C3 Yale University; American Museum of Natural History (AMNH)
RP Clarke, JA (corresponding author), Yale Univ, Dept Geol & Geophys, POB 208109, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
NR 25
TC 80
Z9 91
U1 0
U2 28
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 11
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6817
BP 181
EP 184
DI 10.1038/35051563
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 390UV
UT WOS:000166316200041
PM 11196639
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Robert, KA
   Thompson, MB
AF Robert, KA
   Thompson, MB
TI Sex determination - Viviparous lizard selects sex of embryos
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID reptiles; temperatures
C1 Univ Sydney, Sch Biol Sci, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
   Univ Sydney, Inst Wildlife Res, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
C3 University of Sydney; University of Sydney
RP Robert, KA (corresponding author), Univ Sydney, Sch Biol Sci, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
EM krobert@bio.usyd.edu.au
NR 12
TC 88
Z9 103
U1 0
U2 28
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 16
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6848
BP 698
EP 699
DI 10.1038/35089135
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 462ZB
UT WOS:000170450200032
PM 11507628
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schmitt, JHMM
   Wichmann, R
AF Schmitt, JHMM
   Wichmann, R
TI Ground-based observation of emission lines from the corona of a red-dwarf star
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB All 'solar-like' stars 1 are surrounded by coronae(2), which contain magnetically confined plasma at temperatures above 10(6) K. (Until now, only the Sun's corona could be observed in the optical-as a shimmering envelope during a total solar eclipse.) As the underlying stellar 'surfaces'-the photospheres-are much cooler, some non-radiative process must be responsible for heating the coronae. The heating mechanism is generally thought to be magnetic in origin, but is not yet understood even for the case of the Sun. Ultraviolet emission lines first led to the discovery of the enormous temperature of the Sun's corona(3,4), but thermal emission from the coronae of other stars has hitherto been detectable only from space, at X-ray wavelengths. Here we report the detection of emission from highly ionized iron (Fe XIII at 3,388.1 Angstrom) in the corona of the red-dwarf star CN Leonis, using a ground-based telescope. The X-ray flux inferred from our data is consistent with previously measured X-ray fluxes, and the non-thermal line width of 18.4 kms(-1) indicates great similarities between solar and stellar coronal heating mechanisms. The accessibility and spectral resolution (45,000) of the ground-based instrument are much better than those of X-ray satellites, so a new window to the study of stellar coronae has been opened.
C1 Univ Hamburg, Hamburger Sternwarte, D-21029 Hamburg, Germany.
C3 University of Hamburg
RP Schmitt, JHMM (corresponding author), Univ Hamburg, Hamburger Sternwarte, Gojenbergsweg 112, D-21029 Hamburg, Germany.
NR 18
TC 14
Z9 14
U1 0
U2 0
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 2
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6846
BP 508
EP 510
DI 10.1038/35087513
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 458PC
UT WOS:000170202900036
PM 11484044
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pujolle-Robic, C
   Noirez, L
AF Pujolle-Robic, C
   Noirez, L
TI Observation of shear-induced nematic-isotropic transition in side-chain liquid crystal polymers
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID phase-transition; equilibrium polymers; molecular-weight; flow; conformation; behavior; order
AB Flow-induced phase transitions are a fundamental (but poorly understood) property of non-equilibrium systems, and are also of practical importance for tuning the processing conditions for plastics, petroleum products, and other related materials(21). Recognition that polymers may exhibit liquid crystal properties has led to the discovery of the first tailored side-chain liquid crystal polymers (SCLCPs), which are formed by inserting a spacer between the main polymer chain and the lateral mesogen liquid-crystalline graftings(22). Subsequent research has sought to understand the nature of the coupling between the main polymer chain and the mesogens, with a view to obtaining better control of the properties of these tailored structures(22). We show here that the parallel or perpendicular orientation of the mesogens with respect to the main chain can be reversed by the application of an external field produced by a shear flow, demonstrating the existence of an isotropic nematic phase transition in SCLCPs. Such a transition, which was theoretically predicted(1,2) for low-molecular-weight liquid crystals but never observed, is shown to be a general property of SCLCPs too. We expect that these SCLCPs will prove to be good candidate systems for the experimental study of these non-equilibrium phenomena.
C1 Ce Saclay, CNRS, CEA, Leon Brillouin Lab, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
C3 Universite Paris Saclay; CEA; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
RP Noirez, L (corresponding author), Ce Saclay, CNRS, CEA, Leon Brillouin Lab, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
NR 23
TC 106
Z9 109
U1 0
U2 49
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 11
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6817
BP 167
EP 171
DI 10.1038/35051537
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 390UV
UT WOS:000166316200037
PM 11196635
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hoeppner, DJ
   Hengartner, MO
   Schnabel, R
AF Hoeppner, DJ
   Hengartner, MO
   Schnabel, R
TI Engulfment genes cooperate with ced-3 to promote cell death in Caenorhabditis elegans
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID c-elegans; apoptosis; protein; genetics; nematode; corpses
AB Genetic studies have identified over a dozen genes that function in programmed cell death (apoptosis) in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans(1-3). Although the ultimate effects on cell survival or engulfment of mutations in each cell death gene have been extensively described, much less is known about how these mutations affect the kinetics of death and engulfment, or the interactions between these two processes. We have used four-dimensional-Nomarski time-lapse video microscopy to follow in detail how cell death genes regulate the extent and kinetics of apoptotic cell death and removal in the early C. elegans embryo. Here we show that blocking engulfment enhances cell survival when cells are subjected to weak pro-apoptotic signals. Thus, genes that mediate corpse removal can also function to actively kill cells.
C1 Cold Spring Harbor Lab, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724 USA.
   SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Mol Genet & Microbiol, Grad Program Genet, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA.
   Tech Univ Braunschweig, Inst Genet, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany.
C3 Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory; State University of New York (SUNY) System; Stony Brook University; Braunschweig University of Technology
RP Hengartner, MO (corresponding author), Cold Spring Harbor Lab, 1 Bungtown Rd, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724 USA.
NR 23
TC 236
Z9 268
U1 1
U2 10
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 12
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6843
BP 202
EP 206
DI 10.1038/35084103
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 451AJ
UT WOS:000169778700057
PM 11449279
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tuthill, PG
   Monnier, JD
   Danchi, WC
AF Tuthill, PG
   Monnier, JD
   Danchi, WC
TI A dusty torus around the luminous young star LkHα101
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID herbig ae/be stars; protostellar disks; infrared-emission; photoevaporation
AB A star forms when a cloud of dust and gas collapses. It is generally believed that this collapse first produces a flattened rotating disk(1,2), through which matter is fed onto the embryonic star at the centre of the disk. When the temperature and density at the centre of the star pass a critical threshold, thermonuclear fusion begins. The remaining disk, which can still contain up to 0.3 times the mass of the star(3-5), is then sculpted and eventually dissipated by the radiation and wind from the newborn star. But this picture of the structure and evolution of the disk remains speculative because of the lack of morphological data of sufficient resolution and uncertainties regarding the underlying physical processes. Here we present images of a young star, LkH alpha 101, in which the structure of the inner accretion disk is resolved. We rnd that the disk is almost face-on, with a central gap (or cavity) and a hot inner edge. The cavity is bigger than previous theoretical predictions(6), and we infer that the position of the inner edge is probably determined by sublimation of dust grains by direct stellar radiation, rather than by disk-reprocessing or viscous-heating processes as usually assumed(29).
C1 Univ Sydney, Sch Phys, Dept Astron, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
   Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA.
C3 University of Sydney; Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory; Smithsonian Institution; Harvard University; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
RP Tuthill, PG (corresponding author), Univ Sydney, Sch Phys, Dept Astron, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
EM gekko@physics.usyd.edu.au
NR 29
TC 116
Z9 124
U1 0
U2 0
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 22
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6823
BP 1012
EP 1014
DI 10.1038/35059014
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 405FT
UT WOS:000167148800036
PM 11234003
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU LeCouter, J
   Kowalski, J
   Foster, J
   Hass, P
   Zhang, ZM
   Dillard-Telm, L
   Frantz, G
   Rangell, L
   DeGuzman, L
   Keller, GA
   Peale, F
   Gurney, A
   Hillan, KJ
   Ferrara, N
AF LeCouter, J
   Kowalski, J
   Foster, J
   Hass, P
   Zhang, ZM
   Dillard-Telm, L
   Frantz, G
   Rangell, L
   DeGuzman, L
   Keller, GA
   Peale, F
   Gurney, A
   Hillan, KJ
   Ferrara, N
TI Identification of an angiogenic mitogen selective for endocrine gland endothelium
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID growth-factor; vascular-permeability; corpus-luteum; expression; cells; gene; vegf; microenvironment; differentiation; proliferation
AB The known endothelial mitogens stimulate growth of vascular endothelial cells without regard to their tissue of origin. Here we report a growth factor that is expressed largely in one type of tissue and acts selectively on one type of endothelium. This molecule, called endocrine-gland-derived vascular endothelial growth factor (EG-VEGF), induced proliferation, migration and fenestration (the formation of membrane discontinuities) in capillary endothelial cells derived from endocrine glands. However, EG-VEGF had little or no effect on a variety of other endothelial and non-endothelial cell types tested. Similar to VEGF, EG-VEGF possesses a HIF-1 binding site, and its expression is induced by hypoxia. Both EG-VEGF and VEGF resulted in extensive angiogenesis and cyst formation when delivered in the ovary. However, unlike VEGF, EG-VEGF failed to promote angiogenesis in the cornea or skeletal muscle. Expression of human EG-VEGF messenger RNA is restricted to the steroidogenic glands, ovary, testis, adrenal and placenta and is often complementary to the expression of VEGF, suggesting that these molecules function in a coordinated manner. EG-VEGF is an example of a class of highly specific mitogens that act to regulate proliferation and differentiation of the vascular endothelium in a tissue-specific manner.
C1 Genentech Inc, Dept Mol Oncol, San Francisco, CA 94080 USA.
   Genentech Inc, Dept Mol Biol, San Francisco, CA 94080 USA.
   Genentech Inc, Dept Prot Chem, San Francisco, CA 94080 USA.
   Genentech Inc, Dept Pathol, San Francisco, CA 94080 USA.
   Genentech Inc, Dept Toxicol Pathol, San Francisco, CA 94080 USA.
C3 Roche Holding; Roche Holding USA; Genentech; Roche Holding; Roche Holding USA; Genentech; Roche Holding; Roche Holding USA; Genentech; Roche Holding; Genentech; Roche Holding USA; Roche Holding; Roche Holding USA; Genentech
RP Ferrara, N (corresponding author), Genentech Inc, Dept Mol Oncol, San Francisco, CA 94080 USA.
EM nf@gene.com
NR 46
TC 457
Z9 556
U1 0
U2 9
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 30
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6850
BP 877
EP 884
DI 10.1038/35091000
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 467EG
UT WOS:000170689000036
PM 11528470
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yogodzinski, GM
   Lees, JM
   Churikova, TG
   Dorendorf, F
   Wöerner, G
   Volynets, ON
AF Yogodzinski, GM
   Lees, JM
   Churikova, TG
   Dorendorf, F
   Wöerner, G
   Volynets, ON
TI Geochemical evidence for the melting of subducting oceanic lithosphere at plate edges
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID magnesian andesites; primitive magmas; volcanic-rocks; arc; california; kamchatka; mantle; island; model; southwest
AB Most island-arc magmatism appears to result from the lowering of the melting point of peridotite within the wedge of mantle above subducting slabs owing to the introduction of fluids from the dehydration of subducting oceanic crust(1). Volcanic rocks interpreted to contain a component of melt (not just a fluid) from the subducting slab itself are uncommon, but possible examples have been recognized in the Aleutian islands, Baja California, Patagonia and elsewhere(2-4). The geochemically distinctive rocks from these areas, termed 'adakites', are often associated with subducting plates that are young and warm, and therefore thought to be more prone to melting(5). But the subducting lithosphere in some adakite locations (such as the Aleutian islands) appears to be too old and hence too cold to melt(6,7). This implies either that our interpretation of adakite geochemistry is incorrect, or that our understanding of the tectonic context of adakites is incomplete. Here we present geochemical data from the Kamchatka peninsula and the Aleutian islands that reaffirms the slab-melt interpretation of adakites(2), but in the tectonic context of the exposure to mantle flow around the edge of a torn subducting plate. We conclude that adakites are likely to form whenever the edge of a subducting plate is warmed or ablated by mantle flow. The use of adakites as tracers for such plate geometry may improve our understanding of magma genesis and thermal structure in a variety of subduction-zone environments.
C1 Dickinson Coll, Dept Geol, Carlisle, PA 17013 USA.
   Univ N Carolina, Dept Geol Sci, Chapel Hill, NC 27516 USA.
   Inst Volcan Geol & Geochem, Petropavlovsk Kamchatski 683006, Russia.
   Inst Geochem, D-37077 Gottingen, Germany.
C3 Dickinson College; University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill; Institute of Volcanology & Seismology, Far Eastern Branch, RAS
RP Yogodzinski, GM (corresponding author), Dickinson Coll, Dept Geol, Carlisle, PA 17013 USA.
NR 32
TC 498
Z9 592
U1 2
U2 123
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 25
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6819
BP 500
EP 504
DI 10.1038/35054039
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 395FW
UT WOS:000166570500044
PM 11206543
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sampson, SD
   Carrano, MT
   Forster, CA
AF Sampson, SD
   Carrano, MT
   Forster, CA
TI A bizarre predatory dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID evolution
AB Here we report the discovery of a small-bodied (similar to1.8 m) predatory dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) of Madagascar. Masiakasaurus knopfleri, gen. et sp. nov., represented by several skull elements and much of the postcranial skeleton, is unique in being the only known theropod with a highly procumbent and distinctly heterodont lower dentition. Such a derived dental morphology is otherwise unknown among dinosaurs. Numerous skeletal characteristics indicate that Masiakasaurus is a member of Abelisauroidea, an enigmatic clade of Gondwanan theropods. Previously, small-bodied abelisauroids were known only from Argentina(1-3). The occurrence of Masiakasaurus on Madagascar suggests that small-bodied abelisauroids, like their larger-bodied counterparts, were more cosmopolitan, radiating throughout much of Gondwana and paralleling the diversification of small coelurosaur theropods in Laurasia.
C1 Univ Utah, Utah Museum Nat Hist, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA.
   Univ Utah, Dept Geol & Geophys, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA.
   SUNY Stony Brook, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Anat Sci, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA.
C3 Utah System of Higher Education; University of Utah; Utah System of Higher Education; University of Utah; State University of New York (SUNY) System; Stony Brook University
RP Sampson, SD (corresponding author), Univ Utah, Utah Museum Nat Hist, 1390 E Presidents Circle, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA.
NR 19
TC 115
Z9 128
U1 0
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 25
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6819
BP 504
EP 506
DI 10.1038/35054046
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 395FW
UT WOS:000166570500045
PM 11206544
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sañudo-Wilhelmy, SA
   Kustka, AB
   Gobler, CJ
   Hutchins, DA
   Yang, M
   Lwiza, K
   Burns, J
   Capone, DG
   Raven, JA
   Carpenter, EJ
AF Sañudo-Wilhelmy, SA
   Kustka, AB
   Gobler, CJ
   Hutchins, DA
   Yang, M
   Lwiza, K
   Burns, J
   Capone, DG
   Raven, JA
   Carpenter, EJ
TI Phosphorus limitation of nitrogen fixation by Trichodesmium in the central Atlantic Ocean
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID north pacific-ocean; iron; phytoplankton; physiology; evolution; transport; cadmium; coastal; carbon; copper
AB Marine fixation of atmospheric nitrogen is believed to be an important source of biologically useful nitrogen to ocean surface waters(1), stimulating productivity of phytoplankton and so influencing the global carbon cycle(2). The majority of nitrogen fixation in tropical waters is carried out by the marine cyanobacterium Trichodesmium(3), which supplies more than half of the new nitrogen used for primary production(4). Although the factors controlling marine nitrogen fixation remain poorly understood, it has been thought that nitrogen fixation is limited by iron availability in the ocean(2,5). This was inferred from the high iron requirement estimated for growth of nitrogen fixing organisms(6) and the higher apparent densities of Trichodesmium where aeolian iron inputs are plentiful(7). Here we report that nitrogen fixation rates in the central Atlantic appear to be independent of both dissolved iron levels in sea water and iron content in Trichodesmium colonies. Nitrogen fixation was, instead, highly correlated to the phosphorus content of Trichodesmium and was enhanced at higher irradiance. Furthermore, our calculations suggest that the structural iron requirement for the growth of nitrogen-fixing organisms is much lower than previously calculated(6). Although iron deficiency could still potentially limit growth of nitrogen-fixing organisms in regions of low iron availability-for example, in the subtropical North Pacific Ocean-our observations suggest that marine nitrogen fixation is not solely regulated by iron supply.
C1 SUNY Stony Brook, Marine Sci Res Ctr, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA.
   Long Isl Univ, Southampton Coll, Div Nat Sci, Southampton, NY 11968 USA.
   Univ Delaware, Coll Marine Studies, Lewes, DE 19958 USA.
   Univ So Calif, Wrigley Inst Environm Studies, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA.
   Univ So Calif, Dept Biol Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA.
   Univ Dundee, Sch Life Sci, Div Environm & Appl Biol, Dundee DD1 4HN, Scotland.
   San Francisco State Univ, Romberg Tiburon Ctr, Tiburon, CA 94920 USA.
C3 State University of New York (SUNY) System; Stony Brook University; Long Island University; University of Delaware; University of Southern California; University of Southern California; University of Dundee; California State University System; San Francisco State University
RP Sañudo-Wilhelmy, SA (corresponding author), SUNY Stony Brook, Marine Sci Res Ctr, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA.
NR 30
TC 502
Z9 566
U1 2
U2 159
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 3
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6833
BP 66
EP 69
DI 10.1038/35075041
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 427XY
UT WOS:000168432800043
PM 11333977
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Poliakoff, M
   Anastas, P
AF Poliakoff, M
   Anastas, P
TI A principled stance
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Nottingham, Sch Chem, Nottingham NG7 2RD, England.
C3 University of Nottingham
RP Poliakoff, M (corresponding author), Univ Nottingham, Sch Chem, Univ Pk, Nottingham NG7 2RD, England.
NR 4
TC 139
Z9 146
U1 0
U2 25
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 20
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6853
BP 257
EP 257
DI 10.1038/35095133
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 473KB
UT WOS:000171040500018
PM 11565009
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Franzese, G
   Malescio, G
   Skibinsky, A
   Buldyrev, SV
   Stanley, HE
AF Franzese, G
   Malescio, G
   Skibinsky, A
   Buldyrev, SV
   Stanley, HE
TI Generic mechanism for generating a liquid-liquid phase transition
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID critical-point; transformation; behavior; density
AB Recent experimental results(1) indicate that phosphorus-a single component system-can have a high-density liquid (HDL) and a low-density liquid (LDL) phase. A first-order transition between two liquids of different densities(2) is consistent with experimental data for a variety of materials(3,4), including single-component systems such as water(5-8), silica(9) and carbon(10). Molecular dynamics simulations of very specific models for supercooled water(2,11), liquid carbon(12) and supercooled silica(13) predict a LDL-HDL critical point, but a coherent and general interpretation of the LDL-HDL transition is lacking. Here we show that the presence of a LDL and a HDL can be directly related to an interaction potential with an attractive part and two characteristic short-range repulsive distances. This kind of interaction is common to other single-component materials in the liquid state (in particular, liquid metals(2,14-21)), and such potentials are often used to describe systems that exhibit a density anomaly(2). However, our results show that the LDL and HDL phases can occur in systems with no density anomaly. Our results therefore present an experimental challenge to uncover a liquid-liquid transition in systems like liquid metals, regardless of the presence of a density anomaly.
C1 Boston Univ, Ctr Polymer Studies, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
   Boston Univ, Dept Phys, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
   Univ Messina, Dipartimento Fis, I-98166 Messina, Italy.
   Ist Nazl Fis Mat, I-98166 Messina, Italy.
C3 Boston University; Boston University; University of Messina; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Istituto Nazionale per la Fisica della Materia (INFM-CNR)
RP Franzese, G (corresponding author), Boston Univ, Ctr Polymer Studies, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
EM franzese@argento.bu.edu
NR 30
TC 373
Z9 387
U1 2
U2 67
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 8
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6821
BP 692
EP 695
DI 10.1038/35055514
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 399MF
UT WOS:000166816400036
PM 11217853
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Li, LY
   Luo, L
   Wang, XD
AF Li, LY
   Luo, L
   Wang, XD
TI Endonuclease G is an apoptotic DNase when released from mitochondria
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cytochrome-c release; cell-death; caspase activation; mice lacking; protein; fragmentation; bax; pathways; binding; brain
AB Nucleosomal fragmentation of DNA is a hallmark of apoptosis (programmed cell death)(1), and results from the activation of nucleases in cells undergoing apoptosis. One such nuclease, DNA fragmentation factor (DFF, a caspase-activated deoxyribonuclease (CAD) and its inhibitor (ICAD)), is capable of inducing DNA fragmentation and chromatin condensation after cleavage by caspase-3 (refs 2-4). However, although transgenic mice lacking DFF45 or its caspase cleavage site have significantly reduced DNA fragmentation(5,6), these mice still show residual DNA fragmentation and are phenotypically normal(5-7). Here we report the identification and characterization of another nuclease that is specifically activated by apoptotic stimuli and is able to induce nucleosomal fragmentation of DNA in fibroblast cells from embryonic mice lacking DFF. This nuclease is endonuclease G (endoG), a mitochondrion-specific nuclease that translocates to the nucleus during apoptosis. Once released from mitochondria, endoG cleaves chromatin DNA into nucleosomal fragments independently of caspases. Therefore, endoG represents a caspase-independent apoptotic pathway initiated from the mitochondria.
C1 Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dallas, TX 75390 USA.
   Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Dept Biochem, Dallas, TX 75390 USA.
C3 University of Texas System; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Texas System; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; University of Texas Dallas
RP Wang, XD (corresponding author), Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dallas, TX 75390 USA.
EM xwang@biochem.swmed.edu
NR 30
TC 1345
Z9 1693
U1 0
U2 91
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 5
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6842
BP 95
EP 99
DI 10.1038/35083620
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 448TB
UT WOS:000169644900051
PM 11452314
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wirth, T
   Bernatchez, L
AF Wirth, T
   Bernatchez, L
TI Genetic evidence against panmixia in the European eel
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID population-structure; north-atlantic; differentiation; variability; life; flow
AB The panmixia hypothesis-that all European eel (Anguilla anguilla) migrate to the Sargasso Sea for reproduction and comprise a single, randomly mating population-is widely accepted(1,2). If true, then this peculiar life history strategy would directly impact the population genetics of this species, and eels from European and north African rivers should belong to the same breeding population through the random dispersal of larvae. To date, the panmixia hypothesis has remained unchallenged: genetic studies realized on eel's mitochondrial DNA failed to detect any genetic structure(3-5); and a similar lack of structure was found using allozymes(6,7), with the exception of clinal variation imposed by selection(8,9). Here we have used highly polymorphic genetic markers that provide better resolution(10,11) to investigate genetic structure in European eel. Analysis of seven microsatellite loci among 13 samples from the north Atlantic, the Baltic Sea and the Mediterranean Sea basins reveals that there is global genetic differentiation(12). Moreover, pairwise Cavalli-Sforza and Edwards' 13 chord distances correlate significantly with coastal geographical distance. This pattern of genetic structure implies non-random mating and restricted gene flow among eels from different sampled locations, which therefore refute the hypothesis of panmixia. Consequently, the reproductive biology of European eel must be reconsidered(14,15).
C1 Univ Laval, Dept Biol, GIROQ, Ste Foy, PQ G1K 7P4, Canada.
C3 Laval University
RP Wirth, T (corresponding author), Univ Laval, Dept Biol, GIROQ, Ste Foy, PQ G1K 7P4, Canada.
EM wirth_t@mpiib-berlin.mpg.de
NR 27
TC 208
Z9 243
U1 1
U2 72
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 22
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6823
BP 1037
EP 1040
DI 10.1038/35059079
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 405FT
UT WOS:000167148800044
PM 11234011
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hänsel, W
   Hommelhoff, P
   Hänsch, TW
   Reichel, J
AF Hänsel, W
   Hommelhoff, P
   Hänsch, TW
   Reichel, J
TI Bose-Einstein condensation on a microelectronic chip
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID guiding neutral atoms; beam splitter; wave-guide; traps
AB Although Bose-Einstein condensates(1-3) of ultracold atoms have been experimentally realizable for several years, their formation and manipulation still impose considerable technical challenges. An all-optical technique(4) that enables faster production of Bose-Einstein condensates was recently reported. Here we demonstrate that the formation of a condensate can be greatly simplified using a microscopic magnetic trap on a chip(5). We achieve Bose-Einstein condensation inside the single vapour cell of a magneto-optical trap in as little as 700 ms-more than a factor of ten faster than typical experiments, and a factor of three faster than the all-optical technique(4). A coherent matter wave is emitted normal to the chip surface when the trapped atoms are released into free fall; alternatively, we couple the condensate into an 'atomic conveyor belt'(6), which is used to transport the condensed cloud nondestructively over a macroscopic distance parallel to the chip surface. The possibility of manipulating laser-like coherent matter waves with such an integrated atom-optical system holds promise for applications in interferometry, holography, microscopy, atom lithography and quantum information processing(7).
C1 Univ Munich, Max Planck Inst Quantenopt, D-80799 Munich, Germany.
   Univ Munich, Sekt Phys, D-80799 Munich, Germany.
C3 University of Munich; Max Planck Society; University of Munich
RP Reichel, J (corresponding author), Univ Munich, Max Planck Inst Quantenopt, Schellingstr 4, D-80799 Munich, Germany.
EM jakob.reichel@physik.uni-muenchen.de
NR 23
TC 554
Z9 608
U1 2
U2 90
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 4
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6855
BP 498
EP 501
DI 10.1038/35097032
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 478HG
UT WOS:000171340500040
PM 11586353
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Moulin, L
   Munive, A
   Dreyfus, B
   Boivin-Masson, C
AF Moulin, L
   Munive, A
   Dreyfus, B
   Boivin-Masson, C
TI Nodulation of legumes by members of the β-subclass of Proteobacteria
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID host-specificity
AB Members of the Leguminosae form the largest plant family on Earth, with around 18,000 species. The success of legumes can largely be attributed to their ability to form a nitrogen-fixing symbiosis with specific bacteria known as rhizobia, manifested by the development of nodules on the plant roots in which the bacteria rx atmospheric nitrogen, a major contributor to the global nitrogen cycle. Rhizobia described so far belong exclusively to the a-subclass of Proteobacteria, where they are distributed in four distinct phylogenetic branches(1,2). Although nitrogen-fixing bacteria exist in other proteobacterial subclasses, for example Herbaspirillum and Azoarcus from the phylogenetically distant beta -subclass, none has been found to harbour the nod genes essential for establishing rhizobial symbiosis(3,4). Here we report the identification of proteobacteria from the b-subclass that nodulate legumes. This finding shows that the ability to establish a symbiosis with legumes is more widespread in bacteria than anticipated to date.
C1 IRD INRA CIRAD ENSAM Baillarguet, Lab Symbioses Trop & Mediterraneennes, F-34398 Montpellier 5, France.
C3 Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD); Universite de Montpellier; INRAE; CIRAD; Arts et Metiers Institute of Technology
RP Boivin-Masson, C (corresponding author), IRD INRA CIRAD ENSAM Baillarguet, Lab Symbioses Trop & Mediterraneennes, PB 5035, F-34398 Montpellier 5, France.
EM Catherine.Boivin@mpl.ird.fr
NR 15
TC 504
Z9 580
U1 1
U2 103
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 21
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6840
BP 948
EP 950
DI 10.1038/35082070
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 444EN
UT WOS:000169386200044
PM 11418858
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Moberg, KH
   Bell, DW
   Wahrer, DCR
   Haber, DA
   Hariharan, IK
AF Moberg, KH
   Bell, DW
   Wahrer, DCR
   Haber, DA
   Hariharan, IK
TI Archipelago regulates Cyclin E levels in Drosophila and is mutated in human cancer cell lines
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID eye imaginal disc; controls s-phase; f-box; proliferation; expression; proteins; elegans; breast; arrest; family
AB During Drosophila development and mammalian embryogenesis, exit from the cell cycle is contingent on tightly controlled downregulation of the activity of Cyclin E-Cdk2 complexes that normally promote the transition from G1 to S phase(1,2). Although protein degradation has a crucial role in downregulating levels of Cyclin E, many of the proteins that function in degradation of Cyclin E have not been identified. In a screen for Drosophila mutants that display increased cell proliferation, we identified archipelago, a gene encoding a protein with an F-box and seven tandem WD (tryptophan-aspartic acid) repeats. Here we show that archipelago mutant cells have persistently elevated levels of Cyclin E protein without increased levels of cyclin E RNA. They are under-represented in G1 fractions and continue to proliferate when their wild-type neighbours become quiescent. The Archipelago protein binds directly to Cyclin E and probably targets it for ubiquitin-mediated degradation. A highly conserved human homologue is present and is mutated in four cancer cell lines including three of ten derived from ovarian carcinomas. These findings implicate archipelago in developmentally regulated degradation of Cyclin E and potentially in the pathogenesis of human cancers.
C1 Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Ctr Canc, Charlestown, MA 02129 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital
RP Hariharan, IK (corresponding author), Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Ctr Canc, Bldg 149,13th St, Charlestown, MA 02129 USA.
NR 22
TC 383
Z9 462
U1 0
U2 10
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 20
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6853
BP 311
EP 316
DI 10.1038/35095068
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 473KB
UT WOS:000171040500040
PM 11565033
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Heringdorf, FJMZ
   Reuter, MC
   Tromp, RM
AF Heringdorf, FJMZ
   Reuter, MC
   Tromp, RM
TI Growth dynamics of pentacene thin films
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID diffusion-limited aggregation; field-effect transistor; cycloaddition chemistry; electron-microscope; low-voltage; molecules; surfaces; reflection; insulators; injection
AB The recent demonstration of single-crystal organic optoelectronic devices has received widespread attention(1-4). But practical applications of such devices require the use of inexpensive organic films deposited on a wide variety of substrates. Unfortunately, the physical properties of these organic thin films do not compare favourably to those of single-crystal materials. Moreover, the basic physical principles governing organic thin-film growth and crystallization are not well understood. Here we report an in situ study of the evolution of pentacene thin films, utilizing the real-time imaging capabilities of photoelectron emission microscopy. By a combination of careful substrate preparation and surface energy control, we succeed in growing thin films with single-crystal grain sizes approaching 0.1 millimetre (a factor of 20-100 larger than previously achieved), which are large enough to fully contain a complete device. We rnd that organic thin-film growth closely mimics epitaxial growth of inorganic materials, and we expect that strategies and concepts developed for these inorganic systems will provide guidance for the further development and optimization of molecular thin-film devices.
C1 IBM Corp, Thomas J Watson Res Ctr, Yorktown Hts, NY 10598 USA.
C3 International Business Machines (IBM); IBM USA
RP Heringdorf, FJMZ (corresponding author), IBM Corp, Thomas J Watson Res Ctr, POB 218, Yorktown Hts, NY 10598 USA.
EM meyerzh@us.ibm.com
NR 30
TC 710
Z9 777
U1 0
U2 277
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 2
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6846
BP 517
EP 520
DI 10.1038/35087532
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 458PC
UT WOS:000170202900039
PM 11484047
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hirsh, AE
   Fraser, HB
AF Hirsh, AE
   Fraser, HB
TI Protein dispensability and rate of evolution
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID substitution rate; genes evolve; genome; yeast; constraints; region; sites; time
AB If protein evolution is due in large part to slightly deleterious amino acid substitutions(1,2), then the rate of evolution should be greater in proteins that contribute less to individual fitness. The rationale for this prediction is that relatively dispensable proteins should be subject to weaker purifying selection, and should therefore accumulate mildly deleterious substitutions more rapidly. Although this argument was presented(3) over twenty years ago, and is fundamental to many applications of evolutionary theory(4), the prediction has proved difficult to confirm. In fact, a recent study showed that essential mouse genes do not evolve more slowly than non-essential ones(5). Thus, although a variety of factors influencing the rate of protein evolution have been supported by extensive sequence analysis(6-12), the relationship between protein dispensability and evolutionary rate has remained unconfirmed. Here we use the results from a highly parallel growth assay of single gene deletions in yeast(13) to assess protein dispensability, which we relate to evolutionary rate estimates that are based on comparisons of sequences drawn from twenty-one fully annotated genomes. Our analysis reveals a highly significant relationship between protein dispensability and evolutionary rate, and explains why this relationship is not detectable by categorical comparison of essential versus nonessential proteins. The relationship is highly conserved, so that protein dispensability in yeast is also predictive of evolutionary rate in a nematode worm.
C1 Stanford Univ, Ctr Computat Genet & Biol Molding, Dept Biol Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
C3 Stanford University
RP Hirsh, AE (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Ctr Computat Genet & Biol Molding, Dept Biol Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
NR 29
TC 332
Z9 388
U1 0
U2 25
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 28
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6841
BP 1046
EP 1049
DI 10.1038/35082561
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 446TF
UT WOS:000169528500047
PM 11429604
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bulavin, DV
   Higashimoto, Y
   Popoff, IJ
   Gaarde, WA
   Basrur, V
   Potapova, O
   Appella, E
   Fornace, AJ
AF Bulavin, DV
   Higashimoto, Y
   Popoff, IJ
   Gaarde, WA
   Basrur, V
   Potapova, O
   Appella, E
   Fornace, AJ
TI Initiation of a G2/M checkpoint after ultraviolet radiation requires p38 kinase
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dna-damage checkpoint; cell-cycle; cdc25 phosphatase; protein-kinase; phosphorylation; chk1; mitosis; p53
AB Response to genotoxic stress can be considered as a multistage process involving initiation of cell-cycle arrest and maintenance of arrest during DNA repair(1). Although maintenance of G2/M checkpoints is known to involve Chk1, Chk2/Rad53 and upstream components, the mechanisms involved in its initiation are less well defined(1-4). Here we report that p38 kinase has a critical role in the initiation of a G2 delay after ultraviolet radiation. Inhibition of p38 blocks the rapid initiation of this checkpoint in both human and murine cells after ultraviolet radiation. In vitro, p38 binds and phosphorylates Cdc25B at serines 309 and 361, and Cdc25C at serine 216; phosphorylation of these residues is required for binding to 14-3-3 proteins. In vivo, inhibition of p38 prevents both phosphorylation of Cdc25B at serine 309 and 14-3-3 binding after ultraviolet radiation, and mutation of this site is sufficient to inhibit the checkpoint initiation. In contrast, in vivo Cdc25C binding to 14-3-3 is not affected by p38 inhibition after ultraviolet radiation. We propose that regulation of Cdc25B phosphorylation by p38 is a critical event for initiating the G2/M checkpoint after ultraviolet radiation.
C1 NCI, Div Basic Sci, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   NCI, Cell Biol Lab, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   ISIS Pharmaceut, Carlsbad, CA 92008 USA.
   NIA, Biol Chem Lab, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224 USA.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Cancer Institute (NCI); Division of Basic Sciences (DBS); National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Cancer Institute (NCI); Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute on Aging (NIA)
RP Fornace, AJ (corresponding author), NCI, Div Basic Sci, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
NR 23
TC 464
Z9 554
U1 0
U2 28
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 3
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6833
BP 102
EP 107
DI 10.1038/35075107
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 427XY
UT WOS:000168432800052
PM 11333986
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU McClelland, M
   Sanderson, KE
   Spieth, J
   Clifton, SW
   Latreille, P
   Courtney, L
   Porwollik, S
   Ali, J
   Dante, M
   Du, FY
   Hou, SF
   Layman, D
   Leonard, S
   Nguyen, C
   Scott, K
   Holmes, A
   Grewal, N
   Mulvaney, E
   Ryan, E
   Sun, H
   Florea, L
   Miller, W
   Stoneking, T
   Nhan, M
   Waterston, R
   Wilson, RK
AF McClelland, M
   Sanderson, KE
   Spieth, J
   Clifton, SW
   Latreille, P
   Courtney, L
   Porwollik, S
   Ali, J
   Dante, M
   Du, FY
   Hou, SF
   Layman, D
   Leonard, S
   Nguyen, C
   Scott, K
   Holmes, A
   Grewal, N
   Mulvaney, E
   Ryan, E
   Sun, H
   Florea, L
   Miller, W
   Stoneking, T
   Nhan, M
   Waterston, R
   Wilson, RK
TI Complete genome sequence of Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium LT2
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID escherichia-coli; foodborne illness; gene-transfer; identification; epidemiology; maltose; system
AB Salmonella enterica subspecies I, serovar Typhimurium (S. typhimurium), is a leading cause of human gastroenteritis, and is used as a mouse model of human typhoid fever(1). The incidence of non-typhoid salmonellosis is increasing worldwide(2-4), causing millions of infections and many deaths in the human population each year. Here we sequenced the 4,857-kilobase (kb) chromosome and 94-kb virulence plasmid of S. typhimurium strain LT2. The distribution of close homologues of S. typhimurium LT2 genes in eight related enterobacteria was determined using previously completed genomes of three related bacteria, sample sequencing of both S. enterica serovar Paratyphi A (S. paratyphi A) and Klebsiella pneumoniae, and hybridization of three unsequenced genomes to a microarray of S. typhimurium LT2 genes. Lateral transfer of genes is frequent, with 11% of the S. typhimurium LT2 genes missing from S. enterica serovar Typhi (S. typhi), and 29% missing from Escherichia coli K12. The 352 gene homologues of S. typhimurium LT2 confined to subspecies I of S. enterica- containing most mammalian and bird pathogens(5)- are useful for studies of epidemiology, host specificity and pathogenesis. Most of these homologues were previously unknown, and 50 may be exported to the periplasm or outer membrane, rendering them accessible as therapeutic or vaccine targets.
C1 Sidney Kimmel Canc Ctr, San Diego, CA 92121 USA.
   Univ Calgary, Dept Biol Sci, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
   Washington Univ, Sch Med, Genome Sequencing Ctr, St Louis, MO 63108 USA.
   Penn State Univ, Dept Comp Sci & Engn, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
C3 University of Calgary; Washington University (WUSTL); Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park
RP McClelland, M (corresponding author), Sidney Kimmel Canc Ctr, 10835 Altman Row, San Diego, CA 92121 USA.
NR 30
TC 1544
Z9 3682
U1 1
U2 197
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 25
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6858
BP 852
EP 856
DI 10.1038/35101614
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 485JA
UT WOS:000171750200048
PM 11677609
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Raviv, U
   Laurat, P
   Klein, J
AF Raviv, U
   Laurat, P
   Klein, J
TI Fluidity of water confined to subnanometre films
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID thin liquid-films; solid-surfaces; transition; viscosity; dynamics; forces
AB The fluidity of water in confined geometries is relevant to processes ranging from tribology to protein folding, and its molecular mobility in pores and slits has been extensively studied using a variety of approaches(1-6). Studies in which liquid flow is measured directly suggest that the viscosity of aqueous electrolytes confined to films of thickness greater than about 2-3 nm remains close to that in the bulk(7-9); this behaviour is similar to that of non-associative organic liquids confined to films thicker than about 7-8 molecular layers(8,10,11). Here we observe that the effective viscosity of water remains within a factor of three of its bulk value, even when it is confined to films in the thickness range 3.5 +/- 1 to 0.0 +/- 0.4 nm. This contrasts markedly with the behaviour of organic solvents, whose viscosity diverges when confined to films thinner than about 5-8 molecular layers(10-15). We attribute this to the fundamentally different mechanisms of solidification in the two cases. For non-associative liquids, confinement promotes solidification by suppressing translational freedom of the molecules(11,15-18); however, in the case of water, confinement seems primarily to suppress the formation of the highly directional hydrogen-bonded networks associated with freezing(1,3).
C1 Weizmann Inst Sci, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel.
C3 Weizmann Institute of Science
RP Klein, J (corresponding author), Weizmann Inst Sci, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel.
NR 28
TC 606
Z9 665
U1 4
U2 265
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 6
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6851
BP 51
EP 54
DI 10.1038/35092523
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 469EG
UT WOS:000170801200034
PM 11544521
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Irie-Sasaki, J
   Sasaki, T
   Matsumoto, W
   Opavsky, A
   Cheng, M
   Welstead, G
   Griffiths, E
   Krawczyk, C
   Richardson, CD
   Aitken, K
   Iscove, N
   Koretzky, G
   Johnson, P
   Liu, P
   Rothstein, DM
   Penninger, JM
AF Irie-Sasaki, J
   Sasaki, T
   Matsumoto, W
   Opavsky, A
   Cheng, M
   Welstead, G
   Griffiths, E
   Krawczyk, C
   Richardson, CD
   Aitken, K
   Iscove, N
   Koretzky, G
   Johnson, P
   Liu, P
   Rothstein, DM
   Penninger, JM
TI CD45 is a JAK phosphatase and negatively regulates cytokine receptor signalling
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cell maturation; activation; family; mice; interferon; deficient; stats
AB The regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation and associated signalling through antigen, growth-factor and cytokine receptors is mediated by the reciprocal activities of protein tyrosine kinases and protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPases)(1). The transmembrane PTPase CD45 is a key regulator of antigen receptor signalling in T and B cells(2,3). Src-family kinases have been identified as primary molecular targets for CD45 (ref. 4). However, CD45 is highly expressed in all haematopoietic lineages at all stages of development(5), indicating that CD45 could regulate other cell types and might act on additional substrates. Here we show that CD45 suppresses JAK (Janus kinase) kinases and negatively regulates cytokine receptor signalling. Targeted disruption of the cd45 gene leads to enhanced cytokine and interferon-receptor-mediated activation of JAKs and STAT (signal transducer and activators of transcription) proteins. In vitro, CD45 directly dephosphorylates and binds to JAKs. Functionally, CD45 negatively regulates interleukin-3-mediated cellular proliferation, erythropoietin-dependent haematopoieisis and antiviral responses in vitro and in vivo. Our data identify an unexpected and novel function for CD45 as a haematopoietic JAK phosphatase that negatively regulates cytokine receptor signalling.
C1 Univ Toronto, Dept Med Biophys, Ontario Canc Inst, Amgen Inst, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada.
   Univ Toronto, Dept Immunol, Ontario Canc Inst, Amgen Inst, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada.
   Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Internal Med, New Haven, CT 06529 USA.
   Univ Toronto, Univ Hlth Network, Lewar Ctr Excellence Cardiovasc Res, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada.
   Ontario Canc Inst, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada.
   Univ Penn, Sch Med, Dept Pathol & Lab Med, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   Univ British Columbia, Dept Microbiol, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
   Univ British Columbia, Dept Immunol, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
C3 University of Toronto; University Health Network Toronto; University of Toronto; University Health Network Toronto; Yale University; University of Toronto; University Health Network Toronto; University of Toronto; University Health Network Toronto; University of Pennsylvania; University of British Columbia; University of British Columbia
RP Sasaki, T (corresponding author), Tokyo Metropolitan Inst Med Sci, Dept Pharmacol, Bunkyo Ku, 3-18-22 Honkomagome, Tokyo 1138613, Japan.
NR 27
TC 453
Z9 562
U1 0
U2 28
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 18
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6818
BP 349
EP 354
DI 10.1038/35053086
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 392VY
UT WOS:000166434300049
PM 11201744
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sanderson, SL
   Cheer, AY
   Goodrich, JS
   Graziano, JD
   Callan, WT
AF Sanderson, SL
   Cheer, AY
   Goodrich, JS
   Graziano, JD
   Callan, WT
TI Crossflow filtration in suspension-feeding fishes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID flow microfiltration; membrane filtration; particle retention; permeate flux; mechanisms; filter; ultrafiltration; deposition; transport; migration
AB Rows of comb-like or tufted gill rakers in the oral cavity of suspension-feeding fishes (for example, herring, anchovies and tilapia) have been thought to serve as (1) non-porous barriers that direct particle-laden water to the sticky oral roof, where particles are retained as water exits from the oral cavity, (2) conventional dead-end filters that sieve particles from water exiting between rakers, or (3) sticky filters that retain particles encountered by a hydrosol filtration mechanism(1-6). Here we present data from computational fluid dynamics and video endoscopy in suspension-feeding fish indicating that the rakers of three distantly related species function instead as a crossflow filter(7,8.) Particles are concentrated inside the oral cavity as filtrate exits between the rakers, but particles are not retained on the rakers. Instead, the high-velocity crossflow along the rakers carries particles away from the raker surfaces and transports the particles towards the oesophagus. This crossflow prevents particles from clogging the gaps between the rakers, and solves the mystery of particle transport from the rakers to the oesophagus.
C1 Coll William & Mary, Dept Biol, Williamsburg, VA 23187 USA.
   Univ Calif Davis, Dept Math, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
   Univ Calif Davis, Inst Theoret Dynam, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
C3 William & Mary; University of California System; University of California Davis; University of California System; University of California Davis
RP Sanderson, SL (corresponding author), Coll William & Mary, Dept Biol, Williamsburg, VA 23187 USA.
EM slsand@wm.edu
NR 29
TC 132
Z9 148
U1 2
U2 79
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 26
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6845
BP 439
EP 441
DI 10.1038/35086574
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 456DQ
UT WOS:000170068200048
PM 11473318
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mastrolorenzo, G
   Petrone, PP
   Pagano, M
   Incoronato, A
   Baxter, PJ
   Canzanella, A
   Fattore, L
AF Mastrolorenzo, G
   Petrone, PP
   Pagano, M
   Incoronato, A
   Baxter, PJ
   Canzanella, A
   Fattore, L
TI Herculaneum victims of vesuvius in AD 79 - The eruption's first surge instantly killed some people sheltering from the impact.
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID body
C1 Osservatorio Vesuviano, I-80123 Naples, Italy.
   Univ Naples Federico II, Museo Antropol, Ctr Musei Sci Nat, I-80134 Naples, Italy.
   Univ Naples Federico II, Serv Anal Geomineral, Ctr Interdipartimentale, I-80134 Naples, Italy.
   Univ Naples Federico II, Dipartimento Biol Evolut & Comparata, I-80134 Naples, Italy.
   Univ Naples Federico II, Dipartimento Sci Terra, I-80138 Naples, Italy.
   Soprintendenza Archeol Pompei, Scavi Ercolano, I-80056 Ercolano, Italy.
   Univ Cambridge, Addenbrookes Hosp, Sch Clin, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, England.
C3 Istituto Nazionale Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV); University of Naples Federico II; University of Naples Federico II; University of Naples Federico II; University of Naples Federico II; Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; Addenbrooke's Hospital; University of Cambridge
RP Incoronato, A (corresponding author), Osservatorio Vesuviano, Via Manzoni 249, I-80123 Naples, Italy.
NR 11
TC 59
Z9 63
U1 0
U2 19
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 12
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6830
BP 769
EP 770
DI 10.1038/35071167
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 420TT
UT WOS:000168021900039
PM 11298433
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schenk, PM
   McKinnon, WB
   Gwynn, D
   Moore, JM
AF Schenk, PM
   McKinnon, WB
   Gwynn, D
   Moore, JM
TI Flooding of Ganymede's bright terrains by low-viscosity water-ice lavas
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID galilean satellites; grooved terrain; thermal evolution; stereo images; stratigraphy; topography; volcanism
AB Large regions of the jovian moon Ganymede have been resurfaced, but the means has been unclear(1,2). Suggestions have ranged from volcanic eruptions of liquid water(3-5) or solid ice(6) to tectonic deformation(7-9), but definitive high-resolution morphological evidence has been lacking. Here we report digital elevation models of parts of the surface of Ganymede, derived from stereo pairs combining data from the Voyager and Galileo spacecraft, which reveal bright, smooth terrains that lie at roughly constant elevations 100 to 1,000 metres below the surrounding rougher terrains. These topographic data, together with new images that show fine-scale embayment and burial of older features(10), indicate that the smooth terrains were formed by flooding of shallow structural troughs by low-viscosity water-ice lavas. The oldest and most deformed areas (the 'reticulate' terrains) in general have the highest relative elevations, whereas units of the most common resurfaced type-the grooved terrain-lie at elevations between those of the smooth and reticulate terrains. Bright terrain, which accounts for some two-thirds of the surface, probably results from a continuum of processes, including crustal rifting, shallow flooding and groove formation. Volcanism plays an integral role in these processes, and is consistent with partial melting of Ganymede's interior(11,12).
C1 Lunar & Planetary Inst, Houston, TX 77058 USA.
   Washington Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, St Louis, MO 63130 USA.
   Washington Univ, McDonnell Ctr Space Sci, St Louis, MO 63130 USA.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Geog, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA.
C3 Washington University (WUSTL); Washington University (WUSTL); University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Ames Research Center
RP Schenk, PM (corresponding author), Lunar & Planetary Inst, 3303 NASA Rd 1, Houston, TX 77058 USA.
NR 23
TC 87
Z9 94
U1 1
U2 13
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 1
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6824
BP 57
EP 60
DI 10.1038/35065027
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 406BD
UT WOS:000167194300038
PM 11242037
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chavis, P
   Westbrook, G
AF Chavis, P
   Westbrook, G
TI Integrins mediate functional pre- and postsynaptic maturation at a hippocampal synapse
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID long-term potentiation; cell-adhesion molecules; d-aspartate receptor; tyrosine phosphorylation; transmitter release; excitatory synapses; nmda receptors; alpha-iib-beta-3; alpha-v-beta-3; alpha-5-beta-1
AB Coordinated signalling between presynaptic terminals and their postsynaptic targets is essential for the development and function of central synapses. In addition to diffusible molecules(1), this bidirectional flow of information could involve direct interactions through cell-adhesion molecules(2,3). Here, we show that one class of cell-adhesion molecule, the integrins, are required for the functional maturation of hippocampal synapses in vitro. At immature synapses, a high probability of glutamate release (P-r) was correlated with the expression of postsynaptic NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptors containing the NR2B subunit. The activity-dependent reduction in P-r and a switch in the subunit composition of synaptic NMDA receptors was prevented by chronic blockade with peptides containing the integrin-binding site Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD), or by a functional antibody against the beta3 integrin subunit. Active synapses, monitored by the uptake of antibodies against the intraluminal domain of synaptotagmin I, also had beta3 subunit immunoreactivity. Our results provide evidence that integrin-mediated signalling is essential for the orchestrated maturation of central excitatory synapses.
C1 Univ Portland, Vollum Inst Oregon Hlth Sci, Portland, OR 97201 USA.
C3 University of Portland
RP Chavis, P (corresponding author), CNRS, UPR 9023, 141 Rue Cardonille, F-34094 Montpellier, France.
NR 27
TC 259
Z9 304
U1 0
U2 19
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 17
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6835
BP 317
EP 321
DI 10.1038/35077101
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 432RT
UT WOS:000168710000050
PM 11357135
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU He, T
   Huang, Q
   Ramirez, AP
   Wang, Y
   Regan, KA
   Rogado, N
   Hayward, MA
   Haas, MK
   Slusky, JS
   Inumara, K
   Zandbergen, HW
   Ong, NP
   Cava, RJ
AF He, T
   Huang, Q
   Ramirez, AP
   Wang, Y
   Regan, KA
   Rogado, N
   Hayward, MA
   Haas, MK
   Slusky, JS
   Inumara, K
   Zandbergen, HW
   Ong, NP
   Cava, RJ
TI Superconductivity in the non-oxide perovskite MgCNi3
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID temperature
AB The interplay of magnetic interactions, the dimensionality of the crystal structure and electronic correlations in producing superconductivity is one of the dominant themes in the study of the electronic properties of complex materials. Although magnetic interactions and two-dimensional structures were long thought to be detrimental to the formation of a superconducting state, they are actually common features of both the high transition-temperature (T-c) copper oxides and low-T-c material Sr2RuO4, where they appear to be essential contributors to the exotic electronic states of these materials(1). Here we report that the perovskite-structured compound MgCNi3 is superconducting with a critical temperature of 8 K. This material is the three-dimensional analogue of the LnNi(2)B(2)C family of superconductors, which have critical temperatures up to 16 K (ref. 2). The itinerant electrons in both families of materials arise from the partial filling of the nickel d-states, which generally leads to ferromagnetism as is the case in metallic Ni. The high relative proportion of Ni in MgCNi3 suggests that magnetic interactions are important, and the lower T-c of this three-dimensional compound-when compared to the LnNi(2)B(2)C family-contrasts with conventional ideas regarding the origins of superconductivity.
C1 Princeton Univ, Dept Chem, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
   Princeton Univ, Princeton Mat Inst, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
   Princeton Univ, Dept Phys, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
   Univ Maryland, Dept Mat & Nucl Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA.
   NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA.
   Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Condensed Matter & Thermal Phys Grp, Los Alamos, NM USA.
C3 Princeton University; Princeton University; Princeton University; University System of Maryland; University of Maryland College Park; National Institute of Standards & Technology (NIST) - USA; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Los Alamos National Laboratory
RP Cava, RJ (corresponding author), Princeton Univ, Dept Chem, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
NR 8
TC 635
Z9 689
U1 4
U2 189
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 3
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6833
BP 54
EP 56
DI 10.1038/35075014
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 427XY
UT WOS:000168432800039
PM 11333973
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Martin, PR
   Lee, BB
   White, AJR
   Soloman, SG
   Rüttiger, L
AF Martin, PR
   Lee, BB
   White, AJR
   Soloman, SG
   Rüttiger, L
TI Chromatic sensitivity of ganglion cells in the peripheral primate retina
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lateral geniculate-nucleus; macaque monkey; rhesus-monkey; visual-field; color-vision; human eye; luminance; circuits; contrast; neurons
AB Visual abilities change over the visual field. For example, our ability to detect movement is better in peripheral vision than in foveal vision, but colour discrimination is markedly worse(1,2). The deterioration of colour vision has been attributed to reduced colour specificity in cells of the midget, parvocellular (PC) visual pathway in the peripheral retina(3-5). We have measured the colour specificity (red-green chromatic modulation sensitivity) of PC cells at eccentricities between 20 and 50 degrees in the macaque retina. Here we show that most peripheral PC cells have red-green modulation sensitivity close to that of foveal PC cells. This result is incompatible with the view that PC pathway cells in peripheral retina make indiscriminate connections ('random wiring') with retinal circuits devoted to different spectral types of cone photoreceptors(4,6,7). We show that selective cone connections can be maintained by dendritic field anisotropy, consistent with the morphology of PC cell dendritic fields in peripheral retina(8,9). Our results also imply that postretinal mechanisms contribute to the psychophysically demonstrated deterioration of colour discrimination in the peripheral visual field.
C1 Univ Sydney, Dept Physiol, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
   Univ Sydney, Inst Biomed Res, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
   Max Planck Inst Biophys Chem, Neurobiol Grp, D-37077 Gottingen, Germany.
   SUNY Coll Optometry, New York, NY 10036 USA.
C3 University of Sydney; University of Sydney; Max Planck Society; State University of New York (SUNY) System; SUNY Optometry
RP Martin, PR (corresponding author), Univ Sydney, Dept Physiol, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
EM paulm@physiol.usyd.edu.au
NR 27
TC 115
Z9 133
U1 1
U2 17
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 19
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6831
BP 933
EP 936
DI 10.1038/35073587
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 423AG
UT WOS:000168152300047
PM 11309618
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Smethurst, DP
   Williams, HC
AF Smethurst, DP
   Williams, HC
TI Power laws - Are hospital waiting lists self-regulating?
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Nottingham Hosp, Queens Med Ctr, Ctr Evidence Based Dermatol, Nottingham NG7 2UH, England.
C3 University of Nottingham
RP Smethurst, DP (corresponding author), Univ Nottingham Hosp, Queens Med Ctr, Ctr Evidence Based Dermatol, Nottingham NG7 2UH, England.
NR 7
TC 42
Z9 45
U1 0
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 5
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6829
BP 652
EP 653
DI 10.1038/35070647
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 418DJ
UT WOS:000167875400035
PM 11287943
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wickware, P
   Smaglik, P
AF Wickware, P
   Smaglik, P
TI Labs and companies seek their niches as work continues after the draft
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 15
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6822
BP 961
EP 963
DI 10.1038/35057438
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 401QC
UT WOS:000166938800069
PM 11237022
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Diefenbach, A
   Jensen, ER
   Jamieson, AM
   Raulet, DH
AF Diefenbach, A
   Jensen, ER
   Jamieson, AM
   Raulet, DH
TI Rae1 and H60 ligands of the NKG2D receptor stimulate tumour immunity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID natural-killer-cells; nk cells; t-cells; deficient mice; common origin; murine nkg2d; activation; surveillance; expression; family
AB Natural killer (NK) cells attack many tumour cell lines, and are thought to have a critical role in anti-tumour immunity(1-7); however, the interaction between NK cells and tumour targets is poorly understood. The stimulatory lectin-like NKG2D receptor(8-13) is expressed by NK cells, activated CD8(+) T cells and by activated macrophages in mice(11). Several distinct cell-surface ligands that are related to class I major histocompatibility complex molecules have been identified(11-14), some of which are expressed at high levels by tumour cells but not by normal cells in adults(11,13,15,16). However, no direct evidence links the expression of these 'induced self' ligands with tumour cell rejection. Here we demonstrate that ectopic expression of the murine NKG2D ligands Rae1 beta or H60 in several tumour cell lines results in potent rejection of the tumour cells by syngeneic mice. Rejection is mediated by NK cells and/or CD8(+) T cells. The ligand-expressing tumour cells induce potent priming of cytotoxic T cells and sensitization of NK cells in vivo. Mice that are exposed to live or irradiated tumour cells expressing Rae1 beta or H60 are specifically immune to subsequent challenge with tumour cells that lack NKG2D ligands, suggesting application of the ligands in the design of tumour vaccines.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Canc Res Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California System; University of California Berkeley
RP Raulet, DH (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, 485 Life Sci Addit, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
EM raulet@uclink4.berkeley.edu
FU NIAID NIH HHS [R01 AI039642] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 865
Z9 1029
U1 1
U2 53
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 13
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6852
BP 165
EP 171
DI 10.1038/35093109
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 471FU
UT WOS:000170918800047
PM 11557981
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Béjà, O
   Spudich, EN
   Spudich, JL
   Leclerc, M
   DeLong, EF
AF Béjà, O
   Spudich, EN
   Spudich, JL
   Leclerc, M
   DeLong, EF
TI Proteorhodopsin phototrophy in the ocean
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sensory rhodopsin-ii; halobacterium-halobium; purple membrane; prochlorococcus; phoborhodopsin; cyanobacteria; community; bacteria; atlantic; protein
AB Proteorhodopsin(1), a retinal-containing integral membrane protein that functions as a light-driven proton pump, was discovered in the genome of an uncultivated marine bacterium; however, the prevalence, expression and genetic variability of this protein in native marine microbial populations remain unknown. Here we report that photoactive proteorhodopsin is present in oceanic surface waters. We also provide evidence of an extensive family of globally distributed proteorhodopsin variants. The protein pigments comprising this rhodopsin family seem to be spectrally tuned to different habitats-absorbing light at different wavelengths in accordance with light available in the environment. Together, our data suggest that proteorhodopsin-based phototrophy is a globally significant oceanic microbial process.
C1 Monterey Bay Aquarium Res Inst, Moss Landing, CA 95039 USA.
   Univ Texas, Sch Med, Dept Microbiol & Mol Genet, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
C3 Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute; University of Texas System
RP DeLong, EF (corresponding author), Monterey Bay Aquarium Res Inst, Moss Landing, CA 95039 USA.
NR 25
TC 635
Z9 746
U1 2
U2 149
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 14
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6839
BP 786
EP 789
DI 10.1038/35081051
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 441TV
UT WOS:000169246400045
PM 11459054
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Shoham, S
   Halgren, E
   Maynard, EM
   Normann, RA
AF Shoham, S
   Halgren, E
   Maynard, EM
   Normann, RA
TI Motor-cortical activity in tetraplegics
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cortex; reorganization
C1 Univ Utah, Dept Bioengn, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA.
   Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Nucl Magnet Resonance Ctr, Charlestown, MA 02129 USA.
C3 Utah System of Higher Education; University of Utah; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital
RP Shoham, S (corresponding author), Univ Utah, Dept Bioengn, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA.
NR 13
TC 75
Z9 87
U1 1
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 25
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6858
BP 793
EP 793
DI 10.1038/35101651
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 485JA
UT WOS:000171750200031
PM 11677592
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schneider, SH
AF Schneider, SH
TI Earth systems engineering and management
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID stabilization
AB Imagine that we could let the world's economy continue to grow, bring the disadvantaged classes up from poverty and at the same time not threaten the atmosphere or global ecosystems with unprecedented build-up of greenhouse gases and the projected climatic risks of such growth. Earth systems engineering and management may just be such a panacea, some have suggested. But could we anticipate the costs or ever truly predict the consequences?
C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Inst Int Studies, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
C3 Stanford University; Stanford University
RP Schneider, SH (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
NR 22
TC 55
Z9 60
U1 4
U2 24
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 18
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6818
BP 417
EP +
DI 10.1038/35053203
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 392VY
UT WOS:000166434300066
PM 11201758
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bordenstein, SR
   O'Hara, FP
   Werren, JH
AF Bordenstein, SR
   O'Hara, FP
   Werren, JH
TI Wolbachia-induced incompatibility precedes other hybrid incompatibilities in Nasonia
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID reproductive isolation; cytoplasmic incompatibility; genetics; chromosome; speciation
AB Wolbachia are cytoplasmically inherited bacteria that cause a number of reproductive alterations in insects, including cytoplasmic incompatibility(1,2), an incompatibility between sperm and egg that results in loss of sperm chromosomes following fertilization. Wolbachia are estimated to infect 15-20% of all insect species(3), and also are common in arachnids, isopods and nematodes(3,4). Therefore, Wolbachia-induced cytoplasmic incompatibility could be an important factor promoting rapid speciation in invertebrates(5), although this contention is controversial(6,7). Here we show that high levels of bidirectional cytoplasmic incompatibility between two closely related species of insects (the parasitic wasps Nasonia giraulti and Nasonia longicornis) preceded the evolution of other postmating reproductive barriers. The presence of Wolbachia severely reduces the frequency of hybrid offspring in interspecies crosses. However, antibiotic curing of the insects results in production of hybrids. Furthermore, F-1 and F-2 hybrids are completely viable and fertile, indicating the absence of F-1 and F-2 hybrid breakdown. Partial interspecific sexual isolation occurs, yet it is asymmetric and incomplete. Our results indicate that Wolbachia-induced reproductive isolation occurred in the early stages of speciation in this system, before the evolution of other postmating isolating mechanisms (for example, hybrid inviability and hybrid sterility).
C1 Univ Rochester, Dept Biol, Rochester, NY 14627 USA.
C3 University of Rochester
RP Bordenstein, SR (corresponding author), Univ Rochester, Dept Biol, Rochester, NY 14627 USA.
NR 26
TC 336
Z9 396
U1 1
U2 89
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 8
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6821
BP 707
EP 710
DI 10.1038/35055543
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 399MF
UT WOS:000166816400041
PM 11217858
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pearson, H
AF Pearson, H
TI Two become one
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID asymmetry; division
NR 10
TC 3
Z9 3
U1 0
U2 0
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 20
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6853
BP 244
EP 246
DI 10.1038/35095116
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 473KB
UT WOS:000171040500008
PM 11565000
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bloch, G
   Robinson, GE
AF Bloch, G
   Robinson, GE
TI Chronobiology - Reversal of honeybee behavioural rhythms
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID division-of-labor; bee colony; sleep; drosophila
C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Entomol, Urbana, IL 61801 USA.
   Univ Illinois, Program Neurosci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA.
C3 University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
RP Bloch, G (corresponding author), Univ Illinois, Dept Entomol, 505 S Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL 61801 USA.
NR 12
TC 98
Z9 112
U1 0
U2 31
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 26
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6832
BP 1048
EP 1048
DI 10.1038/35074183
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 425HQ
UT WOS:000168285500036
PM 11323660
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chaudhari, P
   Lacey, J
   Doyle, J
   Galligan, E
   Lien, SCA
   Callegari, A
   Hougham, G
   Lang, ND
   Andry, PS
   John, R
   Yang, KH
   Lu, MH
   Cai, C
   Speidell, J
   Purushothaman, S
   Ritsko, J
   Samant, M
   Stöhr, J
   Nakagawa, Y
   Katoh, Y
   Saitoh, Y
   Sakai, K
   Satoh, H
   Odahara, S
   Nakano, H
   Nakagaki, J
   Shiota, Y
AF Chaudhari, P
   Lacey, J
   Doyle, J
   Galligan, E
   Lien, SCA
   Callegari, A
   Hougham, G
   Lang, ND
   Andry, PS
   John, R
   Yang, KH
   Lu, MH
   Cai, C
   Speidell, J
   Purushothaman, S
   Ritsko, J
   Samant, M
   Stöhr, J
   Nakagawa, Y
   Katoh, Y
   Saitoh, Y
   Sakai, K
   Satoh, H
   Odahara, S
   Nakano, H
   Nakagaki, J
   Shiota, Y
TI Atomic-beam alignment of inorganic materials for liquid-crystal displays
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB The technique used to align liquid crystals-rubbing the surface of a substrate on which a liquid crystal is subsequently deposited(1-3)-has been perfected by the multibillion-dollar liquid-crystal display industry. However, it is widely recognized that a non-contact alignment technique would be highly desirable for future generations of large, high-resolution liquid-crystal displays. A number of alternative alignment techniques have been reported(4-7), but none of these have so far been implemented in large-scale manufacturing. Here, we report a non-contact alignment process, which uses low-energy ion beams impinging at a glancing angle on amorphous inorganic films, such as diamondlike carbon. Using this approach, we have produced both laptop and desktop displays in pilot-line manufacturing, and found that displays of higher quality and reliability could be made at a lower cost than the rubbing technique. The mechanism of alignment is explained by adopting a random network model of atomic arrangement in the inorganic films. Order is induced by exposure to an ion beam because unfavourably oriented rings of atoms are selectively destroyed. The planes of the remaining rings are predominantly parallel to the direction of the ion beam.
C1 IBM Corp, Thomas J Watson Res Ctr, Yorktown Heights, NY 10598 USA.
   IBM Corp, Almaden Res Ctr, San Jose, CA 95120 USA.
   IBM Japan Ltd, Display Business Unit, Yamato, Kenagawa, Japan.
   IBM Japan Ltd, Adv Mfg Engn, Yasu, Shiga, Japan.
C3 International Business Machines (IBM); IBM USA; International Business Machines (IBM); IBM USA; International Business Machines (IBM); IBM Japan; International Business Machines (IBM); IBM Japan
RP Chaudhari, P (corresponding author), IBM Corp, Thomas J Watson Res Ctr, POB 218, Yorktown Heights, NY 10598 USA.
NR 10
TC 409
Z9 428
U1 0
U2 68
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 3
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6833
BP 56
EP 59
DI 10.1038/35075021
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 427XY
UT WOS:000168432800040
PM 11333974
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Goulder, PJR
   Brander, C
   Tang, YH
   Tremblay, C
   Colbert, RA
   Addo, MM
   Rosenberg, ES
   Nguyen, T
   Allen, R
   Trocha, A
   Altfeld, M
   He, SQ
   Bunce, M
   Funkhouser, R
   Pelton, SI
   Burchett, SK
   McIntosh, K
   Korber, BTM
   Walker, BD
AF Goulder, PJR
   Brander, C
   Tang, YH
   Tremblay, C
   Colbert, RA
   Addo, MM
   Rosenberg, ES
   Nguyen, T
   Allen, R
   Trocha, A
   Altfeld, M
   He, SQ
   Bunce, M
   Funkhouser, R
   Pelton, SI
   Burchett, SK
   McIntosh, K
   Korber, BTM
   Walker, BD
TI Evolution and transmission of stable CTL escape mutations in HIV infection
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID immunodeficiency-virus type-1; cytotoxic t-lymphocytes; viremia; immunodominant; progression; suppression; responses; variants; children; disease
AB Increasing evidence indicates that potent anti-HIV-1 activity is mediated by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs)(1-3); however, the effects of this immune pressure on viral transmission and evolution have not been determined. Here we investigate mother-child transmission in the setting of human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-B27 expression, selected for analysis because it is associated with prolonged immune containment in adult infection(4). In adults, mutations in a dominant and highly conserved B27-restricted Gag CTL epitope lead to loss of recognition and disease progression(4-6). In mothers expressing HLA-B27 who transmit HIV-1 perinatally, we document transmission of viruses encoding CTL escape variants in this dominant Gag epitope that no longer bind to B27. Their infected infants target an otherwise subdominant B27-restricted epitope and fail to contain HIV replication. These CTL escape variants remain stable without reversion in the absence of the evolutionary pressure that originally selected the mutation. These data suggest that CTL escape mutations in epitopes associated with suppression of viraemia will accumulate as the epidemic progresses, and therefore have important implications for vaccine design.
C1 Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Partners AIDS Res Ctr, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Div AIDS, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
   Childrens Hosp, Med Ctr, William S Rowe Div Rheumatol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Univ Cambridge, Dept Pathol, Cambridge CB2 1QP, England.
   Churchill Hosp, Oxford Transplant Ctr, Oxford OX3 7LJ, England.
   Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA.
   Boston Univ, Med Ctr, Sect Pediat Infect Dis, Boston, MA 02118 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; University of Cambridge; University of Oxford; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Los Alamos National Laboratory; Boston University
RP Goulder, PJR (corresponding author), Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Partners AIDS Res Ctr, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
NR 30
TC 467
Z9 535
U1 0
U2 13
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 19
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6844
BP 334
EP 338
DI 10.1038/35085576
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 453LW
UT WOS:000169918200047
PM 11460164
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Olson, Å
   Stenlid, J
AF Olson, Å
   Stenlid, J
TI Plant pathogens - Mitochondrial control of fungal hybrid virulence
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID heterobasidion-annosum; m-medusae; hybridization
C1 Swedish Univ Agr Sci, Dept Forest Mycol & Pathol, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden.
C3 Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences
RP Olson, Å (corresponding author), Swedish Univ Agr Sci, Dept Forest Mycol & Pathol, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden.
EM ake.olson@mykopat.slu.se
NR 12
TC 75
Z9 79
U1 0
U2 20
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 24
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6836
BP 438
EP 438
DI 10.1038/35078147
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 435CB
UT WOS:000168858700035
PM 11373666
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jean-Baptiste, P
   Petit, JR
   Lipenkov, VY
   Raynaud, D
   Barkov, NI
AF Jean-Baptiste, P
   Petit, JR
   Lipenkov, VY
   Raynaud, D
   Barkov, NI
TI Constraints on hydrothermal processes and water exchange in Lake Vostok from helium isotopes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID antarctic ice; mantle; gases; sheet
AB Lake Vostok, the largest subglacial lake in Antarctica, is covered by the East Antarctic ice sheet, which varies in thickness between 3,750 and 4,100 m (ref. 1). At a depth of 3,539 m in the drill hole at Vostok station, sharp changes in stable isotopes and the gas content of the ice delineate the boundary between glacier ice and ice accreted through re-freezing of lake water(2). Unlike most gases, helium can be incorporated into the crystal structure of ice during freezing(3), making helium isotopes in the accreted ice a valuable source of information on lake environment. Here we present helium isotope measurements from the deep section of the Vostok ice core that encompasses the boundary between the glacier ice and accreted ice, showing that the accreted ice is enriched by a helium source with a radiogenic isotope signature typical of an old continental province. This result rules out any significant hydrothermal energy input into the lake from high-enthalpy mantle processes, which would be expected to produce a much higher He-3/(4) He ratio. Based on the average helium flux for continental areas, the helium budget of the lake leads to a renewal time of the lake of the order of 5,000 years.
C1 CEA, CNRS, Lab Sci Climat & Environmm, Ctr Etud Saclay, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
   CNRS, Lab Glaciol & Geophys Environm, F-38402 St Martin Dheres, France.
   Arctic & Antarctic Res Inst, St Petersburg 199397, Russia.
C3 Universite Paris Saclay; CEA; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Arctic & Antarctic Research Institute
RP Jean-Baptiste, P (corresponding author), CEA, CNRS, Lab Sci Climat & Environmm, Ctr Etud Saclay, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
NR 21
TC 51
Z9 56
U1 0
U2 19
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 24
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6836
BP 460
EP 462
DI 10.1038/35078045
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 435CB
UT WOS:000168858700043
PM 11373674
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hagleitner, C
   Hierlemann, A
   Lange, D
   Kummer, A
   Kerness, N
   Brand, O
   Baltes, H
AF Hagleitner, C
   Hierlemann, A
   Lange, D
   Kummer, A
   Kerness, N
   Brand, O
   Baltes, H
TI Smart single-chip gas sensor microsystem
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB Research activity in chemical gas sensing is currently directed towards the search for highly selective (bio)chemical layer materials, and to the design of arrays consisting of different partially selective sensors that permit subsequent pattern recognition and multi-component analysis(1-3). Simultaneous use of various transduction platforms has been demonstrated(4-6), and the rapid development of integrated-circuit technology has facilitated the fabrication of planar chemical sensors(7,8) and sensors based on three-dimensional microelectromechanical systems(9,10). Complementary metal-oxide silicon processes have previously been used to develop gas sensors based on metal oxides(11) and acoustic-wave-based sensor devices(12). Here we combine several of these developments to fabricate a smart single-chip chemical microsensor system that incorporates three different transducers (mass-sensitive, capacitive and calorimetric), all of which rely on sensitive polymeric layers to detect airborne volatile organic compounds. Full integration of the microelectronic and micromechanical components on one chip permits control and monitoring of the sensor functions, and enables on-chip signal amplification and conditioning that notably improves the overall sensor performance. The circuitry also includes analog-to-digital converters, and an on-chip interface to transmit the data to off-chip recording units. We expect that our approach will provide a basis for the further development and optimization of gas microsystems.
C1 ETH Honggerberg, ETH Zurich, Phys Elect Lab, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
C3 Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; ETH Zurich
RP Hierlemann, A (corresponding author), ETH Honggerberg, ETH Zurich, Phys Elect Lab, HPT H 6, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
EM hierlema@iqe.phys.ethz.ch
NR 30
TC 533
Z9 673
U1 9
U2 347
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 15
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6861
BP 293
EP 296
DI 10.1038/35104535
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 492CM
UT WOS:000172150700039
PM 11713525
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chang, LF
   Karin, M
AF Chang, LF
   Karin, M
TI Mammalian MAP kinase signalling cascades
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cd4(+) t-cells; c-jun; induced apoptosis; protein-kinases; lymphocyte development; activation; jnk; erk; differentiation; transcription
AB Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are important signal transducing enzymes, unique to eukaryotes, that are involved in many facets of cellular regulation. Initial research concentrated on defining the components and organization of MAPK signalling cascades, but recent studies have begun to shed light on the physiological functions of these cascades in the control of gene expression, cell proliferation and programmed cell death.
C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Pharmacol, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego
RP Karin, M (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Pharmacol, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
NR 52
TC 4422
Z9 5173
U1 6
U2 610
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 1
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6824
BP 37
EP 40
DI 10.1038/35065000
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 406BD
UT WOS:000167194300035
PM 11242034
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zhang, PC
   Keleshian, AM
   Sachs, F
AF Zhang, PC
   Keleshian, AM
   Sachs, F
TI Voltage-induced membrane movement
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID outer hair cell; atomic-force microscopy; lipid bilayer; ion channels; salicylate; motility; model; electromotility; capacitance; potentials
AB Thermodynamics predicts that transmembrane voltage modulates membrane tension(1) and that this will cause movement. The magnitude and polarity of movement is governed by cell stiffness and surface potentials. Here we confirm these predictions using the atomic force microscope to dynamically follow the movement of voltage-clamped HEK293 cells(2) in different ionic-strength solutions. In normal saline, depolarization caused an outward movement, and at low ionic strength an inward movement. The amplitude was proportional to voltage (about 1 nm per 100 mV) and increased with indentation depth. A simple physical model of the membrane and tip provided an estimate of the external and internal surface charge densities (-5 x10(-3) C m(-2) and -18x10(-3) C m(-2), respectively). Salicylate (a negative amphiphile(3)) inhibited electromotility by increasing the external charge density by -15x10(-3) C m(-2). As salicylate blocks electromotility in cochlear outer hair cells at the same concentration(4,5), the role of prestin as a motor protein(6) may need to be reassessed.
C1 SUNY Buffalo, HHMI Ctr Single Mol Biophys, Buffalo, NY 14214 USA.
C3 State University of New York (SUNY) System; University at Buffalo, SUNY
RP Sachs, F (corresponding author), SUNY Buffalo, HHMI Ctr Single Mol Biophys, Buffalo, NY 14214 USA.
NR 30
TC 187
Z9 215
U1 0
U2 57
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 27
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6854
BP 428
EP 432
DI 10.1038/35096578
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 475UY
UT WOS:000171188700056
PM 11574890
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Archibald, JD
   Averianov, AO
   Ekdale, EG
AF Archibald, JD
   Averianov, AO
   Ekdale, EG
TI Late Cretaceous relatives of rabbits, rodents, and other extant eutherian mammals
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID evolutionary; mongolia; origins
AB Extant eutherian mammals and their most recent common ancestor constitute the crown group Placentalia. This taxon, plus all extinct taxa that share a more recent common ancestor with placentals than they do with Metatheria (including marsupials), constitute Eutheria(1). The oldest well documented eutherian-dominated fauna in the world is Dzharakuduk, Uzbekistan(2). Among eutherians that it yields is Kulbeckia, an 85-90-Myr-old member of Zalambdalestidae (a family of Late Cretaceous Asian eutherians)(3). This extends Zalambdalestidae back by some 10 million years from sites in the Gobi Desert, Mongolia(4). A phylogenetic analysis of well described Late Cretaceous eutherians strongly supports Zalambdalestidae, less strongly supports 'Zhelestidae' (a Late Cretaceous clade related to Tertiary ungulates), but does not support Asioryctitheria (a group of Late Cretaceous Asian eutherians). A second analysis incorporating placentals from clades that include rodents (Tribosphenomys), lagomorphs (Mimotona) and archaic ungulates (Protungulatum and Oxyprimus) strongly supports Zalambdalestidae in a clade with Glires (rabbits, rodents and extinct relatives) and less strongly 'Zhelestidae' within a clade that includes archaic ungulates ('condylarths'). This argues that some Late Cretaceous eutherians belong within the crown group Placentalia. The ages of these taxa are in line with molecularly based estimates of 64-104 Myr ago (median 84 Myr ago) for the superordinal diversification of some placentals(5), but provide no support for a Late Cretaceous diversification of extant placental orders.
C1 San Diego State Univ, Dept Biol, San Diego, CA 92182 USA.
   Russian Acad Sci, Inst Zool, St Petersburg 199034, Russia.
C3 California State University System; San Diego State University; Russian Academy of Sciences; Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences
RP Archibald, JD (corresponding author), San Diego State Univ, Dept Biol, San Diego, CA 92182 USA.
EM darchibald@sunstroke.sdsu.edu
NR 31
TC 115
Z9 134
U1 1
U2 24
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 01
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6859
BP 62
EP 65
DI 10.1038/35102048
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 487VC
UT WOS:000171898900041
PM 11689942
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Vicsek, T
AF Vicsek, T
TI A question of scale
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Eotvos Lorand Univ, Dept Biol Phys, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary.
C3 Eotvos Lorand University
RP Vicsek, T (corresponding author), Eotvos Lorand Univ, Dept Biol Phys, Pazmany P Stny 1A, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary.
NR 3
TC 100
Z9 116
U1 0
U2 23
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 24
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6836
BP 421
EP 421
DI 10.1038/35078161
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 435CB
UT WOS:000168858700024
PM 11373653
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Richardson, JE
   Weitz, FM
   Fay, MF
   Cronk, QCB
   Linder, HP
   Reeves, G
   Chase, MW
AF Richardson, JE
   Weitz, FM
   Fay, MF
   Cronk, QCB
   Linder, HP
   Reeves, G
   Chase, MW
TI Rapid and recent origin of species richness in the Cape flora of South Africa
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dna; evolution
AB The Cape flora of South Africa grows in a continental area with many diverse and endemic species(1-4). We need to understand the evolutionary origins and ages of such 'hotspots' to conserve them effectively(5). In volcanic islands the timing of diversification can be precisely measured with potassium-argon dating. In contrast, the history of these continental species is based upon an incomplete fossil record and relatively imprecise isotopic palaeotemperature signatures. Here we use molecular phylogenetics and precise dating of two island species within the same clade as the continental taxa to show recent speciation in a species-rich genus characteristic of the Cape flora. The results indicate that diversification began approximately(7-8) Myr ago, coincident with extensive aridification caused by changes in ocean currents. The recent origin of endemic species diversity in the Cape flora shows that large continental bursts of speciation can occur rapidly over timescales comparable to those previously associated with oceanic island radiations(6,7).
C1 Royal Bot Gardens, Jodrell Lab, Richmond TW9 3DS, Surrey, England.
   Univ Western Cape, Dept Bot, ZA-7535 Bellville, Cape Province, South Africa.
   Univ Cape Town, Bolus Herbarium, Dept Bot, ZA-7700 Rondebosch, South Africa.
   Univ Edinburgh, Inst Cell & Mol Biol, Edinburgh EH9 3JR, Midlothian, Scotland.
   Royal Bot Garden, Edinburgh EH3 5LR, Midlothian, Scotland.
C3 Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; University of the Western Cape; University of Cape Town; University of Edinburgh
RP Richardson, JE (corresponding author), Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Ecol & Evolut Biol, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA.
EM jamesr@darwin.ucsc.edu
NR 24
TC 223
Z9 244
U1 0
U2 28
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 12
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6843
BP 181
EP 183
DI 10.1038/35084067
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 451AJ
UT WOS:000169778700051
PM 11449273
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kiesecker, JM
   Blaustein, AR
   Belden, LK
AF Kiesecker, JM
   Blaustein, AR
   Belden, LK
TI Complex causes of amphibian population declines
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID uv-b penetration; el-nino; climate-change; consequences; radiation; acidification; variability; mortality; america; trends
AB Amphibian populations have suffered widespread declines and extinctions in recent decades. Although climatic changes, increased exposure to ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation and increased prevalence of disease have all been implicated at particular localities(1-6), the importance of global environmental change remains unclear. Here we report that pathogen outbreaks in amphibian populations in the western USA are linked to climate-induced changes in UV-B exposure. Using long-term observational data and a field experiment, we examine patterns among interannual variability in precipitation, UV-B exposure and infection by a pathogenic oomycete, Saprolegnia ferax. Our findings indicate that climate-induced reductions in water depth at oviposition sites have caused high mortality of embryos by increasing their exposure to UV-B radiation and, consequently, their vulnerability to infection(1). Precipitation, and thus water depth/UV-B exposure, is strongly linked to El Nino/Southern Oscillation cycles, underscoring the role of large-scale climatic patterns involving the tropical Pacific(7). Elevated sea-surface temperatures in this region since the mid-1970s, which have affected the climate over much of the world(8), could be the precursor for pathogen-mediated amphibian declines in many regions(1,3,4,9).
C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Biol, Mueller Lab 208, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
   Oregon State Univ, Dept Zool, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA.
C3 Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park; Oregon State University
RP Kiesecker, JM (corresponding author), Penn State Univ, Dept Biol, Mueller Lab 208, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
NR 30
TC 555
Z9 742
U1 0
U2 217
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 5
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6829
BP 681
EP 684
DI 10.1038/35070552
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 418DJ
UT WOS:000167875400044
PM 11287952
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Miyamoto, K
   Miyake, S
   Yamamura, T
AF Miyamoto, K
   Miyake, S
   Yamamura, T
TI A synthetic glycolipid prevents autoimmune encephalomyelitis by inducing TH2 bias of natural killer T cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID altered peptide ligand; alpha-galactosylceramide; selective reduction; multiple-sclerosis; nkt cells; tcr; recognition; activation; antigens; disease
AB Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a prototype autoimmune disease mediated by type 1 helper T (T(H)1) cells and under the control of regulatory cells(1-3). Here we report that a synthetic glycolipid ligand for CD1d-restricted natural killer T (NKT) cells expressing the semi-invariant T-cell receptor (V alpha 14(+)) is preventive against EAE. The ligand is an analogue of alpha -galactosylceramide (alpha -GC), a prototype NKT cell ligand, with a truncated sphingosine chain. alpha -GC causes NKT cells to produce both interferon (IFN)-gamma and interleukin (IL)-4 (refs 4, 5). However, this new ligand can induce a predominant production of IL-4 by the NKT cells. A single injection of this glycolipid, but not of alpha -GC, consistently induced T(H)2 bias of autoimmune T cells by causing NKT cells to produce IL-4, leading to suppression of EAE. The lack of polymorphism of CD1d and cross-reactive response of mouse and human NKT cells to the same ligand(6) indicates that targeting NKT cells with this ligand may be an attractive means for intervening in human autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis.
C1 NCNP, Natl Inst Neurosci, Dept Immunol, Tokyo 1878502, Japan.
C3 National Center for Neurology & Psychiatry - Japan
RP Yamamura, T (corresponding author), NCNP, Natl Inst Neurosci, Dept Immunol, 4-1-1 Ogawahigashi, Tokyo 1878502, Japan.
NR 21
TC 756
Z9 904
U1 3
U2 27
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 4
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6855
BP 531
EP 534
DI 10.1038/35097097
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 478HG
UT WOS:000171340500049
PM 11586362
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pravdo, SH
   Feigelson, ED
   Garmire, G
   Maeda, Y
   Tsuboi, Y
   Bally, J
AF Pravdo, SH
   Feigelson, ED
   Garmire, G
   Maeda, Y
   Tsuboi, Y
   Bally, J
TI Discovery of X-rays from the protostellar outflow object HH2
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID herbig-haro objects; emission; shock
AB Herbig-Haro (HH) objects have been known(1,2) for 50 years to be luminous condensations of gas in star-forming regions, but their underlying physical nature is still being elucidated. Previously suggested models encompass newborn stars(3), stellar winds clashing with nebular material(4), dense pockets of interstellar gas excited by shocks from outflows(5), and interstellar 'bullets' (ref. 6). Recent progress has been made with the jet-induced shock model(7), in which material streams out of young stellar objects and collides with the surrounding interstellar medium. A clear prediction of this model is that the most energetic Herbig-Haro objects will emit X-rays, although they have not hitherto been detected(8). Here we report the discovery of X-ray emission from one of the brightest and closest Herbig-Haro objects, HH2, at a level consistent with the model predictions. We conclude that this Herbig-Haro object contains shock-heated material located at or near its leading edge with a temperature of about 10(6) K.
C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA.
   Penn State Univ, Dept Astron & Astrophys, DAvey Lab 525, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
   Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
C3 California Institute of Technology; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL); Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder
RP Pravdo, SH (corresponding author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Mail Stop 306-438,4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA.
NR 23
TC 108
Z9 110
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 18
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6857
BP 708
EP 711
DI 10.1038/35099508
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 482ZK
UT WOS:000171608000036
PM 11607024
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rawlins, D
   Pickering, K
AF Rawlins, D
   Pickering, K
TI Ancient chronology - Astronomical orientation of the pyramids
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Int Journal Sci Hist, DIO, Baltimore, MD 21211 USA.
   Analyst Int Corp, Minneapolis, MN 55435 USA.
RP Rawlins, D (corresponding author), Int Journal Sci Hist, DIO, Box 19935, Baltimore, MD 21211 USA.
EM keithp@minn.net
NR 8
TC 10
Z9 11
U1 0
U2 3
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 16
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6848
BP 699
EP 699
DI 10.1038/35089138
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 462ZB
UT WOS:000170450200033
PM 11507629
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU DiAntonio, A
   Haghighi, AP
   Portman, SL
   Lee, JD
   Amaranto, AM
   Goodman, CS
AF DiAntonio, A
   Haghighi, AP
   Portman, SL
   Lee, JD
   Amaranto, AM
   Goodman, CS
TI Ubiquitination-dependent mechanisms regulate synaptic growth and function
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID fat-facets gene; drosophila; expression; system; ligase
AB The covalent attachment of ubiquitin to cellular proteins is a powerful mechanism for controlling protein activity and localization(1). Ubiquitination is a reversible modification promoted by ubiquitin ligases and antagonized by deubiquitinating proteases(2). Ubiquitin-dependent mechanisms regulate many important processes including cell-cycle progression, apoptosis and transcriptional regulation(3). Here we show that ubiquitin-dependent mechanisms regulate synaptic development at the Drosophila neuromuscular junction (NMJ). Neuronal overexpression of the deubiquitinating protease fat facets(4) leads to a profound disruption of synaptic growth control; there is a large increase in the number of synaptic boutons, an elaboration of the synaptic branching pattern, and a disruption of synaptic function. Antagonizing the ubiquitination pathway in neurons by expression of the yeast deubiquitinating protease UBP2 (ref. 5) also produces synaptic overgrowth and dysfunction. Genetic interactions between fat facets and highwire(6), a negative regulator of synaptic growth that has structural homology to a family of ubiquitin ligases, suggest that synaptic development may be controlled by the balance between positive and negative regulators of ubiquitination.
C1 Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Mol Biol & Pharmacol, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 Washington University (WUSTL); University of California System; University of California Berkeley
RP DiAntonio, A (corresponding author), Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Mol Biol & Pharmacol, 660 S Euclid,Campus Box 8103, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
NR 23
TC 327
Z9 407
U1 0
U2 24
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 26
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6845
BP 449
EP 452
DI 10.1038/35086595
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 456DQ
UT WOS:000170068200051
PM 11473321
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Javaux, EJ
   Knoll, AH
   Walter, MR
AF Javaux, EJ
   Knoll, AH
   Walter, MR
TI Morphological and ecological complexity in early eukaryotic ecosystems
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rocks; microfossils; example; fossils; basin
AB Molecular phylogeny and biogeochemistry indicate that eukaryotes differentiated early in Earth history. Sequence comparisons of small-subunit ribosomal RNA genes suggest a deep evolutionary divergence of Eukarya and Archaea(1); C-27-C-29 steranes (derived from sterols synthesized by eukaryotes) and strong depletion of C-13 (a biogeochemical signature of methanogenic Archaea) in 2,700 Myr old kerogens independently place a minimum age on this split(2,3). Steranes, large spheroidal microfossils, and rare macrofossils of possible eukaryotic origin occur in Palaeoproterozoic rocks(4-6). Until now, however, evidence for morphological and taxonomic diversification within the domain has generally been restricted to very late Mesoproterozoic and Neoproterozoic successions(7). Here we show that the cytoskeletal and ecological prerequisites for eukaryotic diversification were already established in eukaryotic microorganisms fossilized nearly 1,500 Myr ago in shales of the early Mesoproterozoic Roper Group in northern Australia.
C1 Harvard Univ, Bot Museum, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Macquarie Univ, Australian Ctr Astrobiol, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
C3 Harvard University; Macquarie University
RP Knoll, AH (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Bot Museum, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
EM aknoll@oeb.harvard.edu
NR 28
TC 317
Z9 390
U1 0
U2 58
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 5
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6842
BP 66
EP 69
DI 10.1038/35083562
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 448TB
UT WOS:000169644900043
PM 11452306
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jarillo, JA
   Capel, J
   Tang, RH
   Yang, HQ
   Alonso, JM
   Ecker, JR
   Cashmore, AR
AF Jarillo, JA
   Capel, J
   Tang, RH
   Yang, HQ
   Alonso, JM
   Ecker, JR
   Cashmore, AR
TI An Arabidopsis circadian clock component interacts with both CRY1 and phyB
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID molecular-bases; controlled gene; rhythms; neurospora; proteins; dysfunction; encodes; time
AB Most organisms, from cyanobacteria to mammals, use circadian clocks to coordinate their activities with the natural 24-h light/dark cycle. The clock proteins of Drosophila and mammals exhibit striking homology but do not show similarity with clock proteins found so far from either cyanobacteria or Neurospora(1,2). Each of these organisms uses a transcriptionally regulated negative feedback loop in which the messenger RNA levels of the clock components cycle over a 24-h period. Proteins containing PAS domains are invariably found in at least one component of the characterized eukaryotic clocks(1). Here we describe ADAGIO1 (ADO1), a gene of Arabidopsis thaliana that encodes a protein containing a PAS domain. We found that a loss-of-function ado1 mutant is altered in both gene expression and cotyledon movement in circadian rhythmicity. Under constant white or blue light, the ado1 mutant exhibits a longer period than that of wild-type Arabidopsis seedlings, whereas under red light cotyledon movement and stem elongation are arrhythmic. Both yeast two-hybrid and in vitro binding studies show that there is a physical interaction between ADO1 and the photoreceptors CRY1 and phyB. We propose that ADO1 is an important component of the Arabidopsis circadian system.
C1 Univ Penn, Inst Plant Sci, Dept Biol, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   Univ Almeria, Dept Biol Aplicata, Almeria 04120, Spain.
C3 University of Pennsylvania; Universidad de Almeria
RP Cashmore, AR (corresponding author), Univ Penn, Inst Plant Sci, Dept Biol, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
EM cashmore@sas.upenn.edu
NR 29
TC 171
Z9 215
U1 0
U2 34
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 22
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6827
BP 487
EP 490
DI 10.1038/35068589
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 412YX
UT WOS:000167583800046
PM 11260718
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Luo, YQ
   Wan, SQ
   Hui, DF
   Wallace, LL
AF Luo, YQ
   Wan, SQ
   Hui, DF
   Wallace, LL
TI Acclimatization of soil respiration to warming in a tall grass prairie
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID trace gas fluxes; temperature-dependence; organic-carbon; co2 emissions; decomposition; climate; feedbacks; forest; matter; ch4
AB The latest report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predicts a 1.4-5.8 degreesC average increase in the global surface temperature over the period 1990 to 2100 (ref. 1). These estimates of future warming are greater than earlier projections, which is partly due to incorporation of a positive feedback. This feedback results from further release of greenhouse gases from terrestrial ecosystems in response to climatic warming(2-4). The feedback mechanism is usually based on the assumption that observed sensitivity of soil respiration to temperature under current climate conditions would hold in a warmer climate(5). However, this assumption has not been carefully examined. We have therefore conducted an experiment in a tall grass prairie ecosystem in the US Great Plains to study the response of soil respiration (the sum of root and heterotrophic respiration) to artificial warming of about 2 degreesC. Our observations indicate that the temperature sensitivity of soil respiration decreases-or acclimatizes-under warming and that the acclimatization is greater at high temperatures. This acclimatization of soil respiration to warming may therefore weaken the positive feedback between the terrestrial carbon cycle and climate.
C1 Univ Oklahoma, Dept Bot & Microbiol, Norman, OK 73019 USA.
C3 University of Oklahoma System; University of Oklahoma - Norman
RP Luo, YQ (corresponding author), Univ Oklahoma, Dept Bot & Microbiol, Norman, OK 73019 USA.
EM yluo@ou.edu
NR 28
TC 1004
Z9 1432
U1 25
U2 847
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 11
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6856
BP 622
EP 625
DI 10.1038/35098065
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 480WE
UT WOS:000171485700046
PM 11675783
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Freimund, DL
   Aflatooni, K
   Batelaan, H
AF Freimund, DL
   Aflatooni, K
   Batelaan, H
TI Observation of the Kapitza-Dirac effect
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID standing light waves; electrons; scattering; reflection; laser; pulse; interferometry; diffraction; atoms
AB In their famous 1927 experiment, Davisson and Germer observed(1) the diffraction of electrons by a periodic material structure, so showing that electrons can behave like waves. Shortly afterwards, Kapitza(2) and Dirac(3) predicted that electrons should also be diffracted by a standing light wave(4). This Kapitza-Dirac effect is analogous to the diffraction of light by a grating, but with the roles of the wave and matter reversed. The electron and the light grating interact extremely weakly, via the 'ponderomotive potential'(5), so attempts to measure the Kapitza-Dirac effect had to wait for the development of the laser. The idea(6) that the underlying interaction with light is resonantly enhanced for electrons in an atom led to the observation(7) that atoms could be diffracted by a standing wave of light. Deflection of electrons by high-intensity laser light, which is also a consequence of the Kapitza-Dirac effect, has also been demonstrated(8). But the coherent interference that characterizes wave diffraction has not hitherto beenobserved(9),(10). Here we report the diffraction of free electrons from a standing light wave-a realization of the Kapitza-Dirac effect as originally proposed.
C1 Univ Nebraska, Dept Phys & Astron, Brace Lab 116, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA.
C3 University of Nebraska System; University of Nebraska Lincoln
RP Batelaan, H (corresponding author), Univ Nebraska, Dept Phys & Astron, Brace Lab 116, POB 880111, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA.
EM hbatelaan2@unl.edu
NR 26
TC 210
Z9 238
U1 0
U2 46
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 13
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6852
BP 142
EP 143
DI 10.1038/35093065
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 471FU
UT WOS:000170918800040
PM 11557974
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Stone, JV
   Hunkin, NM
   Hornby, A
AF Stone, JV
   Hunkin, NM
   Hornby, A
TI Neural-network models - Predicting spontaneous recovery of memory
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Sheffield, Dept Psychol, Sheffield S10 2TP, S Yorkshire, England.
   Univ Sheffield, Acad Neurol Unit, Sheffield S10 2TP, S Yorkshire, England.
C3 University of Sheffield; University of Sheffield
RP Stone, JV (corresponding author), Univ Sheffield, Dept Psychol, Sheffield S10 2TP, S Yorkshire, England.
NR 3
TC 13
Z9 13
U1 0
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 8
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6860
BP 167
EP 168
DI 10.1038/35102676
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 490AY
UT WOS:000172029100034
PM 11700545
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dubnau, J
   Grady, L
   Kitamoto, T
   Tully, T
AF Dubnau, J
   Grady, L
   Kitamoto, T
   Tully, T
TI Disruption of neurotransmission in Drosophila mushroom body blocks retrieval but not acquisition of memory
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID expression; dynamin; shibire; melanogaster; neurons; body; brain; organization; mutations; anatomy
AB Surgical, pharmacological and genetic lesion studies have revealed distinct anatomical sites involved with different forms of learning. Studies of patients with localized brain damage and work in rodent model systems, for example, have shown that the hippocampal formation participates in acquisition of declarative tasks but is not the site of their long-term storage(1,2). Such lesions are usually irreversible, however, which has limited their use for dissecting the temporal processes of acquisition, storage and retrieval of memories(3,4). Studies in bees and flies have similarly revealed a distinct anatomical region of the insect brain, the mushroom body, that is involved specifically in olfactory associative learning(5,6). We have used a temperature-sensitive dynamin transgene, which disrupts synaptic transmission reversibly and on the time-scale of minutes(7), to investigate the temporal requirements for ongoing neural activity during memory formation. Here we show that synaptic transmission from mushroom body neurons is required during memory retrieval but not during acquisition or storage. We propose that the hebbian processes underlying olfactory associative learning reside in mushroom body dendrites or upstream of the mushroom body and that the resulting alterations in synaptic strength modulate mushroom body output during memory retrieval.
C1 Cold Spring Harbor Lab, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724 USA.
   City Hope Natl Med Ctr, Beckman Res Inst, Div Neurosci, Duarte, CA 91010 USA.
C3 Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory; City of Hope; Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope
RP Dubnau, J (corresponding author), Cold Spring Harbor Lab, 1 Bungtown Rd, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724 USA.
EM dubnau@cshl.org
NR 30
TC 344
Z9 394
U1 0
U2 26
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 24
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6836
BP 476
EP 480
DI 10.1038/35078077
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 435CB
UT WOS:000168858700049
PM 11373680
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lifshitz, Y
   Duan, XF
   Shang, NG
   Li, Q
   Wan, L
   Bello, I
   Lee, ST
AF Lifshitz, Y
   Duan, XF
   Shang, NG
   Li, Q
   Wan, L
   Bello, I
   Lee, ST
TI Nanostructure - Epitaxial diamond polytypes on silicon
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID carbon; growth
C1 City Univ Hong Kong, Ctr Super Diamond & Adv Films, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Peoples R China.
   City Univ Hong Kong, Dept Phys & Mat Sci, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Peoples R China.
   Chinese Acad Sci, Beijing Lab Electron Microscopy, Ctr Condensed Matter Phys, Inst Phys, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Peoples R China.
C3 City University of Hong Kong; City University of Hong Kong; Chinese Academy of Sciences
RP Lifshitz, Y (corresponding author), City Univ Hong Kong, Ctr Super Diamond & Adv Films, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Peoples R China.
NR 7
TC 51
Z9 59
U1 1
U2 55
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 26
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6845
BP 404
EP 404
DI 10.1038/35086656
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 456DQ
UT WOS:000170068200036
PM 11473306
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ogura, Y
   Bonen, DK
   Inohara, N
   Nicolae, DL
   Chen, FF
   Ramos, R
   Britton, H
   Moran, T
   Karaliuskas, R
   Duerr, RH
   Achkar, JP
   Brant, SR
   Bayless, TM
   Kirschner, BS
   Hanauer, SB
   Nuñez, G
   Cho, JH
AF Ogura, Y
   Bonen, DK
   Inohara, N
   Nicolae, DL
   Chen, FF
   Ramos, R
   Britton, H
   Moran, T
   Karaliuskas, R
   Duerr, RH
   Achkar, JP
   Brant, SR
   Bayless, TM
   Kirschner, BS
   Hanauer, SB
   Nuñez, G
   Cho, JH
TI A frameshift mutation in NOD2 associated with susceptibility to Crohn's disease
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID inflammatory-bowel-disease; supports linkage; genetic-analysis; chromosome-16; locus; identification; tomato; ibd1
AB Crohn's disease is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the gastrointestinal tract, which is thought to result from the effect of environmental factors in a genetically predisposed host. A gene location in the pericentromeric region of chromosome 16, IBD1, that contributes to susceptibility to Crohn's disease has been established through multiple linkage studies(1-6), but the specific gene(s) has not been identified. NOD2, a gene that encodes a protein with homology to plant disease resistance gene products is located in the peak region of linkage on chromosome 16 (ref. 7). Here we show, by using the transmission disequilibium test and case-control analysis, that a frameshift mutation caused by a cytosine insertion, 3020insC, which is expected to encode a truncated NOD2 protein, is associated with Crohn's disease. Wild-type NOD2 activates nuclear factor NF-kappaB, making it responsive to bacterial lipopolysaccharides; however, this induction was deficient in mutant NOD2. These results implicate NOD2 in susceptibility to Crohn's disease, and suggest a link between an innate immune response to bacterial components and development of disease.
C1 Univ Michigan, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
   Univ Michigan, Sch Med, Ctr Comprehens Canc, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
   Univ Chicago Hosp, Dept Med, Gastroenterol Sect, Martin Boyer Labs, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
   Univ Chicago, Dept Pediat, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
   Univ Chicago, Dept Stat, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
   Univ Pittsburgh, Dept Med, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA.
   Univ Pittsburgh, Ctr Genom Sci, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA.
   Cleveland Clin Fdn, Dept Gastroenterol, Cleveland, OH 44195 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, Harvey M & Lyn P Meyerhoff Inflammatory Bowel Dis, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
C3 University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; University of Chicago; University of Chicago Medical Center; University of Illinois System; University of Chicago; University of Chicago; Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); University of Pittsburgh; Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); University of Pittsburgh; Cleveland Clinic Foundation; Johns Hopkins University
RP Nuñez, G (corresponding author), Univ Michigan, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
EM bclx@umich.edu
NR 22
TC 3961
Z9 4523
U1 0
U2 223
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 31
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6837
BP 603
EP 606
DI 10.1038/35079114
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 437GE
UT WOS:000168982500056
PM 11385577
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yoon, JC
   Puigserver, P
   Chen, GX
   Donovan, J
   Wu, ZD
   Rhee, J
   Adelmant, G
   Stafford, J
   Kahn, CR
   Granner, DK
   Newgard, CB
   Spiegelman, BM
AF Yoon, JC
   Puigserver, P
   Chen, GX
   Donovan, J
   Wu, ZD
   Rhee, J
   Adelmant, G
   Stafford, J
   Kahn, CR
   Granner, DK
   Newgard, CB
   Spiegelman, BM
TI Control of hepatic gluconeogenesis through the transcriptional coactivator PGC-1
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase gene; glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit; receptor-gamma coactivator-1; response unit; glucocorticoid response; nuclear receptors; metabolic impact; camp induction; binding-sites; gtp gene
AB Blood glucose levels are maintained by the balance between glucose uptake by peripheral tissues and glucose secretion by the liver. Gluconeogenesis is strongly stimulated during fasting and is aberrantly activated in diabetes mellitus. Here we show that the transcriptional coactivator PGC-1 is strongly induced in liver in fasting mice and in three mouse models of insulin action deficiency: streptozotocin-induced diabetes, ob/ob genotype and liver insulin-receptor knockout. PGC-1 is induced synergistically in primary liver cultures by cyclic AMP and glucocorticoids. Adenoviral-mediated expression of PGC-1 in hepatocytes in culture or in vivo strongly activates an entire programme of key gluconeogenic enzymes, including phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and glucose-6-phosphatase, leading to increased glucose output. Full transcriptional activation of the PEPCK promoter requires coactivation of the glucocorticoid receptor and the liver-enriched transcription factor HNF-4 alpha (hepatic nuclear factor-4 alpha) by PGC-1. These results implicate PGC-1 as a key modulator of hepatic gluconeogenesis and as a central target of the insulin-cAMP axis in liver.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dana Farber Canc Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Cell Biol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Touchstone Ctr Diabet Res, Dept Biochem, Dallas, TX USA.
   Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Touchstone Ctr Diabet Res, Dept Internal Med, Dallas, TX USA.
   Vanderbilt Univ, Dept Mol Biol & Biophys, Sch Med, Nashville, TN 37232 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Joslin Diabet Ctr, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; University of Texas System; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; University of Texas System; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; University of Texas Dallas; Vanderbilt University; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Joslin Diabetes Center, Inc.; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
RP Spiegelman, BM (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dana Farber Canc Inst, 44 Binney St, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
NR 33
TC 1545
Z9 1856
U1 0
U2 163
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 13
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6852
BP 131
EP 138
DI 10.1038/35093050
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 471FU
UT WOS:000170918800038
PM 11557972
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Klaassen, M
   Lindström, Å
   Meltofte, H
   Piersma, T
AF Klaassen, M
   Lindström, Å
   Meltofte, H
   Piersma, T
TI Ornithology -: Arctic waders are not capital breeders
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID stable isotopes
C1 Netherlands Inst Ecol, Ctr Limnol, NL-3600 BG Maarssen, Netherlands.
   Lund Univ, Dept Anim Ecol, S-22362 Lund, Sweden.
   Netherlands Inst Sea Res, NL-1790 AB Den Burg, Netherlands.
   Univ Groningen, Ctr Ecol & Evolutionary Studies, NL-9750 AA Haren, Netherlands.
   Natl Environm Res Inst, Dept Arctic Environm, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
C3 Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts & Sciences; Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW); Lund University; Utrecht University; Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ); University of Groningen; Aarhus University; Danish National Environmental Research Institute
RP Klaassen, M (corresponding author), Netherlands Inst Ecol, Ctr Limnol, POB 1299, NL-3600 BG Maarssen, Netherlands.
NR 8
TC 182
Z9 214
U1 2
U2 38
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 25
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6858
BP 794
EP 794
DI 10.1038/35101654
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 485JA
UT WOS:000171750200032
PM 11677593
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hinks, DG
   Claus, H
   Jorgensen, JD
AF Hinks, DG
   Claus, H
   Jorgensen, JD
TI The complex nature of superconductivity in MgB2 as revealed by the reduced total isotope effect
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transition-temperature
AB Magnesium diboride, MgB2, was recently observed to become superconducting(1) at 39 K, which is the highest known transition temperature for a non-copper-oxide bulk material. Isotope-effect measurements, in which atoms are substituted by isotopes of different mass to systematically change the phonon frequencies, are one of the fundamental tests of the nature of the super-conducting mechanism in a material. In a conventional Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) superconductor, where the mechanism is mediated by electron-phonon coupling, the total isotope-effect coefficient (in this case, the sum of both the Mg and B coefficients) should be about 0.5. The boron isotope effect was previously shown to be large(2) and that was sufficient to establish that MgB2 is a conventional superconductor, but the Mg effect has not hitherto been measured. Here we report the determination of the Mg isotope effect, which is small but measurable. The total reduced isotope-effect coefficient is 0.32, which is much lower than the value expected for a typical BCS superconductor. The low value could be due to complex materials properties, and would seem to require both a large electron-phonon coupling constant and a value of mu* (the repulsive electron-electron interaction) larger than found for most simple metals.
C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci, Chicago, IL 60438 USA.
   Univ Illinois, Dept Phys, Chicago, IL 60607 USA.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); Argonne National Laboratory; University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Chicago; University of Illinois Chicago Hospital
RP Hinks, DG (corresponding author), Argonne Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci, Chicago, IL 60438 USA.
EM hinks@anl.gov
NR 28
TC 308
Z9 339
U1 0
U2 72
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 24
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6836
BP 457
EP 460
DI 10.1038/35078037
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 435CB
UT WOS:000168858700042
PM 11373673
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ristaino, JB
   Groves, CT
   Parra, GR
AF Ristaino, JB
   Groves, CT
   Parra, GR
TI PCR amplification of the Irish potato famine pathogen from historic specimens
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID phytophthora-infestans; dna; populations; polymorphisms; sequences; oospores; origin
AB Late blight, caused by the oomycete plant pathogen Phytophthora infestans, is a devastating disease of potato and was responsible for epidemics that led to the Irish potato famine in 1845 (refs 1- 5). Before the 1980s, worldwide populations of P. infestans were dominated by a single clonal lineage, the US-1 genotype or Ib mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplotype, and sexual reproduction was not documented outside Mexico, the centre of diversity of the pathogen(6,7). Here we describe the amplification and sequencing of 100-base-pair fragments of DNA from the internal transcribed spacer region 2 from 28 historic herbarium samples including Irish and British samples collected between 1845 and 1847, confirming the identity of the pathogen. We amplified a variable region of mtDNA that is present in modern Ib haplotypes of P. infestans, but absent in the other known modern haplotypes (Ia, IIa and IIb)(8). Lesions in samples tested were not caused by the Ib haplotype of P. infestans, and so theories that assume that the Ib haplotype is the ancestral strain need to be re-evaluated(4,7). Our data emphasize the importance of using historic specimens when making inferences about historic populations.
C1 N Carolina State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA.
C3 North Carolina State University
RP Ristaino, JB (corresponding author), N Carolina State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Box 7616, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA.
EM Jean_Ristaino@ncsu.edu
NR 29
TC 166
Z9 196
U1 0
U2 30
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 15
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6838
BP 695
EP 697
DI 10.1038/35079606
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 439JC
UT WOS:000169112500046
PM 11395772
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gurnett, DA
   Zarka, P
   Manning, R
   Kurth, WS
   Hospodarsky, GB
   Averkamp, TF
   Kaiser, ML
   Farrell, WM
AF Gurnett, DA
   Zarka, P
   Manning, R
   Kurth, WS
   Hospodarsky, GB
   Averkamp, TF
   Kaiser, ML
   Farrell, WM
TI Non-detection at Venus of high-frequency radio signals characteristic of terrestrial lightning
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sprites94 aircraft campaign
AB The detection(1,2) of impulsive low-frequency (10 to 80 kHz) radio signals, and separate very-low-frequency (similar to 100 Hz) radio 'whistler' signals(3-5) provided the first evidence for lightning in the atmosphere of Venus. Later, a small number of impulsive high-frequency (100 kHz to 5.6 MHz) radio signals, possibly due to lightning, were also detected(6). The existence of lightning at Venus has, however, remained controversial(7-13). Here we report the results of a search for high-frequency (0.125 to 16 MHz) radio signals during two close fly-bys of Venus by the Cassini spacecraft. Such signals are characteristic of terrestrial lightning, and are commonly heard on AM (amplitude-modulated) radios during thunderstorms. Although the instrument easily detected signals from terrestrial lightning during a later fly-by of Earth (at a global flash rate estimated to be 70 s(-1), which is consistent with the rate expected for terrestrial lightning), no similar signals were detected from Venus. If lightning exists in the venusian atmosphere, it is either extremely rare, or very different from terrestrial lightning.
C1 Univ Iowa, Dept Phys & Astron, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA.
   Observ Paris, Space Res Dept, CNRS, UMR 8632, Meudon, France.
   NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA.
C3 University of Iowa; Universite PSL; Observatoire de Paris; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
RP Gurnett, DA (corresponding author), Univ Iowa, Dept Phys & Astron, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA.
NR 20
TC 70
Z9 75
U1 0
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 18
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6818
BP 313
EP 315
DI 10.1038/35053009
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 392VY
UT WOS:000166434300038
PM 11201733
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU van Ee, R
   Anderson, BL
AF van Ee, R
   Anderson, BL
TI Motion direction, speed and orientation in binocular matching
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID stereopsis; disparity; neurons; monkey; depth; area; sensitivity; parallax; masking
AB The spatial differences between the images seen by the two eyes, called binocular disparities, can be used to recover the volumetric (three-dimensional) aspects of a scene. The computation of disparity depends upon the correct identification of corresponding features in the two images. Understanding what image features are used by the brain to solve this matching problem is one of the main issues in stereoscopic vision(1). Many cortical neurons in visual areas V1 (ref. 2), MT (refs 3, 4) and MST (refs 5, 6) that are tuned to binocular disparity are also tuned to orientation, motion direction and speed. Although psychophysical work has shown that motion direction(7) can facilitate binocular matching, the psychophysical literature on the role of orientation is mixed(8,9), and it has been argued that speed differences are ineffective in aiding correspondence(7). Here we use a different psychophysical paradigm to show that the visual system uses similarities in orientation, motion direction and speed to achieve binocular correspondence. These results indicate that cells that multiplex orientation, motion direction, speed and binocular disparity may help to solve the binocular matching problem.
C1 MIT, Dept Brain & Cognit Sci, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   Univ Utrecht, Helmholtz Inst, NL-3584 CC Utrecht, Netherlands.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Utrecht University
RP Anderson, BL (corresponding author), MIT, Dept Brain & Cognit Sci, E25-618, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
NR 15
TC 53
Z9 56
U1 0
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 5
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6829
BP 690
EP 694
DI 10.1038/35070569
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 418DJ
UT WOS:000167875400047
PM 11287955
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mattingley, JB
   Rich, AN
   Yelland, G
   Bradshaw, JL
AF Mattingley, JB
   Rich, AN
   Yelland, G
   Bradshaw, JL
TI Unconscious priming eliminates automatic binding of colour and alphanumeric form in synaesthesia
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID perception
AB Synaesthesia is an unusual perceptual phenomenon in which events in one sensory modality induce vivid sensations in another(1,2). Individuals may 'taste' shapes(3),'hear' colours', or 'feel' sounds(5). Synaesthesia was first described over a century ago(6), but little is known about its underlying causes or its effects on cognition. Most reports have been anecdotal or have focused on isolated unusual cases(3,7-9). Here we report an investigation of 15 individuals with colour-graphemic synaesthesia, each of whom experiences idiosyncratic but highly consistent colours for letters and digits. Using a colour-form interference paradigm, we show that induced synaesthetic experiences cannot be consciously suppressed even when detrimental to task performance. In contrast, if letters and digits are presented briefly and masked, so that they are processed but unavailable for overt report, the synaesthesia is eliminated. These results show that synaesthetic experiences fan be prevented despite substantial processing of the sensory stimuli that otherwise trigger them. We conclude that automatic binding of colour and alphanumeric form in synaesthesia arises after initial processes of letter and digit recognition are complete.
C1 Univ Melbourne, Sch Behav Sci, Parkville, Vic 3010, Australia.
   Monash Univ, Dept Psychol, Clayton, Vic 3800, Australia.
C3 University of Melbourne; Monash University
RP Mattingley, JB (corresponding author), Univ Melbourne, Sch Behav Sci, Parkville, Vic 3010, Australia.
NR 19
TC 228
Z9 240
U1 0
U2 45
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 29
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6828
BP 580
EP 582
DI 10.1038/35069062
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 417WW
UT WOS:000167859300047
PM 11279495
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Shim, SH
   Duffy, TS
   Shen, GY
AF Shim, SH
   Duffy, TS
   Shen, GY
TI The post-spinel transformation in Mg2SiO4 and its relation to the 660-km seismic discontinuity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID x-ray-diffraction; high-pressure experiments; diamond-anvil cell; v-t equation; phase-boundary; thermal pressure; lower mantle; perovskite; state; temperature
AB The 660-km seismic discontinuity in the Earth's mantle has long been identified with the transformation of (Mg,Fe)(2)SiO4 from gamma -spinel (ringwoodite) to (Mg,Fe)SiO3-perovskite and (Mg,Fe)O-magnesiowustite. This has been based on experimental studies of materials quenched from high pressure and temperature(1-3), which have shown that the transformation is consistent with the seismically observed sharpness and the depth of the discontinuity at expected mantle temperatures(4). But the first in situ examination of this phase transformation in Mg2SiO4 using a multi-anvil press(5) indicated that the transformation occurs at a pressure about 2 GPa lower than previously thought (equivalent to similar to 600 km depth) and hence that it may not be associated with the 660-km discontinuity. Here we report the results of an in situ study of Mg2SiO4 at pressures of 20-36 GPa using a combination of double-sided laser-heating and synchrotron X-ray diffraction in a diamond-anvil cell. The phase transformation from gamma -Mg2SiO4 to MgSiO3 perovskite and MgO (periclase) is readily observed in both the forward and reverse directions. In contrast to the in situ multi-anvil-press study(5), we rnd that the pressure and temperature of the post-spinel transformation in Mg2SiO4 is consistent with seismic observations(4,6) for the 660-km discontinuity.
C1 Princeton Univ, Dept Geosci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
   Univ Chicago, CARS, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
C3 Princeton University; University of Chicago
RP Shim, SH (corresponding author), Princeton Univ, Dept Geosci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
NR 31
TC 137
Z9 159
U1 0
U2 28
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 31
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6837
BP 571
EP 574
DI 10.1038/35079053
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 437GE
UT WOS:000168982500047
PM 11385568
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ashton, A
   Murray, AB
   Arnault, O
AF Ashton, A
   Murray, AB
   Arnault, O
TI Formation of coastline features by large-scale instabilities induced by high-angle waves
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sand waves; longshore
AB Alongshore sediment transport that is driven by waves is generally assumed to smooth a coastline. This assumption is valid for small angles between the wave crest lines and the shore, as has been demonstrated in shoreline models(1). But when the angle between the waves and the shoreline is sufficiently large, small perturbations to a straight shoreline will grow(2,3). Here we use a numerical model to investigate the implications of this instability mechanism for large-scale morphology over long timescales. Our simulations show growth of coastline perturbations that interact with each other to produce large-scale features that resemble various kinds of natural landforms, including the capes and cuspate forelands observed along the Carolina coast of southeastern North America. Wind and wave data from this area support our hypothesis that such an instability mechanism could be responsible for the formation of shoreline features at spatial scales up to hundreds of kilometres and temporal scales up to millennia.
C1 Duke Univ, Ctr Nonlinear & Complex Syst, Div Earth & Ocean Sci, Durham, NC 27708 USA.
C3 Duke University
RP Ashton, A (corresponding author), Duke Univ, Ctr Nonlinear & Complex Syst, Div Earth & Ocean Sci, Box 90227, Durham, NC 27708 USA.
NR 29
TC 340
Z9 403
U1 1
U2 62
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 15
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6861
BP 296
EP 300
DI 10.1038/35104541
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 492CM
UT WOS:000172150700040
PM 11713526
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Oren, R
   Ellsworth, DS
   Johnsen, KH
   Phillips, N
   Ewers, BE
   Maier, C
   Schäfer, KVR
   McCarthy, H
   Hendrey, G
   McNulty, SG
   Katul, GG
AF Oren, R
   Ellsworth, DS
   Johnsen, KH
   Phillips, N
   Ewers, BE
   Maier, C
   Schäfer, KVR
   McCarthy, H
   Hendrey, G
   McNulty, SG
   Katul, GG
TI Soil fertility limits carbon sequestration by forest ecosystems in a CO2-enriched atmosphere
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID terrestrial ecosystems; nitrogen limitation; elevated co2; growth; air; enrichment; feedbacks; biosphere; balance; budget
AB Northern mid-latitude forests are a large terrestrial carbon sink(1-4). Ignoring nutrient limitations, large increases in carbon sequestration from carbon dioxide (CO2) fertilization are expected in these forests(5). Yet, forests are usually relegated to sites of moderate to poor fertility, where tree growth is often limited by nutrient supply, in particular nitrogen(6,7). Here we present evidence that estimates of increases in carbon sequestration of forests, which is expected to partially compensate for increasing CO2 in the atmosphere, are unduly optimistic(8). In two forest experiments on maturing pines exposed to elevated atmospheric CO2, the CO2-induced biomass carbon increment without added nutrients was undetectable at a nutritionally poor site, and the stimulation at a nutritionally moderate site was transient, stabilizing at a marginal gain after three years. However, a large synergistic gain from higher CO2 and nutrients was detected with nutrients added. This gain was even larger at the poor site (threefold higher than the expected additive effect) than at the moderate site (twofold higher). Thus, fertility can restrain the response of wood carbon sequestration to increased atmospheric CO2. Assessment of future carbon sequestration should consider the limitations imposed by soil fertility, as well as interactions with nitrogen deposition.
C1 Duke Univ, Nicholas Sch Environm & Earth Sci, Durham, NC 27708 USA.
   Univ Michigan, Sch Nat Resources & Environm, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
   Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Environm Sci, Upton, NY 11973 USA.
   US Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA.
   Boston Univ, Dept Geog, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
   US Forest Serv, So Global Climate Change Program, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA.
C3 Duke University; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Brookhaven National Laboratory; United States Department of Agriculture (USDA); United States Forest Service; Boston University; United States Department of Agriculture (USDA); United States Forest Service
RP Oren, R (corresponding author), Duke Univ, Nicholas Sch Environm & Earth Sci, Durham, NC 27708 USA.
EM ramoren@duke.edu
NR 30
TC 858
Z9 1011
U1 10
U2 482
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 24
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6836
BP 469
EP 472
DI 10.1038/35078064
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 435CB
UT WOS:000168858700046
PM 11373677
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Peto, J
AF Peto, J
TI Cancer epidemiology in the last century and the next decade
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lung-cancer; breast-cancer; genetic polymorphisms; beta-carotene; risk; mortality; smoking; tobacco; mesothelioma; carcinogenesis
AB By the early 1980s, epidemiologists had identified many important causes of cancer. They had also proposed the 'multi-stage' model of cancer, although none of the hypothesized events in human carcinogenesis had then been identified. The remarkable advances in cell and molecular biology over the past two decades have transformed the scope and methods of cancer epidemiology. There have been a few new discoveries based purely on traditional methods, and many long-suspected minor risks have been estimated more precisely. But modern epidemiological studies often depend on genetic, biochemical or viral assays that had not been developed 20 years ago.
C1 Inst Canc Res, Sutton SM2 5NG, Surrey, England.
   Univ London London Sch Hyg & Trop Med, London WC1E 7HT, England.
C3 University of London; Institute of Cancer Research - UK; University of London; London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine
RP Peto, J (corresponding author), Inst Canc Res, Sutton SM2 5NG, Surrey, England.
NR 81
TC 479
Z9 570
U1 0
U2 48
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 17
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6835
BP 390
EP 395
DI 10.1038/35077256
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 432RT
UT WOS:000168710000063
PM 11357148
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Benenson, Y
   Paz-Elizur, T
   Adar, R
   Keinan, E
   Livneh, Z
   Shapiro, E
AF Benenson, Y
   Paz-Elizur, T
   Adar, R
   Keinan, E
   Livneh, Z
   Shapiro, E
TI Programmable and autonomous computing machine made of biomolecules
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dna solution; computation; implementation; design
AB Devices that convert information from one form into another according to a definite procedure are known as automata. One such hypothetical device is the universal Turing machine(1), which stimulated work leading to the development of modern computers. The Turing machine and its special cases(2), including finite automata(3), operate by scanning a data tape, whose striking analogy to information-encoding biopolymers inspired several designs for molecular DNA computers(4-8). Laboratory-scale computing using DNA and human-assisted protocols has been demonstrated(9-15), but the realization of computing devices operating autonomously on the molecular scale remains rare(16-20). Here we describe a programmable finite automaton comprising DNA and DNA-manipulating enzymes that solves computational problems autonomously. The automaton's hardware consists of a restriction nuclease and ligase, the software and input are encoded by double-stranded DNA, and programming amounts to choosing appropriate software molecules. Upon mixing solutions containing these components, the automaton processes the input molecule via a cascade of restriction, hybridization and ligation cycles, producing a detectable output molecule that encodes the automaton's final state, and thus the computational result. In our implementation 10(12) automata sharing the same software run independently and in parallel on inputs (which could, in principle, be distinct) in 120 mul solution at room temperature at a combined rate of 10(9) transitions per second with a transition fidelity greater than 99.8%, consuming less than 10(-10) W.
C1 Weizmann Inst Sci, Dept Comp Sci & Appl Math, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel.
   Weizmann Inst Sci, Dept Biol Chem, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel.
   Technion Israel Inst Technol, Dept Chem, IL-32000 Haifa, Israel.
   Technion Israel Inst Technol, Inst Catalysis Sci & Technol, IL-32000 Haifa, Israel.
   Scripps Res Inst, Dept Mol Biol, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Scripps Res Inst, Skaggs Inst Chem Biol, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
C3 Weizmann Institute of Science; Weizmann Institute of Science; Technion Israel Institute of Technology; Technion Israel Institute of Technology; Scripps Research Institute; Scripps Research Institute
RP Shapiro, E (corresponding author), Weizmann Inst Sci, Dept Comp Sci & Appl Math, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel.
EM Ehud.Shapiro@weizmann.ac.il
FU European Research Council (ERC) [233047] Funding Source: European Research Council (ERC)
NR 19
TC 530
Z9 629
U1 1
U2 163
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 22
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6862
BP 430
EP 434
DI 10.1038/35106533
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 494UP
UT WOS:000172304500038
PM 11719800
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Li, WH
   Gu, ZL
   Wang, HD
   Nekrutenko, A
AF Li, WH
   Gu, ZL
   Wang, HD
   Nekrutenko, A
TI Evolutionary analyses of the human genome
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sequences
AB The completion of the human genome will greatly accelerate the development of a new branch of science - evolutionary genomics. We can now directly address important questions about the evolutionary history of human genes and their regulatory sequences. Computational analyses of the human genome will reveal the number of genes and repetitive elements, the extent of gene duplication and compositional heterogeneity in the human genome, and the extent of domain shuffling and domain sharing among proteins. Here we present some first glimpses of these features.
C1 Univ Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
C3 University of Chicago
RP Li, WH (corresponding author), Univ Chicago, 1101 E 57th St, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
EM whli@uchicago.edu
NR 5
TC 322
Z9 394
U1 1
U2 30
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 15
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6822
BP 847
EP 849
DI 10.1038/35057039
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 401QC
UT WOS:000166938800054
PM 11237007
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Saurin, AJ
   Shao, ZH
   Erdjument-Bromage, H
   Tempst, P
   Kingston, RE
AF Saurin, AJ
   Shao, ZH
   Erdjument-Bromage, H
   Tempst, P
   Kingston, RE
TI A Drosophila Polycomb group complex includes Zeste and dTAFII proteins
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID histone; chromatin; binding; identification; expression; trithorax; sites; tafs
AB A goal of modern biology is to identify the physical interactions that define 'functional modules'(1) of proteins that govern biological processes. One essential regulatory process is the maintenance of master regulatory genes, such as homeotic genes, in an appropriate 'on' or 'off' state for the lifetime of an organism. The Polycomb group (PcG) of genes maintain a repressed transcriptional state, and PcG proteins form large multiprotein complexes(2,3), but these complexes have not been described owing to inherent difficulties in purification. We previously fractionated a major PcG complex, PRC1, to 20-50% homogeneity from Drosophila embryos. Here, we identify 30 proteins in these preparations, then further fractionate the preparation and use western analyses to validate unanticipated connections. We show that the known PcG proteins Polycomb, Posterior sex combs, Polyhomeotic and dRING1 exist in robust association with the sequence-specific DNA-binding factor Zeste and with numerous TBP (TATA-binding-protein)-associated factors that are components of general transcription factor TFIID (dTAFIIs). Thus, in fly embryos, there is a direct physical connection between proteins that bind to specific regulatory sequences, PcG proteins, and proteins of the general transcription machinery.
C1 Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Dept Mol Biol, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Genet, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Program Mol Biol, New York, NY 10021 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
RP Kingston, RE (corresponding author), Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Dept Mol Biol, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
EM kingston@frodo.mgh.harvard.edu
NR 29
TC 321
Z9 385
U1 0
U2 8
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 9
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6847
BP 655
EP 660
DI 10.1038/35088096
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 460PP
UT WOS:000170318000045
PM 11493925
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rosenberg, SA
AF Rosenberg, SA
TI Progress in human tumour immunology and immunotherapy
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cytotoxic t-lymphocytes; activated killer-cells; metastatic melanoma; recombinant interleukin-2; infiltrating lymphocytes; autologous tumor; antigen; identification; cancer; responses
AB Studies of the administration of interleukin-2 to patients with metastatic melanoma or kidney cancer have shown that immunological manipulations can mediate the durable regression of metastatic cancer. The molecular identification of cancer antigens has opened new possibilities for the development of effective immunotherapies for patients with cancer. Clinical studies using immunization with peptides derived from cancer antigens have shown that high levels of lymphocytes with anti-tumour activity can be raised in cancer-bearing patients. Highly avid anti-tumour lymphocytes can be isolated from immunized patients and grown in vitro for use in cell-transfer therapies. Current studies are aimed at understanding the mechanisms that enable the cancer to escape from immune attack.
C1 NCI, Div Clin Sci, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Cancer Institute (NCI); Division of Clinical Sciences (DCS)
RP Rosenberg, SA (corresponding author), NCI, Div Clin Sci, Bldg 10,Room 2B42,10 Ctr Dr,MSC 1502, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
NR 74
TC 1157
Z9 1348
U1 3
U2 270
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 17
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6835
BP 380
EP 384
DI 10.1038/35077246
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 432RT
UT WOS:000168710000061
PM 11357146
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gerrish, P
AF Gerrish, P
TI The rhythm of microbial adaptation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID diminishing returns; evolution; population; limits; interference; mutations; linkage
AB The evolutionary biologist "studies the steps by which the miraculous adaptations so characteristic of every aspect of the organic world have evolved''(1). But the general nature of such adaptive steps is still unclear. Evolution is often thought to be random and dependent on unpredictable events(2). In this light, one might expect the steps taken by adaptation to be completely random, both biologically and temporally. Here I present a mathematical derivation to show that, on the contrary, adaptive steps can have fairly strong rhythm. I find that the strength of the adaptive rhythm, that is its relative temporal regularity, is equal to a constant that is the same for all microbial populations. As a consequence, numbers of accumulated adaptations are predicted to have a universal variance/mean ratio. The theory derived here is potentially applicable to the study of molecular evolution.
C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); Los Alamos National Laboratory
RP Gerrish, P (corresponding author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, T-10,Mailstop K710, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA.
EM gerrish@lanl.gov
NR 29
TC 59
Z9 63
U1 0
U2 9
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 20
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6853
BP 299
EP 302
DI 10.1038/35095046
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 473KB
UT WOS:000171040500037
PM 11565030
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sagarin, R
AF Sagarin, R
TI Phenology - False estimates of the advance of spring
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID climate-change; trends
C1 Stanford Univ, Hopkins Marine Stn, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA.
C3 Stanford University
RP Sagarin, R (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Hopkins Marine Stn, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA.
NR 12
TC 61
Z9 62
U1 0
U2 41
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 6
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6864
BP 600
EP 600
DI 10.1038/414600a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 498WB
UT WOS:000172535600035
PM 11740547
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Weijers, D
   Geldner, N
   Offringa, R
   Jürgens, G
AF Weijers, D
   Geldner, N
   Offringa, R
   Jürgens, G
TI Seed development -: Early paternal gene activity in Arabidopsis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pattern-formation; embryo; protein
C1 Leiden Univ, Inst Mol Plant Sci, NL-2333 AL Leiden, Netherlands.
   Univ Tubingen, Zentrum Mol Biol Pflanzen, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany.
C3 Leiden University; Leiden University - Excl LUMC; Eberhard Karls University of Tubingen
RP Weijers, D (corresponding author), Leiden Univ, Inst Mol Plant Sci, NL-2333 AL Leiden, Netherlands.
NR 9
TC 98
Z9 112
U1 4
U2 16
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 13
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6865
BP 709
EP 710
DI 10.1038/414709a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 501GD
UT WOS:000172676200032
PM 11742384
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Warren, MS
   Hill, JK
   Thomas, JA
   Asher, J
   Fox, R
   Huntley, B
   Roy, DB
   Telfer, MG
   Jeffcoate, S
   Harding, P
   Jeffcoate, G
   Willis, SG
   Greatorex-Davies, JN
   Moss, D
   Thomas, CD
AF Warren, MS
   Hill, JK
   Thomas, JA
   Asher, J
   Fox, R
   Huntley, B
   Roy, DB
   Telfer, MG
   Jeffcoate, S
   Harding, P
   Jeffcoate, G
   Willis, SG
   Greatorex-Davies, JN
   Moss, D
   Thomas, CD
TI Rapid responses of British butterflies to opposing forces of climate and habitat change
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID availability; diversity; abundance; ranges
AB Habitat degradation and climate change are thought to be altering the distributions and abundances of animals and plants throughout the world, but their combined impacts have not been assessed for any species assemblage(1-4). Here we evaluated changes in the distribution sizes and abundances of 46 species of butterflies that approach their northern climatic range margins in Britain-where changes in climate and habitat are opposing forces. These insects might be expected to have responded positively to climate warming over the past 30 years, yet three-quarters of them declined: negative responses to habitat loss have outweighed positive responses to climate warming. Half of the species that were mobile and habitat generalists increased their distribution sites over this period (consistent with a climate explanation), whereas the other generalists and 89% of the habitat specialists declined in distribution size (consistent with habitat limitation). Changes in population abundances closely matched changes in distributions. The dual forces of habitat modification and climate change are likely to cause specialists to decline, leaving biological communities with reduced numbers of species and dominated by mobile and widespread habitat generalists.
C1 Univ Leeds, Sch Biol, Ctr Biodivers & Conservat, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England.
   Ctr Ecol & Hydrol, Huntingdon PE28 2LS, Cambs, England.
   Winfrith Technol Ctr, Dorset Lab, Ctr Ecol & Hydrol, Dorchester DT2 8ZD, England.
   Univ Durham, Dept Biol Sci, Environm Res Ctr, Durham DH1 3LE, England.
   Univ York, Dept Biol, York YO10 5YW, N Yorkshire, England.
   Butterfly Conservat, Wareham BH20 5QP, Dorset, England.
C3 University of Leeds; UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (UKCEH); UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (UKCEH); Durham University; University of York - UK
RP Thomas, CD (corresponding author), Univ Leeds, Sch Biol, Ctr Biodivers & Conservat, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England.
EM c.d.thomas@leeds.ac.uk
NR 29
TC 1028
Z9 1203
U1 6
U2 645
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 01
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6859
BP 65
EP 69
DI 10.1038/35102054
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 487VC
UT WOS:000171898900042
PM 11689943
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Di Marzo, V
   Goparaju, SK
   Wang, L
   Liu, J
   Bátkai, S
   Járai, Z
   Fezza, F
   Miura, GI
   Palmiter, RD
   Sugiura, T
   Kunos, G
AF Di Marzo, V
   Goparaju, SK
   Wang, L
   Liu, J
   Bátkai, S
   Járai, Z
   Fezza, F
   Miura, GI
   Palmiter, RD
   Sugiura, T
   Kunos, G
TI Leptin-regulated endocannabinoids are involved in maintaining food intake
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID melanin-concentrating hormone; receptor messenger-rna; neuropeptide-y; rat-brain; cb1; antagonist; 2-arachidonoylglycerol; identification; inactivation; anandamide
AB Leptin is the primary signal through which the hypothalamus senses nutritional state and modulates food intake and energy balance(1). Leptin reduces food intake by upregulating anorexigenic (appetite-reducing) neuropeptides, such as a-melanocyte-stimulating hormone(2,3), and downregulating orexigenic (appetite-stimulating) factors, primarily neuropeptide Y-4. Genetic defects in anorexigenic signalling, such as mutations in the melanocortin-4 (ref. 5) or leptin receptors(6), cause obesity. However, alternative orexigenic pathways maintain food intake in mice deficient in neuropeptide Y-7. CB1 cannabinoid receptors(8) and the endocannabinoids anandamide and 2-arachidonoyl glycerol are present in the hypothalamus(9), and marijuana(10) and anandamide(11,12) stimulate food intake. Here we show that following temporary food restriction, CB1 receptor knockout mice eat less than their wild-type littermates, and the CB1 antagonist SR141716A reduces food intake in wild-type but not knockout mice. Furthermore, defective leptin signalling is associated with elevated hypothalamic, but not cerebellar, levels of endocannabinoids in obese db/db and ob/ob mice and Zucker rats. Acute leptin treatment of normal rats and ob/ob mice reduces anandamide and 2-arachidonoyl glycerol in the hypothalamus. These findings indicate that endocannabinoids in the hypothalamus may tonically activate CB1 receptors to maintain food intake and form part of the neural circuitry regulated by leptin.
C1 CNR, Ist Chim Mol Interesse Biol, Endocannabinoid Res Grp, I-80072 Arco Felice Napoli, Naples, Italy.
   Virginia Commonwealth Univ, Med Coll Virginia, Dept Pharmacol & Toxicol, Richmond, VA 23298 USA.
   Univ Washington, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   Univ Washington, Dept Biochem, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   Teikyo Univ, Fac Pharmaceut Sci, Kanagawa 1990195, Japan.
C3 Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Virginia Commonwealth University; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; Teikyo University
RP Kunos, G (corresponding author), NIAAA, NIH, MSC-8115, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
EM gkunos@mail.nih.gov
FU National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism [ZIAAA000350] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
NR 29
TC 1239
Z9 1371
U1 1
U2 7
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 12
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6830
BP 822
EP 825
DI 10.1038/35071088
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 420TT
UT WOS:000168021900057
PM 11298451
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Auer, S
   Frenkel, D
AF Auer, S
   Frenkel, D
TI Suppression of crystal nucleation in polydisperse colloids due to increase of the surface free energy
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hard; crystallization; suspensions
AB The formation of small crystallites is governed by two competing factors: the free energy gained upon transferring constituent atoms, molecules or colloidal particles from the metastable liquid to the more stable solid, and the free energy needed to create the surface area of the crystallite(1). Because the ratio of surface area to bulk is large for small particles, small crystallites dissolve spontaneously under conditions where larger crystallites are stable and macroscopic crystal growth occurs only if spontaneously formed crystallites exceed a critical minimum size. On theoretical grounds(1), the probability of forming such critical crystal nuclei is expected to increase rapidly with supersaturation. However, experiments show(1,2) that the rate of crystal nucleation in many systems goes through a maximum as the supersaturation is increased. It is commonly assumed that the nucleation rate peaks because, even though the probability of forming critical nuclei increases with increasing concentration, the rate of growth of such nuclei decreases. Here we report simulations of crystal nucleation in suspensions of colloidal spheres with varying size distributions that show that the probability that critical nuclei will form itself goes through a maximum as the supersaturation is increased. We rnd that this effect, which is strongest for systems with the broadest particle size distribution, results from an increase with supersaturation of the solid-liquid interfacial free energy. The magnitude of this effect suggests that vitrification at high supersaturations should yield colloidal glasses that are truly amorphous, rather than nano-crystalline.
C1 FOM, Inst Atom & Mol Phys, NL-1098 SJ Amsterdam, Netherlands.
C3 AMOLF
RP Frenkel, D (corresponding author), FOM, Inst Atom & Mol Phys, Kruislaan 407, NL-1098 SJ Amsterdam, Netherlands.
EM Frenkel@amolf.nl
NR 14
TC 375
Z9 421
U1 2
U2 203
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 18
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6857
BP 711
EP 713
DI 10.1038/35099513
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 482ZK
UT WOS:000171608000037
PM 11607025
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Floyd, JS
   Mutter, JC
   Goodliffe, AM
   Taylor, B
AF Floyd, JS
   Mutter, JC
   Goodliffe, AM
   Taylor, B
TI Evidence for fault weakness and fluid flow within an active low-angle normal fault
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID friction; model
AB Determining the composition and physical properties of shallow-dipping, active normal faults (dips, <35<degrees> with respect to the horizontal) is important for understanding how such faults slip under low resolved shear stress and accommodate significant extension of the crust and lithosphere. Seismic reflection images(1) and earthquake source parameters(2) show that a magnitude 6.2 earthquake occurred at about 5 km depth on or close to a normal fault with a dip of 25-30 degrees located ahead of a propagating spreading centre in the Woodlark basin. Here we present results from a genetic algorithm inversion of seismic reflection data, which shows that the fault at 4-5 km depth contains a 33-m-thick layer with seismic velocities of about 4.3 km s(-1), which we interpret to be composed of serpentinite fault gouge. Isolated zones exhibit velocities as low as similar to1.7 km s(-1) with high porosities, which we suggest are maintained by high fluid pressures. We propose that hydrothermal fluid flow, possibly driven by a deep magmatic heat source, and high extensional stresses ahead of the ridge tip have created conditions for fault weakness and strain localization on the low-angle normal fault.
C1 Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA.
   Columbia Univ, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, New York, NY 10027 USA.
   Columbia Univ, Columbia Earth Inst, New York, NY 10027 USA.
   Univ Hawaii, Sch Ocean & Earth Sci & Technol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA.
C3 Columbia University; Columbia University; Columbia University; University of Hawaii System
RP Floyd, JS (corresponding author), Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA.
EM jsfloyd@ldeo.columbia.edu
NR 23
TC 72
Z9 79
U1 2
U2 21
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 14
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6839
BP 779
EP 783
DI 10.1038/35081040
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 441TV
UT WOS:000169246400043
PM 11459052
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Koga, K
   Gao, GT
   Tanaka, H
   Zeng, XC
AF Koga, K
   Gao, GT
   Tanaka, H
   Zeng, XC
TI Formation of ordered ice nanotubes inside carbon nanotubes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nanocapillarity; microtubules; capillarity; nanorods; water
AB Following their discovery(1), carbon nanotubes have attracted interest not only for their unusual electrical and mechanical properties, but also because their hollow interior can serve as a nanometre-sized capillary(2-7), mould(8-11) or template(12-14) in material fabrication. The ability to encapsulate a material in a nanotube also offers new possibilities for investigating dimensionally confined phase transitions(15). Particularly intriguing is the conjecture(16) that matter within the narrow confines of a carbon nanotube might exhibit a solid-liquid critical point(17) beyond which the distinction between solid and liquid phases disappears. This unusual feature, which cannot occur in bulk material, would allow for the direct and continuous transformation of liquid matter into a solid. Here we report simulations of the behaviour of water encapsulated in carbon nanotubes that suggest the existence of a variety of new ice phases not seen in bulk ice, and of a solid-liquid critical point. Using carbon nanotubes with diameters ranging from 1.1 nm to 1.4 nm and applied axial pressures of 50 MPa to 500 MPa, we rnd that water can exhibit a first-order freezing transition to hexagonal and heptagonal ice nanotubes, and a continuous phase transformation into solid-like square or pentagonal ice nanotubes.
C1 Fukuoka Univ Educ, Dept Chem, Fukuoka 8114192, Japan.
   Univ Nebraska, Dept Chem, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA.
   Univ Nebraska, Ctr Mat & Anal, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA.
   Okayama Univ, Dept Chem, Okayama 7008530, Japan.
C3 Fukuoka University Education; University of Nebraska System; University of Nebraska Lincoln; University of Nebraska System; University of Nebraska Lincoln; Okayama University
RP Koga, K (corresponding author), Fukuoka Univ Educ, Dept Chem, Fukuoka 8114192, Japan.
NR 25
TC 1011
Z9 1105
U1 9
U2 462
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 23
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6849
BP 802
EP 805
DI 10.1038/35090532
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 465ET
UT WOS:000170577200032
PM 11518961
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Katz, SL
   Syme, DA
   Shadwick, RE
AF Katz, SL
   Syme, DA
   Shadwick, RE
TI Enhanced power in yellowfin tuna
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID red muscle; scombrid fishes; steady; locomotion; activation; output
C1 Biol Lab Open Water Mech Engn, Oxnard, CA 93035 USA.
   Univ Calgary, Dept Biol Sci, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
   Scripps Inst Oceanog, Div Marine Biol Res, La Jolla, CA 92039 USA.
C3 University of Calgary; University of California System; University of California San Diego; Scripps Institution of Oceanography
RP Katz, SL (corresponding author), Biol Lab Open Water Mech Engn, 3241 Ocean Dr, Oxnard, CA 93035 USA.
NR 10
TC 49
Z9 52
U1 1
U2 17
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 12
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6830
BP 770
EP 771
DI 10.1038/35071170
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 420TT
UT WOS:000168021900040
PM 11298434
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kleijn, D
   Berendse, F
   Smit, R
   Gilissen, N
AF Kleijn, D
   Berendse, F
   Smit, R
   Gilissen, N
TI Agri-environment schemes do not effectively protect biodiversity in Dutch agricultural landscapes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID conservation; grassland; diversity; abundance; farmland; europe; policy; areas
AB Roughly 20% of the European Union's farmland is under some form of agri-environment scheme to counteract the negative impacts of modern agriculture on the environment 1. The associated costs represent about 4% (1.7 billion euros) of the European Union's total expenditure on the Common Agricultural Policy and are expected to rise to 10% in the near future(2). Although agri-environment schemes have been implemented in various countries for well over a decade, to date no reliable, sufficiently replicated studies have been performed to test whether such measures have the presumed positive effects on biodiversity(1,3,4). Here we present the results of a study evaluating the contribution of agri-environment schemes to the protection of biodiversity in intensively used Dutch agricultural landscapes. We surveyed plants, birds, hover flies and bees on 78 paired fields that either had agri-environment schemes in the form of management agreements or were managed conventionally. Management agreements were not effective in protecting the species richness of the investigated species groups: no positive effects on plant and bird species diversity were found. The four most common wader species were observed even less frequently on fields with management agreements. By contrast, hover flies and bees showed modest increases in species richness on fields with management agreements. Our results indicate that there is a pressing need for a scientifically sound evaluation of agri-environment schemes.
C1 Univ Wageningen & Res Ctr, Nat Conservat & Plant Ecol Grp, NL-6708 PD Wageningen, Netherlands.
C3 Wageningen University & Research
RP Kleijn, D (corresponding author), Univ Wageningen & Res Ctr, Nat Conservat & Plant Ecol Grp, Bornsesteeg 69, NL-6708 PD Wageningen, Netherlands.
EM David.Kleijn@staf.ton.wau.nl
NR 23
TC 510
Z9 577
U1 6
U2 180
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 18
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6857
BP 723
EP 725
DI 10.1038/35099540
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 482ZK
UT WOS:000171608000041
PM 11607029
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kapan, DD
AF Kapan, DD
TI Three-butterfly system provides a field test of mullerian mimicry
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mimetic advantage; natural-selection; butterfly; heliconius; diversity; responses; evolution; dynamics
AB In 1879, Muller proposed that two brightly coloured distasteful butterfly species (co-models) that share a single warning-colour pattern would benefit by spreading the selective burden of educating predators(1-5). The mutual benefit of sharing warning signals among distasteful species, so-called mullerian mimicry, is supported by comparative evidence(2,3), theoretical studies(5,6) and laboratory simulations(7); however, to date, this key exemplar of adaptive evolution has not been experimentally tested in the field. To measure natural selection generated by mullerian mimicry, I exploited the unusual polymorphism of Heliconius cydno (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)(8). Here I show increased survival of H. cydno morphs that match locally abundant monomorphic co-model species. This study demonstrates mullerian mimicry in the field. It also shows that mullerian mimicry with several co-models generates geographically divergent selection, which explains the existence of polymorphism in distasteful species with warning coloration(9).
C1 Univ British Columbia, Dept Zool, Ctr Biodivers Res, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
   Univ Texas, Patterson Labs, Sect Integrat Biol, Austin, TX 78712 USA.
C3 University of British Columbia; University of Texas System; University of Texas Austin
RP Kapan, DD (corresponding author), Univ Puerto Rico, Dept Biol, Rio Piedras, PR 00931 USA.
EM dkapan@rrpac.upr.clu.edu
NR 30
TC 234
Z9 273
U1 0
U2 111
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 18
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6818
BP 338
EP 340
DI 10.1038/35053066
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 392VY
UT WOS:000166434300046
PM 11201741
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mindell, JA
   Maduke, M
   Miller, C
   Grigorieff, N
AF Mindell, JA
   Maduke, M
   Miller, C
   Grigorieff, N
TI Projection structure of a CIC-type chloride channel at 6.5 Å resolution
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID torpedo electroplax; purple membrane; reconstitution; expression; pores
AB Virtually all cells in all eukaryotic organisms express ion channels of the ClC type, the only known molecular family of chloride-ion-selective channels. The diversity of ClC channels highlights the multitude and range of functions served by gated chloride-ion conduction in biological membranes, such as controlling electrical excitability in skeletal muscle, maintaining systemic blood pressure, acidifying endosomal compartments, and regulating electrical responses of GABA (gamma -aminobutyric acid)-containing interneurons in the central nervous system(1). Previously, we expressed and purified a prokaryotic ClC channel homologue(2). Here we report the formation of two-dimensional crystals of this ClC channel protein reconstituted into phospholipid bilayer membranes. Cryo-electron microscopic analysis of these crystals yields a projection structure at 6.5 Angstrom resolution, which shows off-axis water-filled pores within the dimeric channel complex.
C1 Brandeis Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Biochem, Waltham, MA 02454 USA.
   Brandeis Univ, Rosenstiel Basic Med Sci Res Ctr, Waltham, MA 02454 USA.
   Brandeis Univ, WM Keck Inst Cellular Visualizat, Waltham, MA 02454 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Brandeis University; Brandeis University; Brandeis University
RP Mindell, JA (corresponding author), Brandeis Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Biochem, Waltham, MA 02454 USA.
NR 16
TC 101
Z9 118
U1 0
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 11
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6817
BP 219
EP 223
DI 10.1038/35051631
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 390UV
UT WOS:000166316200051
PM 11196649
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ruelle, D
AF Ruelle, D
TI Here be no dragons
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Inst Hautes Etud Sci, F-91440 Bures Sur Yvette, France.
C3 Universite Paris Saclay
RP Ruelle, D (corresponding author), Inst Hautes Etud Sci, 35 Route Chartres, F-91440 Bures Sur Yvette, France.
NR 5
TC 3
Z9 4
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 3
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6833
BP 27
EP 27
DI 10.1038/35075175
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 427XY
UT WOS:000168432800024
PM 11333956
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Isles, AR
   Baum, MJ
   Ma, D
   Keverne, EB
   Allen, ND
AF Isles, AR
   Baum, MJ
   Ma, D
   Keverne, EB
   Allen, ND
TI Genetic imprinting - Urinary odour preferences in mice
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID major histocompatibility complex; kin recognition
C1 Babraham Inst, Lab Cognit & Dev Neurosci, Cambridge CB2 4AT, England.
   Univ Cambridge, Subdept Anim Behav, Cambridge CB3 8AA, England.
   Boston Univ, Dept Biol, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
C3 UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC); Babraham Institute; University of Cambridge; Boston University
RP Isles, AR (corresponding author), Babraham Inst, Lab Cognit & Dev Neurosci, Cambridge CB2 4AT, England.
NR 10
TC 70
Z9 76
U1 0
U2 11
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 15
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6822
BP 783
EP 784
DI 10.1038/35057323
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 401QC
UT WOS:000166938800029
PM 11236984
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ito, G
AF Ito, G
TI Reykjanes 'V'-shaped ridges originating from a pulsing and dehydrating mantle plume
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mid-oceanic ridge; northwest iceland; dynamics; flow; magnetostratigraphy; evolution; pipe
AB Prominent crustal lineations straddle the Reykjanes ridge, south of Iceland (Fig. 1). These giant V-shaped features are thought to record temporal variations in magma production at the Reykjanes ridge axis, associated with along-axis flow of Icelandic plume material 1. It has been proposed that this flow is channelled preferentially along the ridge axis(2-4), and that temporal variability is induced by fluctuations of the Iceland plume itself(1,4-7) or, alternatively, by relocations of the ridge axis on Iceland(8). Here I present a geodynamic model that predicts the formation of crustal V-shaped ridges from a pulsing and radially flowing mantle plume. In this model, plume pulses produce mantle temperature perturbations that expand away from the plume in all directions beneath the zone of partial melting. The melting zone has a high viscosity owing to mantle dehydration at the onset of partial melting(9). This high-viscosity region allows for reasonable variations in crustal thickness, produces crustal Vs that extend hundreds of kilometres along the axis, and prevents the plume material from being preferentially channelled along the ridge axis. The angle of the crustal V-shaped features relative to the ridge axis reflects the rate of lateral plume flow, which remains several times greater than the ridge half-spreading rate over the length of a crustal V. Consequently, this radially expanding plume produces lineations in crustal thickness and free-air gravity anomalies that appear to be nearly straight.
C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Geol, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Davis
RP Ito, G (corresponding author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Geol, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
EM gito@geology.ucdavis.edu
NR 31
TC 130
Z9 140
U1 0
U2 18
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 15
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6838
BP 681
EP 684
DI 10.1038/35079561
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 439JC
UT WOS:000169112500041
PM 11395767
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hwang, I
   Sheen, J
AF Hwang, I
   Sheen, J
TI Two-component circuitry in Arabidopsis cytokinin signal transduction
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID 2-component response regulator; map kinase cascade; histidine kinase; asp phosphorelay; leaf senescence; protein-kinases; plants; thaliana; yeast; transformation
AB Cytokinins are essential plant hormones that are involved in shoot meristem and leaf formation, cell division, chloroplast biogenesis and senescence. Although hybrid histidine protein kinases have been implicated in cytokinin perception in Arabidopsis, the action of histidine protein kinase receptors and the downstream signalling pathway has not been elucidated to date. Here we identify a eukaryotic two-component signalling circuit that initiates cytokinin signalling through distinct hybrid histidine protein kinase activities at the plasma membrane. Histidine phosphotransmitters act as signalling shuttles between the cytoplasm and nucleus in a cytokinin-dependent manner. The short signalling circuit reaches the nuclear target genes by enabling nuclear response regulators ARR1, ARR2 and ARR10 as transcription activators. The cytokinin-inducible ARR4, ARR5, ARR6 and ARR7 genes encode transcription repressors that mediate a negative feedback loop in cytokinin signalling. Ectopic expression in transgenic Arabidopsis of ARR2, the rate-limiting factor in the response to cytokinin, is sufficient to mimic cytokinin in promoting shoot meristem proliferation and leaf differentiation, and in delaying leaf senescence.
C1 Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Dept Mol Biol, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Genet, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
RP Sheen, J (corresponding author), Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Dept Mol Biol, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
NR 48
TC 779
Z9 911
U1 7
U2 155
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 27
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6854
BP 383
EP 389
DI 10.1038/35096500
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 475UY
UT WOS:000171188700044
PM 11574878
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Smith, DE
   Tans, SJ
   Smith, SB
   Grimes, S
   Anderson, DL
   Bustamante, C
AF Smith, DE
   Tans, SJ
   Smith, SB
   Grimes, S
   Anderson, DL
   Bustamante, C
TI The bacteriophage φ29 portal motor can package DNA against a large internal force
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID bacillus-subtilis; escherichia-coli; molecules; protein-gp3; prohead
AB As part of the viral infection cycle, viruses must package their newly replicated genomes for delivery to other host cells. Bacteriophage phi 29 packages its 6.6-mum long, double-stranded DNA into a 42x54 nm capsid(1) by means of a portal complex that hydrolyses ATP(2). This process is remarkable because entropic, electrostatic and bending energies of the DNA must be overcome to package the DNA to near-crystalline density. Here we use optical tweezers to pull on single DNA molecules as they are packaged, thus demonstrating that the portal complex is a force-generating motor. This motor can work against loads of up to 57 pN on average, making it one of the strongest molecular motors reported to date. Movements of over 5 mum are observed, indicating high processivity. Pauses and slips also occur, particularly at higher forces. We establish the force-velocity relationship of the motor and find that the rate-limiting step of the motor's cycle is force dependent even at low loads. Notably, the packaging rate decreases as the prohead is filled, indicating that an internal force builds up to similar to 50 pN owing to DNA confinement. Our data suggest that this force may be available for initiating the ejection of the DNA from the capsid during infection.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Phys Biosci Div, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Minnesota, Dept Microbiol, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA.
   Univ Minnesota, Dept Oral Sci, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of Minnesota System; University of Minnesota Twin Cities; University of Minnesota System; University of Minnesota Twin Cities
RP Bustamante, C (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
NR 25
TC 881
Z9 1053
U1 2
U2 131
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 18
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6857
BP 748
EP 752
DI 10.1038/35099581
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 482ZK
UT WOS:000171608000047
PM 11607035
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kerstetter, RA
   Bollman, K
   Taylor, RA
   Bomblies, K
   Poethig, RS
AF Kerstetter, RA
   Bollman, K
   Taylor, RA
   Bomblies, K
   Poethig, RS
TI KANADI regulates organ polarity in Arabidopsis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID response regulators; nuclear-localization; asp phosphorelay; thaliana; protein; gene; leaf; meristem; expression; encodes
AB Leaves and floral organs are polarized along their adaxial-abaxial (dorsal-ventral) axis. In Arabidopsis, this difference is particularly obvious in the first two rosette leaves, which possess trichomes (leaf hairs) on their adaxial surface but not their abaxial surface(1-3). Mutant alleles of KANADI (KAN) were identified in a screen for mutants that produce abaxial trichomes on these first two leaves. kan mutations were originally identified as enhancers of the mutant floral phenotype of crabs claw (crc), a gene that specifies abaxial identity in carpels(4,5). Here we show that KAN is required for abaxial identity in both leaves and carpels, and encodes a nuclear-localized protein in the GARP family of putative transcription factors. The expression pattern of KAN messenger RNA and the effect of ectopically expressing KAN under the regulation of the cauliflower mosaic virus (CAMV) 35S promoter indicate that KAN may also specify peripheral identity in the developing embryo.
C1 Univ Penn, Dept Biol, Inst Plant Sci, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
C3 University of Pennsylvania
RP Poethig, RS (corresponding author), Univ Penn, Dept Biol, Inst Plant Sci, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
NR 25
TC 495
Z9 562
U1 2
U2 99
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 15
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6838
BP 706
EP 709
DI 10.1038/35079629
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 439JC
UT WOS:000169112500049
PM 11395775
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ergon, T
   Lambin, X
   Stenseth, NC
AF Ergon, T
   Lambin, X
   Stenseth, NC
TI Life-history traits of voles in a fluctuating population respond to the immediate environment
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID density-dependence; small mammals; in-field; cycles; predation; dynamics; patterns
AB Life-history traits relating to growth and reproduction vary greatly among species and populations(1,2) and among individuals within populations(3). In vole populations, body size and age at maturation may vary considerably among locations and among years within the same location(4-8). Individuals in increasing populations are typically larger and start reproduction earlier in the spring than those in declining populations(6-8). The cause of such life-history variation within populations has been subject of much discussion(7,9,10). Much of the controversy concerns whether the memory of past conditions, leading to delayed effects on life-history traits, resides in the environment (for example, predators(11,12), pathogens(13) or food(14,15)) or intrinsically within populations or individuals (age distribution(16,17), physiological state(3), genetic(18) or maternal effects(19,20)). Here we report from an extensive field transplant experiment in which voles were moved before the breeding season between sites that differed in average overwintering body mass. Transplanted voles did not retain the characteristics of their source population, and we demonstrate an over-riding role of the immediate environment in shaping life-history traits of small rodents.
C1 Univ Oslo, Dept Biol, Div Zool, N-0316 Oslo, Norway.
   Univ Aberdeen, Dept Zool, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, Scotland.
C3 University of Oslo; University of Aberdeen
RP Stenseth, NC (corresponding author), Univ Oslo, Dept Biol, Div Zool, POB 1050 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway.
EM x.lambin@abdn.ac.uk; n.c.stenseth@bio.uio.no
NR 28
TC 105
Z9 108
U1 0
U2 56
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 28
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6841
BP 1043
EP 1045
DI 10.1038/35082553
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 446TF
UT WOS:000169528500046
PM 11429603
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Giese, B
   Amaudrut, J
   Köhler, AK
   Spormann, M
   Wessely, S
AF Giese, B
   Amaudrut, J
   Köhler, AK
   Spormann, M
   Wessely, S
TI Direct observation of hole transfer through DNA by hopping between adenine bases and by tunnelling
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID range electron-transfer; distance dependence; charge-transport; aqueous-solution; mechanism; molecules; migration; trap
AB The function of DNA during oxidative stress(1) and its suitability as a potential building block for molecular devices(2-4) depend on long-distance transfer of electrons and holes through the molecule, yet many conflicting measurements of the efficiency of this process have been reported(5,6). It is accepted that charges are transported over long distances through a multistep hopping reaction(7-11); this 'G-hopping'(8) involves positive charges moving between guanines (Gs), the DNA bases with the lowest ionization potential. But the mechanism fails to explain the persistence of efficient charge transfer when the guanine sites are distant(7,12), where transfer rates do not, as expected, decrease rapidly with transfer distance. Here we show experimentally that the rate of charge transfer between two guanine bases decreases with increasing separation only if the guanines are separated by no more than three base pairs; if more bridging base pairs are present, the transfer rates exhibit only a weak distance dependence. We attribute this distinct change in the distance dependence of the rate of charge transfer through DNA to a shift from coherent superexchange charge transfer (tunnelling) at short distances to a process mediated by thermally induced hopping of charges between adenine bases (A-hopping) at long distances. Our results confirm theoretical predictions of this behaviour(13-17), emphasizing that seemingly contradictory observations of a strong(8,9) as well as a weak(7,12) influence of distance on DNA charge transfer are readily explained by a change in the transfer mechanism.
C1 Univ Basel, Dept Chem, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland.
C3 University of Basel
RP Giese, B (corresponding author), Univ Basel, Dept Chem, St Johanns Ring 19, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland.
NR 21
TC 754
Z9 849
U1 2
U2 166
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 19
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6844
BP 318
EP 320
DI 10.1038/35085542
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 453LW
UT WOS:000169918200042
PM 11460159
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Buffett, BA
   Wenk, HR
AF Buffett, BA
   Wenk, HR
TI Texturing of the Earth's inner core by Maxwell stresses
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID anisotropy; iron; deformation; heterogeneity; elasticity; recrystallization; model
AB Elastic anisotropy in the Earth's inner core has been attributed to a preferred lattice orientation(1), which may be acquired during solidification of the inner core(2) or developed subsequent to solidification as a result of plastic deformation(3-5). But solidification texturing alone cannot explain the observed depth dependence of anisotropy(6-8), and previous suggestions for possible deformation processes have all relied on radial flow, which is inhibited by thermal(9) and chemical stratification(10). Here we investigate the development of anisotropy as the inner core deforms plastically under the influence of electromagnetic (Maxwell) shear stresses. We estimate the flow caused by a representative magnetic field using polycrystal plasticity simulations for epsilon -iron, where the imposed deformation is accommodated by basal and prismatic slip(11). We find that individual grains in an initially random polycrystal become preferentially oriented with their c axes parallel to the equatorial plane. This pattern is accentuated if deformation is accompanied by recrystallization. Using the single-crystal elastic properties of epsilon -iron at core pressure and temperature(12), we average over the simulated orientation distribution to obtain a pattern of elastic anisotropy which is similar to that observed seismologically(13,14).
C1 Univ British Columbia, Dept Earth & Ocean Sci, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 University of British Columbia; University of California System; University of California Berkeley
RP Buffett, BA (corresponding author), Univ British Columbia, Dept Earth & Ocean Sci, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
EM buffett@geop.ubc.ca
NR 27
TC 99
Z9 118
U1 0
U2 25
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 6
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6851
BP 60
EP 63
DI 10.1038/35092543
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 469EG
UT WOS:000170801200037
PM 11544524
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schiano, P
   Clocchiatti, R
   Ottolini, L
   Busà, T
AF Schiano, P
   Clocchiatti, R
   Ottolini, L
   Busà, T
TI Transition of Mount Etna lavas from a mantle-plume to an island-arc magmatic source
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID feeding system; constraints; element; geochemistry; volcanism; eruption; dynamics; origin; basalt
AB Mount Etna lies near the boundary between two regions that exhibit significantly different types of volcanism. To the north, volcanism in the Aeolian island arc is thought to be related to subduction of the Ionian lithosphere(1). On Sicily itself, however, no chemical(2,3) or seismological(4) evidence of subduction-related volcanism exists, and so it is thought that the volcanism-including that on Mount Etna itself-stems from the upwelling of mantle material(5), associated with various surface tectonic processes(1,6). But the paucity of geological evidence regarding the primary composition of magma from Mount Etna means that its source characteristics remain controversial. Here we characterize the trace-element composition of a series of lavas emitted by Mount Etna over the past 500 kyr and preserved as melt inclusions inside olivine phenocrysts. We show that the compositional change in primary magmas from Mount Etna reflects a progressive transition from a predominantly mantle-plume source to one with a greater contribution from island-arc (subduction-related) basalts. We suggest that this is associated with southward migration of the Ionian slab, which is becoming juxtaposed with a mantle plume beneath Sicily. This implies that the volcanism of Mount Etna has become more calc-alkaline, and hence more explosive, during its evolution.
C1 Univ Clermont Ferrand, CNRS, Lab Magmas & Volcans, UMR 6524,OPGC, F-63038 Clermont Ferrand, France.
   CEA, CNRS, UMR 9956, Ctr Etud Nucl Saclay,Lab Pierre Sue, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
   CNR, Ctr Studio Cristallochim & Cristallog, I-27100 Pavia, Italy.
   Univ Catania, Dipartimento Sci Geol, I-95129 Catania, Italy.
C3 Universite Clermont Auvergne (UCA); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - National Institute for Earth Sciences & Astronomy (INSU); CEA; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite Paris Saclay; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); University of Catania
RP Schiano, P (corresponding author), Univ Clermont Ferrand, CNRS, Lab Magmas & Volcans, UMR 6524,OPGC, 5 Rue Kessler, F-63038 Clermont Ferrand, France.
NR 30
TC 131
Z9 135
U1 1
U2 44
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 30
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6850
BP 900
EP 904
DI 10.1038/35091056
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 467EG
UT WOS:000170689000042
PM 11528476
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dubilier, N
   Mülders, C
   Ferdelman, T
   de Beer, D
   Pernthaler, A
   Klein, M
   Wagner, M
   Erséus, C
   Thiermann, F
   Krieger, J
   Giere, O
   Amann, R
AF Dubilier, N
   Mülders, C
   Ferdelman, T
   de Beer, D
   Pernthaler, A
   Klein, M
   Wagner, M
   Erséus, C
   Thiermann, F
   Krieger, J
   Giere, O
   Amann, R
TI Endosymbiotic sulphate-reducing and sulphide-oxidizing bacteria in an oligochaete worm
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sulfate reduction; sediments; annelida; sulfur; tubificidae; diversity; symbionts; ecology; oxygen; coast
AB Stable associations of more than one species of symbiont within a single host cell or tissue are assumed to be rare in metazoans because competition for space and resources between symbionts can be detrimental to the host(1). In animals with multiple endosymbionts, such as mussels from deep-sea hydrothermal vents(2) and reef-building corals(3), the costs of competition between the symbionts are outweighed by the ecological and physiological flexibility gained by the hosts. A further option for the coexistence of multiple symbionts within a host is if these benefit directly from one another, but such symbioses have not been previously described. Here we show that in the gutless marine oligochaete Olavius algarvensis, endosymbiotic sulphate-reducing bacteria produce sulphide that can serve as an energy source for sulphide-oxidizing symbionts of the host. Thus, these symbionts do not compete for resources but rather share a mutalistic relationship with each other in an endosymbiotic sulphur cycle, in addition to their symbiotic relationship with the oligochaete host.
C1 Max Planck Inst Marine Microbiol, D-28359 Bremen, Germany.
   Tech Univ Munich, Dept Microbiol, D-85350 Freising, Germany.
   Swedish Museum Nat Hist, Dept Invertebrate Zool, S-10405 Stockholm, Sweden.
   Univ Hamburg, Inst Zool, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany.
   Univ Hamburg, Museum Zool, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany.
C3 Max Planck Society; Technical University of Munich; Swedish Museum of Natural History; University of Hamburg; University of Hamburg
RP Dubilier, N (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Marine Microbiol, Celsiusstr 1, D-28359 Bremen, Germany.
NR 28
TC 167
Z9 188
U1 2
U2 61
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 17
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6835
BP 298
EP 302
DI 10.1038/35077067
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 432RT
UT WOS:000168710000045
PM 11357130
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Prouteau, G
   Scaillet, B
   Pichavant, M
   Maury, R
AF Prouteau, G
   Scaillet, B
   Pichavant, M
   Maury, R
TI Evidence for mantle metasomatism by hydrous silicic melts derived from subducted oceanic crust
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sub-arc mantle; continental-crust; magmas; peridotite; nb; differentiation; amphibolites; geochemistry; generation; depletion
AB The low concentrations of niobium, tantalum and titanium observed in island-arc basalts are thought to result from modification of the sub-arc mantle by a metasomatic agent, deficient in these elements, that originates from within the subducted oceanic crust(1). Whether this agent is an hydrous fluid(2) or a silica-rich melt(3) has been discussed using mainly a trace-element approach(4) and related to variable thermal regimes of subduction zones(5). Melting of basalt in the absence of fluid both requires high temperatures and yields melt compositions unlike those found in most modern or Mesozoic island arcs(6,7). Thus, metasomatism by fluids has been thought to be the most common situation. Here, however, we show that the melting of basalt under both H2O-added and low-temperature conditions can yield extremely alkali-rich silicic liquids, the alkali content of which increases with pressure. These liquids are deficient in titanium and in the elements niobium and tantalum and are virtually identical to glasses preserved in mantle xenoliths found in subduction zones(6) and to veins found in exhumed metamorphic terranes of fossil convergent zones(7). We also found that the interaction between such liquids and mantle olivine produces modal mineralogies that are identical to those observed in metasomatized Alpine-type peridotites(8). We therefore suggest that mantle metasomatism by slab-derived melt is a more common process than previously thought.
C1 ISTO, UMR, F-45071 Orleans, France.
   UBO, UMR 6538, F-29285 Brest, France.
C3 Bureau de Recherches Geologiques et Minieres (BRGM); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite de Orleans; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - National Institute for Earth Sciences & Astronomy (INSU); Universite de Bretagne Occidentale
RP Scaillet, B (corresponding author), ISTO, UMR, G113,1A Rue Ferollerie, F-45071 Orleans, France.
NR 32
TC 480
Z9 548
U1 0
U2 133
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 8
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6825
BP 197
EP 200
DI 10.1038/35065583
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 408HJ
UT WOS:000167320500043
PM 11242077
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cheung, VG
   Nowak, N
   Jang, W
   Kirsch, IR
   Zhao, S
   Chen, XN
   Furey, TS
   Kim, UJ
   Kuo, WL
   Olivier, M
   Conroy, J
   Kasprzyk, A
   Massa, H
   Yonescu, R
   Sait, S
   Thoreen, C
   Snijders, A
   Lemyre, E
   Bailey, JA
   Bruzel, A
   Burrill, WD
   Clegg, SM
   Collins, S
   Dhami, P
   Friedman, C
   Han, CS
   Herrick, S
   Lee, J
   Ligon, AH
   Lowry, S
   Morley, M
   Narasimhan, S
   Osoegawa, K
   Peng, Z
   Plajzer-Frick, I
   Quade, BJ
   Scott, D
   Sirotkin, K
   Thorpe, AA
   Gray, JW
   Hudson, J
   Pinkel, D
   Ried, T
   Rowen, L
   Shen-Ong, GL
   Strausberg, RL
   Birney, E
   Callen, DF
   Cheng, JF
   Cox, DR
   Doggett, NA
   Carter, NP
   Eichler, EE
   Haussler, D
   Korenberg, JR
   Morton, CC
   Albertson, D
   Schuler, G
   de Jong, PJ
   Trask, BJ
AF Cheung, VG
   Nowak, N
   Jang, W
   Kirsch, IR
   Zhao, S
   Chen, XN
   Furey, TS
   Kim, UJ
   Kuo, WL
   Olivier, M
   Conroy, J
   Kasprzyk, A
   Massa, H
   Yonescu, R
   Sait, S
   Thoreen, C
   Snijders, A
   Lemyre, E
   Bailey, JA
   Bruzel, A
   Burrill, WD
   Clegg, SM
   Collins, S
   Dhami, P
   Friedman, C
   Han, CS
   Herrick, S
   Lee, J
   Ligon, AH
   Lowry, S
   Morley, M
   Narasimhan, S
   Osoegawa, K
   Peng, Z
   Plajzer-Frick, I
   Quade, BJ
   Scott, D
   Sirotkin, K
   Thorpe, AA
   Gray, JW
   Hudson, J
   Pinkel, D
   Ried, T
   Rowen, L
   Shen-Ong, GL
   Strausberg, RL
   Birney, E
   Callen, DF
   Cheng, JF
   Cox, DR
   Doggett, NA
   Carter, NP
   Eichler, EE
   Haussler, D
   Korenberg, JR
   Morton, CC
   Albertson, D
   Schuler, G
   de Jong, PJ
   Trask, BJ
TI Integration of cytogenetic landmarks into the draft sequence of the human genome
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID in-situ hybridization; physical maps; resource; clones
AB We have placed 7,600 cytogenetically defined landmarks on the draft sequence of the human genome to help with the characterization of genes altered by gross chromosomal aberrations that cause human disease. The landmarks are large-insert clones mapped to chromosome bands by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Each clone contains a sequence tag that is positioned on the genomic sequence. This genome-wide set of sequence-anchored clones allows structural and functional analyses of the genome. This resource represents the first comprehensive integration of cytogenetic, radiation hybrid, linkage and sequence maps of the human genome; provides an independent validation of the sequence map(1,2) and framework for contig order and orientation; surveys the genome for large-scale duplications, which are likely to require special attention during sequence assembly; and allows a stringent assessment of sequence differences between the dark and light bands of chromosomes. It also provides insight into large-scale chromatin structure and the evolution of chromosomes and gene families and will accelerate our understanding of the molecular bases of human disease and cancer.
C1 Fred Hutchinson Canc Res Ctr, Seattle, WA 98109 USA.
   Univ Penn, Childrens Hosp Philadelphia, Dept Pediat, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   Roswell Pk Canc Inst, Buffalo, NY 14263 USA.
   Natl Lib Med, Natl Ctr Biotechnol Informat, Bethesda, MD 20894 USA.
   NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20889 USA.
   Inst Genom Res, Rockville, MD 20850 USA.
   Cedars Sinai Med Ctr, Dept Pediat, Los Angeles, CA 90048 USA.
   Cedars Sinai Med Ctr, Dept Human Genet, Los Angeles, CA 90048 USA.
   Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Comp Sci, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA.
   CALTECH, Dept Biol, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Ctr Canc, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Genome Lab, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Sanger Ctr, Cambridge CB10 1SA, England.
   Univ Washington, Dept Mol Biotechnol, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   Brigham & Womens Hosp, Dept Obstet & Gynecol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Brigham & Womens Hosp, Dept Pathol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Case Western Reserve Univ, Dept Human Genet, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA.
   Los Alamos Natl Lab, Joint Genome Inst, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Joint Genome Inst, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Childrens Hosp Oakland, Res Inst, Oakland, CA 94609 USA.
   Res Genet Inc, Huntsville, AL 35801 USA.
   Inst Syst Biol, Seattle, WA 98105 USA.
   Womens & Childrens Hosp, Dept Cytogenet & Mol Genet, Adelaide, SA 5006, Australia.
   Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Comp Sci, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA.
C3 Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center; University of Pennsylvania; Pennsylvania Medicine; Childrens Hospital of Philadelphia; Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Library of Medicine (NLM); National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Cancer Institute (NCI); J. Craig Venter Institute; Cedars Sinai Medical Center; Cedars Sinai Medical Center; University of California System; University of California Santa Cruz; California Institute of Technology; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; Stanford University; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Brigham & Women's Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Brigham & Women's Hospital; University System of Ohio; Case Western Reserve University; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Los Alamos National Laboratory; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; Joint Genome Institute - JGI; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; UCSF Medical Center; UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland; Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute; Institute for Systems Biology (ISB); Women's & Children's Hospital; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of California System; University of California Santa Cruz
RP Trask, BJ (corresponding author), Fred Hutchinson Canc Res Ctr, 1100 Fairview Ave N C3-168,POB 19024, Seattle, WA 98109 USA.
EM btrask@fhcrc.org
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [P01 GM061354] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 242
Z9 281
U1 0
U2 27
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 15
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6822
BP 953
EP 958
DI 10.1038/35057192
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 401QC
UT WOS:000166938800068
PM 11237021
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Torrelles, JM
   Patel, NA
   Gómez, JF
   Ho, PTP
   Rodríguez, LF
   Anglada, G
   Garay, G
   Greenhill, L
   Curiel, S
   Cantó, J
AF Torrelles, JM
   Patel, NA
   Gómez, JF
   Ho, PTP
   Rodríguez, LF
   Anglada, G
   Garay, G
   Greenhill, L
   Curiel, S
   Cantó, J
TI Spherical episodic ejection of material from a young star
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID thermal radio jet; water masers; cepheus-a; mass outflow; h2o masers; regions; emission; motion; hw2
AB The exact processes by which interstellar matter condenses to form young stars are of great interest, in part because they bear on the formation of planets like our own from the material that fails to become part of the star. Theoretical models suggest that ejection of gas during early phases of stellar evolution is a key mechanism for removing excess angular momentum, thereby allowing material to drift inwards towards the star through an accretion disk(1,2). Such ejections also limit the mass that can be accumulated by the stellar core(1,2). To date, these ejections have been observed to be bipolar and highly collimated, in agreement with theory. Here we report observations at very high angular resolution of the proper motions of an arc of water-vapour masers near a very young, massive star in Cepheus. We rnd that the arc of masers can be fitted to a circle with an accuracy of one part in a thousand, and that the structure is expanding. Only a sphere will always produce a circle in projection, so our observations strongly suggest that the perfectly spherical ejection of material from this star took place about 33 years earlier. The spherical symmetry of the ejecta and its episodic nature are very surprising in the light of present theories.
C1 Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   CSIC, IEEC, ES-08034 Barcelona, Spain.
   CSIC, Inst Ciencias Espacio, ES-08034 Barcelona, Spain.
   INTA, Lab Astrofis Espacial & Fis Fundamental, Madrid 28080, Spain.
   Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Inst Astron, Morelia 58089, Michoacan, Mexico.
   CSIC, Inst Astrofis Andalucia, E-18080 Granada, Spain.
   Univ Chile, Dept Astron, Santiago, Chile.
   Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Inst Astron, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico.
C3 Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory; Smithsonian Institution; Harvard University; Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC); University of Barcelona; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); CSIC - Instituto de Ciencias del Espacio (ICE); Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); CSIC - Centro de Astrobiologia (INTA); Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); CSIC - Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia (IAA); Universidad de Chile; Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico
RP Ho, PTP (corresponding author), Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, 60 Garden St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
EM ho@cfa.harvard.edu
NR 21
TC 63
Z9 63
U1 0
U2 6
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 17
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6835
BP 277
EP 280
DI 10.1038/35077020
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 432RT
UT WOS:000168710000038
PM 11357123
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pimm, SL
   van Aarde, RJ
AF Pimm, SL
   van Aarde, RJ
TI Population control - African elephants and contraception
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Columbia Univ, Ctr Environm Res & Conservat, New York, NY 10027 USA.
   Univ Pretoria, Conservat Ecol Res Unit, ZA-0002 Pretoria, South Africa.
C3 Columbia University; University of Pretoria
RP Pimm, SL (corresponding author), Columbia Univ, Ctr Environm Res & Conservat, 1200 Amsterdam Ave, New York, NY 10027 USA.
NR 3
TC 17
Z9 22
U1 0
U2 21
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 14
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6839
BP 766
EP 766
DI 10.1038/35081154
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 441TV
UT WOS:000169246400037
PM 11459047
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mitra, PP
   Stark, JB
AF Mitra, PP
   Stark, JB
TI Nonlinear limits to the information capacity of optical fibre communications
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB The exponential growth in the rate at which information can be communicated through an optical fibre is a key element in the 'information revolution'. However, as for all exponential growth laws, physical limits must be considered. The nonlinear nature of the propagation of light in optical fibre has made these limits difficult to elucidate. Here we use a key simplification to investigate the theoretical limits to the information capacity of an optical fibre arising from these nonlinearities. The success of our approach lies in relating the nonlinear channel to a linear channel with multiplicative noise, for which we are able to obtain analytical results. In fundamental distinction to linear channels with additive noise, the capacity of a nonlinear channel does not grow indefinitely with increasing signal power, but has a maximal value. The ideas presented here may have broader implications for other nonlinear information channels, such as those involved in sensory transduction in neurobiology. These have been often examined using additive noise linear channel models(1) but, as we show here, nonlinearities can change the picture qualitatively.
C1 Bell Labs, Lucent Technol, Murray Hill, NJ 07974 USA.
C3 Alcatel-Lucent; Lucent Technologies; AT&T
RP Mitra, PP (corresponding author), Bell Labs, Lucent Technol, 600 Mt Ave, Murray Hill, NJ 07974 USA.
EM pmitra@bell-labs.com
NR 7
TC 506
Z9 571
U1 1
U2 77
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 28
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6841
BP 1027
EP 1030
DI 10.1038/35082518
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 446TF
UT WOS:000169528500041
PM 11429598
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Parrish, J
   Li, LL
   Klotz, K
   Ledwich, D
   Wang, XD
   Xue, D
AF Parrish, J
   Li, LL
   Klotz, K
   Ledwich, D
   Wang, XD
   Xue, D
TI Mitochondrial endonuclease G is important for apoptosis in C-elegans
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID programmed cell deaths; dna fragmentation; protein; interference; gene; rna
AB Programmed cell death (apoptosis) is a tightly regulated process of cell disassembly in which dying cells and their nuclei shrink and fragment and the chromosomal DNA is degraded into internucleosomal repeats(1-3). Here we report the characterization of the cps-6 gene, which appears to function downstream of, or in parallel to, the cell-death protease CED-3 of Caenorhabditis elegans in the DNA degradation process during apoptosis. cps-6 encodes a homologue of human mitochondrial endonuclease G(4,5), and its protein product similarly localizes to mitochondria in C. elegans. Reduction of cps-6 activity caused by a genetic mutation or RNA-mediated interference (RNAi) affects normal DNA degradation, as revealed by increased staining in a TUNEL assay, and results in delayed appearance of cell corpses during development in C. elegans. This observation provides in vivo evidence that the DNA degradation process is important for proper progression of apoptosis. CPS-6 is the first mitochondrial protein identified to be involved in programmed cell death in C. elegans, underscoring the conserved and important role of mitochondria in the execution of apoptosis.
C1 Univ Colorado, Dept Mol Cellular & Dev Biol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
   Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dallas, TX 75390 USA.
   Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Dept Biochem, Dallas, TX 75390 USA.
C3 University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder; University of Texas System; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Texas System; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
RP Xue, D (corresponding author), Univ Colorado, Dept Mol Cellular & Dev Biol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
EM ding.xue@colorado.edu
NR 30
TC 348
Z9 399
U1 0
U2 51
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 5
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6842
BP 90
EP 94
DI 10.1038/35083608
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 448TB
UT WOS:000169644900050
PM 11452313
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sano, N
   Wang, H
   Chhowalla, M
   Alexandrou, I
   Amaratunga, GAJ
AF Sano, N
   Wang, H
   Chhowalla, M
   Alexandrou, I
   Amaratunga, GAJ
TI Nanotechnology - Synthesis of carbon 'onions' in water
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nanotubes
C1 Univ Cambridge, Dept Engn, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, England.
C3 University of Cambridge
RP Sano, N (corresponding author), Himeji Inst Technol, Dept Chem Engn, Himeji, Hyogo 6712201, Japan.
NR 7
TC 485
Z9 538
U1 1
U2 229
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 29
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6863
BP 506
EP 507
DI 10.1038/35107141
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 496PV
UT WOS:000172405900034
PM 11734841
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wes, PD
   Bargmann, CI
AF Wes, PD
   Bargmann, CI
TI C-elegans odour discrimination requires asymmetric diversity in olfactory neurons
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nucleotide-gated channel; caenorhabditis-elegans; chemotaxis; responses; encodes
AB Caenorhabditis elegans senses at least five attractive odours with a single pair of olfactory neurons, AWC, but can distinguish among these odours in behavioural assays(1). The two AWC neurons are structurally and functionally similar, but the G-protein-coupled receptor STR-2 is randomly expressed in either the left or the right AWC neuron, never in both(2). Here we describe the isolation of a mutant, ky542, with specific defects in odour discrimination and odour chemotaxis. ky542 is an allele of nsy-1, a neuronal symmetry, or Nsy, mutant in which STR-2 is expressed in both AWC neurons(2). Other Nsy mutants exhibit discrimination and olfactory defects like those of nsy-1 mutants. Laser ablation of the AWC neuron that does not express STR-2 (AWC(OFF)) recapitulates the behavioural phenotype of Nsy mutants, whereas laser ablation of the STR-2-expressing AWC neuron (AWC(ON)) causes different chemotaxis defects. We propose that odour discrimination can be achieved by segregating the detection of different odours into distinct olfactory neurons or into unique combinations of olfactory neurons.
C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Howard Hughes Med Inst, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Program Dev Biol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Program Neurosci, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Genet Program, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Anat, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Biochem & Biophys, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco
RP Bargmann, CI (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Francisco, Howard Hughes Med Inst, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
NR 17
TC 188
Z9 235
U1 5
U2 34
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 5
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6829
BP 698
EP 701
DI 10.1038/35070581
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 418DJ
UT WOS:000167875400049
PM 11287957
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Reich, PB
   Knops, J
   Tilman, D
   Craine, J
   Ellsworth, D
   Tjoelker, M
   Lee, T
   Wedin, D
   Naeem, S
   Bahauddin, D
   Hendrey, G
   Jose, S
   Wrage, K
   Goth, J
   Bengston, W
AF Reich, PB
   Knops, J
   Tilman, D
   Craine, J
   Ellsworth, D
   Tjoelker, M
   Lee, T
   Wedin, D
   Naeem, S
   Bahauddin, D
   Hendrey, G
   Jose, S
   Wrage, K
   Goth, J
   Bengston, W
TI Plant diversity enhances ecosystem responses to elevated CO2 and nitrogen deposition
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID carbon-dioxide enrichment; atmospheric co2; long-term; calcareous grassland; species composition; biomass; monocultures; productivity; biodiversity; competition
AB Human actions are causing declines in plant biodiversity, increases in atmospheric CO2 concentrations and increases in nitrogen deposition; however, the interactive effects of these factors on ecosystem processes are unknown(1,2). Reduced biodiversity has raised numerous concerns, including the possibility that ecosystem functioning may be affected negatively(1-4), which might be particularly important in the face of other global changes(5,6). Here we present results of a grassland field experiment in Minnesota, USA, that tests the hypothesis that plant diversity and composition influence the enhancement of biomass and carbon acquisition in ecosystems subjected to elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations and nitrogen deposition. The study experimentally controlled plant diversity (1, 4, 9 or 16 species), soil nitrogen (unamended versus deposition of 4 g of nitrogen per m(2) per yr) and atmospheric CO2 concentrations using free-air CO2 enrichment (ambient, 368 mu mol mol(-1), versus elevated, 560 mu mol mol(-1)). We found that the enhanced biomass accumulation in response to elevated levels of CO2 or nitrogen, or their combination, is less in species-poor than in species-rich assemblages.
C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Forest Resources, St Paul, MN 55108 USA.
   Univ Minnesota, Dept Ecol Evolut & Behav, St Paul, MN 55108 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Integrat Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Brookhaven Natl Lab, Div Environm Biol, Upton, NY 11973 USA.
   Univ Nebraska, Sch Nat Resource Sci, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA.
C3 University of Minnesota System; University of Minnesota Twin Cities; University of Minnesota System; University of Minnesota Twin Cities; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Brookhaven National Laboratory; University of Nebraska System; University of Nebraska Lincoln
RP Reich, PB (corresponding author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Forest Resources, St Paul, MN 55108 USA.
NR 29
TC 480
Z9 566
U1 13
U2 420
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 12
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6830
BP 809
EP 812
DI 10.1038/35071062
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 420TT
UT WOS:000168021900053
PM 11298447
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Smith, CI
   Chamberlain, AT
   Riley, MS
   Cooper, A
   Stringer, CB
   Collins, MJ
AF Smith, CI
   Chamberlain, AT
   Riley, MS
   Cooper, A
   Stringer, CB
   Collins, MJ
TI Not just old but old and cold?
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID neanderthal dna; climate; western; europe
C1 Newcastle Univ, Fossil Fuel & Environm Geochem Postgrad Inst, NRG, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU, Tyne & Wear, England.
   Univ Sheffield, Dept Archaeol, Sheffield S1 4ET, S Yorkshire, England.
   Univ Birmingham, Sch Earth Sci, Birmingham B15 2TT, W Midlands, England.
   Univ Oxford, Dept Biol Anthropol, Oxford OX2 6QS, England.
   Univ Oxford, Dept Zool, Oxford OX2 6QS, England.
   Nat Hist Museum, Dept Palaeontol, London SW7 5BD, England.
C3 Newcastle University - UK; University of Sheffield; University of Birmingham; University of Oxford; University of Oxford; Natural History Museum London
RP Collins, MJ (corresponding author), Newcastle Univ, Fossil Fuel & Environm Geochem Postgrad Inst, NRG, Drummond Bldg, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU, Tyne & Wear, England.
EM m.collins@ncl.ac.uk
NR 14
TC 120
Z9 140
U1 0
U2 23
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 12
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6830
BP 771
EP 772
DI 10.1038/35071177
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 420TT
UT WOS:000168021900042
PM 11298436
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Adams, H
   Ashworth, E
   Breault, GA
   Guo, J
   Hunter, CA
   Mayers, PC
AF Adams, H
   Ashworth, E
   Breault, GA
   Guo, J
   Hunter, CA
   Mayers, PC
TI Knot tied around an octahedral metal centre
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID molecular trefoil knot; topology
C1 Univ Sheffield, Dept Chem, Krebs Inst Biomolec Sci, Ctr Chem Biol, Sheffield S3 7HF, S Yorkshire, England.
   AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, Cheshire, England.
C3 University of Sheffield; AstraZeneca
RP Adams, H (corresponding author), Univ Sheffield, Dept Chem, Krebs Inst Biomolec Sci, Ctr Chem Biol, Sheffield S3 7HF, S Yorkshire, England.
NR 11
TC 95
Z9 107
U1 2
U2 25
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 14
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6839
BP 763
EP 763
DI 10.1038/35081143
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 441TV
UT WOS:000169246400033
PM 11459044
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Roska, B
   Werblin, F
AF Roska, B
   Werblin, F
TI Vertical interactions across ten parallel, stacked representations in the mammalian retina
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cone bipolar cells; ganglion-cells; functional architecture; responses; inhibition; receptors; cat; rod
AB The mammalian visual system analyses the world through a set of separate spatio-temporal channels(1,2). The organization of these channels begins in the retina(1,3), where the precise laminations of both the axon terminals of bipolar cells and the dendritic arborizations of ganglion cells suggests the presence of a vertical stack of neural strata at the inner plexiform layer (IPL)(3-11), Conversely, many inhibitory amacrine cell classes are multiply or diffusely stratified(12), indicating that they might convey information between strata, On the basis of the diverse stratification and physiological properties of ganglion cells, it was suggested that the IPL contains a parallel set of representations of the visual world(3,7) embodied in the strata and conveyed to higher centres by the classes of ganglion cells whose dendrites ramify at that stratum. Here we show that each stratum receives unique and substantively different excitatory and inhibitory neural inputs that are integrated to form at least ten different, parallel spacetime spiking outputs. The response properties of these strata are ordered in the time domain. Inhibition through GABA(C) receptors extracts spatial edges in neural representations and seems to separate the functional properties of the strata, We describe a new form of neuronal interaction that we call 'vertical inhibition' that acts not laterally, but between strata.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley
RP Werblin, F (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, 145 LSA, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
EM werblin@socrates.berkeley.edu
NR 26
TC 394
Z9 452
U1 0
U2 18
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 29
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6828
BP 583
EP 587
DI 10.1038/35069068
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 417WW
UT WOS:000167859300048
PM 11279496
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Marks, B
   Stowell, MHB
   Vallis, Y
   Mills, IG
   Gibson, A
   Hopkins, CR
   McMahon, HT
AF Marks, B
   Stowell, MHB
   Vallis, Y
   Mills, IG
   Gibson, A
   Hopkins, CR
   McMahon, HT
TI GTPase activity of dynamin and resulting conformation change are essential for endocytosis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID clathrin-mediated endocytosis; pleckstrin homology domain; coated vesicle formation; crystal-structure; sh3 domain; amphiphysin; receptor; binding; drosophila; mechanism
AB Dynamin is a large GTPase with a relative molecular mass of 96,000 (M-r 96K) that is involved in clathrin-mediated endocytosis and other vesicular trafficking processes(1,2). Although its function is apparently essential for scission of newly formed vesicles from the plasma membrane, the nature of dynamin's role in the scission process is still unclear(3,4). It has been proposed that dynamin is a regulator (similar to classical G proteins) of downstream effectors(5). Here we report the analysis of several point mutants of dynamin's GTPase effector (GED) and GTPase domains. We show that oligomerization and GTP binding alone, by dynamin, are not sufficient for endocytosis in vivo. Rather, efficient GTP hydrolysis and an associated conformational change are also required. These data argue that dynamin has a mechanochemical function in vesicle scission.
C1 MRC, Mol Biol Lab, Cambridge CB2 2QH, England.
   UCL, MRC, Mol Cell Biol Lab, London WC1E 6BT, England.
C3 MRC Laboratory Molecular Biology; University of London; University College London
RP McMahon, HT (corresponding author), MRC, Mol Biol Lab, Hills Rd, Cambridge CB2 2QH, England.
EM hmm@mrc-lmmb.cam.ac.uk
NR 29
TC 384
Z9 458
U1 1
U2 25
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 8
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6825
BP 231
EP 235
DI 10.1038/35065645
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 408HJ
UT WOS:000167320500052
PM 11242086
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zeng, X
   Goetz, JA
   Suber, LM
   Scott, WJ
   Schreiner, CM
   Robbins, DJ
AF Zeng, X
   Goetz, JA
   Suber, LM
   Scott, WJ
   Schreiner, CM
   Robbins, DJ
TI A freely diffusible form of Sonic hedgehog mediates long-range signalling
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID limb-patterning activity; induction; protein; transduction; cyclopamine; inhibition; cleavage; product; cells; chick
AB The secreted protein Sonic hedgehog (Shh) exerts many of its patterning effects through a combination of short- and long-range signalling(1-3). Three distinct mechanisms, which are not necessarily mutually exclusive, have been proposed to account for the long-range effects of Shh: simple diffusion of Shh, a relay mechanism in which Shh activates secondary signals, and direct delivery of Shh through cytoplasmic extensions, termed cytonemes. Although there is much data (using soluble recombinant Shh (ShhN)) to support the simple diffusion model of long-range Shh signalling(1,2), there has been little evidence to date for a native form of Shh that is freely diffusible and not membrane-associated. Here we provide evidence for a freely diffusible form of Shh (s-ShhNp) that is cholesterol modified, multimeric and biologically potent. We further demonstrate that the availability of s-ShhNp is regulated by two functional antagonists of the Shh pathway, Patched (Ptc) and Hedgehog-interacting protein (Hip)(4-6). Finally, we show a gradient of s-ShhNp across the anterior-posterior axis of the chick limb, demonstrating the physiological relevance of s-ShhNp.
C1 Univ Cincinnati, Coll Med, Dept Mol Genet Biochem & Microbiol, Cincinnati, OH 45267 USA.
   Childrens Hosp Res Fdn, Div Dev Biol, Cincinnati, OH 45229 USA.
C3 University System of Ohio; University of Cincinnati; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation
RP Robbins, DJ (corresponding author), Univ Cincinnati, Coll Med, Dept Mol Genet Biochem & Microbiol, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH 45267 USA.
NR 28
TC 378
Z9 475
U1 1
U2 13
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 15
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6838
BP 716
EP 720
DI 10.1038/35079648
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 439JC
UT WOS:000169112500052
PM 11395778
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Naveilhan, P
   Hassani, H
   Lucas, G
   Blakeman, KH
   Hao, JX
   Xu, XJ
   Wiesenfeld-Hallin, Z
   Thorén, P
   Ernfors, P
AF Naveilhan, P
   Hassani, H
   Lucas, G
   Blakeman, KH
   Hao, JX
   Xu, XJ
   Wiesenfeld-Hallin, Z
   Thorén, P
   Ernfors, P
TI Reduced antinociception and plasma extravasation in mice lacking a neuropeptide Y receptor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID stress-induced analgesia; sciatic-nerve injury; substance-p; peripheral axotomy; neuropathic pain; feeding-behavior; spinal-cord; rat; neurons; complementary
AB Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is believed to exert antinociceptive actions by inhibiting the release of substance P and other 'pain neurotransmitters' in the spinal cord dorsal horn(1-3). However, the physiological significance and potential therapeutic value of NPY remain obscure(4). It is also unclear which receptor subtype(s) are involved. To identify a possible physiological role for the NPY Y1 receptor in pain transmission, we generated NPY Y1 receptor null mutant (Y1(-/-)) mice by homologous recombination techniques. Here we show that Y1(-/-) mice develop hyperalgesia to acute thermal, cutaneous and visceral chemical pain, and exhibit mechanical hypersensitivity. Neuropathic pain is increased, and the mice show a complete absence of the pharmacological analgesic effects of NPY. In the periphery, Y1 receptor activation is sufficient and required for substance P release and the subsequent development of neurogenic inflammation and plasma leakage. We conclude that the Y1 receptor is required for central physiological and pharmacological NPY-induced analgesia and that its activation is both sufficient and required for the release of substance P and initiation of neurogenic inflammation.
C1 Karolinska Inst, Dept Med Biochem & Biophys, Mol Neurobiol Lab, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
   Karolinska Inst, Dept Physiol & Pharmacol, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
   Karolinska Inst, Huddinge Univ Hosp, Div Clin Neurophysiol, Dept Med Lab Sci & Technol, S-14186 Huddinge, Sweden.
C3 Karolinska Institutet; Karolinska Institutet; Karolinska Institutet
RP Ernfors, P (corresponding author), Karolinska Inst, Dept Med Biochem & Biophys, Mol Neurobiol Lab, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
NR 30
TC 160
Z9 177
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 25
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6819
BP 513
EP 517
DI 10.1038/35054063
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 395FW
UT WOS:000166570500048
PM 11206547
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU van Straten, W
   Bailes, M
   Britton, M
   Kulkarni, SR
   Anderson, SB
   Manchester, RN
   Sarkissian, J
AF van Straten, W
   Bailes, M
   Britton, M
   Kulkarni, SR
   Anderson, SB
   Manchester, RN
   Sarkissian, J
TI A test of general relativity from the three-dimensional orbital geometry of a binary pulsar
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID millisecond pulsar; proper motion; psr-1913+16; companion; bright; decay
AB Binary pulsars provide an excellent system for testing general relativity because of their intrinsic rotational stability and the precision with which radio observations can be used to determine their orbital dynamics. Measurements of the rate of orbital decay of two pulsars have been shown(1,2) to be consistent with the emission of gravitational waves as predicted by general relativity, but independent verification was not possible. Such verification can in principle be obtained by determining the orbital inclination in a binary pulsar system using only classical geometrical constraints. This would permit a measurement of the expected retardation of the pulse signal arising from the general relativistic curvature of space-time in the vicinity of the companion object (the 'Shapiro delay'). Here we report high-precision radio observations of the binary millisecond pulsar PSR J0437-4715, which establish the three-dimensional structure of its orbit. We see the Shapiro delay predicted by general relativity, and we determine the mass of the neutron star and its white dwarf companion. The determination of such masses is necessary in order to understand the origin and evolution of neutron stars(3).
C1 Swinburne Univ Technol, Ctr Astrophys & Supercomp, Hawthorn, Vic 3122, Australia.
   CALTECH, Div Phys Math & Astron, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   Australia Telescope Natl Facil, CSIRO, Epping, NSW 1710, Australia.
C3 Swinburne University of Technology; California Institute of Technology; Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO); Australia Telescope National Facility
RP van Straten, W (corresponding author), Swinburne Univ Technol, Ctr Astrophys & Supercomp, POB 218, Hawthorn, Vic 3122, Australia.
NR 19
TC 175
Z9 185
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 12
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6843
BP 158
EP 160
DI 10.1038/35084015
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 451AJ
UT WOS:000169778700043
PM 11449265
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ballentine, CJ
   Schoell, M
   Coleman, D
   Cain, BA
AF Ballentine, CJ
   Schoell, M
   Coleman, D
   Cain, BA
TI 300-Myr-old magmatic CO2 in natural gas reservoirs of the west Texas Permian basin
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID carbon-dioxide; popping rock; cap rocks; mantle; systematics; helium; fluids; earth; he
AB Except in regions of recent crustal extension(1), the dominant origin of carbon dioxide in fluids in sedimentary basins has been assumed to be from crustal organic matter(2) or mineral reactions(3,4). Here we show, by contrast, that Rayleigh fractionation caused by partial degassing of a magma body can explain the CO2/He-3 ratios and delta C-13(CO2) values observed in CO2-rich natural gases in the west Texas Val Verde basin and also the mantle He-3/Ne-22 ratios observed in other basin systems(5). Regional changes in CO2/He-3 and CO2/CH4 ratios can be explained if the CO2 input pre-dates methane generation in the basin, which occurred about 280 Myr ago(6). Uplift to the north of the Val Verde basin between 310 and 280 Myr ago(6) appears to be the only tectonic event with appropriate timing and location to be the source of the magmatic CO2. Our identification of magmatic CO2 in a foreland basin indicates that the origin of CO2 in other midcontinent basin systems should be re-evaluated. Also, the inferred closed-system preservation of natural gas in a trapping structure for similar to 300 Myr is far longer than the residence time predicted by diffusion models(7,8).
C1 ETH Zentrum, Dept Erdwissensch, IGMR, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
   Chevron Res & Technol Co, San Ramon, CA 94583 USA.
   Isotech Labs Inc, Champaign, IL 61821 USA.
   Altura Energy LLP, Houston, TX 77210 USA.
C3 Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; ETH Zurich; Chevron
RP Ballentine, CJ (corresponding author), ETH Zentrum, Dept Erdwissensch, IGMR, NO CO 61-7, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
NR 30
TC 98
Z9 112
U1 0
U2 34
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 18
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6818
BP 327
EP 331
DI 10.1038/35053046
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 392VY
UT WOS:000166434300043
PM 11201738
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Amidzic, O
   Riehle, HJ
   Fehr, T
   Wienbruch, C
   Elbert, T
AF Amidzic, O
   Riehle, HJ
   Fehr, T
   Wienbruch, C
   Elbert, T
TI Pattern of focal γ-bursts in chess players -: Grandmasters call on regions of the brain not used so much by less skilled amateurs.
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID memory
C1 Univ Konstanz, D-78457 Constance, Germany.
C3 University of Konstanz
RP Amidzic, O (corresponding author), Univ Konstanz, Univ Str 10,Fac D30, D-78457 Constance, Germany.
NR 6
TC 58
Z9 66
U1 0
U2 10
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 9
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6847
BP 603
EP 603
DI 10.1038/35088119
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 460PP
UT WOS:000170318000027
PM 11493907
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mair, A
   Vaziri, A
   Weihs, G
   Zeilinger, A
AF Mair, A
   Vaziri, A
   Weihs, G
   Zeilinger, A
TI Entanglement of the orbital angular momentum states of photons
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID horne-zeilinger entanglement; parametric down-conversion; particles; light; systems; modes; beam
AB Entangled quantum states are not separable, regardless of the spatial separation of their components. This is a manifestation of an aspect of quantum mechanics known as quantum nonlocality(1,2). An important consequence of this is that the measurement of the state of one particle in a two-particle entangled state defines the state of the second particle instantaneously, whereas neither particle possesses its own well-defined state before the measurement. Experimental realizations of entanglement have hitherto been restricted to two-state quantum systems(3-6), involving, for example, the two orthogonal polarization states of photons. Here we demonstrate entanglement involving the spatial modes of the electromagnetic field carrying orbital angular momentum. As these modes can be used to define an infinitely dimensional discrete Hilbert space, this approach provides a practical route to entanglement that involves many orthogonal quantum states, rather than just two Multi-dimensional entangled states could be of considerable importance in the field of quantum information(7,8), enabling, for example, more efficient use of communication channels in quantum cryptography(9-11).
C1 Univ Vienna, Inst Phys Expt, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
C3 University of Vienna
RP Zeilinger, A (corresponding author), Univ Vienna, Inst Phys Expt, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
NR 26
TC 2857
Z9 3056
U1 10
U2 595
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 19
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6844
BP 313
EP 316
DI 10.1038/35085529
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 453LW
UT WOS:000169918200040
PM 11460157
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Evan, GI
   Vousden, KH
AF Evan, GI
   Vousden, KH
TI Proliferation, cell cycle and apoptosis in cancer
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID s-phase entry; tyrosine kinase inhibitors; c-myc; oncogenic ras; transcription factor; transgenic mice; stem-cells; p53 loss; in-vivo; growth
AB Beneath the complexity and idiopathy of every cancer lies a limited number of 'mission critical' events that have propelled the tumour cell and its progeny into uncontrolled expansion and invasion. One of these is deregulated cell proliferation, which, together with the obligate compensatory suppression of apoptosis needed to support it, provides a minimal 'platform' necessary to support further neoplastic progression. Adroit targeting of these critical events should have potent and specific therapeutic consequences.
C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Ctr Canc, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   NCI, Frederick, MD 20842 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Cancer Institute (NCI)
RP Evan, GI (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Francisco, Ctr Canc, 2340 Sutter St, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
NR 89
TC 2927
Z9 3407
U1 1
U2 448
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 17
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6835
BP 342
EP 348
DI 10.1038/35077213
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 432RT
UT WOS:000168710000056
PM 11357141
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Vukusic, P
   Sambles, JR
   Lawrence, CR
   Wootton, RJ
AF Vukusic, P
   Sambles, JR
   Lawrence, CR
   Wootton, RJ
TI Structural colour - Now you see it now you don't
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Exeter, Sch Phys, Exeter EX4 4QL, Devon, England.
   DERA, Mech Sci Sector, Farnborough GU14 0LX, Hants, England.
   Univ Exeter, Sch Biol Sci, Exeter EX4 4PS, Devon, England.
C3 University of Exeter; University of Exeter
RP Vukusic, P (corresponding author), Univ Exeter, Sch Phys, Exeter EX4 4QL, Devon, England.
EM p.vukusic@ex.ac.uk
FU Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council [JF16983] Funding Source: Medline; Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council [JF16983] Funding Source: researchfish
NR 8
TC 131
Z9 153
U1 0
U2 121
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 1
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6824
BP 36
EP 36
DI 10.1038/35065161
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 406BD
UT WOS:000167194300033
PM 11242032
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Petitto, LA
   Holowka, S
   Sergio, LE
   Ostry, D
AF Petitto, LA
   Holowka, S
   Sergio, LE
   Ostry, D
TI Language rhythms in baby hand movements
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 York Univ, Dept Kinesiol & Hlth Sci, N York, ON M3J 1P3, Canada.
   Haskins Labs Inc, New Haven, CT 06511 USA.
   McGill Univ, Dept Psychol, Montreal, PQ H3A 1B1, Canada.
C3 York University - Canada; Yale University; Haskins Laboratories; McGill University
RP Petitto, LA (corresponding author), Dartmouth Coll, Dept Psychol, 302 Silsby Hall, Hanover, NH 03755 USA.
NR 12
TC 73
Z9 87
U1 0
U2 17
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 6
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6851
BP 35
EP 36
DI 10.1038/35092613
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 469EG
UT WOS:000170801200027
PM 11544514
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wildermuth, MC
   Dewdney, J
   Wu, G
   Ausubel, FM
AF Wildermuth, MC
   Dewdney, J
   Wu, G
   Ausubel, FM
TI Isochorismate synthase is required to synthesize salicylic acid for plant defence
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID systemic acquired-resistance; gene-expression; transcription factors; disease resistance; arabidopsis; tobacco; biosynthesis; induction; mutant; protein
AB Salicylic acid (SA) mediates plant defences against pathogens, accumulating in both infected and distal leaves in response to pathogen attack(1-5). Pathogenesis-related gene expression and the synthesis of defensive compounds associated with both local and systemic acquired resistance (LAR and SAR) in plants require SA. In Arabidopsis, exogenous application of SA suffices to establish SAR, resulting in enhanced resistance to a variety of pathogens. However, despite its importance in plant defence against pathogens, SA biosynthesis is not well defined. Previous work has suggested that plants synthesize SA from phenylalanine(6-10); however, SA could still be produced when this pathway was inhibited(6,8), and the specirc activity of radiolabelled SA in feeding experiments was often lower than expected(7,8). Some bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa synthesize SA using isochorismate synthase (ICS) and pyruvate lyase(11). Here we show, by cloning and characterizing an Arabidopsis defence-related gene (SID2) defined by mutation, that SA is synthesized from chorismate by means of ICS, and that SA made by this pathway is required for LAR and SAR responses.
C1 Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Dept Mol Biol, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
   Brandeis Univ, Michtom Sch Comp Sci, Waltham, MA 02254 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Genet, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Brandeis University; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
RP Ausubel, FM (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Genet, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
NR 30
TC 1788
Z9 2115
U1 17
U2 330
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 29
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6863
BP 562
EP 565
DI 10.1038/35107108
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 496PV
UT WOS:000172405900052
PM 11734859
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cabrillac, D
   Cock, JM
   Dumas, C
   Gaude, T
AF Cabrillac, D
   Cock, JM
   Dumas, C
   Gaude, T
TI The S-locus receptor kinase is inhibited by thioredoxins and activated by pollen coat proteins
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID self-incompatibility; brassica-oleracea; male determinant; domain; glycoproteins; dimerization; environment; stigma; gene
AB The self-incompatibility response in Brassica allows recognition and rejection of self-pollen by the stigmatic papillae. The transmembrane S-locus receptor kinase (SRK), a member of the receptor-like kinase superfamily in plants, mediates recognition of self-pollen on the female side(1), whereas the S-locus cysteine-rich protein (SCR) is the male component of the self-incompatibility response(2). SCR is presumably located in the pollen coat, and is thought to be the SRK ligand(2,3). Although many receptorlike kinases have been isolated in plants, the mechanisms of signal transduction mediated by these molecules remain largely unknown. Here we show that SRK is phosphorylated in vivo within one hour of self-pollination. We also show that, in vitro, autophosphorylation of SRK is prevented by the stigma thioredoxin THL1 in the absence of a ligand. This inhibition is released in a haplotype-specific manner by the addition of pollen coat proteins. Our data indicate that SRK is inhibited by thioredoxins and activated by pollen coat proteins.
C1 UCBL, Ecole Normale Super Lyon, INRA, CNRS,UMR 5667, F-69364 Lyon 07, France.
C3 Ecole Normale Superieure de Lyon (ENS de LYON); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - National Institute for Biology (INSB); Universite Lyon 1; INRAE
RP Gaude, T (corresponding author), UCBL, Ecole Normale Super Lyon, INRA, CNRS,UMR 5667, 46 Allee Italie, F-69364 Lyon 07, France.
NR 20
TC 189
Z9 247
U1 0
U2 29
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 8
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6825
BP 220
EP 223
DI 10.1038/35065626
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 408HJ
UT WOS:000167320500049
PM 11242083
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pierce-Shimomura, JT
   Faumont, S
   Gaston, MR
   Pearson, BJ
   Lockery, SR
AF Pierce-Shimomura, JT
   Faumont, S
   Gaston, MR
   Pearson, BJ
   Lockery, SR
TI The homeobox gene lim-6 is required for distinct chemosensory representations in C-elegans
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nematode caenorhabditis-elegans; neurons; chemotaxis; expression; system
AB The ability to discriminate between different chemical stimuli is crucial for food detection, spatial orientation and other adaptive behaviours in animals. In the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, spatial orientation in gradients of soluble chemoattractants (chemotaxis) is controlled mainly by a single pair of chemosensory neurons(1). These two neurons, ASEL and ASER, are left-right homologues in terms of the disposition of their somata and processes, morphology of specialized sensory endings, synaptic partners and expression profile of many genes(2,3). However, recent gene-expression studies have revealed unexpected asymmetries between ASEL and ASER. ASEL expresses the putative receptor guanylyl cyclase genes gcy-6 and gcy-7, whereas ASER expresses gcy-5 (ref. 4). In addition, only ASEL expresses the homeobox gene lim-6, an orthologue of the human LMX1 subfamily of homeobox genes(5). Here we show, using laser ablation of neurons and whole-cell patch-clamp electrophysiology, that the asymmetries between ASEL and ASER extend to the functional level. ASEL is primarily sensitive to sodium, whereas ASER is primarily sensitive to chloride and potassium. Furthermore, we rnd that lim-6 is required for this functional asymmetry and for the ability to distinguish sodium from chloride. Thus, a homeobox gene increases the representational capacity of the nervous system by establishing asymmetric functions in a bilaterally symmetrical neuron pair.
C1 Univ Oregon, Inst Neurosci, Eugene, OR 97403 USA.
C3 University of Oregon
RP Lockery, SR (corresponding author), Univ Oregon, Inst Neurosci, 1254, Eugene, OR 97403 USA.
NR 20
TC 149
Z9 202
U1 0
U2 12
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 5
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6829
BP 694
EP 698
DI 10.1038/35070575
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 418DJ
UT WOS:000167875400048
PM 11287956
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Navarro, M
   Gull, K
AF Navarro, M
   Gull, K
TI A pol I transcriptional body associated with VSG mono-allelic expression in Trypanosoma brucei
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID variant surface glycoprotein; amanitin-resistant transcription; gene-expression; african trypanosm; rna; sites; differentiation; visualization; localization; organization
AB In the mammalian host, African trypanosomes generate consecutive waves of parasitaemia by changing their antigenic coat. Because this coat consists of a single type of variant surface glycoprotein (VSG), the question arises of how a trypanosome accomplishes the transcription of only one of a multi-allelic family of VSG expression site loci to display a single VSG type on the surface at any one time(1). No major differences have been detected between the single active expression site and the cohort of inactive expression sites(2). Here we identify an extranucleolar body containing RNA polymerase I (pol I) that is transcriptionally active and present only in the bloodstream form of the parasite. Visualization of the active expression site locus by tagging with green fluorescent protein(3) shows that it is specifically located at this unique pol I transcriptional factory. The presence of this transcriptional body in postmitotic nuclei and its stability in the nucleus after DNA digestion provide evidence for a coherent structure. We propose that the recruitment of a single expression site and the concomitant exclusion of inactive loci from a discrete transcriptional body define the mechanism responsible for VSG mono-allelic expression.
C1 Univ Manchester, Sch Biol Sci, Manchester M13 9PT, Lancs, England.
C3 University of Manchester
RP Navarro, M (corresponding author), Univ Manchester, Sch Biol Sci, 2-205 Stopford Bldg,Oxford Rd, Manchester M13 9PT, Lancs, England.
NR 30
TC 268
Z9 294
U1 1
U2 31
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 13
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6865
BP 759
EP 763
DI 10.1038/414759a
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 501GD
UT WOS:000172676200050
PM 11742402
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Shine, R
   Phillips, B
   Waye, H
   LeMaster, M
   Mason, RT
AF Shine, R
   Phillips, B
   Waye, H
   LeMaster, M
   Mason, RT
TI Benefits of female mimicry in snakes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID thamnophis-sirtalis-parietalis; garter snakes; size
C1 Univ Sydney, Dept Biol Sci, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
   Oregon State Univ, Dept Zool, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA.
C3 University of Sydney; Oregon State University
RP Shine, R (corresponding author), Univ Sydney, Dept Biol Sci, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
EM rics@bio.usyd.edu.au
NR 11
TC 55
Z9 58
U1 1
U2 43
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 15
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6861
BP 267
EP 267
DI 10.1038/35104687
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 492CM
UT WOS:000172150700030
PM 11713516
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Parkhill, J
   Dougan, G
   James, KD
   Thomson, NR
   Pickard, D
   Wain, J
   Churcher, C
   Mungall, KL
   Bentley, SD
   Holden, MTG
   Sebaihia, M
   Baker, S
   Basham, D
   Brooks, K
   Chillingworth, T
   Connerton, P
   Cronin, A
   Davis, P
   Davies, RM
   Dowd, L
   White, N
   Farrar, J
   Feltwell, T
   Hamlin, N
   Haque, A
   Hien, TT
   Holroyd, S
   Jagels, K
   Krogh, A
   Larsen, TS
   Leather, S
   Moule, S
   O'Gaora, P
   Parry, C
   Quail, M
   Rutherford, K
   Simmonds, M
   Skelton, J
   Stevens, K
   Whitehead, S
   Barrell, BG
AF Parkhill, J
   Dougan, G
   James, KD
   Thomson, NR
   Pickard, D
   Wain, J
   Churcher, C
   Mungall, KL
   Bentley, SD
   Holden, MTG
   Sebaihia, M
   Baker, S
   Basham, D
   Brooks, K
   Chillingworth, T
   Connerton, P
   Cronin, A
   Davis, P
   Davies, RM
   Dowd, L
   White, N
   Farrar, J
   Feltwell, T
   Hamlin, N
   Haque, A
   Hien, TT
   Holroyd, S
   Jagels, K
   Krogh, A
   Larsen, TS
   Leather, S
   Moule, S
   O'Gaora, P
   Parry, C
   Quail, M
   Rutherford, K
   Simmonds, M
   Skelton, J
   Stevens, K
   Whitehead, S
   Barrell, BG
TI Complete genome sequence of a multiple drug resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi CT18
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID complete dna-sequence; yersinia-pestis; epithelial-cells; typhimurium; identification; protein; virulence; bacteria; plasmid; strain
AB Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. typhi) is the aetiological agent of typhoid fever, a serious invasive bacterial disease of humans with an annual global burden of approximately 16 million cases, leading to 600,000 fatalities(1). Many S. enterica serovars actively invade the mucosal surface of the intestine but are normally contained in healthy individuals by the local immune defence mechanisms. However, S. typhi has evolved the ability to spread to the deeper tissues of humans, including liver, spleen and bone marrow. Here we have sequenced the 4,809,037-base pair (bp) genome of a S. typhi (CT18) that is resistant to multiple drugs, revealing the presence of hundreds of insertions and deletions compared with the Escherichia coli genome, ranging in size from single genes to large islands. Notably, the genome sequence identifies over two hundred pseudogenes, several corresponding to genes that are known to contribute to virulence in Salmonella typhimurium. This genetic degradation may contribute to the human-restricted host range for S. typhi. CT18 harbours a 218,150-bp multiple-drug-resistance incH1 plasmid (pHCM1), and a 106,516-bp cryptic plasmid (pHCM2), which shows recent common ancestry with a virulence plasmid of Yersinia pestis.
C1 Sanger Ctr, Cambridge CB10 1SA, England.
   Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Dept Sci Biol, Ctr Mol Microbiol & Infect, London SW7 2AZ, England.
   Univ Oxford, Ctr Trop Med, Oxford OX3 9DU, England.
   Univ Oxford, Wellcome Trust Clin Res Unit, Ctr Trop Dis, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
   Tech Univ Denmark, Biocentrum DTU, CTr Biol Sequence Anal, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark.
C3 Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute; Imperial College London; University of Oxford; University of Oxford; Technical University of Denmark
RP Parkhill, J (corresponding author), Sanger Ctr, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SA, England.
EM parkhill@sanger.ac.uk; g.dougan@ic.ac.uk
NR 30
TC 991
Z9 2491
U1 1
U2 117
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 25
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6858
BP 848
EP 852
DI 10.1038/35101607
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 485JA
UT WOS:000171750200047
PM 11677608
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Iyer, VR
   Horak, CE
   Scafe, CS
   Botstein, D
   Snyder, M
   Brown, PO
AF Iyer, VR
   Horak, CE
   Scafe, CS
   Botstein, D
   Snyder, M
   Brown, PO
TI Genomic binding sites of the yeast cell-cycle transcription factors SBF and MBF
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID saccharomyces-cerevisiae; budding yeast; gene-expression; dna-replication; s-phase; in-vivo; complex; kinase; regulator; meiosis
AB Proteins interact with genomic DNA to bring the genome to life; and these interactions also define many functional features of the genome. SBF and MBF are sequence-specific transcription factors that activate gene expression during the G1/S transition of the cell cycle in yeast(1,2). SBF is a heterodimer of Swi4 and Swi6, and MBF is a heterodimer of Mbp1 and Swi6 (refs 1, 3). The related Swi4 and Mbp1 proteins are the DNA-binding components of the respective factors, and Swi6 may have a regulatory function(4,5). A small number of SBF and MBF target genes have been identified(3,6-10). Here we define the genomic binding sites of the SBF and MBF transcription factors in vivo, by using DNA microarrays. In addition to the previously characterized targets, we have identified about 200 new putative targets. Our results support the hypothesis that SBF activated genes are predominantly involved in budding, and in membrane and cell-wall biosynthesis, whereas DNA replication and repair are the dominant functions among MBF activated genes(6,11). The functional specialization of these factors may provide a mechanism for independent regulation of distinct molecular processes that normally occur in synchrony during the mitotic cell cycle.
C1 Stanford Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Biochem, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Med Ctr, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Genet, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Yale Univ, Dept Mol Cellular & Dev Biol, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
C3 Stanford University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Stanford University; Stanford University; Yale University
RP Brown, PO (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Biochem, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
NR 27
TC 838
Z9 1065
U1 0
U2 43
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 25
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6819
BP 533
EP 538
DI 10.1038/35054095
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 395FW
UT WOS:000166570500053
PM 11206552
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ohman, MD
   Hirche, HJ
AF Ohman, MD
   Hirche, HJ
TI Density-dependent mortality in an oceanic copepod population
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID 1997 spring bloom; planktonic marine copepod; frequency time-series; calanus-finmarchicus; norwegian sea; weathership m; dynamics; phytoplankton; predation; biomass
AB Planktonic copepods are primary consumers in the ocean and are perhaps the most numerous metazoans on earth. Secondary production by these zooplankton supports most food webs of the open sea, directly affecting pelagic fish populations and the biological pump of carbon into the deep ocean. Models of marine ecosystems are quite sensitive to the formulation of the term for zooplankton mortality(1-4), although there are few data available to constrain mortality rates in such models. Here we present the first evidence for nonlinear, density-dependent mortality rates of open-ocean zooplankton. A high-frequency time series reveals that per capita mortality rates of eggs of Calanus finmarchicus Gunnerus are a function of the abundance of adult females and juveniles. The temporal dynamics of zooplankton populations can be influenced as much by time-dependent mortality rates as by variations in 'bottom up' forcing. The functional form and rates chosen for zooplankton mortality in ecosystem models can alter the balance of pelagic ecosystems(1-3), modify elemental fluxes into the ocean's interior(5), and modulate interannual variability in pelagic ecosystems(6).
C1 Stn Zool, F-06230 Villefranche Sur Mer, France.
   Alfred Wegener Inst Polar & Marine Res, D-27568 Bremerhaven, Germany.
C3 Sorbonne Universite; Helmholtz Association; Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar & Marine Research
RP Ohman, MD (corresponding author), Stn Zool, F-06230 Villefranche Sur Mer, France.
EM mohman@ucsd.edu
NR 29
TC 208
Z9 226
U1 3
U2 84
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 9
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6847
BP 638
EP 641
DI 10.1038/35088068
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 460PP
UT WOS:000170318000041
PM 11493921
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Liu, LM
   Hausladen, A
   Zeng, M
   Que, L
   Heitman, J
   Stamler, JS
AF Liu, LM
   Hausladen, A
   Zeng, M
   Que, L
   Heitman, J
   Stamler, JS
TI A metabolic enzyme for S-nitrosothiol conserved from bacteria to humans
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dependent formaldehyde dehydrogenase; iii alcohol-dehydrogenase; nitric-oxide; nitrosative stress; glutathione; nitrosoglutathione; protein; flavohemoglobin; quantification; identification
AB Considerable evidence indicates that NO biology involves a family of NO-related molecules and that S-nitrosothiols (SNOs) are central to signal transduction and host defence(1-5). It is unknown, however, how cells switch off the signals or protect themselves from the SNOs produced for defence purposes. Here we have purified a single activity from Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and mouse macrophages that metabolizes S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO), and show that it is the glutathione-dependent formaldehyde dehydrogenase. Although the enzyme is highly specific for GSNO, it controls intracellular levels of both GSNO and S-nitrosylated proteins. Such 'GSNO reductase' activity is widely distributed in mammals. Deleting the reductase gene in yeast and mice abolishes the GSNO-consuming activity, and increases the cellular quantity of both GSNO and protein SNO. Furthermore, mutant yeast cells show increased susceptibility to a nitrosative challenge, whereas their resistance to oxidative stress is unimpaired. We conclude that GSNO reductase is evolutionarily conserved from bacteria to humans, is critical for SNO homeostasis, and protects against nitrosative stress.
C1 Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Durham, NC 27710 USA.
   Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Med, Div Pulm, Durham, NC 27710 USA.
   Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Med, Div Cardiol, Durham, NC 27710 USA.
   Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Biochem, Durham, NC 27710 USA.
   Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Genet, Durham, NC 27710 USA.
C3 Duke University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Duke University; Duke University; Duke University; Duke University
RP Stamler, JS (corresponding author), Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Durham, NC 27710 USA.
NR 30
TC 777
Z9 892
U1 1
U2 75
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 22
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6827
BP 490
EP 494
DI 10.1038/35068596
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 412YX
UT WOS:000167583800047
PM 11260719
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Coates, JD
   Chakraborty, R
   Lack, JG
   O'Connor, SM
   Cole, KA
   Bender, KS
   Achenbach, LA
AF Coates, JD
   Chakraborty, R
   Lack, JG
   O'Connor, SM
   Cole, KA
   Bender, KS
   Achenbach, LA
TI Anaerobic benzene oxidation coupled to nitrate reduction in pure culture by two strains of Dechloromonas
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID petroleum-contaminated aquifer; polycyclic aromatic-hydrocarbons; sulfate-reducing conditions; harbor sediments; degradation; bioremediation; toluene; biodegradation; transformation; bacterium
AB Benzene contamination is a significant problem. It is used in a wide range of manufacturing processes and is a primary component of petroleum-based fuels. Benzene is a hydrocarbon that is soluble, mobile, toxic and stable, especially in ground and surface waters. It is poorly biodegraded in the absence of oxygen. However, anaerobic benzene biodegradation has been documented under various conditions. Although benzene biomineralization has been demonstrated with nitrate(1), Fe(III)(2-5), sulphate(6,7) or CO28,9 as alternative electron acceptors, these studies were based on sediments or microbial enrichments. Until now there were no organisms in pure culture that degraded benzene anaerobically. Here we report two Dechloromonas strains, RCB and JJ, that can completely mineralize various mono-aromatic compounds including benzene to CO2 in the absence of O-2 with nitrate as the electron acceptor. This is the first example, to our knowledge, of an organism of any type that can oxidize benzene anaerobically, and we demonstrate the potential applicability of these organisms to the treatment of contaminated environments.
C1 So Illinois Univ, Dept Microbiol, Carbondale, IL 62901 USA.
C3 Southern Illinois University System; Southern Illinois University
RP Coates, JD (corresponding author), So Illinois Univ, Dept Microbiol, Carbondale, IL 62901 USA.
NR 30
TC 420
Z9 522
U1 2
U2 165
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 28
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6841
BP 1039
EP 1043
DI 10.1038/35082545
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 446TF
UT WOS:000169528500045
PM 11429602
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Walker, JR
   Corpina, RA
   Goldberg, J
AF Walker, JR
   Corpina, RA
   Goldberg, J
TI Structure of the Ku heterodimer bound to DNA and its implications for double-strand break repair
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dependent protein-kinase; ku80-deficient cells; end; complex; binding; subunit; recombination; association; stability; pathway
AB The Ku heterodimer (Ku70 and Ku80 subunits) contributes to genomic integrity through its ability to bind DNA double-strand breaks and facilitate repair by the non-homologous end-joining pathway. The crystal structure of the human Ku heterodimer was determined both alone and bound to a 55-nucleotide DNA element at 2.7 and 2.5 Angstrom resolution, respectively. Ku70 and Ku80 share a common topology and form a dyad-symmetrical molecule with a preformed ring that encircles duplex DNA. The binding site can cradle two full turns of DNA while encircling only the central 3-4 base pairs (bp). Ku makes no contacts with DNA bases and few with the sugar-phosphate backbone, but it fits sterically to major and minor groove contours so as to position the DNA helix in a defined path through the protein ring. These features seem well designed to structurally support broken DNA ends and to bring the DNA helix into phase across the junction during end processing and ligation.
C1 Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Cellular Biochem & Biophys Program, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Howard Hughes Med Inst, New York, NY 10021 USA.
C3 Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
RP Goldberg, J (corresponding author), Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Cellular Biochem & Biophys Program, 1275 York Ave, New York, NY 10021 USA.
EM jonathan@ximpact4.ski.mskcc.org
NR 44
TC 929
Z9 1212
U1 1
U2 73
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 9
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6847
BP 607
EP 614
DI 10.1038/35088000
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 460PP
UT WOS:000170318000032
PM 11493912
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Raymond, PA
   Bauer, JE
AF Raymond, PA
   Bauer, JE
TI Riverine export of aged terrestrial organic matter to the North Atlantic Ocean
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID amazon river; soil carbon; c-14; fractions; sediment; pacific; fluxes; ams
AB Global riverine discharge of organic matter represents a substantial source of terrestrial dissolved and particulate organic carbon to the oceans(1,2). This input from rivers is, by itself, more than large enough to account for the apparent steady-state replacement times of 4,00-6,000 yr for oceanic dissolved organic carbon(3-5). But paradoxically, terrestrial organic matter, derived from land plants, is not detected in seawater and sediments in quantities that correspond to its inputs(6-8). Here we present natural C-14 and C-13 data from four rivers that discharge to the western North Atlantic Ocean and rnd that these rivers are sources of old (C-14-depleted) and young (C-14-enriched) terrestrial dissolved organic carbon, and of predominantly old terrestrial particulate organic carbon. These findings contrast with limited earlier data(9) that suggested terrestrial organic matter transported by rivers might be generally enriched in C-14 from nuclear testing, and hence newly produced. We also rnd that much of the young dissolved organic carbon can be selectively degraded over the residence times of river and coastal waters, leaving an even older and more refractory component for oceanic export. Thus, pre-ageing and degradation may alter significantly the structure, distributions and quantities of terrestrial organic matter before its delivery to the oceans.
C1 Coll William & Mary, Sch Marine Sci, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA.
C3 William & Mary
RP Raymond, PA (corresponding author), Marine Biol Lab, Ctr Ecosyst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA.
FU Directorate For Geosciences; Division Of Ocean Sciences [1058747] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
NR 32
TC 478
Z9 576
U1 9
U2 258
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 25
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6819
BP 497
EP 500
DI 10.1038/35054034
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 395FW
UT WOS:000166570500043
PM 11206542
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Leung, KT
   Józsa, L
   Ravasz, M
   Néda, Z
AF Leung, KT
   Józsa, L
   Ravasz, M
   Néda, Z
TI Pattern formation -: Spiral cracks without twisting
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID fracture
C1 Acad Sinica, Inst Phys, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
   Univ Babes Bolyai, Dept Chem, RO-3400 Cluj Napoca, Romania.
   Univ Babes Bolyai, Dept Phys, RO-3400 Cluj Napoca, Romania.
   Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
C3 Academia Sinica - Taiwan; Babes Bolyai University from Cluj; Babes Bolyai University from Cluj; University of Notre Dame
RP Leung, KT (corresponding author), Acad Sinica, Inst Phys, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
NR 9
TC 50
Z9 52
U1 0
U2 58
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 8
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6825
BP 166
EP 166
DI 10.1038/35065517
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 408HJ
UT WOS:000167320500031
PM 11242065
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Young, WR
   Roberts, AJ
   Stuhne, G
AF Young, WR
   Roberts, AJ
   Stuhne, G
TI Reproductive pair correlations and the clustering of organisms
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID plankton patchiness; individuals
AB Clustering of organisms can be a consequence of social behaviour, or of the response of individuals to chemical and physical cues(1). Environmental variability can also cause clustering: for example, marine turbulence transports plankton(2-8) and produces chlorophyll concentration patterns in the upper ocean(9-11). Even in a homogeneous environment, nonlinear interactions between species(12-14) can result in spontaneous pattern formation. Here we show that a population of independent, random-walking organisms ('brownian bugs'), reproducing by binary division and dying at constant rates, spontaneously aggregates. Using an individual-based model, we show that clusters form out of spatially homogeneous initial conditions without environmental variability, predator-prey interactions, kinesis or taxis. The clustering mechanism is reproductively driven-birth must always be adjacent to a living organism. This clustering can overwhelm diffusion and create non-poissonian correlations between pairs (parent and offspring) or organisms, leading to the emergence of patterns.
C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Univ So Queensland, Dept Math & Comp, Toowoomba, Qld 4352, Australia.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego; Scripps Institution of Oceanography; University of Southern Queensland
RP Young, WR (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
NR 26
TC 163
Z9 173
U1 1
U2 25
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 19
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6844
BP 328
EP 331
DI 10.1038/35085561
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 453LW
UT WOS:000169918200045
PM 11460162
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Errington, JR
   Debenedetti, PG
AF Errington, JR
   Debenedetti, PG
TI Relationship between structural order and the anomalies of liquid water
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID supercooled water; phase-transition; heat-capacity; entropy; density; diffusion; behavior
AB In contrast to crystalline solids-for which a precise framework exists for describing structure(1)-quantifying structural order in liquids and glasses has proved more difficult because even though such systems possess short-range order, they lack long-range crystalline order. Some progress has been made using model systems of hard spheres(2,3), but it remains difficult to describe accurately liquids such as water, where directional attractions (hydrogen bonds) combine with short-range repulsions to determine the relative orientation of neighbouring molecules as well as their instantaneous separation. This difficulty is particularly relevant when discussing the anomalous kinetic and thermodynamic properties of water, which have long been interpreted qualitatively in terms of underlying structural causes. Here we attempt to gain a quantitative understanding of these structure- property relationships through the study of translational(2,3) and orientational(4) order in a model(5) of water. Using molecular dynamics simulations, we identify a structurally anomalous region-bounded by loci of maximum orientational order (at low densities) and minimum translational order (at high densities)-in which order decreases on compression, and where orientational and translational order are strongly coupled. This region encloses the entire range of temperatures and densities for which the anomalous diffusivity(6-9) and thermal expansion coefficient(10) of water are observed, and enables us to quantify the degree of structural order needed for these anomalies to occur. We also find that these structural, kinetic and thermodynamic anomalies constitute a cascade: they occur consecutively as the degree of order is increased.
C1 Princeton Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
C3 Princeton University
RP Debenedetti, PG (corresponding author), Princeton Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
EM pdebene@princeton.edu
NR 33
TC 1428
Z9 1543
U1 7
U2 383
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 18
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6818
BP 318
EP 321
DI 10.1038/35053024
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 392VY
UT WOS:000166434300040
PM 11201735
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gill, JA
   Norris, K
   Potts, PM
   Gunnarsson, TG
   Atkinson, PW
   Sutherland, WJ
AF Gill, JA
   Norris, K
   Potts, PM
   Gunnarsson, TG
   Atkinson, PW
   Sutherland, WJ
TI The buffer effect and large-scale population regulation in migratory birds
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID consequences; numbers; competition; fecundity; arrival
AB Buffer effects occur when sites vary in quality and fluctuations in population size are mirrored by large changes in animal numbers in poor-quality sites but only small changes in good-quality sites. Hence, the poor sites `buffer' the good sites(1,2,) a mechanism that can potentially drive population regulation if there are demographic costs of inhabiting poor sites. Here we show that for a migratory bird this process can apply on a country-wide scale with consequences for both survival and timing of arrival on the breeding grounds (an indicator of reproductive success(3,4)). The Icelandic population of the black-tailed godwit, Limosa limosa islandica, wintering in Britain has increased fourfold since the 1970s (ref. 5) but rates of change within individual estuaries have varied from zero to sixfold increases. In accordance with the buffer effect, rates of increase are greater on estuaries with low initial numbers, and godwits on these sites have lower prey-intake rates, lower survival rates and arrive later in Iceland than godwits on sites with stable populations. The buffer effect can therefore be a major process influencing large-scale population regulation of migratory species.
C1 Univ E Anglia, Sch Biol Sci, Tyndall Ctr, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England.
   Univ Reading, Sch Anim & Microbial Sci, Reading RG6 6AJ, Berks, England.
   Univ Iceland, Inst Biol, IS-108 Reykjavik, Iceland.
   Univ E Anglia, Sch Biol Sci, Ctr Ecol Evolut & Conservat, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England.
   British Trust Ornithol, Thetford IP24 2PU, England.
C3 University of East Anglia; University of Reading; University of Iceland; University of East Anglia; British Trust for Ornithology
RP Gill, JA (corresponding author), Univ E Anglia, Sch Biol Sci, Tyndall Ctr, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England.
EM j.gill@uea.ac.uk
NR 20
TC 262
Z9 323
U1 1
U2 126
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 26
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6845
BP 436
EP 438
DI 10.1038/35086568
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 456DQ
UT WOS:000170068200047
PM 11473317
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Li, QJ
   Xu, ZF
   Kress, WJ
   Xia, YM
   Zhang, L
   Deng, XB
   Gao, JY
   Bai, ZL
AF Li, QJ
   Xu, ZF
   Kress, WJ
   Xia, YM
   Zhang, L
   Deng, XB
   Gao, JY
   Bai, ZL
TI Pollination - Flexible style that encourages outcrossing
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Chinese Acad Sci, Xishuangbanna Trop Bot Garden, Mengla 666303, Yunnan, Peoples R China.
   Smithsonian Inst, Natl Museum Nat Hist, Dept Bot, Washington, DC 20560 USA.
   Chinese Acad Sci, Kunming Inst Bot, Kunming 650204, Yunnan, Peoples R China.
C3 Chinese Academy of Sciences; Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, CAS; Smithsonian Institution; Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Kunming Institute of Botany, CAS
RP Li, QJ (corresponding author), Chinese Acad Sci, Xishuangbanna Trop Bot Garden, Mengla 666303, Yunnan, Peoples R China.
NR 9
TC 107
Z9 170
U1 3
U2 75
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 22
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6827
BP 432
EP 432
DI 10.1038/35068635
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 412YX
UT WOS:000167583800031
PM 11260703
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Buchanan, M
AF Buchanan, M
TI Mind the pseudogap
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID superconducting gap; pairing mechanism; temperature; bi2sr2cacu2o8+delta; dependence; phases
NR 19
TC 20
Z9 25
U1 0
U2 14
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 4
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6816
BP 8
EP 11
DI 10.1038/35051238
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 388HT
UT WOS:000166175600008
PM 11343081
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Powers, DW
   Vreeland, RH
   Rosenzweig, WD
AF Powers, DW
   Vreeland, RH
   Rosenzweig, WD
TI Biogeology - How old are bacteria from the Permian age? Reply
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID new-mexico; halite; diagenesis; texas
C1 W Chester Univ, Dept Biol, W Chester, PA 19383 USA.
C3 Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education (PASSHE); West Chester University of Pennsylvania
RP Powers, DW (corresponding author), 140 Hemley Rd, Anthony, TX 79821 USA.
NR 9
TC 19
Z9 20
U1 0
U2 10
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 10
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6834
BP 155
EP 156
DI 10.1038/35075665
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 430FC
UT WOS:000168563000038
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tommasi, A
   Gibert, B
   Seipold, U
   Mainprice, D
AF Tommasi, A
   Gibert, B
   Seipold, U
   Mainprice, D
TI Anisotropy of thermal diffusivity in the upper mantle
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID seismic anisotropy; conductivity; olivine; rocks
AB Heat transfer in the mantle is a key process controlling the Earth's dynamics. Upper-mantle mineral phases, especially olivine, have been shown to display highly anisotropic thermal diffusivity at ambient conditions(1,2), and seismic anisotropy data(3) show that preferred orientations of olivine induced by deformation(4) are coherent at large scales (>50 km) in the upper mantle. Thus heat transport in the upper mantle should be anisotropic. But the thermal anisotropy of mantle minerals at high temperature(1,5) and its relationship with deformation have not been well constrained. Here we present petrophysical modelling and laboratory measurements of thermal diffusivity in deformed mantle rocks between temperatures of 290 and 1,250 K that demonstrate that deformation may induce a significant anisotropy of thermal diffusivity in the uppermost mantle. We found that heat transport parallel to the flow direction is up to 30 per cent faster than that normal to the flow plane. Such a strain-induced thermal anisotropy implies that the upper-mantle temperature distribution, rheology and, consequently, its dynamics, will depend on deformation history. In oceans, resistive drag flow would result in lower vertical diffusivities in both the lithosphere and asthenosphere(6) and hence in less effective heat transfer from the convective mantle. In continents, olivine orientations frozen in the lithosphere may induce anisotropic heating above mantle plumes, favouring the reactivation of pre-existing structures.
C1 Univ Montpellier 2, CNRS, Lab Tectonophys, F-34095 Montpellier 5, France.
   Geoforschungszentrum Potsdam, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite de Montpellier; Helmholtz Association; GFZ Helmholtz Centre for Geosciences
RP Tommasi, A (corresponding author), Univ Montpellier 2, CNRS, Lab Tectonophys, F-34095 Montpellier 5, France.
NR 28
TC 64
Z9 75
U1 1
U2 35
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 14
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6839
BP 783
EP 786
DI 10.1038/35081046
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 441TV
UT WOS:000169246400044
PM 11459053
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fitzgerald, KA
   Palsson-McDermott, EM
   Bowie, AG
   Jefferies, CA
   Mansell, AS
   Brady, G
   Brint, E
   Dunne, A
   Gray, P
   Harte, MT
   McMurray, D
   Smith, DE
   Sims, JE
   Bird, TA
   O'Neill, LAJ
AF Fitzgerald, KA
   Palsson-McDermott, EM
   Bowie, AG
   Jefferies, CA
   Mansell, AS
   Brady, G
   Brint, E
   Dunne, A
   Gray, P
   Harte, MT
   McMurray, D
   Smith, DE
   Sims, JE
   Bird, TA
   O'Neill, LAJ
TI Mal (MyD88-adapter-like) is required for Toll-like receptor-4 signal transduction
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID drosophila toll; myd88; activation; family; il-1; lipoproteins; recognition; pathogens; adapter; member
AB The recognition of microbial pathogens by the innate immune system involves Toll-like receptors (TLRs), which recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (1-9). Different TLRs recognize different pathogen-associated molecular patterns, with TLR-4 mediating the response to lipopolysaccharide from Gram-negative bacteria(5-7). All TLRs have a Toll/IL-1 receptor (TIR) domain, which is responsible for signal transduction(1,2). MyD88 is one such protein that contains a TIR domain(10,11). It acts as an adapter, being involved in TLR-2, TLR-4 and TLR-9 signalling(12-15); however, our understanding of how TLR-4 signals is incomplete(15,16). Here we describe a protein, Mal (MyD88-adapter-like), which joins MyD88 as a cytoplasmic TIR-domain-containing protein in the human genome. Mal activates NF-kappaB, Jun amino-terminal kinase and extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1 and -2. Mal can form homodimers and can also form heterodimers with MyD88. Activation of NF-kappaB by Mal requires IRAK-2, but not IRAK, whereas MyD88 requires both IRAKs. Mal associates with IRAK-2 by means of its TIR domain. A dominant negative form of Mal inhibits NF-kappaB, which is activated by TLR-4 or lipopolysaccharide, but it does not inhibit NF-kappaB activation by IL-1RI or IL-18R. Mal associates with TLR-4. Mal is therefore an adapter in TLR-4 signal transduction.
C1 Univ Dublin Trinity Coll, Dept Biochem, Dublin 2, Ireland.
   Immunex Res & Dev Corp, Seattle, WA 98101 USA.
C3 Trinity College Dublin
RP O'Neill, LAJ (corresponding author), Univ Dublin Trinity Coll, Dept Biochem, Dublin 2, Ireland.
NR 23
TC 1020
Z9 1228
U1 3
U2 89
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 6
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6851
BP 78
EP 83
DI 10.1038/35092578
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 469EG
UT WOS:000170801200042
PM 11544529
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Butcher, SJ
   Grimes, JM
   Makeyev, EV
   Bamford, DH
   Stuart, DL
AF Butcher, SJ
   Grimes, JM
   Makeyev, EV
   Bamford, DH
   Stuart, DL
TI A mechanism for initiating RNA-dependent RNA polymerization
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hepatitis-c virus; plus-strand synthesis; crystal-structure; dsrna bacteriophage-phi-6; polymerase-activity; replication; resolution; system; genome; minus
AB In most RNA viruses, genome replication and transcription are catalysed by a viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Double-stranded RNA viruses perform these operations in a capsid (the polymerase complex), using an enzyme that can read both single- and double-stranded RNA. Structures have been solved for such viral capsids, but they do not resolve the polymerase subunits in any detail(1,2). Here we show that the 2 Angstrom resolution X-ray structure of the active polymerase subunit from the double-stranded RNA bacteriophage phi6 (refs 3, 4) is highly similar to that of the polymerase of hepatitis C virus, providing an evolutionary link between double-stranded RNA viruses and flaviviruses. By crystal soaking and co-crystallization, we determined a number of other structures, including complexes with oligonucleotide and/or nucleoside triphosphates (NTPs), that suggest a mechanism by which the incoming double-stranded RNA is opened up to feed the template through to the active site, while the substrates enter by another route. The template strand initially overshoots, locking into a specificity pocket, and then, in the presence of cognate NTPs, reverses to form the initiation complex; this process engages two NTPs, one of which acts with the carboxy-terminal domain of the protein to prime the reaction. Our results provide a working model for the initiation of replication and transcription.
C1 Univ Oxford, Div Struct Biol, Oxford OX3 7BN, England.
   Univ Helsinki, Inst Biotechnol, Helsinki 00014, Finland.
   Univ Helsinki, Dept Biosci, Viikkki Bioctr, Helsinki 00014, Finland.
   Oxford Ctr Mol Sci, Oxford OX1 3QT, England.
C3 University of Oxford; University of Helsinki; University of Helsinki; University of Oxford
RP Stuart, DL (corresponding author), Univ Oxford, Div Struct Biol, Henry Wellcome Bldg Genom Med,Roosevelt Dr, Oxford OX3 7BN, England.
NR 26
TC 448
Z9 506
U1 0
U2 38
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 8
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6825
BP 235
EP 240
DI 10.1038/35065653
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 408HJ
UT WOS:000167320500053
PM 11242087
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Thompson, PM
   Ollason, JC
AF Thompson, PM
   Ollason, JC
TI Lagged effects of ocean climate change on fulmar population dynamics
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID north-atlantic; consequences; variability; glacialis; fishery; survival; orkney; trends
AB Environmental variation reflected by the North Atlantic Oscillation affects breeding and survival in terrestrial vertebrates(1,2), and climate change is predicted to have an impact on population dynamics by influencing food quality or availability(3). The North Atlantic Oscillation also affects the abundance of marine fish and zooplankton(4,5), but it is unclear whether this filters up trophic levels to long-lived marine top predators. Here we show by analysis of data from a 50-year study of the fulmar that two different indices of ocean climate variation may have lagged effects on population dynamics in this procellariiform seabird.
C1 Univ Aberdeen, Dept Zool, Lighthouse Field Stn, Cromarty IV11 8YJ, Ross Shire, Scotland.
   Univ Aberdeen, Dept Zool, Culterty Field Stn, Ellon AB41 6AA, Aberdeen, Scotland.
C3 University of Aberdeen; University of Aberdeen
RP Thompson, PM (corresponding author), Univ Aberdeen, Dept Zool, Lighthouse Field Stn, Cromarty IV11 8YJ, Ross Shire, Scotland.
NR 27
TC 203
Z9 228
U1 0
U2 88
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 27
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6854
BP 417
EP 420
DI 10.1038/35096558
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 475UY
UT WOS:000171188700053
PM 11574887
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Polacek, N
   Gaynor, M
   Yassin, A
   Mankin, AS
AF Polacek, N
   Gaynor, M
   Yassin, A
   Mankin, AS
TI Ribosomal peptidyl transferase can withstand mutations at the putative catalytic nucleotide
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transfer-rna; domain-v; a-sites; p-sites; positions; base; reconstitution; resistance
AB Peptide bond formation is the principal reaction of protein synthesis. It takes place in the peptidyl transferase centre of the large (50S) ribosomal subunit. In the course of the reaction, the polypeptide is transferred from peptidyl transfer RNA to the alpha -amino group of amino acyl-tRNA. The crystallographic structure of the 50S subunit showed no proteins within 18 Angstrom E from the active site, revealing peptidyl transferase as an RNA enzyme(1). Reported unique structural and biochemical features of the universally conserved adenine residue A2451 in 23S ribosomal RNA (Escherichia coli numbering) led to the proposal of a mechanism of rRNA catalysis that implicates this nucleotide as the principal catalytic residue(2,3). In vitro genetics allowed us to test the importance of A2451 for the overall rate of peptide bond formation. Here we report that large ribosomal subunits with mutated A2451 showed significant peptidyl transferase activity in several independent assays. Mutations at another nucleotide, G2447, which is essential to render catalytic properties to A2451 (refs 2, 3), also did not dramatically change the transpeptidation activity. As alterations of the putative catalytic residues do not severely affect the rate of peptidyl transfer the ribosome apparently promotes transpeptidation not through chemical catalysis, but by properly positioning the substrates of protein synthesis.
C1 Univ Illinois, Ctr Pharmaceut Biotechnol MC 870, Chicago, IL 60607 USA.
C3 University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Chicago; University of Illinois Chicago Hospital
RP Mankin, AS (corresponding author), Univ Illinois, Ctr Pharmaceut Biotechnol MC 870, 900 S Ashland Ave, Chicago, IL 60607 USA.
NR 30
TC 160
Z9 189
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 24
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6836
BP 498
EP 501
DI 10.1038/35078113
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 435CB
UT WOS:000168858700054
PM 11373685
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cole, BE
   Williams, JB
   King, BT
   Sherwin, MS
   Stanley, CR
AF Cole, BE
   Williams, JB
   King, BT
   Sherwin, MS
   Stanley, CR
TI Coherent manipulation of semiconductor quantum bits with terahertz radiation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID computation; gaas; dots
AB Quantum bits(1-5) (qubits) are the fundamental building blocks of quantum information processors, such as quantum computers(6). A qubit comprises a pair of well characterized quantum states that can in principle be manipulated quickly compared to the time it takes them to decohere by coupling to their environment(7). Much remains to be understood about the manipulation and decoherence of semiconductor qubits. Here we show that hydrogen-atom-like motional states of electrons bound to donor impurities in currently available semiconductors can serve as model qubits. We use intense pulses(8) of terahertz radiation to induce coherent, damped Rabi oscillations(9,10) in the population of two low-lying states of donor impurities in GaAs11-13. Our observations demonstrate that a quantum-confined extrinsic electron in a semiconductor can be coherently manipulated like an atomic electron, even while sharing space with similar to 10(5) atoms in its semiconductor host. We anticipate that this model system will be useful for measuring intrinsic decoherence processes, and for testing both simple and complex manipulations of semiconductor qubits.
C1 Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Inst Quantum Engn Sci & Technol, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
   Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Phys, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
   Univ Glasgow, Dept Elect & Elect Engn, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Lanark, Scotland.
C3 University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara; University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara; University of Glasgow
RP Sherwin, MS (corresponding author), Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Inst Quantum Engn Sci & Technol, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
NR 27
TC 231
Z9 251
U1 2
U2 56
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 1
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6824
BP 60
EP 63
DI 10.1038/35065032
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 406BD
UT WOS:000167194300039
PM 11242038
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chambers, JQ
   Higuchi, N
   Tribuzy, ES
   Trumbore, SE
AF Chambers, JQ
   Higuchi, N
   Tribuzy, ES
   Trumbore, SE
TI Carbon sink for a century
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tropical forests; responses; trees
C1 Univ Calif Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697 USA.
   Natl Ctr Ecol Anal & Synth, Santa Barbara, CA 93101 USA.
   INPA, Biol Dynam Forest Fragments Project, BR-69011970 Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil.
   Inst Nacl de Pesquisas da Amazonia, BR-69011970 Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil.
C3 University of California System; University of California Irvine; University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara; Institute Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia; Institute Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia
RP Chambers, JQ (corresponding author), Univ Calif Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697 USA.
EM chambersjq@yahoo.com
NR 12
TC 107
Z9 131
U1 3
U2 61
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 22
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6827
BP 429
EP 429
DI 10.1038/35068624
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 412YX
UT WOS:000167583800028
PM 11260700
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yu, QY
   Geng, Y
   Sicinski, P
AF Yu, QY
   Geng, Y
   Sicinski, P
TI Specific protection against breast cancers by cyclin D1 ablation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transgenic mice; cell-proliferation; signaling pathway; neu oncogene; expression; ras; overexpression; transformation; progression; gene
AB Breast cancer is the most common malignancy among women. Most of these cancers overexpress cyclin D1, a component of the core cell-cycle machinery. We previously generated mice lacking cyclin D1 using gene targeting. Here we report that these cyclin D1-deficient mice are resistant to breast cancers induced by the neu and ras oncogenes. However, animals lacking cyclin D1 remain fully sensitive to other oncogenic pathways of the mammary epithelium, such as those driven by c-myc or Wnt-1. Our analyses revealed that, in mammary epithelial cells, the Neu-Ras pathway is connected to the cell-cycle machinery by cyclin D1, explaining the absolute dependency on cyclin D1 for malignant transformation in this tissue. Our results suggest that an anti-cyclin D1 therapy might be highly specific in treating human breast cancers with activated Neu-Ras pathways.
C1 Dana Farber Canc Inst, Dept Canc Biol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
RP Sicinski, P (corresponding author), Dana Farber Canc Inst, Dept Canc Biol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
NR 31
TC 815
Z9 944
U1 0
U2 32
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 28
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6841
BP 1017
EP 1021
DI 10.1038/35082500
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 446TF
UT WOS:000169528500038
PM 11429595
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cantalupo, C
   Hopkins, WD
AF Cantalupo, C
   Hopkins, WD
TI Asymmetric Broca's area in great apes - A region of the ape brain is uncannily similar to one linked with speech in humans.
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID planum temporale; language; mri
C1 Emory Univ, Yerkes Reg Primate Res Ctr, Div Psychobiol, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA.
   Emory Univ, Yerkes Reg Primate Res Ctr, Living Links Ctr, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA.
   Georgia State Univ, Language Res Ctr, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA.
   Berry Coll, Dept Psychol, Mt Berry, GA 30149 USA.
C3 Emory University; Emory University; University System of Georgia; Georgia State University
RP Cantalupo, C (corresponding author), Emory Univ, Yerkes Reg Primate Res Ctr, Div Psychobiol, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA.
FU NICHD NIH HHS [P01 HD038051] Funding Source: Medline; NINDS NIH HHS [R01 NS042867, R01 NS036605] Funding Source: Medline
NR 13
TC 264
Z9 288
U1 0
U2 41
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 29
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6863
BP 505
EP 505
DI 10.1038/35107134
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 496PV
UT WOS:000172405900032
PM 11734839
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lu, Z
   Klem, AM
   Ramu, Y
AF Lu, Z
   Klem, AM
   Ramu, Y
TI Ion conduction pore is conserved among potassium channels
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rectifier k+ channel; voltage-sensing residues; inward-rectifier; streptomyces-lividans; functional expression; molecular-basis; gating charge; c-terminus; rectification; inactivation
AB Potassium channels, a group of specialized membrane proteins, enable K+ ions to flow selectively across cell membranes. Transmembrane K+ currents underlie electrical signalling in neurons and other excitable cells. The atomic structure of a bacterial K+ channel pore has been solved by means of X-ray crystallography. To the extent that the prokaryotic pore is representative of other K+ channels, this landmark achievement has profound implications for our general understanding of K+ channels. But serious doubts have been raised concerning whether the prokaryotic K+ channel pore does actually represent those of eukaryotes. Here we have addressed this fundamental issue by substituting the prokaryotic pore into eukaryotic voltage-gated and inward-rectifier K+ channels. The resulting chimaeras retain the respective functional hallmarks of the eukaryotic channels, which indicates that the ion conduction pore is indeed conserved among K+ channels.
C1 Univ Penn, Dept Physiol, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
C3 University of Pennsylvania
RP Lu, Z (corresponding author), Univ Penn, Dept Physiol, 3700 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
NR 50
TC 279
Z9 325
U1 0
U2 28
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 25
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6858
BP 809
EP 813
DI 10.1038/35101535
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 485JA
UT WOS:000171750200037
PM 11677598
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ganopolski, A
   Rahmstorf, S
AF Ganopolski, A
   Rahmstorf, S
TI Rapid changes of glacial climate simulated in a coupled climate model
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID fresh-water; thermohaline circulation; intermediate complexity; northern-hemisphere; ice; greenland; ocean; vegetation; variability; temperatures
AB Abrupt changes in climate, termed Dansgaard-Oeschger and Heinrich events, have punctuated the last glacial period (similar to 100- 10 kyr ago) but not the Holocene (the past 10 kyr). Here we use an intermediate-complexity climate model to investigate the stability of glacial climate, and we rnd that only one mode of Atlantic Ocean circulation is stable: a cold mode with deep water formation in the Atlantic Ocean south of Iceland. However, a `warm' circulation mode similar to the present-day Atlantic Ocean is only marginally unstable, and temporary transitions to this warm mode can easily be triggered. This leads to abrupt warm events in the model which share many characteristics of the observed Dansgaard-Oeschger events. For a large freshwater input (such as a large release of icebergs), the model's deep water formation is temporarily switched off, causing no strong cooling in Greenland but warming in Antarctica, as is observed for Heinrich events. Our stability analysis provides an explanation why glacial climate is much more variable than Holocene climate.
C1 Potsdam Inst Climate Impact Res, D-14412 Potsdam, Germany.
C3 Potsdam Institut fur Klimafolgenforschung
RP Ganopolski, A (corresponding author), Potsdam Inst Climate Impact Res, POB 60 12 03, D-14412 Potsdam, Germany.
EM ganopolski@pik-potsdam.de
NR 47
TC 769
Z9 848
U1 0
U2 139
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 11
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6817
BP 153
EP 158
DI 10.1038/35051500
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 390UV
UT WOS:000166316200033
PM 11196631
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sanz, JL
   Chiappe, LM
   Fernández-Jalvo, Y
   Ortega, F
   Sánchez-Chillón, B
   Poyato-Ariza, FJ
   Pérez-Moreno, BP
AF Sanz, JL
   Chiappe, LM
   Fernández-Jalvo, Y
   Ortega, F
   Sánchez-Chillón, B
   Poyato-Ariza, FJ
   Pérez-Moreno, BP
TI Palaeontology -: An Early Cretaceous pellet
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID bird bones
C1 Univ Autonoma Madrid, Dept Biol, Unidad Paleontol, E-28049 Madrid, Spain.
   Nat Hist Museum Los Angeles Cty, Los Angeles, CA 90007 USA.
   CSIC, Museo Nacl Ciencias Nat, E-28006 Madrid, Spain.
C3 Autonomous University of Madrid; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); CSIC - Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN)
RP Sanz, JL (corresponding author), Univ Autonoma Madrid, Dept Biol, Unidad Paleontol, E-28049 Madrid, Spain.
NR 10
TC 35
Z9 39
U1 0
U2 9
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 22
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6823
BP 998
EP 1000
DI 10.1038/35059172
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 405FT
UT WOS:000167148800032
PM 11234054
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Parker, AR
   McPhedran, RC
   McKenzie, DR
   Botten, LC
   Nicorovici, NAP
AF Parker, AR
   McPhedran, RC
   McKenzie, DR
   Botten, LC
   Nicorovici, NAP
TI Photonic engineering - Aphrodite's iridescence
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Oxford, Dept Zool, Oxford OX1 3PS, England.
   Univ Sydney, Sch Phys, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
   Univ Technol Sydney, Sch Math Sci, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia.
C3 University of Oxford; University of Sydney; University of Technology Sydney
RP Parker, AR (corresponding author), Univ Oxford, Dept Zool, S Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3PS, England.
NR 8
TC 224
Z9 255
U1 1
U2 146
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 4
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6816
BP 36
EP 37
DI 10.1038/35051168
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 388HT
UT WOS:000166175600028
PM 11343102
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Thewissen, JGM
   Williams, EM
   Roe, LJ
   Hussain, ST
AF Thewissen, JGM
   Williams, EM
   Roe, LJ
   Hussain, ST
TI Skeletons of terrestrial cetaceans and the relationship of whales to artiodactyls
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID locomotor evolution; earliest cetaceans; middle eocene; origin; mammalia; pakistan; india; model; time
AB Modern members of the mammalian order Cetacea (whales, dolphins and porpoises) are obligate aquatic swimmers that are highly distinctive in morphology, lacking hair and hind limbs, and having flippers, flukes, and a streamlined body. Eocene fossils document much of cetaceans' land-to-water transition, but, until now, the most primitive representative for which a skeleton was known was clearly amphibious and lived in coastal environments. Here we report on the skeletons of two early Eocene pakicetid cetaceans, the fox-sized Ichthyolestes pinfoldi, and the wolf-sized Pakicetus attocki. Their skeletons also elucidate the relationships of cetaceans to other mammals. Morphological cladistic analyses have shown cetaceans to be most closely related to one or more mesonychians, a group of extinct, archaic ungulates, but molecular analyses have indicated that they are the sister group to hippopotamids. Our cladistic analysis indicates that cetaceans are more closely related to artiodactyls than to any mesonychian. Cetaceans are not the sister group to (any) mesonychians, nor to hippopotamids. Our analysis stops short of identifying any particular artiodactyl family as the cetacean sister group and supports monophyly of artiodactyls.
C1 Northeastern Ohio Univ Coll Med & Pharm, Coll Med, Dept Anat, Rootstown, OH 44272 USA.
   Univ Arizona, Dept Geosci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
   Howard Univ, Coll Med, Dept Anat, Washington, DC 20059 USA.
C3 University System of Ohio; Northeast Ohio Medical University (NEOMED); University of Arizona; Howard University
RP Thewissen, JGM (corresponding author), Northeastern Ohio Univ Coll Med & Pharm, Coll Med, Dept Anat, Rootstown, OH 44272 USA.
EM thewisse@neoucom.edu
NR 48
TC 228
Z9 263
U1 1
U2 205
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 20
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6853
BP 277
EP 281
DI 10.1038/35095005
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 473KB
UT WOS:000171040500030
PM 11565023
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bode, F
   Sachs, F
   Franz, MR
AF Bode, F
   Sachs, F
   Franz, MR
TI Tarantula peptide inhibits atrial fibrillation - A peptide from spider venom can prevent the heartbeat from losing its rhythm.
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID activated ion channels; stretch; myocytes
C1 Georgetown Univ, Dept Pharmacol, Washington, DC 20007 USA.
   SUNY Buffalo, Dept Physiol & Biophys, Buffalo, NY 14214 USA.
C3 Georgetown University; State University of New York (SUNY) System; University at Buffalo, SUNY
RP Bode, F (corresponding author), Univ Klinikum Luebeck, Med Klin 2, Ratzeburger Allee 160, D-23538 Lubeck, Germany.
NR 12
TC 248
Z9 269
U1 0
U2 24
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 4
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6816
BP 35
EP 36
DI 10.1038/35051165
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 388HT
UT WOS:000166175600027
PM 11343101
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sale, JE
   Calandrini, DM
   Takata, M
   Takeda, S
   Neuberger, MS
AF Sale, JE
   Calandrini, DM
   Takata, M
   Takeda, S
   Neuberger, MS
TI Ablation of XRCC2/3 transforms immunoglobulin V gene conversion into somatic hypermutation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID double-strand breaks; light-chain gene; homologous recombination; chromosome stability; repair genes; dna; promotes; chicken; diversification; maintenance
AB After gene rearrangement, immunoglobulin V genes are further diversified by either somatic hypermutation or gene conversion(1). Hypermutation (in man and mouse) occurs by the fixation of individual, non-templated nucleotide substitutions. Gene conversion (in chicken) is templated by a set of upstream V pseudogenes. Here we show that if the RAD51 paralogues(2) XRCC2, XRCC3 or RAD51B are ablated the pattern of diversification of the immunoglobulin V gene in the chicken DT40 B-cell lymphoma line(3) exhibits a marked shift from one of gene conversion to one of somatic hypermutation. Non-templated, single-nucleotide substitutions are incorporated at high frequency specifically into the V domain, largely at G/C and with a marked hotspot preference. These mutant DT40 cell lines provide a tractable model for the genetic dissection of immunoglobulin hypermutation and the results support the idea that gene conversion and somatic hypermutation constitute distinct pathways for processing a common lesion in the immunoglobulin V gene. The marked induction of somatic hypermutation that is achieved by ablating the RAD51 paralogues is probably a consequence of modifying the recombination-mediated repair of such initiating lesions.
C1 MRC, Mol Biol Lab, Cambridge CB2 2QH, England.
   Kawasaki Med Sch, Okayama 7010192, Japan.
   Kyoto Univ, Fac Med, CREST Res Project, Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068501, Japan.
C3 MRC Laboratory Molecular Biology; Kawasaki Medical School; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST); Kyoto University
RP Sale, JE (corresponding author), MRC, Mol Biol Lab, Hills Rd, Cambridge CB2 2QH, England.
EM msn@mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk
NR 30
TC 188
Z9 221
U1 0
U2 6
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 30
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6850
BP 921
EP 926
DI 10.1038/35091100
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 467EG
UT WOS:000170689000048
PM 11528482
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kanbach, G
   Straubmeier, C
   Spruit, HC
   Belloni, T
AF Kanbach, G
   Straubmeier, C
   Spruit, HC
   Belloni, T
TI Correlated fast X-ray and optical variability in the black-hole candidate XTE J1118+480
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID discovery
AB Black holes become visible when they accrete gas, a common source of which is a close stellar companion. The standard theory for this process (invoking a 'thin accretion disk') does not explain some spectacular phenomena associated with these systems, such as their X-ray variability(1) and relativistic outflows(2), indicating some lack of understanding of the actual physical conditions. Simultaneous observations at multiple wavelengths can provide strong constraints on these conditions. Here we report simultaneous high-time-resolution X-ray and optical observations of the transient source XTE J1118+480, which show a strong but puzzling correlation between the emissions. The optical emission rises suddenly following an increase in the X-ray output, but with a dip 2-5 seconds in advance of the X-rays. This result is not easy to understand within the simplest model of the optical emission, where the light comes from reprocessed X-rays. It is probably more consistent with an earlier suggestion(3) that the optical light is cyclosynchrotron emission that originates in a region about 20,000 km from the black hole. We propose that the time dependence is evidence for a relatively slow (<0.1c), magnetically controlled outflow.
C1 Max Planck Inst Astrophys, D-85741 Garching, Germany.
   Max Planck Inst Extraterr Phys, D-85741 Garching, Germany.
   Osserv Astron Brera, I-23807 Merate, Lecco, Italy.
C3 Max Planck Society; Max Planck Society; Istituto Nazionale Astrofisica (INAF)
RP Spruit, HC (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Astrophys, Postfach 1317, D-85741 Garching, Germany.
NR 22
TC 125
Z9 128
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 8
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6860
BP 180
EP 182
DI 10.1038/35102515
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 490AY
UT WOS:000172029100039
PM 11700550
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hentschel, M
   Kienberger, R
   Spielmann, C
   Reider, GA
   Milosevic, N
   Brabec, T
   Corkum, P
   Heinzmann, U
   Drescher, M
   Krausz, F
AF Hentschel, M
   Kienberger, R
   Spielmann, C
   Reider, GA
   Milosevic, N
   Brabec, T
   Corkum, P
   Heinzmann, U
   Drescher, M
   Krausz, F
TI Attosecond metrology
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID order harmonic-generation; nonlinear optics; laser fields; pulses; frontiers
AB The generation of ultrashort pulses is a key to exploring the dynamic behaviour of matter on ever-shorter timescales. Recent developments have pushed the duration of laser pulses close to its natural limit-the wave cycle, which lasts somewhat longer than one femtosecond (1 fs = 10(-15) s) in the visible spectral range. Time-resolved measurements with these pulses are able to trace dynamics of molecular structure, but fail to capture electronic processes occurring on an attosecond (1 as = 10(-18) s) timescale. Here we trace electronic dynamics with a time resolution of less than or equal to 150 as by using a subfemtosecond soft-X-ray pulse and a few-cycle visible light pulse. Our measurement indicates an attosecond response of the atomic system, a soft-X-ray pulse duration of 650 +/- 150 as and an attosecond synchronism of the soft-X-ray pulse with the light field. The demonstrated experimental tools and techniques open the door to attosecond spectroscopy of bound electrons.
C1 Vienna Tech Univ, Inst Photon, A-1040 Vienna, Austria.
   Natl Res Council Canada, Steacie Inst Mol Sci, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada.
   Univ Bielefeld, Fak Phys, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
C3 Technische Universitat Wien; National Research Council Canada; University of Bielefeld
RP Krausz, F (corresponding author), Vienna Tech Univ, Inst Photon, Gusshausstr 27, A-1040 Vienna, Austria.
NR 20
TC 2731
Z9 3056
U1 31
U2 759
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 29
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6863
BP 509
EP 513
DI 10.1038/35107000
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 496PV
UT WOS:000172405900038
PM 11734845
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Brickley, SG
   Revilla, V
   Cull-Candy, SG
   Wisden, W
   Farrant, M
AF Brickley, SG
   Revilla, V
   Cull-Candy, SG
   Wisden, W
   Farrant, M
TI Adaptive regulation of neuronal excitability by a voltage-independent potassium conductance
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cerebellar granule neurons; domain k+ channel; gaba(a) receptors; rat cerebellum; synaptic integration; alpha-6 subunit; golgi cells; currents; inhibition; activation
AB Many neurons receive a continuous, or 'tonic', synaptic input, which increases their membrane conductance, and so modifies the spatial and temporal integration of excitatory signals(1-3). In cerebellar granule cells, although the frequency of inhibitory synaptic currents is relatively low, the spillover of synaptically released GABA (gamma -aminobutyric acid)(4) gives rise to a persistent conductance mediated by the GABA(A) receptor(5-7) that also modifies the excitability of granule cells(8). Here we show that this tonic conductance is absent in granule cells that lack the alpha6 and delta -subunits of the GABAA receptor. The response of these granule cells to excitatory synaptic input remains unaltered, owing to an increase in a 'leak' conductance, which is present at rest, with properties characteristic of the two-pore-domain K(+) channel TASK-1 (refs 9- 12). Our results highlight the importance of tonic inhibition mediated by GABAA receptors, loss of which triggers a form of homeostatic plasticity leading to a change in the magnitude of a voltage-independent K(+) conductance that maintains normal neuronal behaviour.
C1 UCL, Dept Pharmacol, London WC1E 6BT, England.
   MRC Ctr, Mol Biol Lab, Cambridge CB2 2QH, England.
   UCL, Dept Pharmacol, London WC1E 6BT, England.
C3 University of London; University College London; MRC Laboratory Molecular Biology; University of London; University College London
RP Farrant, M (corresponding author), UCL, Dept Pharmacol, Mortimer St, London WC1E 6BT, England.
EM m.farrant@ucl.ac.uk
NR 29
TC 470
Z9 529
U1 0
U2 32
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 4
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6816
BP 88
EP 92
DI 10.1038/35051086
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 388HT
UT WOS:000166175600045
PM 11343119
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Reimold, AM
   Iwakoshi, NN
   Manis, J
   Vallabhajosyula, P
   Szomolanyi-Tsuda, E
   Gravallese, EM
   Friend, D
   Grusby, MJ
   Alt, F
   Glimcher, LH
AF Reimold, AM
   Iwakoshi, NN
   Manis, J
   Vallabhajosyula, P
   Szomolanyi-Tsuda, E
   Gravallese, EM
   Friend, D
   Grusby, MJ
   Alt, F
   Glimcher, LH
TI Plasma cell differentiation requires the transcription factor XBP-1
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID b-cell; germinal center; t-cell; terminal differentiation; blimp-1 expression; deficient mice; igm secretion; protein; lymphocytes; memory
AB Considerable progress has been made in identifying the transcription factors involved in the early specification of the B-lymphocyte lineage. However, little is known about factors that control the transition of mature activated B cells to antibody-secreting plasma cells. Here we report that the transcription factor XBP-1 is required for the generation of plasma cells. XBP-1 transcripts were rapidly upregulated in vitro by stimuli that induce plasma-cell differentiation, and were found at high levels in plasma cells from rheumatoid synovium. When introduced into B-lineage cells, XBP-1 initiated plasma-cell differentiation. Mouse lymphoid chimaeras deficient in XBP-1 possessed normal numbers of activated B lymphocytes that proliferated, secreted cytokines and formed normal germinal centres. However, they secreted very little immunoglobulin of any isotype and failed to control infection with the B-cell-dependent polyoma virus, because plasma cells were markedly absent. XBP-1 is the only transcription factor known to be selectively and specifically required for the terminal differentiation of B lymphocytes to plasma cells.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Immunol & Infect Dis, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Childrens Hosp, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Beth Israel Deaconess Med Ctr, Dept Med, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Univ Massachusetts, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Worcester, MA 01655 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; University of Massachusetts System; University of Massachusetts Worcester
RP Glimcher, LH (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Immunol & Infect Dis, 665 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
NR 49
TC 1061
Z9 1298
U1 2
U2 45
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 19
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6844
BP 300
EP 307
DI 10.1038/35085509
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 453LW
UT WOS:000169918200037
PM 11460154
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lee, CT
   Yin, QZ
   Rudnick, RL
   Jacobsen, SB
AF Lee, CT
   Yin, QZ
   Rudnick, RL
   Jacobsen, SB
TI Preservation of ancient and fertile lithospheric mantle beneath the southwestern United States
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID peridotite xenoliths; colorado plateau; subcontinental mantle; continental tectosphere; isotope systematics; thermal structure; volcanic field; mojave desert; heat-flow; evolution
AB Stable continental regions, free from tectonic activity, are generally found only within ancient cratons-the centres of continents which formed in the Archaean era, 4.0-2.5 Gyr ago. But in the Cordilleran mountain belt of western North America some younger (middle Proterozoic) regions have remained stable(1,2), whereas some older (late Archaean) regions have been tectonically disturbed(1,3), suggesting that age alone does not determine lithospheric strength and crustal stability. Here we report rhenium-osmium isotope and mineral compositions of peridotite xenoliths from two regions of the Cordilleran mountain belt. We found that the younger, undeformed Colorado plateau is underlain by lithospheric mantle that is 'depleted' (deficient in minerals extracted by partial melting of the rock), whereas the older (Archaean), yet deformed, southern Basin and Range province is underlain by 'fertile' lithospheric mantle (not depleted by melt extraction). We suggest that the apparent relationship between composition and lithospheric strength, inferred from different degrees of crustal deformation, occurs because depleted mantle is intrinsically less dense than fertile mantle (due to iron having been lost when melt was extracted from the rock). This allows the depleted mantle to form a thicker thermal boundary layer(4) between the deep convecting mantle and the crust, thus reducing tectonic activity at the surface. The inference that not all Archaean crust developed a strong and thick thermal boundary layer leads to the possibility that such ancient crust may have been overlooked because of its intensive reworking or lost from the geological record owing to preferential recycling.
C1 Harvard Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
C3 Harvard University
RP Lee, CT (corresponding author), CALTECH, Div Geol & Planetary Sci, 1200 E Calif Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
NR 32
TC 173
Z9 208
U1 2
U2 52
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 3
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6833
BP 69
EP 73
DI 10.1038/35075048
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 427XY
UT WOS:000168432800044
PM 11333978
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hoehler, TM
   Bebout, BM
   Des Marais, DJ
AF Hoehler, TM
   Bebout, BM
   Des Marais, DJ
TI The role of microbial mats in the production of reduced gases on the early Earth
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID oxygen; fermentation
AB The advent of oxygenic photosynthesis on Earth may have increased global biological productivity by a factor of 100-1,000 (ref. 1), profoundly affecting both geochemical and biological evolution. Much of this new productivity probably occurred in microbial mats, which incorporate a range of photosynthetic and anaerobic microorganisms in extremely close physical proximity(2,3). The potential contribution of these systems to global biogeochemical change would have depended on the nature of the interactions among these mat microorganisms. Here we report that in modern, cyanobacteria-dominated mats from hypersaline environments in Guerrero Negro, Mexico, photosynthetic microorganisms generate H-2 and CO-gases that provide a basis for direct chemical interactions with neighbouring chemotrophic and heterotrophic microbes(4). We also observe an unexpected flux of CH4, which is probably related to H-2-based alteration of the redox potential within the mats. These fluxes would have been most important during the nearly 2-billion-year period during which photosynthetic mats contributed substantially to biological productivity(5) -and hence, to biogeochemistry-on Earth. In particular, the large fluxes of H-2 that we observe could, with subsequent escape to space, represent a potentially important mechanism for oxidation of the primitive oceans and atmosphere.
C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Exobiol Branch, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA.
C3 National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Ames Research Center
RP Hoehler, TM (corresponding author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Exobiol Branch, MS 239-4, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA.
EM thoehler@mail.arc.nasa.gov
NR 27
TC 183
Z9 213
U1 0
U2 70
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 19
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6844
BP 324
EP 327
DI 10.1038/35085554
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 453LW
UT WOS:000169918200044
PM 11460161
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Reid, G
   Flonta, ML
AF Reid, G
   Flonta, ML
TI Physiology - Cold current in thermoreceptive neurons
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID menthol; rat
C1 Univ Bucharest, Fac Biol, Dept Anim Physiol & Biophys, Bucharest 76201, Romania.
C3 University of Bucharest
RP Reid, G (corresponding author), Univ Bucharest, Fac Biol, Dept Anim Physiol & Biophys, Splaiul Independentei 91-95, Bucharest 76201, Romania.
NR 12
TC 141
Z9 163
U1 0
U2 16
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 4
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6855
BP 480
EP 480
DI 10.1038/35097164
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 478HG
UT WOS:000171340500036
PM 11586349
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Boekema, EJ
   Hifney, A
   Yakushevska, AE
   Piotrowski, M
   Keegstra, W
   Berry, S
   Michel, KP
   Pistorius, EK
   Kruip, J
AF Boekema, EJ
   Hifney, A
   Yakushevska, AE
   Piotrowski, M
   Keegstra, W
   Berry, S
   Michel, KP
   Pistorius, EK
   Kruip, J
TI A giant chlorophyll-protein complex induced by iron defciency in cyanobacteria
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID light-harvesting complex; photosystem-ii complex; synechococcus sp; isia gene; stress; purification; organization; limitation; subunits
AB Cyanobacteria are abundant throughout most of the world's water bodies and contribute significantly to global primary productivity through oxygenic photosynthesis. This reaction is catalysed by two membrane-bound protein complexes, photosystem I (PSI) and photosystem II (PSII), which both contain chlorophyll-binding subunits functioning as an internal antenna(1). In addition, phycobilisomes act as peripheral antenna systems, but no additional light-harvesting systems have been found under normal growth conditions. Iron deficiency, which is often the limiting factor for cyanobacterial growth in aquatic ecosystems(2), leads to the induction of additional proteins such as IsiA (ref. 3). Although IsiA has been implicated in chlorophyll storage, energy absorption and protection against excessive light, its precise molecular function and association to other proteins is unknown. Here we report the purification of a specific PSI-IsiA supercomplex, which is abundant under conditions of iron limitation. Electron microscopy shows that this supercomplex consists of trimeric PSI surrounded by a closed ring of 18 IsiA proteins binding around 180 chlorophyll molecules. We provide a structural characterization of an additional chlorophyll-containing, membrane-integral antenna in a cyanobacterial photosystem.
C1 Univ Bielefeld, D-33501 Bielefeld, Germany.
   Univ Groningen, Groningen Biomol Sci, NL-9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands.
   Univ Groningen, Inst Biotechnol, NL-9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands.
   Ruhr Univ Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany.
C3 University of Bielefeld; University of Groningen; University of Groningen; Ruhr University Bochum
RP Pistorius, EK (corresponding author), Univ Bielefeld, D-33501 Bielefeld, Germany.
EM e.pistorius@biologie.uni-bielefeld.de; jochen.kruip@ruhr-uni-bochum.de
NR 24
TC 289
Z9 324
U1 0
U2 66
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 16
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6848
BP 745
EP 748
DI 10.1038/35089104
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 462ZB
UT WOS:000170450200048
PM 11507644
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Steele, BCH
   Heinzel, A
AF Steele, BCH
   Heinzel, A
TI Materials for fuel-cell technologies
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID polymer electrolyte; stainless-steel; operation; membranes; design
AB Fuel cells convert chemical energy directly into electrical energy with high efficiency and low emission of pollutants. However, before fuel-cell technology can gain a significant share of the electrical power market, important issues have to be addressed. These issues include optimal choice of fuel, and the development of alternative materials in the fuel-cell stack. Present fuel-cell prototypes often use materials selected more than 25 years ago. Commercialization aspects, including cost and durability, have revealed inadequacies in some of these materials. Here we summarize recent progress in the search and development of innovative alternative materials.
C1 Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Dept Mat, Ctr Ion Conducting Ceram, London SW7 2BP, England.
   Fraunhofer Inst Solar Energy Syst, D-79110 Freiburg, Germany.
C3 Imperial College London; Fraunhofer Gesellschaft; Fraunhofer Germany; Fraunhofer Institute of Solar Energy Systems
RP Steele, BCH (corresponding author), Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Dept Mat, Ctr Ion Conducting Ceram, London SW7 2BP, England.
EM b.steele@ic.ac.uk; a.heinzel@uni-duisburg.de
NR 57
TC 7284
Z9 7977
U1 50
U2 4596
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 15
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6861
BP 345
EP 352
DI 10.1038/35104620
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 492CM
UT WOS:000172150700054
PM 11713541
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gandon, S
   Mackinnon, MJ
   Nee, S
   Read, AF
AF Gandon, S
   Mackinnon, MJ
   Nee, S
   Read, AF
TI Imperfect vaccines and the evolution of pathogen virulence
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB Vaccines rarely provide full protection from disease. Nevertheless, partially effective (imperfect) vaccines may be used to protect both individuals and whole populations(1-3). We studied the potential impact of different types of imperfect vaccines on the evolution of pathogen virulence (induced host mortality) and the consequences for public health. Here we show that vaccines designed to reduce pathogen growth rate and/or toxicity diminish selection against virulent pathogens. The subsequent evolution leads to higher levels of intrinsic virulence and hence to more severe disease in unvaccinated individuals. This evolution can erode any population-wide benefits such that overall mortality rates are unaffected, or even increase, with the level of vaccination coverage. In contrast, infection-blocking vaccines induce no such effects, and can even select for lower virulence. These findings have policy implications for the development and use of vaccines that are not expected to provide full immunity, such as candidate vaccines for malaria(4).
C1 Univ Edinburgh, Inst Cell Anim & Populat Biol, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, Midlothian, Scotland.
C3 University of Edinburgh
RP Gandon, S (corresponding author), Univ Edinburgh, Inst Cell Anim & Populat Biol, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, Midlothian, Scotland.
EM Sylvain.Gandon@ed.ac.uk
NR 30
TC 509
Z9 553
U1 0
U2 152
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 13
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6865
BP 751
EP 756
DI 10.1038/414751a
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 501GD
UT WOS:000172676200048
PM 11742400
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hawthorne, DJ
   Via, S
AF Hawthorne, DJ
   Via, S
TI Genetic linkage of ecological specialization and reproductive isolation in pea aphids
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sympatric speciation; natural-selection; evolution; animals; races
AB The evolution of ecological specialization generates biological diversity and may lead to speciation(1-3). Genetic architecture can either speed or retard this process. If resource use and mate choice have a common genetic basis through pleiotropy or close linkage, the resulting genetic correlations can promote the joint evolution of specialization and reproductive isolation, facilitating speciation(4-6). Here we present a model of the role of genetic correlations in specialization and speciation, and test it by analysing the genetic architecture of key traits in two highly specialized host races of the pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum pisum; Hemiptera : Aphididae). We found several complexes of pleiotropic or closely linked quantitative trait loci (QTL) that affect key traits in ways that would promote speciation: QTL with antagonistic effects on performance on the two hosts are linked to QTL that produce asortative mating (through habitat choice). This type of genetic architecture may be common in taxa that have speciated under divergent natural selection.
C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Entomol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA.
   Univ Maryland, Dept Biol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA.
C3 University System of Maryland; University of Maryland College Park; University System of Maryland; University of Maryland College Park
RP Via, S (corresponding author), Univ Maryland, Dept Entomol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA.
EM sv47@umail.umd.edu
NR 30
TC 446
Z9 504
U1 1
U2 174
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 30
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6850
BP 904
EP 907
DI 10.1038/35091062
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 467EG
UT WOS:000170689000043
PM 11528477
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Powell, PA
   Wesley, C
   Spencer, S
   Cagan, RL
AF Powell, PA
   Wesley, C
   Spencer, S
   Cagan, RL
TI Scabrous complexes with Notch to mediate boundary formation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID developing drosophila retina; eye development; proneural gene; expression; protein; receptor; enhancer; delta; photoreceptors; neurogenesis
AB The mechanisms that establish and sharpen pattern across epithelia are poorly understood. In the developing nervous system, the first pattern elements appear as 'proneural clusters'. In the morphogenetic furrow of the immature Drosophila retina proneural clusters emerge in a wave as a patterned array of 6-10-cell groups, which are recognizable by expression of Atonal, a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor that is required to establish and pattern the first cell fate(1-3). The establishment and subsequent patterning of Atonal expression requires activity of the signalling transmembrane receptor Notch(2,4). Here we present in vivo and biochemical evidence that the secreted protein Scabrous associates with Notch, and can stabilize Notch protein at the surface. The result is a regulation of Notch activity that sharpens proneural cluster boundaries and ensures establishment of single pioneer neurons.
C1 Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Mol Biol & Pharmacol, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
   Rockefeller Univ, Genet Lab, New York, NY 10021 USA.
C3 Washington University (WUSTL); Rockefeller University
RP Cagan, RL (corresponding author), Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Mol Biol & Pharmacol, 660 S Euclid Ave,Campus Box 8103, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
NR 29
TC 70
Z9 83
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 1
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6820
BP 626
EP 630
DI 10.1038/35054566
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 397JJ
UT WOS:000166692300046
PM 11214322
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Falk, D
AF Falk, D
TI On the trail of the neutrino
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID solar
NR 6
TC 3
Z9 3
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 3
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6833
BP 10
EP 12
DI 10.1038/35075157
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 427XY
UT WOS:000168432800013
PM 11333945
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Samatey, FA
   Imada, K
   Nagashima, S
   Vonderviszt, F
   Kumasaka, T
   Yamamoto, M
   Namba, K
AF Samatey, FA
   Imada, K
   Nagashima, S
   Vonderviszt, F
   Kumasaka, T
   Yamamoto, M
   Namba, K
TI Structure of the bacterial flagellar protofilament and implications for a switch for supercoiling
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID filament structure; angstrom resolution; terminal regions; salmonella; protein; rotation; domain
AB The bacterial flagellar filament is a helical propeller constructed from 11 protofilaments of a single protein, flagellin. The filament switches between left- and right-handed supercoiled forms when bacteria switch their swimming mode between running and tumbling. Supercoiling is produced by two different packing interactions of flagellin called L and R. In switching from L to R, the intersubunit distance (similar to 52 Angstrom) along the protofilament decreases by 0.8 Angstrom. Changes in the number of L and R protofilaments govern supercoiling of the filament. Here we report the 2.0 Angstrom resolution crystal structure of a Salmonella flagellin fragment of relative molecular mass 41,300. The crystal contains pairs of antiparallel straight protofilaments with the R-type repeat. By simulated extension of the protofilament model, we have identified possible switch regions responsible for the bi-stable mechanical switch that generates the 0.8 Angstrom difference in repeat distance.
C1 JST, ERATO, Proton NanoMachine Project, Kyoto 6190237, Japan.
   Univ Veszprem, Dept Phys, H-8201 Veszprem, Hungary.
   RIKEN, Harima Inst, Mikazuki, Hyogo 6795198, Japan.
   Matsushita Elect Ind Co Ltd, Adv Technol Res Labs, Kyoto 6190237, Japan.
C3 Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST); University of Pannonia; RIKEN; Panasonic
RP Namba, K (corresponding author), JST, ERATO, Proton NanoMachine Project, 3-4 Hikaridai, Kyoto 6190237, Japan.
EM keiichi@crl.mei.co.jp
NR 46
TC 411
Z9 479
U1 0
U2 56
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 15
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6826
BP 331
EP 337
DI 10.1038/35066504
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 410WM
UT WOS:000167464100039
PM 11268201
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Preston, BT
   Stevenson, IR
   Pemberton, JM
   Wilson, K
AF Preston, BT
   Stevenson, IR
   Pemberton, JM
   Wilson, K
TI Dominant rams lose out by sperm depletion - A waning success in siring counters a ram's high score in competition for ewes.
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Stirling, Inst Biol Sci, Stirling FK9 4LA, Scotland.
   Univ Edinburgh, Inst Cell Anim & Populat Biol, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, Midlothian, Scotland.
C3 University of Stirling; University of Edinburgh
RP Preston, BT (corresponding author), Univ Stirling, Inst Biol Sci, Stirling FK9 4LA, Scotland.
EM b.t.preston@stir.ac.uk
NR 13
TC 314
Z9 347
U1 0
U2 58
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 8
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6821
BP 681
EP 682
DI 10.1038/35055617
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 399MF
UT WOS:000166816400030
PM 11217847
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU George, AM
   Iñiguez, J
   Bellaiche, L
AF George, AM
   Iñiguez, J
   Bellaiche, L
TI Anomalous properties in ferroelectrics induced by atomic ordering
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID finite-temperature property; behavior; phase
AB Complex insulating perovskite alloys are of considerable technological interest because of their large dielectric and piezoelectric responses. Examples of such alloys include (Ba1-xSrx)TiO3, which has emerged as a leading candidate dielectric material for the memory-cell capacitors in dynamic random access memories(1); and Pb(Zr1-xTix)O-3 (PZT), which is widely used in transducers and actuators(2). The rich variety of structural phases that these alloys can exhibit, and the challenge of relating their anomalous properties to the microscopic structure, make them attractive from a fundamental point of view. Theoretical investigations of modifications to the atomic ordering of these alloys suggest the existence of further unexpected structural properties(3) and hold promise for the development of new functional materials with improved electromechanical properties. Here we report ab initio calculations that show that a certain class of atomic rearrangement should lead simultaneously to large electromechanical responses and to unusual structural phases in a given class of perovskite alloys. Our simulations also reveal the microscopic mechanism responsible for these anomalies.
C1 Univ Arkansas, Dept Phys, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA.
C3 University of Arkansas System; University of Arkansas Fayetteville
RP Bellaiche, L (corresponding author), Univ Arkansas, Dept Phys, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA.
EM laurent@comp.uark.edu
NR 17
TC 112
Z9 118
U1 0
U2 74
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 6
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6851
BP 54
EP 57
DI 10.1038/35092530
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 469EG
UT WOS:000170801200035
PM 11544522
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kawata, S
   Sun, HB
   Tanaka, T
   Takada, K
AF Kawata, S
   Sun, HB
   Tanaka, T
   Takada, K
TI Finer features for functional microdevices - Micromachines can be created with higher resolution using two-photon absorption.
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID 3-dimensional microfabrication; photopolymerization; storage
C1 Osaka Univ, Dept Appl Phys, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan.
C3 University of Osaka
RP Kawata, S (corresponding author), Osaka Univ, Dept Appl Phys, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan.
EM kawata@ap.eng.osaka-u.ac.jp
NR 12
TC 2700
Z9 3120
U1 34
U2 1378
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 16
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6848
BP 697
EP 698
DI 10.1038/35089130
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 462ZB
UT WOS:000170450200031
PM 11507627
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fox, JE
   Starcevic, M
   Kow, KY
   Burow, ME
   McLachlan, JA
AF Fox, JE
   Starcevic, M
   Kow, KY
   Burow, ME
   McLachlan, JA
TI Nitrogen fixation - Endocrine disrupters and flavonoid signalling
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID meliloti nodulation genes; rhizobium-meliloti; expression; induction; protein; nodd
C1 Tulane Univ, Environm Endocrinol Lab, Ctr Bioenvironm Res, Sch Med, New Orleans, LA 70112 USA.
   Xavier Univ, Environm Endocrinol Lab, Ctr Bioenvironm Res, Cincinnati, OH 45207 USA.
   Tulane Univ, Mol & Cellular Biol Program, Sch Med, New Orleans, LA 70112 USA.
   Tulane Univ, Dept Pharmacol, Sch Med, New Orleans, LA 70112 USA.
C3 Tulane University; University System of Ohio; Xavier University; Tulane University; Tulane University
RP McLachlan, JA (corresponding author), Tulane Univ, Environm Endocrinol Lab, Ctr Bioenvironm Res, Sch Med, New Orleans, LA 70112 USA.
NR 13
TC 55
Z9 65
U1 0
U2 49
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 13
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6852
BP 128
EP 129
DI 10.1038/35093163
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 471FU
UT WOS:000170918800035
PM 11557969
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Emmerson, MC
   Solan, M
   Emes, C
   Paterson, DM
   Raffaelli, D
AF Emmerson, MC
   Solan, M
   Emes, C
   Paterson, DM
   Raffaelli, D
TI Consistent patterns and the idiosyncratic effects of biodiversity in marine ecosystems
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID species-diversity; plant diversity; productivity; stability; complementarity; competition; community; biomass
AB Revealing the consequences of species extinctions for ecosystem function has been a chief research goal(1-7) and has been accompanied by enthusiastic debate(8-11). Studies carried out predominantly in terrestrial grassland and soil ecosystems have demonstrated that as the number of species in assembled communities increases, so too do certain ecosystem processes, such as productivity, whereas others such as decomposition can remain unaffected(12). Diversity can influence aspects of ecosystem function, but questions remain as to how generic the patterns observed are, and whether they are the product of diversity, as such, or of the functional roles and traits that characterize species in ecological systems. Here we demonstrate variable diversity effects for species representative of marine coastal systems at both global and regional scales. We provide evidence for an increase in complementary resource use as diversity increases and show strong evidence for diversity effects in naturally assembled com-munities at a regional scale. The variability among individual species responses is consistent with a positive but idiosyncratic pattern of ecosystem function with increased diversity.
C1 Univ Aberdeen, Culterty Field Stn, Newburgh AB41 6AA, Ellon, Scotland.
   Univ St Andrews, Gatty Marine Lab, St Andrews KY16 8LB, Fife, Scotland.
C3 University of Aberdeen; University of St Andrews
RP Emmerson, MC (corresponding author), Univ Aberdeen, Culterty Field Stn, Newburgh AB41 6AA, Ellon, Scotland.
NR 25
TC 246
Z9 277
U1 2
U2 84
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 3
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6833
BP 73
EP 77
DI 10.1038/35075055
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 427XY
UT WOS:000168432800045
PM 11333979
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Le Grand, R
   Mondloch, CJ
   Maurer, D
   Brent, HP
AF Le Grand, R
   Mondloch, CJ
   Maurer, D
   Brent, HP
TI Neuroperception - Early visual experience and face processing
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID configuration; recognition; inversion
C1 McMaster Univ, Dept Psychol, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada.
   Hosp Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada.
C3 McMaster University; University of Toronto; Hospital for Sick Children (SickKids)
RP Le Grand, R (corresponding author), McMaster Univ, Dept Psychol, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada.
NR 13
TC 369
Z9 403
U1 1
U2 59
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 19
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6831
BP 890
EP 890
DI 10.1038/35073749
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 423AG
UT WOS:000168152300035
PM 11309606
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Woolhouse, M
   Chase-Topping, M
   Haydon, D
   Friar, J
   Matthews, L
   Hughes, G
   Shaw, D
   Wilesmith, J
   Donaldson, A
   Cornell, S
   Keeling, M
   Grenfell, B
AF Woolhouse, M
   Chase-Topping, M
   Haydon, D
   Friar, J
   Matthews, L
   Hughes, G
   Shaw, D
   Wilesmith, J
   Donaldson, A
   Cornell, S
   Keeling, M
   Grenfell, B
TI Epidemiology - Foot-and-mouth disease under control in the UK
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Edinburgh, Ctr Trop Vet Med, Roslin EH25 9RG, Midlothian, Scotland.
   Univ Guelph, Dept Zool, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
   Eoscene Corp, Seattle, WA 98104 USA.
   AFRC, Inst Anim Hlth, Pirbright Lab, Woking GU24 0NF, Surrey, England.
   Vet Labs Agcy, Addlestone KT15 3NB, Surrey, England.
   Univ London London Sch Hyg & Trop Med, Dept Infect & Trop Dis, London WC1E 7HT, England.
   Univ Cambridge, Dept Zool, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, England.
C3 University of Edinburgh; University of Guelph; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC); Pirbright Institute; Babraham Institute; Veterinary Laboratories Agency; University of London; London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine; University of Cambridge
RP Woolhouse, M (corresponding author), Univ Edinburgh, Ctr Trop Vet Med, Roslin EH25 9RG, Midlothian, Scotland.
NR 8
TC 80
Z9 82
U1 1
U2 23
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 17
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6835
BP 258
EP 259
DI 10.1038/35077149
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 432RT
UT WOS:000168710000033
PM 11357118
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Steinle-Neumann, G
   Stixrude, L
   Cohen, RE
   Gülseren, O
AF Steinle-Neumann, G
   Stixrude, L
   Cohen, RE
   Gülseren, O
TI Elasticity of iron at the temperature of the Earth's inner core
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID situ x-ray; high-pressure; in-situ; anisotropy; transition; model; gpa
AB Seismological body-wave(1) and free-oscillation(2) studies of the Earth's solid inner core have revealed that compressional waves traverse the inner core faster along near-polar paths than in the equatorial plane. Studies have also documented local deviations from this first-order pattern of anisotropy on length scales ranging from 1 to 1,000 km (refs 3, 4). These observations, together with reports of the differential rotation(5) of the inner core, have generated considerable interest in the physical state and dynamics of the inner core, and in the structure and elasticity of its main constituent, iron, at appropriate conditions of pressure and temperature. Here we report first-principles calculations of the structure and elasticity of dense hexagonal close-packed (h.c.p.) iron at high temperatures. We find that the axial ratio c/a of h.c.p. iron increases substantially with increasing temperature, reaching a value of nearly 1.7 at a temperature of 5,700 K, where aggregate bulk and shear moduli match those of the inner core. As a consequence of the increasing c/a ratio, we have found that the single-crystal longitudinal anisotropy of h.c.p. iron at high temperature has the opposite sense from that at low temperature(6,7). By combining our results with a simple model of polycrystalline texture in the inner core, in which basal planes are partially aligned with the rotation axis, we can account for seismological observations of inner-core anisotropy.
C1 Univ Michigan, Dept Geol Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
   Carnegie Inst Washington, Washington, DC 20015 USA.
   Ctr High Pressure Res, Washington, DC 20015 USA.
   CALTECH, Seismol Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   NIST, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA.
   Univ Penn, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
C3 University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; Carnegie Institution for Science; California Institute of Technology; National Institute of Standards & Technology (NIST) - USA; University of Pennsylvania
RP Steinle-Neumann, G (corresponding author), Univ Michigan, Dept Geol Sci, 1006 CC Little Bldg, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
NR 30
TC 219
Z9 251
U1 0
U2 49
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 6
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6851
BP 57
EP 60
DI 10.1038/35092536
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 469EG
UT WOS:000170801200036
PM 11544523
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Arlettaz, R
   Jones, G
   Racey, PA
AF Arlettaz, R
   Jones, G
   Racey, PA
TI Effect of acoustic clutter on prey detection by bats
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID species myotis-myotis; long-eared bats; echolocation signals; feeding-behavior; gleaning bat; discrimination; moths; strategy
AB Bats that capture animal prey from substrates often emit characteristic echolocation calls that are short-duration, frequency-modulated (FM) and broadband(1). Such calls seem to be suited to locating prey in uncluttered habitats, including flying prey, but may be less effective for finding prey among cluttered backgrounds because echoes reflecting from the substrate mask the acoustic signature of prey(2-4). Perhaps these call designs serve primarily for spatial orientation(5-7). Furthermore, it has been unclear whether the acoustic image conveyed by FM echoes enables fine texture discrimination(3,8,9), or whether gleaning bats that forage in echo-cluttering environments must locate prey by using other cues, such as prey-generated sounds(5-7,10-13). Here we show that two species of insectivorous gleaning bats perform badly when compelled to detect silent and immobile prey in clutter, but are very efficient at capturing noisy prey items among highly cluttered backgrounds, and both dead or live prey in uncluttered habitats. These findings suggest that the short, broadband FM echolocation calls associated with gleaning bats are not adapted to detecting prey in clutter.
C1 Univ Bern, Inst Zool, Div Conservat Biol, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland.
   Univ Lausanne, Inst Ecol, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
   Univ Bristol, Sch Biol Sci, Bristol BS8 1UG, Avon, England.
   Univ Aberdeen, Dept Zool, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, Scotland.
C3 University of Bern; University of Lausanne; University of Bristol; University of Aberdeen
RP Arlettaz, R (corresponding author), Univ Bern, Inst Zool, Div Conservat Biol, Baltzerstr 6, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland.
EM raphael.arlettaz@nat.unibe.ch
NR 26
TC 170
Z9 191
U1 5
U2 99
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 13
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6865
BP 742
EP 745
DI 10.1038/414742a
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 501GD
UT WOS:000172676200045
PM 11742397
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lakes, RS
   Lee, T
   Bersie, A
   Wang, YC
AF Lakes, RS
   Lee, T
   Bersie, A
   Wang, YC
TI Extreme damping in composite materials with negative-stiffness inclusions
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID poissons ratio; alloys; behavior
AB When a force deforms an elastic object, practical experience suggests that the resulting displacement will be in the same direction as the force. This property is known as positive stiffness'. Less familiar is the concept of negative stiffness, where the deforming force and the resulting displacement are in opposite directions. (Negative stiffness is distinct from negative Poisson's ratio(2-6), which refers to the occurrence of lateral expansion upon stretching an object.) Negative stiffness can occur, for example, when the deforming object has stored(7) (or is supplied(8) with) energy. This property is usually unstable, but it has been shown theoretically(9) that inclusions of negative stiffness can be stabilized within a positive-stiffness matrix. Here we describe the experimental realization of this composite approach by embedding negative-stiffness inclusions of ferroelastic vanadium dioxide in a pure tin matrix. The resulting composites exhibit extreme mechanical damping and large anomalies in stiffness, as a consequence of the high local strains that result from the inclusions deforming more than the composite as a whole. Moreover, for certain temperature ranges, the negative-stiffness inclusions are more effective than diamond inclusions for increasing the overall composite stiffness. We expect that such composites could be useful as high damping materials, as stiff structural elements or for actuator-type applications.
C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Engn Phys, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
   Univ Wisconsin, Engn Mech Program, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
   Univ Wisconsin, Dept Biomed Engn, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
   Univ Wisconsin, Mat Sci Program, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
   Univ Wisconsin, Rheol Res Ctr, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
C3 University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison
RP Lakes, RS (corresponding author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Engn Phys, 147 Engn Res Bldg,1500 Engn Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
NR 29
TC 453
Z9 568
U1 8
U2 292
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 29
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6828
BP 565
EP 567
DI 10.1038/35069035
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 417WW
UT WOS:000167859300042
PM 11279490
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kawai, J
   Shinagawa, A
   Shibata, K
   Yoshino, M
   Itoh, M
   Ishii, Y
   Arakawa, T
   Hara, A
   Fukunishi, Y
   Konno, H
   Adachi, J
   Fukuda, S
   Aizawa, K
   Izawa, M
   Nishi, K
   Kiyosawa, H
   Kondo, S
   Yamanaka, I
   Saito, T
   Okazaki, Y
   Gojobori, T
   Bono, H
   Kasukawa, T
   Saito, R
   Kadota, K
   Matsuda, H
   Ashburner, M
   Batalov, S
   Casavant, T
   Fleischmann, W
   Gaasterland, T
   Gissi, C
   King, B
   Kochiwa, H
   Kuehl, P
   Lewis, S
   Matsuo, Y
   Nikaido, I
   Pesole, G
   Quackenbush, J
   Schriml, LM
   Staubli, F
   Suzuki, R
   Tomita, M
   Wagner, L
   Washio, T
   Sakai, K
   Okido, T
   Furuno, M
   Aono, H
   Baldarelli, R
   Barsh, G
   Blake, J
   Boffelli, D
   Bojunga, N
   Carninci, P
   de Bonaldo, MF
   Brownstein, MJ
   Bult, C
   Fletcher, C
   Fujita, M
   Gariboldi, M
   Gustincich, S
   Hill, D
   Hofmann, M
   Hume, DA
   Kamiya, M
   Lee, NH
   Lyons, P
   Marchionni, L
   Mashima, J
   Mazzarelli, J
   Mombaerts, P
   Nordone, P
   Ring, B
   Ringwald, M
   Rodriguez, I
   Sakamoto, N
   Sasaki, H
   Sato, K
   Schönbach, C
   Seya, T
   Shibata, Y
   Storch, KF
   Suzuki, H
   Toyo-oka, K
   Wang, KH
   Weitz, C
   Whittaker, C
   Wilming, L
   Wynshaw-Boris, A
   Yoshida, K
   Hasegawa, Y
   Kawaji, H
   Kohtsuki, S
   Hayashizaki, Y
AF Kawai, J
   Shinagawa, A
   Shibata, K
   Yoshino, M
   Itoh, M
   Ishii, Y
   Arakawa, T
   Hara, A
   Fukunishi, Y
   Konno, H
   Adachi, J
   Fukuda, S
   Aizawa, K
   Izawa, M
   Nishi, K
   Kiyosawa, H
   Kondo, S
   Yamanaka, I
   Saito, T
   Okazaki, Y
   Gojobori, T
   Bono, H
   Kasukawa, T
   Saito, R
   Kadota, K
   Matsuda, H
   Ashburner, M
   Batalov, S
   Casavant, T
   Fleischmann, W
   Gaasterland, T
   Gissi, C
   King, B
   Kochiwa, H
   Kuehl, P
   Lewis, S
   Matsuo, Y
   Nikaido, I
   Pesole, G
   Quackenbush, J
   Schriml, LM
   Staubli, F
   Suzuki, R
   Tomita, M
   Wagner, L
   Washio, T
   Sakai, K
   Okido, T
   Furuno, M
   Aono, H
   Baldarelli, R
   Barsh, G
   Blake, J
   Boffelli, D
   Bojunga, N
   Carninci, P
   de Bonaldo, MF
   Brownstein, MJ
   Bult, C
   Fletcher, C
   Fujita, M
   Gariboldi, M
   Gustincich, S
   Hill, D
   Hofmann, M
   Hume, DA
   Kamiya, M
   Lee, NH
   Lyons, P
   Marchionni, L
   Mashima, J
   Mazzarelli, J
   Mombaerts, P
   Nordone, P
   Ring, B
   Ringwald, M
   Rodriguez, I
   Sakamoto, N
   Sasaki, H
   Sato, K
   Schönbach, C
   Seya, T
   Shibata, Y
   Storch, KF
   Suzuki, H
   Toyo-oka, K
   Wang, KH
   Weitz, C
   Whittaker, C
   Wilming, L
   Wynshaw-Boris, A
   Yoshida, K
   Hasegawa, Y
   Kawaji, H
   Kohtsuki, S
   Hayashizaki, Y
TI Functional annotation of a full-length mouse cDNA collection
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID protein sequences; tool
AB The RIKEN Mouse Gene Encyclopaedia Project, a systematic approach to determining the full coding potential of the mouse genome, involves collection and sequencing of full-length complementary DNAs and physical mapping of the corresponding genes to the mouse genome. We organized an international functional annotation meeting (FANTOM) to annotate the first 21,076 cDNAs to be analysed in this project. Here we describe the first RIKEN clone collection, which is one of the largest described for any organism. Analysis of these cDNAs extends known gene families and identifies new ones.
C1 Yokohama Inst, RIKEN Genom Sci Ctr, Lab Genome Explorat, Res Grp,Tsurumi Ku, Kanagawa 2300045, Japan.
   JST, CREST, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050074, Japan.
   Natl Inst Genet, Ctr Informat Biol, Shizuoka 4118540, Japan.
   NTT Software Corp, Naka Ku, Kanagawa 2318554, Japan.
   Osaka Univ, Osaka 5608531, Japan.
   European Bioinformat Inst, European Mol Biol Lab, Cambridge CB10 1SD, England.
   Novartis Res Fdn, Genom Inst, San Diego, CA 92121 USA.
   Univ Iowa, Coordinated Lab Computat Genom, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA.
   Rockefeller Univ, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Univ Milan, Dipartimento Fisiol & Biochim Gen, I-20133 Milan, Italy.
   Jackson Lab, Bar Harbor, ME 04609 USA.
   Keio Univ, Fac Environm Informat, Lab Bioinformat, Kanagawa 2520816, Japan.
   Univ Maryland, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, Baltimore, MD 20201 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Yokohama Inst, RIKEN Genom Sci Ctr, Bioinformat Grp, Computat Proteom Team,Tsurumi Ku, Kanagawa 2300045, Japan.
   Tokai Univ, Grad Sch Marine Sci & Technol, Shizuoka 4248610, Japan.
   Inst Genom Res, Rockville, MD 20850 USA.
   NIH, Natl Ctr Biotechnol Informat, Natl Lib Med, Bethesda, MD 20894 USA.
   LION Biosci AG, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
   Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Beckman Ctr B271A, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94710 USA.
   Univ Iowa, Dept Pediat, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA.
   NIMH, Genet Lab, NHGRI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Med, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1138655, Japan.
   Ist Tumori Milano, I-20133 Milan, Italy.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurobiol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Univ Queensland, Inst Mol Biosci, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia.
   Univ Cambridge, Addenbrookes Hosp, Wellcome Trust Ctr Mol Mechanisms Dis, Dept Med Genet, Cambridge CB2 2XY, England.
   LNCIB, I-34012 Trieste, Italy.
   Univ Penn, Ctr Bioinformat, Computat & Bioinformat Lab, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   Univ Buffalo, Roswell Pk Canc Inst, Amherst, NY 14226 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Dept Genet, Beckman Ctr B281, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   RIKEN, Brain Sci Inst, Wako, Saitama 3510198, Japan.
   Natl Canc Res Inst, Chuo Ku, Tokyo 1040045, Japan.
   Yokohama Inst, RIKEN Genom Sci Ctr, Bioinformat Grp, Computat Genom Team,Tsurumi Ku, Kanagawa 2300045, Japan.
   Osaka Med Ctr Canc, Higashinari Ku, Osaka 5378511, Japan.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Sch Med, Dept Pediat, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   MIT, Ctr Learning & Memory, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   MIT, MIT CCR, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   Sanger Ctr, Hinxton CB10 1SA, Cambs, England.
   Univ Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058577, Japan.
C3 RIKEN; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST); Research Organization of Information & Systems (ROIS); National Institute of Genetics (NIG) - Japan; University of Osaka; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL); European Bioinformatics Institute; Novartis; Novartis USA; University of Iowa; Rockefeller University; University of Milan; Jackson Laboratory; Keio University; University System of Maryland; University of Maryland Baltimore; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; RIKEN; Tokai University; J. Craig Venter Institute; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Library of Medicine (NLM); Stanford University; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; University of Iowa; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); NIH National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); University of Tokyo; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori Milan; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; University of Queensland; Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; Addenbrooke's Hospital; University of Cambridge; University of Pennsylvania; State University of New York (SUNY) System; University at Buffalo, SUNY; Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center; Stanford University; RIKEN; National Cancer Center - Japan; RIKEN; Osaka Medical Center for Cancer & Cardiovascular Diseases; University of California System; University of California San Diego; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute; University of Tsukuba
RP Kawai, J (corresponding author), Yokohama Inst, RIKEN Genom Sci Ctr, Lab Genome Explorat, Res Grp,Tsurumi Ku, 1-7-22 Suehiro Cho, Kanagawa 2300045, Japan.
NR 25
TC 542
Z9 646
U1 0
U2 40
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 8
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6821
BP 685
EP 690
DI 10.1038/35055500
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 399MF
UT WOS:000166816400034
PM 11217851
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Karlin, S
   Bergman, A
   Gentles, AJ
AF Karlin, S
   Bergman, A
   Gentles, AJ
TI Genomics -: Annotation of the Drosophila genome
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID protein sequences; database
C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Math, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
C3 Stanford University
RP Karlin, S (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Dept Math, Serra St, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
NR 8
TC 21
Z9 26
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 17
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6835
BP 259
EP 260
DI 10.1038/35077152
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 432RT
UT WOS:000168710000034
PM 11357119
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schrater, PR
   Knill, DC
   Simoncelli, EP
AF Schrater, PR
   Knill, DC
   Simoncelli, EP
TI Perceiving visual expansion without optic flow
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID changing-size; motion; perception; depth; stimuli; field; information; collision
AB When an observer moves forward in the environment, the image on his or her retina expands. The rate of this expansion conveys information about the observer's speed(1) and the time to collision(2-4). Psychophysical(5-7) and physiological(8,9) studies have provided abundant evidence that these expansionary motions are processed by specialized mechanisms in mammalian visual systems. It is commonly assumed that the rate of expansion is estimated from the divergence of the optic-flow field (the two-dimensional field of local translational velocities)(10-14). But this rate might also be estimated from changes in the size (or scale) of image features(15). To determine whether human vision uses such scale-change information, we have synthesized stochastic texture stimuli in which the scale of image elements increases gradually over time, while the optic-flow pattern is random. Here we show, using these stimuli, that observers can estimate expansion rates from scale-change information alone, and that pure scale changes can produce motion after-effects. These two findings suggest that the visual system contains mechanisms that are explicitly sensitive to changes in scale.
C1 Univ Penn, Dept Neurosci, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   Univ Penn, Dept Psychol, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   NYU, Howard Hughes Med Inst, New York, NY 10003 USA.
   NYU, Ctr Neural Sci & Math, New York, NY 10003 USA.
C3 University of Pennsylvania; University of Pennsylvania; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; New York University; New York University
RP Schrater, PR (corresponding author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Psychol, 75 E River Rd, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA.
NR 23
TC 39
Z9 48
U1 0
U2 13
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 12
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6830
BP 816
EP 819
DI 10.1038/35071075
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 420TT
UT WOS:000168021900055
PM 11298449
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Iguchi, I
   Yamaguchi, T
   Sugimoto, A
AF Iguchi, I
   Yamaguchi, T
   Sugimoto, A
TI Diamagnetic activity above Tc as a precursor to superconductivity in La2-xSrxCuO4 thin films
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID high-temperature superconductors; phase fluctuations; underdoped bi2sr2cacu2o8+delta; normal-state; oxides; pseudogap; onset
AB Superconductors show zero resistance to electric current, and expel magnetic flux (the Meissner effect) below the transition temperature (T-c). In conventional superconductors, the `Cooper pairs' of electrons that are responsible for superconductivity form only below T-c. In the unconventional high-T-c superconductors, however, a strong electron correlation is essential for pair formation: there is evidence(1-5) that some pairs are formed above T-c in samples that have less than the optimal density of charge carriers (underdoped) and an energy gap-the `pseudogap'-appears to be present. Moreover, excitations that look like the vortices that carry magnetic flux inside the superconducting state have been reported above T-c (refs 6, 7). Although the origin of the pseudogap remains controversial(8-11), phase fluctuations above T-c, leading to some form of local superconductivity or local pairing, seem essential(9,12-16). Here we report magnetic imaging (scanning SQUID microscopy) of La2-xSrxCuO4 thin films. Clear quantized vortex patterns are visible below T-c (18-19 K), and we observe inhomogeneous magnetic domains that persist up to 80 K. We interpret the data as suggesting the existence of diamagnetic regions that are precursors to the Meissner state.
C1 Tokyo Inst Technol, Dept Phys, Meguro Ku, Tokyo 1528551, Japan.
   Tokyo Inst Technol, CREST,JST, Meguro Ku, Tokyo 1528551, Japan.
C3 Institute of Science Tokyo; Tokyo Institute of Technology; Institute of Science Tokyo; Tokyo Institute of Technology; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST)
RP Iguchi, I (corresponding author), Tokyo Inst Technol, Dept Phys, Meguro Ku, 2-12-1 Oh Okayama, Tokyo 1528551, Japan.
NR 24
TC 124
Z9 126
U1 1
U2 21
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 26
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6845
BP 420
EP 423
DI 10.1038/35086540
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 456DQ
UT WOS:000170068200042
PM 11473312
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Arendt, D
   Technau, U
   Wittbrodt, J
AF Arendt, D
   Technau, U
   Wittbrodt, J
TI Evolution of the bilaterian larval foregut
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID brachyury gene-expression; hemichordate embryos; drosophila; specification; pattern; deuterostm; conservation; vertebrates; homolog
AB Bilateria are subdivided into Protostomia and Deuterostomia(1,2). Indirect development through primary, ciliary larvae occurs in both of these branches; however, the closing blastopore develops into mouth and anus in Protostomia and into anus only in Deuterostomia. Because of this important difference in larval gut ontogeny, the tube-shaped guts in protostome and deuterostome primary larvae are thought to have evolved independently(2,3). To test this hypothesis, we have analysed the expression of brachyury, otx and goosecoid homologues in the polychaete Platynereis dumerilii(4), which develops by means of a trochophora larva-the primary, ciliary larva prototypic for Protostomia(2). Here we show that brachyury expression in the ventral portion of the developing foregut in Platynereis and also otx expression along ciliated bands in the mouth region of the trochophora larva parallels expression in primary larvae in Deuterostomia(5-9). In addition, goosecoid expression in the foregut of Platynereis mirrors the function in higher Deuterostomia(10). We present molecular evidence for the evolutionary conservation of larval foreguts and mouth regions of Protostomia and Deuterostomia. Our data indicate that Urbilateria, the common bilaterian ancestors, developed through a primary, ciliary larva that already possessed a tripartite tube-shaped gut.
C1 European Mol Biol Lab, Dev Biol Programme, D-69012 Heidelberg, Germany.
   Tech Univ Darmstadt, Inst Zool, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
C3 European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL); Technical University of Darmstadt
RP Wittbrodt, J (corresponding author), European Mol Biol Lab, Dev Biol Programme, Meyerhofstr 1, D-69012 Heidelberg, Germany.
EM technau@bio.tu-darmstadt.de; Jochen.Wittbrodt@EMBL-Heidelberg.de
NR 30
TC 196
Z9 209
U1 0
U2 34
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 4
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6816
BP 81
EP 85
DI 10.1038/35051075
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 388HT
UT WOS:000166175600043
PM 11343117
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ackland, GJ
   Butler, D
AF Ackland, GJ
   Butler, D
TI Pack formation in cycling and orienteering - Avoiding conditions that draw competitors together may be a better way to test ability.
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Edinburgh, Dept Phys & Astron, Edinburgh EH9 3JZ, Midlothian, Scotland.
C3 University of Edinburgh
RP Ackland, GJ (corresponding author), Univ Edinburgh, Dept Phys & Astron, Edinburgh EH9 3JZ, Midlothian, Scotland.
NR 2
TC 3
Z9 3
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 13
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6852
BP 127
EP 127
DI 10.1038/35093156
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 471FU
UT WOS:000170918800033
PM 11557967
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Crompvoets, FMH
   Bethlem, HL
   Jongma, RT
   Meijer, G
AF Crompvoets, FMH
   Bethlem, HL
   Jongma, RT
   Meijer, G
TI A prototype storage ring for neutral molecules
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ammonia; state
AB The ability to cool and manipulate atoms with light has yielded atom interferometry, precision spectroscopy, Bose-Einstein condensates and atom lasers. The extension of controlled manipulation to molecules is expected to be similarly rewarding, but molecules are not as amenable to manipulation by light owing to a far more complex energy-level spectrum. However, time-varying electric and magnetic fields have been successfully used to control the position and velocity of ions, suggesting that these schemes can also be used to manipulate neutral particles having an electric or magnetic dipole moment(1-4). Although the forces exerted on neutral species are many orders of magnitude smaller than those exerted on ions, beams of neutral dipolar molecules have been successfully slowed down in a series of pulsed electric fields(5,6) and subsequently loaded into an electrostatic trap(7). Here we extend the scheme to include a prototype electrostatic storage ring made of a hexapole torus with a circumference of 80 cm. After injection, decelerated bunches of deuterated ammonia molecules, each containing about 10(6) molecules in a single quantum state and with a translational temperature of 10 mK, travel up to six times around the ring. Stochastic cooling(8) might provide a means to increase the phase-space density of the stored molecules in the storage ring, and we expect this to open up new opportunities for molecular spectroscopy and studies of cold molecular collisions(9,10).
C1 FOM, Inst Plasma Phys Rijnhuizen, NL-3430 BE Nieuwegein, Netherlands.
   Univ Nijmegen, Dept Mol & Laser Phys, NL-6525 ED Nijmegen, Netherlands.
C3 Radboud University Nijmegen
RP Meijer, G (corresponding author), FOM, Inst Plasma Phys Rijnhuizen, POB 1207, NL-3430 BE Nieuwegein, Netherlands.
NR 16
TC 155
Z9 162
U1 0
U2 22
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 10
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6834
BP 174
EP 176
DI 10.1038/35075537
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 430FC
UT WOS:000168563000044
PM 11346789
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Barbeau, K
   Rue, EL
   Bruland, KW
   Butler, A
AF Barbeau, K
   Rue, EL
   Bruland, KW
   Butler, A
TI Photochemical cycling of iron in the surface ocean mediated by microbial iron(III)-binding ligands
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID equatorial pacific-ocean; cathodic stripping voltammetry; marine-bacteria; siderophore production; phytoplankton bloom; complexation; chemistry; seawater; fertilization; cyanobacteria
AB Iron is a limiting nutrient for primary production in large areas of the oceans(1-4). Dissolved iron(III) in the upper oceans occurs almost entirely in the form of complexes with strong organic ligands(5-7) presumed to be of biological origin(8,9). Although the importance of organic ligands to aquatic iron cycling is becoming clear, the mechanism by which they are involved in this process remains uncertain. Here we report observations of photochemical reactions involving Fe(III) bound to siderophores-high-affinity iron(III) ligands produced by bacteria to facilitate iron acquisition(10-12). We show that photolysis of Fe(III)-siderophore complexes leads to the formation of lower-affinity Fe(III) ligands and the reduction of Fe(III), increasing the availability of siderophore-bound iron for uptake by planktonic assemblages. These photochemical reactions are mediated by the alpha -hydroxy acid moiety, a group which has generally been found to be present in the marine siderophores that have been characterized(13-15). We suggest that Fe(III)-binding ligands can enhance the photolytic production of reactive iron species in the euphotic zone and so influence iron availability in aquatic systems.
C1 Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Chem & Biochem, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
   Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Inst Marine Sci, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara; University of California System; University of California Santa Cruz
RP Butler, A (corresponding author), Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Chem & Biochem, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
NR 30
TC 422
Z9 493
U1 3
U2 213
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 27
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6854
BP 409
EP 413
DI 10.1038/35096545
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 475UY
UT WOS:000171188700051
PM 11574885
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dean, C
   Leakey, MG
   Reid, D
   Schrenk, F
   Schwartz, GT
   Stringer, C
   Walker, A
AF Dean, C
   Leakey, MG
   Reid, D
   Schrenk, F
   Schwartz, GT
   Stringer, C
   Walker, A
TI Growth processes in teeth distinguish modern humans from Homo erectus and earlier hominins
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dental development; enamel thickness; fossil hominids; life-history; microstructure; patterns; death; tooth; time; age
AB A modern human-like sequence of dental development, as a proxy for the pace of life history, is regarded as one of the diagnostic hallmarks of our own genus Homo(1-3). Brain size, age at first reproduction, lifespan and other life-history traits correlate tightly with dental development(4-6). Here we report differences in enamel growth that show the earliest fossils attributed to Homo do not resemble modern humans in their development. We used daily incremental markings in enamel to calculate rates of enamel formation in 13 fossil hominins and identified differences in this key determinant of tooth formation time. Neither australopiths nor fossils currently attributed to early Homo shared the slow trajectory of enamel growth typical of modern humans; rather, both resembled modern and fossil African apes. We then reconstructed tooth formation times in australopiths, in the similar to1.5-Myr-old Homo erectus skeleton from Nariokotome, Kenya(7), and in another Homo erectus specimen, Sangiran S7-37 from Java(8). These times were shorter than those in modern humans. It therefore seems likely that truly modern dental development emerged relatively late in human evolution.
C1 UCL, Dept Anat & Dev Biol, Evolutionary Anat Unit, London WC1E 6BT, England.
   Natl Museums Kenya, Dept Palaeontol, Nairobi, Kenya.
   Sch Dent, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4BW, Tyne & Wear, England.
   Forschungsinst Senckenberg, D-60325 Frankfurt, Germany.
   George Washington Univ, Dept Anthropol, Washington, DC 20052 USA.
   Nat Hist Museum, London SW7 5BD, England.
   Penn State Univ, Dept Anthropol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
C3 University of London; University College London; Leibniz Association; Senckenberg Gesellschaft fur Naturforschung (SGN); George Washington University; Natural History Museum London; Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park
RP Dean, C (corresponding author), UCL, Dept Anat & Dev Biol, Evolutionary Anat Unit, Gower St, London WC1E 6BT, England.
EM ucgacrd@ucl.ac.uk
NR 30
TC 380
Z9 423
U1 1
U2 121
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 6
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6864
BP 628
EP 631
DI 10.1038/414628a
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 498WB
UT WOS:000172535600045
PM 11740557
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ross, JJ
   Shimmi, O
   Vilmos, P
   Petryk, A
   Kim, H
   Gaudenz, K
   Hermanson, S
   Ekker, SC
   O'Connor, MB
   Marsh, JL
AF Ross, JJ
   Shimmi, O
   Vilmos, P
   Petryk, A
   Kim, H
   Gaudenz, K
   Hermanson, S
   Ekker, SC
   O'Connor, MB
   Marsh, JL
TI Twisted gastrulation is a conserved extracellular BMP antagonist
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dorsal-ventral pattern; drosophila embryo; zebrafish embryo; spemanns organizer; activity gradient; molecular nature; dpp activity; protein; xenopus; genes
AB Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signalling regulates embryonic dorsal-ventral cell fate decisions in flies, frogs and fish(1). BMP activity is controlled by several secreted factors including the antagonists chordin and short gastrulation (SOG)(2,3). Here we show that a second secreted protein, Twisted gastrulation (Tsg)(4), enhances the antagonistic activity of Sog/chordin. In Drosophila, visualization of BMP signalling using anti-phospho-Smad staining(5) shows that the tsg and sog loss-of-function phenotypes are very similar. In S2 cells and imaginal discs, TSG and SOG together make a more effective inhibitor of BMP signalling than either of them alone. Blocking Tsg function in zebrafish with morpholino oligonucleotides causes ventralization similar to that produced by chordin mutants. Co-injection of sub-inhibitory levels of morpholines directed against both Tsg and chordin synergistically enhances the penetrance of the ventralized phenotype. We show that Tsgs from different species are functionally equivalent, and conclude that Tsg is a conserved protein that functions with SOG/chordin to antagonize BMP signalling.
C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Genet, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA.
   Univ Minnesota, Dept Dev & Cell Biol, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA.
   Univ Minnesota, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA.
   Univ Minnesota, Dept Pediat, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA.
   Univ Minnesota, Arnold & Mabel Beckman Ctr Transposon Res, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA.
   Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Dev & Cell Biol, Irvine, CA 92697 USA.
C3 University of Minnesota System; University of Minnesota Twin Cities; University of Minnesota System; University of Minnesota Twin Cities; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Minnesota System; University of Minnesota Twin Cities; University of Minnesota System; University of Minnesota Twin Cities; University of Minnesota System; University of Minnesota Twin Cities; University of California System; University of California Irvine
RP O'Connor, MB (corresponding author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Genet, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA.
NR 30
TC 238
Z9 309
U1 0
U2 15
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 22
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6827
BP 479
EP 483
DI 10.1038/35068578
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 412YX
UT WOS:000167583800044
PM 11260716
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Slusky, JS
   Rogado, N
   Regan, KA
   Hayward, MA
   Khalifah, P
   He, T
   Inumaru, K
   Loureiro, SM
   Haas, MK
   Zandbergen, HW
   Cava, RJ
AF Slusky, JS
   Rogado, N
   Regan, KA
   Hayward, MA
   Khalifah, P
   He, T
   Inumaru, K
   Loureiro, SM
   Haas, MK
   Zandbergen, HW
   Cava, RJ
TI Loss of superconductivity with the addition of Al to MgB2 and a structural transition in Mg1-xAlx
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB The basic magnetic and electronic properties of most binary compounds have been well known for decades. The recent discovery(1) of superconductivity at 39 K in the simple binary ceramic compound magnesium diboride, MgB2, was therefore surprising. Indeed, this material has been known and structurally characterized since the mid 1950s (ref. 2), and is readily available from chemical suppliers (it is commonly used as a starting material for chemical metathesis reactions(3)). Here we show that the addition of electrons to MgB2, through partial substitution of Al for Mg, results in the loss of superconductivity. Associated with the Al substitution is a subtle but distinct structural transition, reflected in the partial collapse of the spacing between boron layers near an Al content of 10 per cent. This indicates that superconducting MgB2 is poised very near a structural instability at slightly higher electron concentrations.
C1 Princeton Univ, Dept Chem, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
   Princeton Univ, Princeton Mat Inst, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
C3 Princeton University; Princeton University
RP Cava, RJ (corresponding author), Princeton Univ, Dept Chem, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
NR 10
TC 441
Z9 463
U1 3
U2 87
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 15
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6826
BP 343
EP 345
DI 10.1038/35066528
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 410WM
UT WOS:000167464100042
PM 11268204
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fuhrer, A
   Lüescher, S
   Ihn, T
   Heinzel, T
   Ensslin, K
   Wegscheider, W
   Bichler, M
AF Fuhrer, A
   Lüescher, S
   Ihn, T
   Heinzel, T
   Ensslin, K
   Wegscheider, W
   Bichler, M
TI Energy spectra of quantum rings
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID aharonov-bohm oscillations; persistent currents; single; shell; loop; spin; dot
AB Quantum mechanical experiments in ring geometries have long fascinated physicists. Open rings connected to leads, for example, allow the observation of the Aharonov-Bohm effect(1), one of the best examples of quantum mechanical phase coherence(2,3). The phase coherence of electrons travelling through a quantum dot embedded in one arm of an open ring has also been demonstrated(4). The energy spectra of closed rings(5) have only recently been studied by optical spectroscopy(6,7). The prediction that they allow persistent current(8) has been explored in various experiments(9-11). Here we report magnetotransport experiments on closed rings in the Coulomb blockade regime(12). Our experiments show that a microscopic understanding of energy levels, so far limited to few-electron quantum dots(13), can be extended to a many-electron system. A semiclassical interpretation of our results indicates that electron motion in the rings is governed by regular rather than chaotic motion, an unexplored regime in many-electron quantum dots. This opens a way to experiments where even more complex structures can be investigated at a quantum mechanical level.
C1 ETH Zurich, Solid State Phys Lab, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
   Univ Regensburg, D-93040 Regensburg, Germany.
   Tech Univ Munich, Walter Schottky Inst, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
   Univ Freiburg, Fak Phys, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany.
C3 Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; ETH Zurich; University of Regensburg; Technical University of Munich; University of Freiburg
RP Ensslin, K (corresponding author), ETH Zurich, Solid State Phys Lab, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
NR 25
TC 455
Z9 469
U1 1
U2 64
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 25
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6858
BP 822
EP 825
DI 10.1038/35101552
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 485JA
UT WOS:000171750200039
PM 11677600
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Steffan, JS
   Bodai, L
   Pallos, J
   Poelman, M
   McCampbell, A
   Apostol, BL
   Kazantsev, A
   Schmidt, E
   Zhu, YZ
   Greenwald, M
   Kurokawa, R
   Housman, DE
   Jackson, GR
   Marsh, JL
   Thompson, LM
AF Steffan, JS
   Bodai, L
   Pallos, J
   Poelman, M
   McCampbell, A
   Apostol, BL
   Kazantsev, A
   Schmidt, E
   Zhu, YZ
   Greenwald, M
   Kurokawa, R
   Housman, DE
   Jackson, GR
   Marsh, JL
   Thompson, LM
TI Histone deacetylase inhibitors arrest polyglutamine-dependent neurodegeneration in Drosophila
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID creb-binding protein; huntingtons-disease; expanded polyglutamine; mammalian-cells; transgenic mice; localization; aggregation; expression; apoptosis; growth
AB Proteins with expanded polyglutamine repeats cause Huntington's disease and other neurodegenerative diseases. Transcriptional dysregulation and loss of function of transcriptional coactivator proteins have been implicated in the pathogenesis of these diseases(1). Huntington's disease is caused by expansion of a repeated sequence of the amino acid glutamine in the abnormal protein huntingtin (Htt). Here we show that the polyglutamine-containing domain of Htt, Htt exon 1 protein (Httex1p), directly binds the acetyltransferase domains of two distinct proteins: CREB-binding protein (CBP) and p300/CBP-associated factor (P/CAF). In cell-free assays, Httex1p also inhibits the acetyltransferase activity of at least three enzymes: p300, P/CAF and CBP. Expression of Httex1p in cultured cells reduces the level of the acetylated histones H3 and H4, and this reduction can be reversed by administering inhibitors of histone deacetylase (HDAC). In vivo, HDAC inhibitors arrest ongoing progressive neuronal degeneration induced by polyglutamine repeat expansion, and they reduce lethality in two Drosophila models of polyglutamine disease. These findings raise the possibility that therapy with HDAC inhibitors may slow or prevent the progressive neurodegeneration seen in Huntington's disease and other polyglutamine-repeat diseases, even after the onset of symptoms.
C1 Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Psychiat & Human Behav, Irvine, CA 92697 USA.
   Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Dev & Cell Biol, Irvine, CA 92697 USA.
   NINCDS, Neurogenet Branch, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   MIT, Dept Biol, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Cellular & Mol Med, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Neurol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Irvine; University of California System; University of California Irvine; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS); Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles
RP Thompson, LM (corresponding author), Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Psychiat & Human Behav, Gillespie 2121, Irvine, CA 92697 USA.
FU National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke [ZIANS002974] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
NR 27
TC 991
Z9 1182
U1 0
U2 66
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 18
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6857
BP 739
EP 743
DI 10.1038/35099568
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 482ZK
UT WOS:000171608000045
PM 11607033
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU von Dohlen, CD
   Kohler, S
   Alsop, ST
   McManus, WR
AF von Dohlen, CD
   Kohler, S
   Alsop, ST
   McManus, WR
TI Mealybug β-proteobacterial endosymbionts contain γ-proteobacterial symbionts
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID bacterial endosymbionts; ribosomal-rna; evolution; buchnera; aphids; homoptera; hemiptera; sequence; insects
AB Some insects have cultivated intimate relationships with mutualistic bacteria since their early evolutionary history. Most ancient `primary' endosymbionts live within the cytoplasm of large, polyploid host cells of a specialized organ (bacteriome)(1). Within their large, ovoid bacteriomes, mealybugs (Pseudococcidae) package the intracellular endosymbionts into `mucus-filled' spheres, which surround the host cell nucleus and occupy most of the cytoplasm(2). The genesis of symbiotic spheres has not been determined, and they are structurally unlike eukaryotic cell vesicles. Recent molecular phylogenetic and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) studies suggested that two unrelated bacterial species may share individual host cells(3,4), and that bacteria within spheres comprise these two species(5). Here we show that mealybug host cells do indeed harbour both beta- and gamma -subdivision Proteobacteria, but they are not co-inhabitants of the spheres. Rather, we show that the symbiotic spheres themselves are beta -proteobacterial cells. Thus, gamma -Proteobacteria live symbiotically inside beta -Proteobacteria. This is the first report, to our knowledge, of an intracellular symbiosis involving two species of bacteria.
C1 Utah State Univ, Dept Biol, Logan, UT 84322 USA.
C3 Utah System of Higher Education; Utah State University
RP von Dohlen, CD (corresponding author), Utah State Univ, Dept Biol, 5305 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322 USA.
NR 30
TC 267
Z9 304
U1 0
U2 58
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 26
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6845
BP 433
EP 436
DI 10.1038/35086563
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 456DQ
UT WOS:000170068200046
PM 11473316
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Weggen, S
   Eriksen, JL
   Das, P
   Sagi, SA
   Wang, R
   Pietrzik, CU
   Findlay, KA
   Smith, TE
   Murphy, MP
   Butler, T
   Kang, DE
   Marquez-Sterling, N
   Golde, TE
   Koo, EH
AF Weggen, S
   Eriksen, JL
   Das, P
   Sagi, SA
   Wang, R
   Pietrzik, CU
   Findlay, KA
   Smith, TE
   Murphy, MP
   Butler, T
   Kang, DE
   Marquez-Sterling, N
   Golde, TE
   Koo, EH
TI A subset of NSAIDs lower amyloidogenic Aβ42 independently of cyclooxygenase activity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID alzheimers-disease; beta-protein; precursor protein; inflammation; presenilin-1; inhibition; pathway; domain; brain
AB Epidemiological studies have documented a reduced prevalence of Alzheimer's disease among users of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)(1-5). It has been proposed that NSAIDs exert their beneficial effects in part by reducing neurotoxic inflammatory responses in the brain, although this mechanism has not been proved. Here we report that the NSAIDs ibuprofen, indomethacin and sulindac sulphide preferentially decrease the highly amyloidogenic A beta 42 peptide (the 42-residue isoform of the amyloid-beta peptide) produced from a variety of cultured cells by as much as 80%. This effect was not seen in all NSAIDs and seems not to be mediated by inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX) activity, the principal pharmacological target of NSAIDs(6). Furthermore, short-term administration of ibuprofen to mice that produce mutant beta -amyloid precursor protein (APP) lowered their brain levels of A beta 42. In cultured cells, the decrease in A beta 42 secretion was accompanied by an increase in the A beta (1-38) isoform, indicating that NSAIDs subtly alter gamma -secretase activity without significantly perturbing other APP processing pathways or Notch cleavage. Our findings suggest that NSAIDs directly affect amyloid pathology in the brain by reducing A beta 42 peptide levels independently of COX activity and that this A beta 42-lowering activity could be optimized to selectively target the pathogenic A beta 42 species.
C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Neurosci, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Mayo Clin Jacksonville, Dept Neurosci & Pharmacol, Jacksonville, FL 32224 USA.
   CUNY Mt Sinai Sch Med, Dept Human Genet, New York, NY 10029 USA.
   CALTECH, Div Chem & Chem Engn, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   Northwestern Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Chicago, IL 60611 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego; Mayo Clinic; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; City University of New York (CUNY) System; California Institute of Technology; Northwestern University
RP Koo, EH (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Neurosci, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
NR 30
TC 1223
Z9 1483
U1 0
U2 68
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 8
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6860
BP 212
EP 216
DI 10.1038/35102591
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 490AY
UT WOS:000172029100049
PM 11700559
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wilhelms, A
   Larter, SR
   Head, I
   Farrimond, P
   di-Primio, R
   Zwach, C
AF Wilhelms, A
   Larter, SR
   Head, I
   Farrimond, P
   di-Primio, R
   Zwach, C
TI Biodegradation of oil in uplifted basins prevented by deep-burial sterilization
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID north-sea; archaea; life; biosphere; rates; field
AB Biodegradation of crude oil by bacterial activity-which has occurred in the majority of the Earth's oil reserves(1)-is known to reduce greatly the quality of petroleum in reservoirs(2). For economically successful prospecting for oil, it is therefore important to understand the processes and conditions in geological formations that lead to oil biodegradation. Although recent studies speculate that bacterial activity can potentially occur up to temperatures as high as 150 degreesC (refs 3, 4), it is generally accepted that effective petroleum biodegradation over geological timescales generally occurs in reservoirs with temperatures below 80 degreesC (ref. 2). This appears, however, to be at odds with the observation that non-degraded oils can still be found in reservoirs below this temperature. Here we compile data regarding the extent of oil biodegradation in several oil reservoirs, and rnd that the extensive occurrence of non-biodegraded oil in shallow, cool basins is restricted to those that have been uplifted from deeper, hotter regions of the Earth. We suggest that these petroleum reservoirs were sterilized by heating to a temperature around 80-90 degreesC during deep burial, inactivating hydrocarbon-degrading organisms that occur in the deep biosphere. Even when such reservoirs are subsequently uplifted to much cooler regions and filled with oil, degradation does not occur, implying that the sterilized sediments are not recolonized by hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria.
C1 Univ Newcastle, Fossil Fuels & Environm Geochem Postgrad Inst, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU, Tyne & Wear, England.
   Norsk Hydro AS, N-5020 Bergen, Norway.
C3 Newcastle University - UK; Norsk Hydro ASA
RP Larter, SR (corresponding author), Univ Newcastle, Fossil Fuels & Environm Geochem Postgrad Inst, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU, Tyne & Wear, England.
EM Steve.Larter@ncl.ac.uk
NR 31
TC 251
Z9 290
U1 0
U2 63
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 28
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6841
BP 1034
EP 1037
DI 10.1038/35082535
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 446TF
UT WOS:000169528500043
PM 11429600
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ponder, BAJ
AF Ponder, BAJ
TI Cancer genetics
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID single nucleotide polymorphisms; genome changes; methylation; genes; expression; tumorigenesis; mutations; neoplasia; modifier; risk
AB Cancer genetics has for many years focused on mutational events that have their primary effect within the cancer cell. Recently that focus has widened, with evidence of the importance of epigenetic events and of cellular interactions in cancer development. The role of common genetic variation in determining the range of individual susceptibility within the population is increasingly recognized, and will be addressed using information from the Human Genome Project. These new research directions will highlight determinants of cancer that lie outside the cancer cell, suggest new targets for intervention, and inform the design of strategies for prevention in groups at increased risk.
C1 Univ Cambridge, Hutchison MRC Res Ctr, CRC, Dept Oncol, Cambridge CB2 2XZ, England.
C3 University of Cambridge
RP Ponder, BAJ (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, Hutchison MRC Res Ctr, CRC, Dept Oncol, Hills Rd, Cambridge CB2 2XZ, England.
EM bajp@mole.bio.cam.ac.uk
NR 73
TC 423
Z9 503
U1 0
U2 24
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 17
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6835
BP 336
EP 341
DI 10.1038/35077207
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 432RT
UT WOS:000168710000055
PM 11357140
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU des Etangs, AL
   Vidal-Madjar, A
   Roberge, A
   Feldman, PD
   Deleuil, M
   André, M
   Blair, WP
   Bouret, JC
   Désert, JM
   Ferlet, R
   Friedman, S
   Hébrard, G
   Lemoine, M
   Moos, HW
AF des Etangs, AL
   Vidal-Madjar, A
   Roberge, A
   Feldman, PD
   Deleuil, M
   André, M
   Blair, WP
   Bouret, JC
   Désert, JM
   Ferlet, R
   Friedman, S
   Hébrard, G
   Lemoine, M
   Moos, HW
TI Deficiency of molecular hydrogen in the disk of β Pictoris
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hst-ghrs observations; circumstellar disk; co; gas; body; space; ci
AB Molecular hydrogen (H-2) is by far the most abundant material from which stars, protoplanetary disks and giant planets form, but it is difficult to detect directly. Infrared emission lines from H-2 have recently been reported(1) towards beta Pictoris, a star harbouring a young planetary system(2). This star is surrounded by a dusty 'debris disk' that is continuously replenished either by collisions between asteroidal objects(3) or by evaporation of ices on Chiron-like objects(4). A gaseous disk has also been inferred from absorption lines in the stellar spectrum(5-8). Here we present the far-ultraviolet spectrum of beta Pictoris, in which H-2 absorption lines are not seen. This allows us to set a very low upper limit on the column density of H-2 : N(H-2) less than or equal to 10(18) cm(-2). This non-detection is puzzling when compared to the quantity of H-2 inferred from the infrared observations, but it does show that H-2 is not in the disk on the direct line of sight. Carbon monoxide (CO) has been seen in absorption against the star(8-10), yielding a ratio of CO/H-2 >6 x 10(-4). As CO would be destroyed under ambient conditions in about 200 years (refs 9, 11), our result demonstrates that the CO in the disk arises from evaporation of planetesimals.
C1 CNRS, Inst Astrophys Paris, F-75014 Paris, France.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA.
   Lab Astrophys Marseille, F-13376 Marseille 2, France.
C3 Sorbonne Universite; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Johns Hopkins University; Aix-Marseille Universite
RP des Etangs, AL (corresponding author), CNRS, Inst Astrophys Paris, 98 Bis Bld Arago, F-75014 Paris, France.
EM lecaveli@iap.fr
NR 24
TC 97
Z9 99
U1 0
U2 5
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 16
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6848
BP 706
EP 708
DI 10.1038/35089006
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 462ZB
UT WOS:000170450200036
PM 11507632
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pasqualucci, L
   Neumeister, P
   Goossens, T
   Nanjangud, G
   Chaganti, RSK
   Küppers, R
   Dalla-Favera, R
AF Pasqualucci, L
   Neumeister, P
   Goossens, T
   Nanjangud, G
   Chaganti, RSK
   Küppers, R
   Dalla-Favera, R
TI Hypermutation of multiple proto-oncogenes in B-cell diffuse large-cell lymphomas
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID double-strand breaks; somatic hypermutation; c-myc; immunoglobulin genes; hodgkins-lymphoma; burkitt-lymphoma; bcl-6 mutations; binding protein; ig genes; translocations
AB Genomic instability promotes tumorigenesis and can occur through various mechanisms, including defective segregation of chromosomes or inactivation of DNA mismatch repair(1). Although B-cell lymphomas are associated with chromosomal translocations that deregulate oncogene expression(2), a mechanism for genome-wide instability during lymphomagenesis has not been described. During B-cell development, the immunoglobulin variable (V) region genes are subject to somatic hypermutation in germinal-centre B cells(3). Here we report that an aberrant hypermutation activity targets multiple loci, including the proto-oncogenes PIM1, MYC, RhoH/TTF (ARHH) and PAX5, in more than 50% of diffuse large-cell lymphomas (DLCLs), which are tumours derived from germinal centres. Mutations are distributed in the 5' untranslated or coding sequences, are independent of chromosomal translocations, and share features typical of V-region-associated somatic hypermutation. In contrast to mutations in V regions, however, these mutations are not detectable in normal germinal-centre B cells or in other germinal-centre-derived lymphomas, suggesting a DLCL-associated malfunction of somatic hypermutation. Intriguingly, the four hypermutable genes are susceptible to chromosomal translocations in the same region, consistent with a role for hypermutation in generating translocations by DNA double-strand breaks(4-6). By mutating multiple genes, and possibly by favouring chromosomal translocations, aberrant hypermutation may represent the major contributor to lymphomagenesis.
C1 Columbia Univ, Inst Canc Genet, New York, NY 10032 USA.
   Columbia Univ, Dept Pathol, New York, NY 10032 USA.
   Univ Cologne, Inst Genet, D-50931 Cologne, Germany.
   Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Canc Genet Lab, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Dept Med, New York, NY 10021 USA.
C3 Columbia University; Columbia University; University of Cologne; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
RP Dalla-Favera, R (corresponding author), Columbia Univ, Inst Canc Genet, New York, NY 10032 USA.
NR 30
TC 811
Z9 974
U1 0
U2 27
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 19
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6844
BP 341
EP 346
DI 10.1038/35085588
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 453LW
UT WOS:000169918200049
PM 11460166
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rodewald, HR
   Paul, S
   Haller, C
   Bluethmann, H
   Blum, C
AF Rodewald, HR
   Paul, S
   Haller, C
   Bluethmann, H
   Blum, C
TI Thymus medulla consisting of epithelial islets each derived from a single progenitor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cell differentiation; stem-cells; c-kit; mice; expansion
AB The thymus is organized into medullary and cortical zones that support distinct stages of T-cell development. The formation of medulla and cortex compartments is thought to occur through invagination of an endodermal epithelial sheet into an ectodermal one at the third pharyngeal pouch and cleft, respectively(1-5). Epithelial stem/progenitor cells have been proposed to be involved in thymus development(6,7), but evidence for their existence has been elusive. We have constructed chimaeric mice by injecting embryonic stem (ES) cells into blastocysts using ES cells and blastocysts differing in their major histocompatibility complex (MHC) type. Here we show that the MHC class-II-positive medullary epithelium in these chimaeras is composed of cell clusters, most of which derive from either embryonic stem cell or blastocyst, but not mixed, origin. Thus, the medulla comprises individual epithelial 'islets' each arising from a single progenitor. One thymic lobe has about 300 medullary areas that originate from as few as 900 progenitors. Islet formation can be recapitulated after implantation of 'reaggregated fetal thymic organs'(8) into mice, which shows that medullary 'stem' cells retain their potential until at least day 16.5 in fetal development. Thus, medulla- cortex compartmentalization is established by formation of medullary islets from single progenitors.
C1 Univ Ulm, Dept Immunol, D-89081 Ulm, Germany.
   Basel Inst Immunol, CH-4005 Basel, Switzerland.
   F Hoffmann La Roche & Co Ltd, Roche Genet, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland.
C3 Ulm University; Roche Holding
RP Rodewald, HR (corresponding author), Univ Ulm, Dept Immunol, Albert Einstein Allee 11, D-89081 Ulm, Germany.
NR 21
TC 169
Z9 196
U1 1
U2 6
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 13
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6865
BP 763
EP 768
DI 10.1038/414763a
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 501GD
UT WOS:000172676200051
PM 11742403
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mostoslavsky, R
   Singh, N
   Tenzen, T
   Goldmit, M
   Gabay, C
   Elizur, S
   Qi, PM
   Reubinoff, BE
   Chess, A
   Cedar, H
   Bergman, Y
AF Mostoslavsky, R
   Singh, N
   Tenzen, T
   Goldmit, M
   Gabay, C
   Elizur, S
   Qi, PM
   Reubinoff, BE
   Chess, A
   Cedar, H
   Bergman, Y
TI Asynchronous replication and allelic exclusion in the immune system
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID immunoglobulin-kappa; x-chromosm; gene rearrangement; mouse embryos; expression; cells; differentiation; inactivation
AB The development of mature B cells involves a series of molecular decisions which culminate in the expression of a single light-chain and heavy-chain antigen receptor on the cell surface(1,2). There are two alleles for each receptor locus, so the ultimate choice of one receptor type must involve a process of allelic exclusion. One way to do this is with a feedback mechanism that downregulates rearrangement after the generation of a productive receptor molecule(3), but recent work suggests that monoallelic epigenetic changes may also take place even before rearrangement(4). To better understand the basis for distinguishing between alleles, we have analysed DNA replication timing. Here we show that all of the B-cell-receptor loci (mu, kappa and lambda) and the TCR beta locus replicate asynchronously. This pattern, which is established randomly in each cell early in development and maintained by cloning, represents an epigenetic mark for allelic exclusion, because it is almost always the early-replicating allele which is initially selected to undergo rearrangement in B cells. These results indicate that allelic exclusion in the immune system may be very similar to the process of X chromosome inactivation.
C1 Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Dept Cellular Biochem & Human Genet, IL-91120 Jerusalem, Israel.
   Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Dept Expt Med & Canc Res, IL-91120 Jerusalem, Israel.
   Whitehead Inst Biomed Res, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
   Natl Inst Genet, Dept Evolutionary Genet, Mishima, Shizuoka 4118540, Japan.
   Hadassah Ein Kerem Univ Hosp, Dept Obstet & Gynecol, IL-91120 Jerusalem, Israel.
   Hadassah Ein Kerem Univ Hosp, Goldyn Savad Inst Gene Therapy, IL-91120 Jerusalem, Israel.
   MIT, Dept Biol, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
C3 Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Whitehead Institute; Research Organization of Information & Systems (ROIS); National Institute of Genetics (NIG) - Japan; Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Hadassah University Medical Center; Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Hadassah University Medical Center; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP Cedar, H (corresponding author), Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Dept Cellular Biochem & Human Genet, POB 12272, IL-91120 Jerusalem, Israel.
NR 32
TC 200
Z9 255
U1 0
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 8
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6860
BP 221
EP 225
DI 10.1038/35102606
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 490AY
UT WOS:000172029100051
PM 11700561
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Barbraud, C
   Weimerskirch, H
AF Barbraud, C
   Weimerskirch, H
TI Emperor penguins and climate change
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sea-ice extent; southern-ocean; aptenodytes-forsteri; marked animals; antarctica; survival; populations; temperature; trends; winter
AB Variations in ocean-atmosphere coupling over time in the Southern Ocean(1-3) have dominant effects on sea-ice extent and ecosystem structure(4-6), but the ultimate consequences of such environmental changes for large marine predators cannot be accurately predicted because of the absence of long-term data series on key demographic parameters(7,8). Here, we use the longest time series available on demographic parameters of an Antarctic large predator breeding on fast ice(9,10) and relying on food resources from the Southern Ocean(11). We show that over the past 50 years, the population of emperor penguins (Aptenodytes forsteri) in Terre Adelie has declined by 50% because of a decrease in adult survival during the late 1970s. At this time there was a prolonged abnormally warm period with reduced sea-ice extent. Mortality rates increased when warm sea-surface temperatures occurred in the foraging area and when annual sea-ice extent was reduced, and were higher for males than for females. In contrast with survival, emperor penguins hatched fewer eggs when winter sea-ice was extended. These results indicate strong and contrasting effects of large-scale oceanographic processes and sea-ice extent on the demography of emperor penguins, and their potential high susceptibility to climate change.
C1 CNRS, Ctr Etud Biol Chize, F-79360 Villiers En Bois, France.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
RP Barbraud, C (corresponding author), CNRS, Ctr Etud Biol Chize, F-79360 Villiers En Bois, France.
NR 29
TC 312
Z9 350
U1 3
U2 403
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 10
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6834
BP 183
EP 186
DI 10.1038/35075554
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 430FC
UT WOS:000168563000047
PM 11346792
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gladman, B
   Kavelaars, JJ
   Holman, M
   Nicholson, PD
   Burns, JA
   Hergenrother, CW
   Petit, JM
   Marsden, BG
   Jacobson, R
   Gray, W
   Grav, T
AF Gladman, B
   Kavelaars, JJ
   Holman, M
   Nicholson, PD
   Burns, JA
   Hergenrother, CW
   Petit, JM
   Marsden, BG
   Jacobson, R
   Gray, W
   Grav, T
TI Discovery of 12 satellites of Saturn exhibiting orbital clustering
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID jovian-satellites; asteroids; uranus; stability; capture; origin; phoebe; system; moons
AB The giant planets in the Solar System each have two groups of satellites. The regular satellites move along nearly circular orbits in the planet's orbital plane, revolving about it in the same sense as the planet spins. In contrast, the so-called irregular satellites are generally smaller in size and are characterized by large orbits with significant eccentricity, inclination or both. The differences in their characteristics suggest that the regular and irregular satellites formed by different mechanisms: the regular satellites are believed to have formed in an accretion disk around the planet, like a miniature Solar System, whereas the irregulars are generally thought to be captured planetesimals(1). Here we report the discovery of 12 irregular satellites of Saturn, along with the determinations of their orbits. These orbits, along with the orbits of irregular satellites of Jupiter and Uranus, fall into groups on the basis of their orbital inclinations. We interpret this result as indicating that most of the irregular moons are collisional remnants of larger satellites that were fragmented after capture, rather than being captured independently.
C1 Observ Cote Azur, F-06304 Nice 4, France.
   McMaster Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Hamilton, ON L8S 4M1, Canada.
   Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Cornell Univ, Dept Astron, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
   Univ Arizona, Lunar & Planetary Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
   CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA.
   Project Pluto, Bowdoinham, ME 04008 USA.
   Univ Oslo, Inst Theoret Astrophys, N-0315 Oslo, Norway.
C3 Universite Cote d'Azur; Observatoire de la Cote d'Azur; McMaster University; Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory; Smithsonian Institution; Harvard University; Cornell University; University of Arizona; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL); California Institute of Technology; University of Oslo
RP Gladman, B (corresponding author), Observ Cote Azur, BP 4229, F-06304 Nice 4, France.
EM gladman@obs-nice.fr
NR 36
TC 88
Z9 93
U1 0
U2 5
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 12
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6843
BP 163
EP 166
DI 10.1038/35084032
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 451AJ
UT WOS:000169778700045
PM 11449267
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Harrison, SP
   Yu, G
   Takahara, H
   Prentice, IC
AF Harrison, SP
   Yu, G
   Takahara, H
   Prentice, IC
TI Palaeovegetation - Diversity of temperate plants in east Asia
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Max Planck Inst Biogeochem, D-07701 Jena, Germany.
   Lund Univ, S-22300 Lund, Sweden.
   Chinese Acad Sci, Nanjing Inst Geog & Limnol, Nanjing, Peoples R China.
   Kyoto Prefectural Univ, Univ Forest, Kyoto 606, Japan.
C3 Max Planck Society; Lund University; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Nanjing Institute of Geography & Limnology, CAS; Kyoto Prefectural University
RP Harrison, SP (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Biogeochem, POB 100164, D-07701 Jena, Germany.
NR 0
TC 374
Z9 419
U1 0
U2 137
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 13
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6852
BP 129
EP 130
DI 10.1038/35093166
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 471FU
UT WOS:000170918800036
PM 11557970
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Moret, Y
   Schmid-Hempel, P
AF Moret, Y
   Schmid-Hempel, P
TI Entomology - Immune defence in bumble-bee offspring
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID immunization; hemolymph; system; insect
C1 ETH Zurich, ETH Zentrum NW, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
C3 Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; ETH Zurich
RP Moret, Y (corresponding author), ETH Zurich, ETH Zentrum NW, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
NR 13
TC 171
Z9 188
U1 0
U2 94
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 29
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6863
BP 506
EP 506
DI 10.1038/35107138
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 496PV
UT WOS:000172405900033
PM 11734840
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nash, MS
   Young, KW
   Challiss, RAJ
   Nahorski, SR
AF Nash, MS
   Young, KW
   Challiss, RAJ
   Nahorski, SR
TI Intracellular signalling - Receptor-specific messenger oscillations
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID calcium oscillations; feedback
C1 Univ Leicester, Dept Cell Physiol & Pharmacol, Leicester LE1 9HN, Leics, England.
C3 University of Leicester
RP Nash, MS (corresponding author), Univ Leicester, Dept Cell Physiol & Pharmacol, Med Sci Bldg,Univ Rd, Leicester LE1 9HN, Leics, England.
NR 12
TC 122
Z9 138
U1 0
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 27
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6854
BP 381
EP 382
DI 10.1038/35096643
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 475UY
UT WOS:000171188700042
PM 11574876
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU del Portillo, HA
   Fernandez-Becerra, C
   Bowman, S
   Oliver, K
   Preuss, M
   Sanchez, CP
   Schneider, NK
   Villalobos, JM
   Rajandream, MA
   Harris, D
   da Silva, LHP
   Barrell, B
   Lanzer, M
AF del Portillo, HA
   Fernandez-Becerra, C
   Bowman, S
   Oliver, K
   Preuss, M
   Sanchez, CP
   Schneider, NK
   Villalobos, JM
   Rajandream, MA
   Harris, D
   da Silva, LHP
   Barrell, B
   Lanzer, M
TI A superfamily of variant genes encoded in the subtelomeric region of Plasmodium vivax
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID antigenic variation; human-erythrocytes; falciparum; malaria; surface; sequence; family; expression; rif; dna
AB The malarial parasite Plasmodium vivax causes disease in humans, including chronic infections and recurrent relapses, but the course of infection is rarely fatal(1,2), unlike that caused by Plasmodium falciparum. To investigate differences in pathogenicity between P. vivax and P. falciparum, we have compared the subtelomeric domains in the DNA of these parasites. In P. falciparum, subtelomeric domains are conserved and contain ordered arrays of members of multigene families, such as var(3-5), rif(6,7) and stevor(8), encoding virulence determinants of cytoadhesion and antigenic variation. Here we identify, through the analysis of a continuous 155,711-base-pair sequence of a P. vivax chromosome end, a multigene family called vir, which is specific to P. vivax. The vir genes are present at about 600-1,000 copies per haploid genome and encode proteins that are immunovariant in natural infections, indicating that they may have a functional role in establishing chronic infection through antigenic variation.
C1 Univ Sao Paulo, Inst Ciencias Biomed, Dept Parasitol, BR-05508900 Sao Paulo, Brazil.
   Sanger Ctr, Pathogen Sequencing Unit, Hinxton CB10 1SA, England.
   Heidelberg Univ, Inst Hyg, Abt Parasitol, INF 324, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
   Ctr Pesquisa Med Trop, BR-78900000 Porto Velho, Rondonia, Brazil.
C3 Universidade de Sao Paulo; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute; Ruprecht Karls University Heidelberg
RP del Portillo, HA (corresponding author), Univ Sao Paulo, Inst Ciencias Biomed, Dept Parasitol, Av Lineu Prestes 1374, BR-05508900 Sao Paulo, Brazil.
EM hernando@icb.usp.br
NR 26
TC 188
Z9 205
U1 0
U2 5
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 12
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6830
BP 839
EP 842
DI 10.1038/35071118
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 420TT
UT WOS:000168021900061
PM 11298455
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Alves, JF
   Lada, CJ
   Lada, EA
AF Alves, JF
   Lada, CJ
   Lada, EA
TI Internal structure of a cold dark molecular cloud inferred from the extinction of background starlight
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID star-formation; dust extinction; cores; gas
AB Stars and planets form within dark molecular clouds, but little is understood about the internal structure of these clouds, and consequently about the initial conditions that give rise to star and planet formation. The clouds are primarily composed of molecular hydrogen, which is virtually inaccessible to direct observation. But the clouds also contain dust, which is well mixed with the gas and which has well understood effects on the transmission of light. Here we use sensitive near-infrared measurements of the light from background stars as it is absorbed and scattered by trace amounts of dust to probe the internal structure of the dark cloud Barnard 68 with unprecedented detail. We rnd the cloud's density structure to be very well described by the equations for a pressure-confined, self-gravitating isothermal sphere that is critically stable according to the Bonnor-Ebert criteria(1,2). As a result we can precisely specify the physical conditions inside a dark cloud on the verge of collapse to form a star.
C1 European So Observ, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
   Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Univ Florida, Dept Astron, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA.
C3 European Southern Observatory; Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory; Harvard University; Smithsonian Institution; State University System of Florida; University of Florida
RP Alves, JF (corresponding author), European So Observ, Karl Schwarzschild Str 2, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
EM jalves@eso.org
NR 30
TC 393
Z9 428
U1 0
U2 17
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 11
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6817
BP 159
EP 161
DI 10.1038/35051509
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 390UV
UT WOS:000166316200034
PM 11196632
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zhang, PH
   Crespi, VH
   Chang, E
   Louie, SG
   Cohen, ML
AF Zhang, PH
   Crespi, VH
   Chang, E
   Louie, SG
   Cohen, ML
TI Computational design of direct-bandgap semiconductors that lattice-match silicon
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID alloys; growth; heterostructures; gaps
AB Crystalline silicon is an indirect-bandgap semiconductor, making it an inefficient emitter of light. The successful integration of silicon-based electronics with optical components will therefore require optically active (for example, direct-bandgap) materials that can be grown on silicon with high-quality interfaces. For well ordered materials, this effectively translates into the requirement that such materials lattice-match silicon: lattice mismatch generally causes cracks and poor interface properties once the mismatched overlayer exceeds a very thin critical thickness. But no direct-bandgap semiconductor has yet been produced that can lattice-match silicon, and previously suggested structures(1) pose formidable challenges for synthesis. Much recent work has therefore focused on introducing compliant transition layers between the mismatched components(2-4). Here we propose a more direct solution to integrating silicon electronics with optical components. We have computationally designed two hypothetical direct-bandgap semiconductor alloys, the synthesis of which should be possible through the deposition of specific group-IV precursor molecules(5,6) and which lattice-match silicon to 0.5-1% along lattice planes with low Miller indices. The calculated bandgaps (and hence the frequency of emitted light) lie in the window of minimal absorption in current optical fibres.
C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Phys, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Mat Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; University of California System; University of California Berkeley
RP Crespi, VH (corresponding author), Penn State Univ, Dept Phys, 104 Davey Lab, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
NR 19
TC 79
Z9 88
U1 0
U2 37
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 4
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6816
BP 69
EP 71
DI 10.1038/35051054
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 388HT
UT WOS:000166175600039
PM 11343113
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Papadopoulos, P
   Ivison, R
   Carilli, C
   Lewis, G
AF Papadopoulos, P
   Ivison, R
   Carilli, C
   Lewis, G
TI A massive reservoir of low-excitation molecular gas at high redshift
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID absorption-line quasar; apm 08279+5255; dust emission; co 4-3; galaxy
AB Molecular hydrogen (H-2) is an important component of galaxies because it fuels star formation and the accretion of gas onto active galactic nuclei (AGN), the two processes that can generate the large infrared luminosities of gas-rich galaxies(1,2). Observations of spectral-line emission from the tracer molecule carbon monoxide (CO) are used to probe the properties of this gas. But the lines that have been studied in the local Universe-mostly the lower rotational transitions of J = 1 --> 0 and J = 2 --> 1 - have hitherto been unobservable in high-redshift galaxies. Instead, higher transitions have been used, although the densities and temperatures required to excite these higher transitions may not be reached by much of the gas. As a result, past observations may have underestimated the total amount of molecular gas by a substantial amount. Here we report the discovery of large amounts of low-excitation molecular gas around the infrared-luminous quasar APM08279+5255 at redshift z = 3.91, using the two lowest excitation lines of (CO)-C-12 (J = 1 --> 0 and J = 2 --> 1). The maps confirm the presence of hot and dense gas near the nucleus(3), and reveal an extended reservoir of molecular gas with low excitation that is 10 to 100 times more massive than the gas traced by the higher-excitation observations. This raises the possibility that significant amounts of low-excitation molecular gas may exist in the environments of high-redshift (z> 3) galaxies.
C1 UCL, Dept Phys & Astron, London WC1E 6BT, England.
   Leiden Observ, NL-2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands.
   Natl Radio Astron Observ, Socorro, NM 87801 USA.
   Anglo Australian Observ, Epping, NSW 1710, Australia.
C3 University of London; University College London; Leiden University - Excl LUMC; Leiden University; National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO)
RP Ivison, R (corresponding author), UCL, Dept Phys & Astron, Gower St, London WC1E 6BT, England.
EM rji@star.ucl.ac.uk
NR 23
TC 76
Z9 79
U1 0
U2 5
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 4
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6816
BP 58
EP 60
DI 10.1038/35051029
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 388HT
UT WOS:000166175600035
PM 11343109
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rizki, A
   Lundblad, V
AF Rizki, A
   Lundblad, V
TI Defects in mismatch repair promote telomerase-independent proliferation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID saccharomyces-cerevisiae; human cancer; recombination; yeast; maintenance; senescence; mutations; sequences; removal; homolog
AB Mismatch repair has a central role in maintaining genomic stability by repairing DNA replication errors and inhibiting recombination between non-identical (homeologous) sequences(1,2). Defects in mismatch repair have been linked to certain human cancers, including hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) and sporadic tumours(3-5). A crucial requirement for tumour cell proliferation is the maintenance of telomere length(6), and most tumours achieve this by reactivating telomerase(7). In both yeast and human cells, however, telomerase-independent telomere maintenance can occur as a result of recombination-dependent exchanges between often imperfectly matched telomeric sequences(8-12). Here we show that loss of mismatch-repair function promotes cellular proliferation in the absence of telomerase. Defects in mismatch repair, including mutations that correspond to the same amino-acid changes recovered from HNPCC tumours(13), enhance telomerase-independent survival in both Saccharomyces cerevisiae and a related budding yeast with a degree of telomere sequence homology that is similar to human telomeres. These results indicate that enhanced telomeric recombination in human cells with mismatch-repair defects may contribute to cell immortalization and hence tumorigenesis.
C1 Baylor Coll Med, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Baylor Coll Med, Dept Mol & Human Genet, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
C3 Baylor College of Medicine; Baylor College of Medicine
RP Lundblad, V (corresponding author), Baylor Coll Med, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
NR 23
TC 110
Z9 127
U1 0
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 15
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6838
BP 713
EP 716
DI 10.1038/35079641
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 439JC
UT WOS:000169112500051
PM 11395777
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sahu, KC
   Casertano, S
   Livio, M
   Gilliland, RL
   Panagia, N
   Albrow, MD
   Potter, M
AF Sahu, KC
   Casertano, S
   Livio, M
   Gilliland, RL
   Panagia, N
   Albrow, MD
   Potter, M
TI Gravitational microlensing by low-mass objects in the globular cluster M22
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID small-magellanic-cloud; stars; events; dwarf
AB Gravitational microlensing offers a means of determining directly the masses of objects ranging from planets to stars, provided that the distances and motions of the lenses and sources can be determined(1,2). A globular cluster observed against the dense stellar field of the Galactic bulge presents ideal conditions for such observations because the probability of lensing is high(3) and the distances and kinematics of the lenses and sources are well constrained. The abundance of low-mass objects in a globular cluster is of particular interest, because it may be representative of the very early stages of star formation in the Universe, and therefore indicative of the amount of dark baryonic matter in such clusters. Here we report a microlensing event associated with the globular cluster M22. We determine the mass of the lens to be 0.13(-0.02)(+0.03) solar masses. We have also detected six events that are unresolved in time. If these are also microlensing events, they imply that a non-negligible fraction of the cluster mass resides in the form of free-floating planetary-mass objects.
C1 Space Telescope Sci Inst, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA.
C3 Space Telescope Science Institute
RP Sahu, KC (corresponding author), Space Telescope Sci Inst, 3700 San Martin Dr, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA.
NR 29
TC 42
Z9 42
U1 0
U2 0
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 28
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6841
BP 1022
EP 1024
DI 10.1038/35082507
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 446TF
UT WOS:000169528500039
PM 11429596
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kashiwaya, K
   Ochiai, S
   Sakai, H
   Kawai, T
AF Kashiwaya, K
   Ochiai, S
   Sakai, H
   Kawai, T
TI Orbit-related long-term climate cycles revealed in a 12-Myr continental record from Lake Baikal
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID calibration; sediments; loess
AB Quaternary records of climate change from terrestrial sources, such as lake sediments(1,2) and aeolian sediments(3,4), in general agree well with marine records(5,6). But continuous records that cover more than the past one million years were essentially unavailable until recently, when the high-sedimentation-rate site of Lake Baikal was exploited(1,2,7,8). Because of its location in the middle latitudes, Lake Baikal is highly sensitive to insolation changes(9) and the entire lake remained uncovered by ice sheets throughout the Pleistocene epoch, making it a valuable archive for past climate. Here we examine long sediment cores from Lake Baikal that cover the past 12 million years. Our record reveals a gradual cooling of the Asian continental interior, with some fluctuations. Spectral analyses reveal periods of about 400 kyr, 600 kyr and 1,000 kyr, which may correspond to Milankovitch periods (reflecting orbital cycles). Our results indicate that changes in insolation were closely related to long-term environmental variations in the deep continental interior, over the past 12 million years.
C1 Kanazawa Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 9201192, Japan.
   Toyama Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Toyama 9308555, Japan.
   Natl Inst Environm Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3500044, Japan.
C3 Kanazawa University; University of Toyama; National Institute for Environmental Studies - Japan
RP Kashiwaya, K (corresponding author), Kanazawa Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 9201192, Japan.
NR 30
TC 101
Z9 123
U1 1
U2 35
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 1
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6824
BP 71
EP 74
DI 10.1038/35065057
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 406BD
UT WOS:000167194300043
PM 11242042
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ungless, MA
   Whistler, JL
   Malenka, RC
   Bonci, A
AF Ungless, MA
   Whistler, JL
   Malenka, RC
   Bonci, A
TI Single cocaine exposure in vivo induces long-term potentiation in dopamine neurons
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ventral tegmental area; excitatory amino-acids; behavioral sensitization; ampa receptors; silent synapses; glutamate; amphetamine; addiction; ltp; rat
AB How do drugs of abuse modify neural circuitry and thereby lead to addictive behaviour? As for many forms of experience-dependent plasticity, modifications in glutamatergic synaptic transmission have been suggested to be particularly important(1-4). Evidence of such changes in response to in vivo administration of drugs of abuse is lacking, however. Here we show that a single in vivo exposure to cocaine induces long-term potentiation of AMPA (alpha -amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-isoxazole propionic acid)-receptor-mediated currents at excitatory synapses onto dopamine cells in the ventral tegmental area. Potentiation is still observed 5 but not 10 days after cocaine exposure and is blocked when an NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptor antagonist is administered with cocaine. Furthermore, long-term potentiation at these synapses is occluded and long-term depression is enhanced by in vivo cocaine exposure. These results show that a prominent form of synaptic plasticity can be elicited by a single in vivo exposure to cocaine and therefore may be involved in the early stages of the development of drug addiction.
C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Neurol, Ernest Gallo Clin & Res Ctr, San Francisco, CA 94110 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Psychiat & Behav Sci, Nancy Pritzker Lab, Palo Alto, CA 94134 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco; Ernest Gallo Clinic & Research Center; Stanford University
RP Bonci, A (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Neurol, Ernest Gallo Clin & Res Ctr, San Francisco, CA 94110 USA.
NR 30
TC 913
Z9 1098
U1 0
U2 122
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 31
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6837
BP 583
EP 587
DI 10.1038/35079077
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 437GE
UT WOS:000168982500051
PM 11385572
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Weiss, RA
AF Weiss, RA
TI Gulliver's travels in HIVland
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID human-immunodeficiency-virus; hiv-infection; male circumcision; vaccine; aids; recombinant; eradication; challenges; history; africa
AB The emergence of HIV and AIDS is narrated here through the eyes of the legendary Irish traveller Gulliver, observing the replication, cross-species origin, evolution, diversity and transmission of HIV. Ethical problems of vaccine trials, the social impact of AIDS, and prospects for its prevention, including the development of topical virucidal lotions, are discussed. The existence of a growing proportion of HIV-infected, immunocompromised children and adults may significantly affect current immunization programmes and the evolution of opportunistic infections.
C1 UCL, Windeyer Inst Med Sci, Dept Immunol & Mol Pathol, Wohl Virion Ctr, London, England.
C3 University of London; University College London
RP Weiss, RA (corresponding author), UCL, Windeyer Inst Med Sci, Dept Immunol & Mol Pathol, Wohl Virion Ctr, 46 Cleveland St, London, England.
EM r.weiss@ucl.ac.uk
NR 53
TC 51
Z9 76
U1 0
U2 9
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 19
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6831
BP 963
EP 967
DI 10.1038/35073632
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 423AG
UT WOS:000168152300055
PM 11309625
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gura, T
AF Gura, T
TI The battlefields of Britain
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID crops; biodiversity; ecology
NR 10
TC 17
Z9 18
U1 1
U2 6
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 23
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6849
BP 760
EP 763
DI 10.1038/35090645
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 465ET
UT WOS:000170577200011
PM 11518935
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lewis, S
   Sherratt, TN
   Hamer, KC
   Wanless, S
AF Lewis, S
   Sherratt, TN
   Hamer, KC
   Wanless, S
TI Evidence of intra-specific competition for food in a pelagic seabird
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID colony distributions; british-isles; population; size; sea
AB The factors affecting the population dynamics of seabirds have long intrigued biologists(1-5). Current data suggest that density-dependent depletion of prey during the breeding season may regulate population size(6-9). However, much of the evidence for this has been circumstantial, and the underlying mechanisms are unclear(5,10). Here, we show that the per capita population growth rates of northern gannet Morus bassanus at colonies in Britain and Ireland have declined with increasing population size. Furthermore, direct observations reveal that the mean foraging trip duration of breeding gannets is positively correlated with colony size, both among colonies of different sizes in the same year, and within colonies as they change in size. To understand this phenomenon, we have developed a model which demonstrates that disturbance of fish alone can readily generate conditions under which gannets at larger colonies have to travel further to obtain food.
C1 Univ Durham, Dept Biol Sci, Durham DH1 3LE, England.
   Ctr Ecol & Hydrol, Banchory Res Stn, Hill Of Brathens AB31 4BW, Aberdeen, Scotland.
C3 Durham University; UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (UKCEH)
RP Sherratt, TN (corresponding author), Univ Durham, Dept Biol Sci, South Rd, Durham DH1 3LE, England.
NR 30
TC 344
Z9 400
U1 0
U2 107
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 23
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6849
BP 816
EP 819
DI 10.1038/35090566
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 465ET
UT WOS:000170577200036
PM 11518965
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Blinkhorn, S
AF Blinkhorn, S
TI Yes, but what's it for?
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Psychometr Res & Dev Ltd, St Albans AL1 3HT, England.
RP Blinkhorn, S (corresponding author), Psychometr Res & Dev Ltd, Brewmaster House, St Albans AL1 3HT, England.
NR 0
TC 2
Z9 2
U1 0
U2 0
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 23
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6849
BP 771
EP 771
DI 10.1038/35090659
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 465ET
UT WOS:000170577200018
PM 11518944
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ziauddin, J
   Sabatini, DM
AF Ziauddin, J
   Sabatini, DM
TI Microarrays of cells expressing defined cDNAs
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID peptidyl-prolyl isomerase; immunosuppressant fk506; gene-expression; receptor; protein; identification
AB Genome and expressed sequence tag projects are rapidly cataloguing and cloning the genes of higher organisms, including humans. An emerging challenge is to rapidly uncover the functions of genes and to identify gene products with desired properties. We have developed a microarray-driven gene expression system for the functional analysis of many gene products in parallel. Mammalian cells are cultured on a glass slide printed in defined locations with different DNAs. Cells growing on the printed areas take up the DNA, creating spots of localized transfection within a lawn of non-transfected cells. By printing sets of complementary DNAs cloned in expression vectors, we make microarrays whose features are clusters of live cells that express a defined cDNA at each location. Here we demonstrate two uses for our approach: as an alternative to protein microarrays for the identification of drug targets, and as an expression cloning system for the discovery of gene products that alter cellular physiology. By screening transfected cell microarrays expressing 192 different cDNAs, we identified proteins involved in tyrosine kinase signalling, apoptosis and cell adhesion, and with distinct subcellular distributions.
C1 Whitehead Inst Biomed Res, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Whitehead Institute
RP Sabatini, DM (corresponding author), Whitehead Inst Biomed Res, 9 Cambridge Ctr, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
NR 21
TC 780
Z9 985
U1 1
U2 79
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 3
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6833
BP 107
EP 110
DI 10.1038/35075114
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 427XY
UT WOS:000168432800053
PM 11333987
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Brott, LL
   Naik, RR
   Pikas, DJ
   Kirkpatrick, SM
   Tomlin, DW
   Whitlock, PW
   Clarson, SJ
   Stone, MO
AF Brott, LL
   Naik, RR
   Pikas, DJ
   Kirkpatrick, SM
   Tomlin, DW
   Whitlock, PW
   Clarson, SJ
   Stone, MO
TI Ultrafast holographic nanopatterning of biocatalytically formed silica
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB Diatoms are of interest to the materials research community because of their ability to create highly complex and intricate silica structures under physiological conditions: what these single-cell organisms accomplish so elegantly in nature requires extreme laboratory conditions to duplicate(1,2) -this is true for even the simplest of structures. Following the identification of polycationic peptides from the diatom Cylindrotheca fusiformis, simple silica nanospheres can now be synthesized in vitro from silanes at nearly neutral pH and at ambient temperatures and pressures(3,4). Here we describe a method for creating a hybrid organic/inorganic ordered nanostructure of silica spheres through the incorporation of a polycationic peptide (derived from the C. fusiformis silaffin-1 protein) into a polymer hologram created by two-photon-induced photopolymerization. When these peptide nanopatterned holographic structures are exposed to a silicic acid, an ordered array of silica nanospheres is deposited onto the clear polymer substrate. These structures exhibit a nearly fifty-fold increase in diffraction efficiency over a comparable polymer hologram without silica. This approach, combining the ease of processability of an organic polymer with the improved mechanical and optical properties of an inorganic material, could be of practical use for the fabrication of photonic devices.
C1 USAF, Res Lab, Mat & Mfg Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA.
   Univ Cincinnati, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA.
C3 United States Department of Defense; United States Air Force; US Air Force Research Laboratory; University System of Ohio; University of Cincinnati
RP Stone, MO (corresponding author), USAF, Res Lab, Mat & Mfg Directorate, 3005 P St, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA.
NR 10
TC 215
Z9 255
U1 0
U2 79
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 20
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6853
BP 291
EP 293
DI 10.1038/35095031
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 473KB
UT WOS:000171040500034
PM 11565027
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Plass, R
   Last, JA
   Bartelt, NC
   Kellogg, GL
AF Plass, R
   Last, JA
   Bartelt, NC
   Kellogg, GL
TI Nanostructures - Self-assembled domain patterns
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transitions; surface; leed; pb
C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA.
   Sandia Natl Labs, Livermore, CA 94551 USA.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); Sandia National Laboratories; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Sandia National Laboratories
RP Plass, R (corresponding author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA.
NR 10
TC 160
Z9 175
U1 0
U2 40
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 30
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6850
BP 875
EP 875
DI 10.1038/35091143
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 467EG
UT WOS:000170689000033
PM 11528467
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU McSween, HY Jr
   Grove, TL
   Lentz, RCF
   Dann, JC
   Holzheid, AH
   Riciputi, LR
   Ryan, JG
AF McSween, HY Jr
   Grove, TL
   Lentz, RCF
   Dann, JC
   Holzheid, AH
   Riciputi, LR
   Ryan, JG
TI Geochemical evidence for magmatic water within Mars from pyroxenes in the Shergotty meteorite
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID snc meteorites; mantle; h2o; constraints; subduction; eruption; lithium; boron; model
AB Observations of martian surface morphology have been used to argue that an ancient ocean once existed on Mars(1). It has been thought that significant quantities of such water could have been supplied to the martian surface through volcanic outgassing, but this suggestion is contradicted by the low magmatic water content that is generally inferred from chemical analyses of igneous martian meteorites(2). Here, however, we report the distributions of trace elements within pyroxenes of the Shergotty meteorite-a basalt body ejected 175 million years ago from Mars(3) - as well as hydrous and anhydrous crystallization experiments that, together, imply that water contents of pre-eruptive magma on Mars could have been up to 1.8%. We found that in the Shergotty meteorite, the inner cores of pyroxene minerals (which formed at depth in the martian crust) are enriched in soluble trace elements when compared to the outer rims (which crystallized on or near to the martian surface). This implies that water was present in pyroxenes at depth but was largely lost as pyroxenes were carried to the surface during magma ascent. We conclude that ascending magmas possibly delivered significant quantities of water to the martian surface in recent times, reconciling geologic and petrologic constraints on the outgassing history of Mars.
C1 Univ Tennessee, Dept Geol Sci, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA.
   MIT, Dept Earth Atmospher & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Chem & Analyt Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA.
   Univ S Florida, Dept Geol, Tampa, FL 33620 USA.
C3 University of Tennessee System; University of Tennessee Knoxville; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); United States Department of Energy (DOE); Oak Ridge National Laboratory; State University System of Florida; University of South Florida
RP McSween, HY Jr (corresponding author), Univ Tennessee, Dept Geol Sci, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA.
EM mcsween@utk.edu
NR 30
TC 163
Z9 180
U1 4
U2 40
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 25
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6819
BP 487
EP 490
DI 10.1038/35054011
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 395FW
UT WOS:000166570500040
PM 11206539
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yasuda, R
   Noji, H
   Yoshida, M
   Kinosita, K
   Itoh, H
AF Yasuda, R
   Noji, H
   Yoshida, M
   Kinosita, K
   Itoh, H
TI Resolution of distinct rotational substeps by submillisecond kinetic analysis of F1-ATPase
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID escherichia-coli f1-atpase; heavy-meromyosin molecules; thermophilic bacillus ps3; catalytic site; atp synthase; alpha(3)beta(3)gamma complex; nucleotide-binding; inhibitory mgadp; motor; affinity
AB The enzyme F-1-ATPase has been shown to be a rotary motor in which the central gamma -subunit rotates inside the cylinder made of alpha (3)beta (3) subunits. At low ATP concentrations, the motor rotates in discrete 120 degrees steps, consistent with sequential ATP hydrolysis on the three beta -subunits. The mechanism of stepping is unknown. Here we show by high-speed imaging that the 120 degrees step consists of roughly 90 degrees and 30 degrees substeps, each taking only a fraction of a millisecond. ATP binding drives the 90 degrees substep, and the 30 degrees substep is probably driven by release of a hydrolysis product. The two substeps are separated by two reactions of about 1 ms, which together occupy most of the ATP hydrolysis cycle. This scheme probably applies to rotation at full speed (similar to 130 revolutions per second at saturating ATP) down to occasional stepping at nanomolar ATP concentrations, and supports the binding-change model for ATP synthesis by reverse rotation of F-1-ATPase.
C1 Keio Univ, Fac Sci & Technol, Dept Phys, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2238522, Japan.
   Teikyo Univ, Biotechnol Ctr 3F, CREST Genet Programming Team 13, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 2160001, Japan.
   Tokyo Inst Technol, Chem Resources Lab, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2268503, Japan.
   Hamamatsu Photon KK, Tsukuba Res Lab, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3002635, Japan.
C3 Keio University; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST); Teikyo University; Institute of Science Tokyo; Tokyo Institute of Technology; Hamamatsu Photonics
RP Kinosita, K (corresponding author), Keio Univ, Fac Sci & Technol, Dept Phys, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2238522, Japan.
NR 37
TC 723
Z9 813
U1 2
U2 108
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 19
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6831
BP 898
EP 904
DI 10.1038/35073513
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 423AG
UT WOS:000168152300037
PM 11309608
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hansen, B
   Turrell, WR
   Osterhus, S
AF Hansen, B
   Turrell, WR
   Osterhus, S
TI Decreasing overflow from the Nordic seas into the Atlantic Ocean through the Faroe Bank channel since 1950
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID decadal variability; deep-water; outflow
AB The overflow of cold, dense water from the Nordic seas, across the Greenland-Scotland ridge(1) and into the Atlantic Ocean is the main source for the deep water of the North Atlantic Ocean(2). This flow also helps drive the inflow of warm, saline surface water into the Nordic seas(1). The Faroe Bank channel is the deepest path across the ridge, and the deep flow through this channel accounts for about one-third of the total overflow(1,2). Previous work has demonstrated that the overflow has become warmer and less saline(3,4) over time. Here we show, using direct measurements and historical hydrographic data, that the volume flux of the Faroe Bank channel overflow has also decreased. Estimating the volume flux conservatively, we rnd a decrease by at least 20 per cent relative to 1950. If this reduction in deep flow from the Nordic seas is not compensated by increased flow from other sources, it implies a weakened global thermohaline circulation and reduced inflow of Atlantic water to the Nordic seas.
C1 Faroese Fisheries Lab, FO-110 Torshavn, Faroe Islands, Denmark.
   FRS Marine Lab, Aberdeen AB11 9DB, Scotland.
   Bjerknes Ctr Climate Res, N-5024 Bergen, Norway.
   Inst Geophys, N-5024 Bergen, Norway.
C3 Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research
RP Hansen, B (corresponding author), Faroese Fisheries Lab, POB 3051, FO-110 Torshavn, Faroe Islands, Denmark.
NR 18
TC 179
Z9 189
U1 0
U2 71
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 21
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6840
BP 927
EP 930
DI 10.1038/35082034
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 444EN
UT WOS:000169386200038
PM 11418852
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lipton, AJ
   Johnson, MA
   Macdonald, T
   Lieberman, MW
   Gozal, D
   Gaston, B
AF Lipton, AJ
   Johnson, MA
   Macdonald, T
   Lieberman, MW
   Gozal, D
   Gaston, B
TI S-nitrosothiols signal the ventilatory response to hypoxia
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nucleus-tractus-solitarii; nitric-oxide synthase; rat; nitrosoglutathione
AB Increased ventilation in response to hypoxia has been appreciated for over a century(1), but the biochemistry underlying this response remains poorly understood. Here we define a pathway in which increased minute ventilation ((V)over dot(E)) is signalled by deoxyhaemoglobin-derived S-nitrosothiols (SNOs). Specifically, we demonstrate that S-nitrosocysteinyl glycine (CGSNO) and S-nitroso-L-cysteine (L-CSNO)-but not S-nitroso-D-cysteine (D-CSNO)-reproduce the ventilatory effects of hypoxia at the level of the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS). We show that plasma from deoxygenated, but not from oxygenated, blood produces the ventilatory effect of both SNOs and hypoxia. Further, this activity is mediated by S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO), and GSNO activation by gamma -glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma -GT) is required. The normal response to hypoxia is impaired in a knockout mouse lacking gamma GT. These observations suggest that S-nitrosothiol biochemistry is of central importance to the regulation of breathing.
C1 Univ Virginia, Sch Med, Dept Pediat, Div Resp Med, Charlottesville, VA 22908 USA.
   Univ Louisville, Kosair Childrens Hosp Res Inst, Dept Pediat, Louisville, KY 40202 USA.
   Univ Louisville, Kosair Childrens Hosp Res Inst, Dept Pharmacol & Toxicol, Louisville, KY 40202 USA.
   Univ Virginia, Dept Chem, Charlottesville, VA 22906 USA.
   Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pathol, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Baylor Coll Med, Dept Mol & Cellular Biol, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Univ Virginia, Sch Med, Dept Pediat, Div Resp Med, Charlottesville, VA 22908 USA.
C3 University of Virginia; University of Louisville; University of Louisville; University of Virginia; Baylor College of Medicine; Baylor College of Medicine; University of Virginia
RP Gaston, B (corresponding author), Univ Virginia, Sch Med, Dept Pediat, Div Resp Med, Charlottesville, VA 22908 USA.
NR 26
TC 280
Z9 308
U1 0
U2 16
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 13
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6852
BP 171
EP 174
DI 10.1038/35093117
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 471FU
UT WOS:000170918800048
PM 11557982
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Makino, Y
   Cao, RH
   Svensson, K
   Bertilsson, GR
   Åsman, M
   Tanaka, H
   Cao, YH
   Berkenstam, A
   Poellinger, L
AF Makino, Y
   Cao, RH
   Svensson, K
   Bertilsson, GR
   Åsman, M
   Tanaka, H
   Cao, YH
   Berkenstam, A
   Poellinger, L
TI Inhibitory PAS domain protein is a negative regulator of hypoxia-inducible gene expression
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tumor-suppressor protein; transcription factor; signal-transduction; factor 1-alpha; angiogenesis; factor-1; growth; alpha; proteolysis; induction
AB Alteration of gene expression is a crucial component of adaptive responses to hypoxia. These responses are mediated by hypoxia-inducible transcription factors (HIFs)(1,2). Here we describe an inhibitory PAS (Per/Arnt/Sim) domain protein, IPAS, which is a basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH)/PAS protein structurally related to HIFs. IPAS contains no endogenous transactivation function but demonstrates dominant negative regulation of HIF-mediated control of gene expression. Ectopic expression of IPAS in hepatoma cells selectively impairs induction of genes involved in adaptation to a hypoxic environment, notably the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) gene, and results in retarded tumour growth and tumour vascular density in vivo. In mice, IPAS was predominantly expressed in Purkinje cells of the cerebellum and in corneal epithelium of the eye. Expression of IPAS in the cornea correlates with low levels of expression of the VEGF gene under hypoxic conditions. Application of an IPAS antisense oligonucleotide to the mouse cornea induced angiogenesis under normal oxygen conditions, and demonstrated hypoxia-dependent induction of VEGF gene expression in hypoxic corneal cells. These results indicate a previously unknown mechanism for negative regulation of angiogenesis and maintenance of an avascular phenotype.
C1 Med Nobel Inst, Dept Cell & Mol Biol, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
   Karolinska Inst, Dept Microbiol & Tumor Biol, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
   Karolinska Inst, Ctr Genom & Bioinformat, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
   Univ Tokyo, Inst Med Sci, Adv Clin Res Ctr, Div Clin Immunol,Minato Ku, Tokyo 1088639, Japan.
   Pharmacia Corp, S-12287 Stockholm, Sweden.
C3 Karolinska Institutet; Karolinska Institutet; University of Tokyo; Pfizer; Pharmacia Corporation; Pfizer Sweden
RP Poellinger, L (corresponding author), Med Nobel Inst, Dept Cell & Mol Biol, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
EM lorenz.poellinger@cmb.ki.se
NR 24
TC 545
Z9 689
U1 0
U2 46
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 29
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6863
BP 550
EP 554
DI 10.1038/35107085
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 496PV
UT WOS:000172405900049
PM 11734856
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cronin, TW
   Caldwell, RL
   Marshall, J
AF Cronin, TW
   Caldwell, RL
   Marshall, J
TI Sensory adaptation - Tunable colour vision in a mantis shrimp
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID system
C1 Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Dept Biol Sci, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Integrat Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Queensland, Vis Touch & Hearing Res Ctr, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia.
C3 University System of Maryland; University of Maryland Baltimore County; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of Queensland
RP Cronin, TW (corresponding author), Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Dept Biol Sci, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA.
NR 10
TC 72
Z9 86
U1 2
U2 113
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 31
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6837
BP 547
EP 548
DI 10.1038/35079184
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 437GE
UT WOS:000168982500039
PM 11385560
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zhu, XK
   Guo, Y
   O'Nions, RK
   Young, ED
   Ash, RD
AF Zhu, XK
   Guo, Y
   O'Nions, RK
   Young, ED
   Ash, RD
TI Isotopic homogeneity of iron in the early solar nebula
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID source-mass-spectrometry; anomalous o-17 compositions; oxygen-isotope; meteorites; chromium; fractionation; chondrites; sulfate; system
AB The chemical and isotopic homogeneity of the early solar nebula, and the processes producing fractionation during its evolution, are central issues of cosmochemistry. Studies of the relative abundance variations of three or more isotopes of an element can in principle determine if the initial reservoir of material was a homogeneous mixture or if it contained several distinct sources of precursor material. For example, widespread anomalies(1-4) observed in the oxygen isotopes of meteorites have been interpreted as resulting from the mixing of a solid phase that was enriched in O-16 with a gas phase in which O-16 was depleted(1-3), or as an isotopic 'memory' of Galactic evolution(5). In either case, these anomalies are regarded as strong evidence that the early solar nebula was not initially homogeneous. Here we present measurements of the relative abundances of three iron isotopes in meteoritic and terrestrial samples. We show that significant variations of iron isotopes exist in both terrestrial and extraterrestrial materials. But when plotted in a three-isotope diagram, all of the data for these Solar System materials fall on a single mass-fractionation line, showing that homogenization of iron isotopes occurred in the solar nebula before both planetesimal accretion and chondrule formation.
C1 Univ Oxford, Dept Earth Sci, Oxford OX1 3PR, England.
C3 University of Oxford
RP Zhu, XK (corresponding author), Univ Oxford, Dept Earth Sci, Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3PR, England.
EM xiangz@earth.ox.ac.uk
NR 28
TC 150
Z9 189
U1 1
U2 55
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 19
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6844
BP 311
EP 313
DI 10.1038/35085525
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 453LW
UT WOS:000169918200039
PM 11460156
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gani, R
   Leach, S
AF Gani, R
   Leach, S
TI Transmission potential of smallpox in contemporary populations
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID impact
AB Despite eradication(1), smallpox still presents a risk to public health whilst laboratory stocks of virus remain(2,3). One factor crucial to any assessment of this risk is R-0, the average number of secondary cases infected by each primary case. However, recently applied estimates have varied too widely (R-0 from 1.5 to >20) to be of practical use, and often appear to disregard contingent factors such as socio-economic conditions and herd immunity(4-8). Here we use epidemic modelling(9) to show a more consistent derivation of R0. In isolated pre-twentieth century populations(10-12) with negligible herd immunity, the numbers of cases initially rose exponentially, with an R-0 between 3.5 and 6. Before outbreak controls were applied, smallpox also demonstrated similar levels of transmission in 30 sporadic outbreaks in twentieth century Europe(1), taking into account pre-existing vaccination levels(13,14) (about 50%) and the role of hospitals in doubling early transmission. Should smallpox recur, such estimates of transmission potential (R-0 from 3.5 to 6) predict a reasonably rapid epidemic rise before the implementation of public health interventions, because little residual herd immunity exists now that vaccination has ceased.
C1 Ctr Appl Microbiol & Res, Salisbury SP4 0JG, Wilts, England.
RP Leach, S (corresponding author), Ctr Appl Microbiol & Res, Salisbury SP4 0JG, Wilts, England.
EM steve.leach@camr.org.uk
NR 24
TC 219
Z9 243
U1 0
U2 23
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 13
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6865
BP 748
EP 751
DI 10.1038/414748a
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 501GD
UT WOS:000172676200047
PM 11742399
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tarricone, C
   Xiao, B
   Justin, N
   Walker, PA
   Rittinger, K
   Gamblin, SJ
   Smerdon, SJ
AF Tarricone, C
   Xiao, B
   Justin, N
   Walker, PA
   Rittinger, K
   Gamblin, SJ
   Smerdon, SJ
TI The structural basis of Arfaptin-mediated cross-talk between Rac and Arf signalling pathways
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID adp-ribosylation factor; rac1-interacting protein; crystal-structure; binding protein; phospholipase-d; rho proteins; complex; cdc42; activation; domain
AB Small G proteins are GTP-dependent molecular switches that regulate numerous cellular functions(1). They can be classified into homologous subfamilies that are broadly associated with specific biological processes. Cross-talk between small G-protein families has an important role in signalling, but the mechanism by which it occurs is poorly understood(2). The coordinated action of Arf and Rho family GTPases is required to regulate many cellular processes including lipid signalling(3), cell motility(4) and Golgi function(5). Arfaptin is a ubiquitously expressed protein implicated in mediating cross-talk between Rac (a member of the Rho family) and Arf small GTPases. Here we show that Arfaptin binds specifically to GTP-bound Arf1 and Arf6, but binds to Rac.GTP and Rac.GDP with similar affinities. The X-ray structure of Arfaptin reveals an elongated, crescent-shaped dimer of three-helix coiled-coils. Structures of Arfaptin with Rac bound to either GDP or the slowly hydrolysable analogue GMPPNP show that the switch regions adopt similar conformations in both complexes. Our data highlight fundamental differences between the molecular mechanisms of Rho and Ras family signalling, and suggest a model of Arfaptin-mediated synergy between the Arf and Rho family signalling pathways.
C1 Natl Inst Med Res, Div Prot Struct, London NW7 1AA, England.
C3 MRC National Institute for Medical Research
RP Gamblin, SJ (corresponding author), Natl Inst Med Res, Div Prot Struct, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, England.
EM sgambli@nimr.mrc.ac.uk
FU MRC [MC_U117565398] Funding Source: UKRI; Medical Research Council [MC_U117565398] Funding Source: Medline
NR 26
TC 207
Z9 252
U1 0
U2 14
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 10
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6834
BP 215
EP 219
DI 10.1038/35075620
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 430FC
UT WOS:000168563000056
PM 11346801
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Huitema, HEA
   Gelinck, GH
   van der Putten, JBPH
   Kuijk, KE
   Hart, CM
   Cantatore, E
   Herwig, PT
   van Breemen, AJJM
   de Leeuw, DM
AF Huitema, HEA
   Gelinck, GH
   van der Putten, JBPH
   Kuijk, KE
   Hart, CM
   Cantatore, E
   Herwig, PT
   van Breemen, AJJM
   de Leeuw, DM
TI Plastic transistors in active-matrix displays - The handling of grey levels by these large displays paves the way for electronic paper.
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Philips Res, NL-5656 AA Eindhoven, Netherlands.
   Netherlands Org Appl Sci Res, Mat Technol Div, Ind Technol Inst, NL-5600 HE Eindhoven, Netherlands.
C3 Netherlands Organization Applied Science Research
RP Huitema, HEA (corresponding author), Philips Res, Professor Holstlaan 4, NL-5656 AA Eindhoven, Netherlands.
EM edzer.huitema@philips.com
NR 9
TC 497
Z9 568
U1 1
U2 86
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 6
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6864
BP 599
EP 599
DI 10.1038/414599a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 498WB
UT WOS:000172535600034
PM 11740546
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Martinez-Perez, E
   Shaw, P
   Moore, G
AF Martinez-Perez, E
   Shaw, P
   Moore, G
TI The Ph1 locus is needed to ensure specific somatic and meiotic centromere association
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID drosophila-melanogaster; chiasma formation; wheat; organization; chromosm; hybrids; complex; meiosis; nuclei
AB The correct pairing and segregation of chromosomes during meiosis is essential for genetic stability and subsequent fertility. This is more difficult to achieve in polyploid species, such as wheat, because they possess more than one diploid set of similar chromosomes. In wheat, the Ph1 locus ensures correct homologue pairing and recombination(1). Although clustering of telomeres into a bouquet early in meiosis has been suggested to facilitate homologue pairing(2,3), centromeres associate in pairs in polyploid cereals early during floral development(4). We can now extend this observation to root development. Here we show that the Ph1 locus acts both meiotically and somatically by reducing non-homologous centromere associations. This has the effect of promoting true homologous association when centromeres are induced to associate. In fact, non-homologously associated centromeres separate at the beginning of meiosis in the presence, but not the absence, of Ph1. This permits the correction of homologue association during the telomere-bouquet stage in meiosis. We conclude that the Ph1 locus is not responsible for the induction of centromere association, but rather for its specificity.
C1 John Innes Ctr Plant Sci Res, Norwich NR4 7UH, Norfolk, England.
C3 UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC); John Innes Centre
RP Moore, G (corresponding author), John Innes Ctr Plant Sci Res, Norwich Res Pk, Norwich NR4 7UH, Norfolk, England.
NR 25
TC 140
Z9 167
U1 0
U2 32
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 10
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6834
BP 204
EP 207
DI 10.1038/35075597
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 430FC
UT WOS:000168563000053
PM 11346798
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Webb, DJ
   Suginohara, N
AF Webb, DJ
   Suginohara, N
TI Oceanography - Vertical mixing in the ocean
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID circulation
C1 Southampton Oceanog Ctr, Southampton SO14 3ZH, Hants, England.
   Univ Tokyo, Ctr Climate Syst Res, Meguro Ku, Tokyo 1538904, Japan.
C3 University of Southampton; NERC National Oceanography Centre; University of Tokyo
RP Webb, DJ (corresponding author), Southampton Oceanog Ctr, Empress Dock, Southampton SO14 3ZH, Hants, England.
NR 10
TC 102
Z9 114
U1 0
U2 32
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 4
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6816
BP 37
EP 37
DI 10.1038/35051171
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 388HT
UT WOS:000166175600029
PM 11343103
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bonneh, YS
   Cooperman, A
   Sagi, D
AF Bonneh, YS
   Cooperman, A
   Sagi, D
TI Motion-induced blindness in normal observers
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID stabilized retinal image; binocular-rivalry; perception; attention; fragmentation; movement; masking; vision
AB Cases in which salient visual stimuli do not register consciously are known to occur in special conditions, such as the presentation of dissimilar stimuli to the two eyes(1) or when images are stabilized on the retina(2). Here, we report a striking phenomenon of 'visual disappearance' observed with normal-sighted observers under natural conditions. When a global moving pattern is superimposed on high-contrast stationary or slowly moving stimuli, the latter disappear and reappear alternately for periods of several seconds. We show that this motion-induced blindness (MIB) phenomenon is unlikely to reflect retinal suppression, sensory masking or adaptation. The phenomenology observed includes perceptual grouping effects, object rivalry and visual field anisotropy. This is very similar to that found in other types of visual disappearance, as well as in clinical cases of attention deficits, in which partial invisibility might occur despite the primary visual areas being intact(3). Disappearance might reflect a disruption of attentional processing, which shifts the system into a winner-takes-all mode, uncovering the dynamics of competition between object representations within the human visual system.
C1 Smith Kettlewell Eye Res Inst, San Francisco, CA 94115 USA.
   Weizmann Inst Sci, Dept Neurobiol, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel.
C3 The Smith-Kettlewell Eye Research Institute; Weizmann Institute of Science
RP Bonneh, YS (corresponding author), Smith Kettlewell Eye Res Inst, 2318 Fillmore St, San Francisco, CA 94115 USA.
EM yoram@ski.org
NR 26
TC 244
Z9 257
U1 1
U2 36
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 14
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6839
BP 798
EP 801
DI 10.1038/35081073
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 441TV
UT WOS:000169246400049
PM 11459058
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sambrano, GR
   Weiss, EJ
   Zheng, YW
   Huang, W
   Coughlin, SR
AF Sambrano, GR
   Weiss, EJ
   Zheng, YW
   Huang, W
   Coughlin, SR
TI Role of thrombin signalling in platelets in haemostasis and thrombosis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID glycoprotein ib-alpha; collagen receptor; activation; model; gene; antibody; iib/iiia; family; death; mice
AB Platelets are critical in haemostasis and in arterial thrombosis, which causes heart attacks and other events triggered by abnormal clotting(1-5). The coagulation protease thrombin is a potent activator of platelets ex vivo(6). However, because thrombin also mediates fibrin deposition and because multiple agonists can trigger platelet activation(7), the relative importance of platelet activation by thrombin in haemostasis and thrombosis is unknown. Thrombin triggers cellular responses at least in part through protease-activated receptors (PARs)(8). Mouse platelets express PAR3 and PAR4 (ref. 9). Here we show that platelets from PAR4-deficient mice failed to change shape, mobilize calcium, secrete ATP or aggregate in response to thrombin. This result demonstrates that PAR signalling is necessary for mouse platelet activation by thrombin and supports the model that mouse PAR3 (mPAR3) does not by itself mediate transmembrane signalling but instead acts as a cofactor for thrombin cleavage and activation of mPAR4 (ref. 10). Importantly, PAR4-deficient mice had markedly prolonged bleeding times and were protected in a model of arteriolar thrombosis. Thus platelet activation by thrombin is necessary for normal haemostasis and may be an important target in the treatment of thrombosis.
C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Cardiovasc Res Inst, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Med, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Mol & Cellular Pharmacol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco
RP Coughlin, SR (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Francisco, Cardiovasc Res Inst, 513 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
NR 30
TC 434
Z9 511
U1 0
U2 54
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 6
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6851
BP 74
EP 78
DI 10.1038/35092573
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 469EG
UT WOS:000170801200041
PM 11544528
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yu, A
   Zhao, CF
   Fan, Y
   Jang, WH
   Mungall, AJ
   Deloukas, P
   Olsen, A
   Doggett, NA
   Ghebranious, N
   Broman, KW
   Weber, JL
AF Yu, A
   Zhao, CF
   Fan, Y
   Jang, WH
   Mungall, AJ
   Deloukas, P
   Olsen, A
   Doggett, NA
   Ghebranious, N
   Broman, KW
   Weber, JL
TI Comparison of human genetic and sequence-based physical maps
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID high-resolution analysis; human-chromosome 22; human genome; meiotic recombination; dna-sequence; integration; crossover; repeats; region
AB Recombination is the exchange of information between two homologous chromosomes during meiosis. The rate of recombination per nucleotide, which profoundly affects the evolution of chromosomal segments, is calculated by comparing genetic and physical maps. Human physical maps have been constructed using cytogenetics(1), overlapping DNA clones(2) and radiation hybrids(3); but the ultimate and by far the most accurate physical map is the actual nucleotide sequence. The completion of the draft human genomic sequence(4) provides us with the best opportunity yet to compare the genetic and physical maps. Here we describe our estimates of female, male and sex-average recombination rates for about 60% of the genome. Recombination rates varied greatly along each chromosome, from 0 to at least 9 centiMorgans per megabase (cM Mb(-1)). Among several sequence and marker parameters tested, only relative marker position along the metacentric chromosomes in males correlated strongly with recombination rate. We identified several chromosomal regions up to 6 Mb in length with particularly low (deserts) or high (jungles) recombination rates. Linkage disequilibrium was much more common and extended for greater distances in the deserts than in the jungles.
C1 Marshfield Med Res Fdn, Ctr Med Genet, Marshfield, WI 54449 USA.
   NIH, Natl Ctr Biotechnol Informat, Bethesda, MD 20894 USA.
   Sanger Ctr, Cambridge CB10 1SA, England.
   Joint Genome Inst, Walnut Creek, CA 94598 USA.
   Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Biostat, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Joint BioEnergy Institute - JBEI; Joint Genome Institute - JGI; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Los Alamos National Laboratory; Johns Hopkins University
RP Weber, JL (corresponding author), Marshfield Med Res Fdn, Ctr Med Genet, Marshfield, WI 54449 USA.
EM weberj@cmg.mfldclin.edu
NR 30
TC 224
Z9 258
U1 0
U2 6
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 15
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6822
BP 951
EP 953
DI 10.1038/35057185
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 401QC
UT WOS:000166938800067
PM 11237020
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wang, SQ
   Song, LS
   Lakatta, EG
   Cheng, HP
AF Wang, SQ
   Song, LS
   Lakatta, EG
   Cheng, HP
TI Ca2+ signalling between single L-type Ca2+ channels and ryanodine receptors in heart cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID frog skeletal-muscle; cardiac myocytes; calcium-release; sarcoplasmic-reticulum; sparks; inactivation
AB Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release is a general mechanism that most cells use to amplify Ca2+ signals(1-5). In heart cells, this mechanism is operated between voltage-gated L-type Ca2+ channels (LCCs) in the plasma membrane and Ca2+ release channels, commonly known as ryanodine receptors, in the sarcoplasmic reticulum(3-5) The Ca2+ influx through LCCs traverses a deft of roughly 12 nm formed by the cell surface and the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane, and activates adjacent ryanodine receptors to release Ca2+ in the form of Ca2+ sparks(6). Here we determine the kinetics, fidelity and stoichiometry of coupling between LCCs and ryanodine receptors. We show that the local Ca2+ signal produced by a single opening of an LCC named a 'Ca2+ sparklet: can trigger about 4-6 ryanodine receptors to generate a Ca2+ spark. The coupling between LCCs and ryanodine receptors is stochastic, as judged by the exponential distribution of the coupling latency. The fraction of sparklets that successfully triggers a spark is less than unity and declines in a use-dependent manner. This optical analysis of single-channel communication affords a powerful means for elucidating Ca2+-signalling mechanisms at the molecular level.
C1 NIA, Cardiovasc Sci Lab, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224 USA.
   Peking Univ, Coll Life Sci, Natl Lab Biomembrane & Membrane Biotechnol, Beijing 100871, Peoples R China.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute on Aging (NIA); Peking University
RP Cheng, HP (corresponding author), NIA, Cardiovasc Sci Lab, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224 USA.
NR 29
TC 352
Z9 425
U1 2
U2 73
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 29
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6828
BP 592
EP 596
DI 10.1038/35069083
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 417WW
UT WOS:000167859300050
PM 11279498
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Srinivasula, SM
   Hegde, R
   Saleh, A
   Datta, P
   Shiozaki, E
   Chai, JJ
   Lee, RA
   Robbins, PD
   Fernandes-Alnemri, T
   Shi, YG
   Alnemri, ES
AF Srinivasula, SM
   Hegde, R
   Saleh, A
   Datta, P
   Shiozaki, E
   Chai, JJ
   Lee, RA
   Robbins, PD
   Fernandes-Alnemri, T
   Shi, YG
   Alnemri, ES
TI A conserved XIAP-interaction motif in caspase-9 and Smac/DIABLO regulates caspase activity and apoptosis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID structural basis; protein xiap; oligomerization; procaspase-9; drosophila; activation; inhibitor; cleavage; binding; domain
AB X-linked inhibitor-of-apoptosis protein (XIAP) interacts with caspase-9 and inhibits its activity(1-3), whereas Smac (also known as DIABLO) relieves this inhibition through interaction with XIAP(4-7). Here we show that XIAP associates with the active caspase-9-Apaf-1 holoenzyme complex through binding to the amino terminus of the linker peptide on the small subunit of caspase-9, which becomes exposed after proteolytic processing of procaspase-9 at Asp 315. Supporting this observation, point mutations that abrogate the proteolytic processing but not the catalytic activity of caspase-9, or deletion of the linker peptide, prevented caspase-9 association with XIAP and its concomitant inhibition. We note that the N-terminal four residues of caspase-9 linker peptide share significant homology with the N-terminal tetra-peptide in mature Smac and in the Drosophila proteins Hid/Grim/Reaper(8,9), defining a conserved class of IAP-binding motifs. Consistent with this finding, binding of the caspase-9 linker peptide and Smac to the BIR3 domain of XIAP is mutually exclusive, suggesting that Smac potentiates caspase-9 activity by disrupting the interaction of the linker peptide of caspase-9 with BIR3. Our studies reveal a mechanism in which binding to the BIR3 domain by two conserved peptides, one from Smac and the other one from caspase-9, has opposing effects on caspase activity and apoptosis.
C1 Thomas Jefferson Univ, Kimmel Canc Inst, Ctr Apoptosis Res, Philadelphia, PA 19107 USA.
   Thomas Jefferson Univ, Kimmel Canc Inst, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Philadelphia, PA 19107 USA.
   Univ Pittsburgh, Dept Mol Genet & Biochem, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA.
   Princeton Univ, Lewis Thomas Lab, Dept Mol Biol, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
C3 Thomas Jefferson University; Thomas Jefferson University; Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); University of Pittsburgh; Princeton University
RP Alnemri, ES (corresponding author), Thomas Jefferson Univ, Kimmel Canc Inst, Ctr Apoptosis Res, Philadelphia, PA 19107 USA.
NR 14
TC 841
Z9 1043
U1 3
U2 116
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 1
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6824
BP 112
EP 116
DI 10.1038/35065125
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 406BD
UT WOS:000167194300053
PM 11242052
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bouquet, F
   Marcenat, C
   Steep, E
   Calemczuk, R
   Kwok, WK
   Welp, U
   Crabtree, GW
   Fisher, RA
   Phillips, NE
   Schilling, A
AF Bouquet, F
   Marcenat, C
   Steep, E
   Calemczuk, R
   Kwok, WK
   Welp, U
   Crabtree, GW
   Fisher, RA
   Phillips, NE
   Schilling, A
TI An unusual phase transition to a second liquid vortex phase in the superconductor YBa2Cu3O7
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ii superconductors; melting transition; magnetic-field; lattice; fluctuations; diagram; bi2sr2cacu2o8; vortices; crystals; disorder
AB A magnetic field penetrates a superconductor through an array of 'vortices', each of which carries one quantum of flux that is surrounded by a circulating supercurrent. In this vortex state, the resistivity is determined by the dynamical properties of the vortex 'matter'. For the high-temperature copper oxide superconductors (see ref.1 for a theoretical review), the vortex phase can be a 'solid', in which the vortices are pinned, but the solid can 'melt' into a 'liquid' phase, in which their mobility gives rise to a finite resistance. (This melting phenomenon is also believed to occur in conventional superconductors, but in an experimentally inaccessible part of the phase diagram(2).) For the case of YBa(2)Cu(3)O(7), there are indications of the existence of a critical point, at which the character of the melting changes(3-10). But neither the thermodynamic nature of the melting, nor the phase diagram in the vicinity of the critical point, has been well established. Here we report measurements of specific heat and magnetization that determine the phase diagram in this material to 26 T, well above the critical point. Our results reveal the presence of a reversible second-order transition above the critical point. An unusual feature of this transition-namely, that the high-temperature phase is the less symmetric in the sense of the Landau theory(11)-is in accord with theoretical predictions(12-14) of a transition to a second vortex-liquid phase.
C1 CEA Grenoble, Serv Phys Magnetisme & Supraconduct, Dept Rech Fondamentale Mat Condensee, F-38054 Grenoble, France.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Argonne Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci, Argonne, IL 60439 USA.
   Univ Zurich, Inst Phys, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
C3 CEA; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Argonne National Laboratory; University of Zurich
RP Bouquet, F (corresponding author), CEA Grenoble, Serv Phys Magnetisme & Supraconduct, Dept Rech Fondamentale Mat Condensee, F-38054 Grenoble, France.
EM Frederic_Bouquet@Yahoo.Com.immuno
NR 27
TC 97
Z9 99
U1 0
U2 36
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 24
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6836
BP 448
EP 451
DI 10.1038/35078016
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 435CB
UT WOS:000168858700039
PM 11373670
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Valadkhan, S
   Manley, JL
AF Valadkhan, S
   Manley, JL
TI Splicing-related catalysis by protein-free snRNAs
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID small nuclear-rna; metal-ion catalysis; u6 snrna; tertiary interaction; in-vitro; spliceosome; selection; step; dna; sequence
AB Removal of intervening sequences from eukaryotic messenger RNA precursors is carried out by the spliceosome, a complex assembly of five small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) and a large number of proteins. Although it has been suggested that the spliceosome might be an RNA enzyme, direct evidence for this has been lacking, and the identity of the catalytic domain of the spliceosome is unknown. Here we show that a protein-free complex of two snRNAs, U2 and U6, can bind and position a small RNA containing the sequence of the intron branch site, and activate the branch adenosine to attack a catalytically critical domain of U6 in a reaction that is related to the first step of splicing. Our data provide direct evidence for the catalytic potential of spliceosomal snRNAs.
C1 Columbia Univ, Sherman Fairchild Ctr Life Sci, Dept Biol Sci, New York, NY 10027 USA.
C3 Columbia University
RP Manley, JL (corresponding author), Columbia Univ, Sherman Fairchild Ctr Life Sci, Dept Biol Sci, New York, NY 10027 USA.
EM jlm2@columbia.edu
NR 37
TC 173
Z9 251
U1 0
U2 12
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 18
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6857
BP 701
EP 707
DI 10.1038/35099500
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 482ZK
UT WOS:000171608000035
PM 11607023
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hu, S
   Chapin, FS
   Firestone, MK
   Field, CB
   Chiariello, NR
AF Hu, S
   Chapin, FS
   Firestone, MK
   Field, CB
   Chiariello, NR
TI Nitrogen limitation of microbial decomposition in a grassland under elevated CO2
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID atmospheric carbon-dioxide; net primary production; terrestrial ecosystems; soil-microorganisms; enrichment; competition; respiration; responses; feedback
AB Carbon accumulation in the terrestrial biosphere could partially offset the effects of anthropogenic CO2 emissions on atmospheric CO2 (refs 1, 2). The net impact of increased CO2 on the carbon balance of terrestrial ecosystems is unclear, however, because elevated CO2 effects on carbon input to soils and plant use of water and nutrients often have contrasting effects on microbial processes(3-5). Here we show suppression of microbial decomposition in an annual grassland after continuous exposure to increased CO2 for five growing seasons. The increased CO2 enhanced plant nitrogen uptake, microbial biomass carbon, and available carbon for microbes. But it reduced available soil nitrogen, exacerbated nitrogen constraints on microbes, and reduced microbial respiration per unit biomass. These results indicate that increased CO2 can alter the interaction between plants and microbes in favour of plant utilization of nitrogen, thereby slowing microbial decomposition and increasing ecosystem carbon accumulation.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Integrat Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Environm Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Carnegie Inst Washington, Dept Plant Biol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; Carnegie Institution for Science
RP Hu, S (corresponding author), N Carolina State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Box 7616, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA.
NR 30
TC 314
Z9 432
U1 8
U2 406
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 11
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6817
BP 188
EP 191
DI 10.1038/35051576
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 390UV
UT WOS:000166316200043
PM 11196641
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rice, SA
AF Rice, SA
TI Interfering for the good of a chemical reaction
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID coherent control; adiabatic passage; laser control; selectivity
AB Chemistry has, throughout its history, been a science of passive control: having made the conditions as favourable as possible, the chemist is obliged to let the complex reorganization of reactant molecules into products take place unhindered. But what if one could meddle at the very heart of a reaction to affect the dynamics of molecular evolution? Welcome to the world of quantum interference control.
C1 Univ Chicago, James Franck Inst, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
C3 University of Chicago
RP Rice, SA (corresponding author), Univ Chicago, James Franck Inst, 5640 S Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
EM s-rice@uchicago.edu
NR 22
TC 76
Z9 89
U1 0
U2 18
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 18
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6818
BP 422
EP 426
DI 10.1038/35053211
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 392VY
UT WOS:000166434300068
PM 11201759
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Auer, S
   Frenkel, D
AF Auer, S
   Frenkel, D
TI Prediction of absolute crystal-nucleation rate in hard-sphere colloids
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID monte-carlo; crystallization; bcc; entropy; liquids
AB Crystal nucleation is a much-studied phenomenon, yet the rate at which it occurs remains difficult to predict. Small crystal nuclei form spontaneously in supersaturated solutions, but unless their size exceeds a critical value-the so-called critical nucleus-they will re-dissolve rather than grow. It is this rate-limiting step that has proved difficult to probe experimentally. The crystal nucleation rate depends on P-crit, the (very small) probability that a critical nucleus forms spontaneously, and on a kinetic factor (kappa) that measures the rate at which critical nuclei subsequently grow. Given the absence of a priori knowledge of either quantity, classical nucleation theory(1) is commonly used to analyse crystal nucleation experiments, with the unconstrained parameters adjusted to fit the observations. This approach yields no 'first principles' prediction of absolute nucleation rates. Here we approach the problem from a different angle, simulating the nucleation process in a suspension of hard colloidal spheres, to obtain quantitative numerical predictions of the crystal nucleation rate. We find large discrepancies between the computed nucleation rates and those deduced from experiments(2-4): the best experimental estimates of P-crit seem to be too large by several orders of magnitude.
C1 FOM, Inst Atom & Mol Phys, NL-1098 SJ Amsterdam, Netherlands.
C3 AMOLF
RP Frenkel, D (corresponding author), FOM, Inst Atom & Mol Phys, Kruislaan 407, NL-1098 SJ Amsterdam, Netherlands.
NR 23
TC 883
Z9 980
U1 2
U2 359
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 22
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6823
BP 1020
EP 1023
DI 10.1038/35059035
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 405FT
UT WOS:000167148800039
PM 11234006
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ibata, R
   Irwin, M
   Lewis, G
   Ferguson, AMN
   Tanvir, N
AF Ibata, R
   Irwin, M
   Lewis, G
   Ferguson, AMN
   Tanvir, N
TI A giant stream of metal-rich stars in the halo of the galaxy M31
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hubble-space-telescope; sagittarius dwarf galaxy; milky-way; local group; stellar populations; interstellar-medium; ngc-205; disruption; disk
AB Recent observations have revealed streams of gas and stars in the halo of the Milky Way(1-3) that are the debris from interactions between our Galaxy and some of its dwarf companion galaxies; the Sagittarius dwarf galaxy and the Magellanic clouds. Analysis of the material has shown that much of the halo is made up of cannibalized satellite galaxies(2,4), and that dark matter is distributed nearly spherically in the Milky Way. It remains unclear, however, whether cannibalized substructures are as common in the haloes of galaxies as predicted by galaxy-formation theory(5). Here we report the discovery of a giant stream of metal-rich stars within the halo of the nearest large galaxy, M31 (the Andromeda galaxy). The source of this stream could be the dwarf galaxies M32 and NGC205, which are close companions of M31 and which may have lost a substantial number of stars owing to tidal interactions. The results demonstrate that the epoch of galaxy building still continues, albeit at a modest rate, and that tidal streams may be a generic feature of galaxy haloes.
C1 Observ Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France.
   Univ Cambridge, Inst Astron, Cambridge CB3 0HA, England.
   Anglo Australian Observ, Epping, NSW 1710, Australia.
   Univ Groningen, Kapteyn Astron Inst, NL-9700 AV Groningen, Netherlands.
   Univ Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9AB, Herts, England.
C3 University of Cambridge; University of Groningen; Kapteyn Astronomical Institute; University of Hertfordshire
RP Ibata, R (corresponding author), Observ Strasbourg, 11 Rue Univ, F-67000 Strasbourg, France.
EM ibata@astro.u-strasbg.fr
NR 30
TC 521
Z9 555
U1 0
U2 9
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 5
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6842
BP 49
EP 52
DI 10.1038/35083506
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 448TB
UT WOS:000169644900037
PM 11452300
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Taipale, J
   Beachy, PA
AF Taipale, J
   Beachy, PA
TI The Hedgehog and Wnt signaling pathways in cancer
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID basal-cell carcinoma; beta-catenin; colorectal-cancer; sonic hedgehog; human homolog; stem-cells; cubitus-interruptus; animal development; mutations; tumor
AB The Wnt and hedgehog (Hh) signalling pathways have long been known to direct growth and patterning during embryonic development. Recent evidence also implicates these pathways in the postembryonic regulation of stem-cell number in epithelia such as those of the skin and intestine, which undergo constant renewal. A pathological role for the Wnt and Hh pathways has emerged from studies showing a high frequency of specific human cancers associated with mutations that constitutively activate the transcriptional response of these pathways. This article focuses on Hh and Wnt signal transduction and reviews evidence suggesting that tumorigenesis associated with pathway activation may result from mis-specification of cells towards stem-cell or stem cell-like fates.
C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Mol Biol & Genet, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
C3 Johns Hopkins University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
RP Taipale, J (corresponding author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Mol Biol & Genet, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
NR 70
TC 1157
Z9 1425
U1 2
U2 171
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 17
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6835
BP 349
EP 354
DI 10.1038/35077219
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 432RT
UT WOS:000168710000057
PM 11357142
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cane, MA
   Molnar, P
AF Cane, MA
   Molnar, P
TI Closing of the Indonesian seaway as a precursor to east African aridircation around 3-4 million years ago
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID indian-ocean; rainfall anomaly; pacific; halmahera; boundary; climate; reflection; australia; evolution; model
AB Global climate change around 3-4 Myr ago is thought to have influenced the evolution of hominids, via the aridification of Africa, and may have been the precursor to Pleistocene glaciation about 2.75 Myr ago. Most explanations of these climatic events involve changes in circulation of the North Atlantic Ocean due to the closing of the Isthmus of Panama. Here we suggest, instead, that closure of the Indonesian seaway 3-4 Myr ago could be responsible for these climate changes, in particular the aridification of Africa. We use simple theory and results from an ocean circulation model to show that the northward displacement of New Guinea, about 5 Myr ago, may have switched the source of flow through Indonesia-from warm South Pacific to relatively cold North Pacific waters. This would have decreased sea surface temperatures in the Indian Ocean, leading to reduced rainfall over eastern Africa. We further suggest that the changes in the equatorial Pacific may have reduced atmospheric heat transport from the tropics to higher latitudes, stimulating global cooling and the eventual growth of ice sheets.
C1 Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY USA.
   MIT, Dept Earth Atmospher & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Dept Geol Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
C3 Columbia University; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder
RP Cane, MA (corresponding author), Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY USA.
EM mcane@ldeo.columbia.edu
NR 54
TC 432
Z9 538
U1 3
U2 98
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 10
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6834
BP 157
EP 162
DI 10.1038/35075500
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 430FC
UT WOS:000168563000040
PM 11346785
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Navarro-González, R
   McKay, CP
   Mvondo, DN
AF Navarro-González, R
   McKay, CP
   Mvondo, DN
TI A possible nitrogen crisis for Archaean life due to reduced nitrogen fixation by lightning
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID earths early atmosphere; nitric-oxide; evolution; carbon; energy; oxygen
AB Nitrogen is an essential element for life and is often the limiting nutrient for terrestrial ecosystems(1,2). As most nitrogen is locked in the kinetically stable form(3), N-2, in the Earth's atmosphere, processes that can fix N-2 into biologically available forms-such as nitrate and ammonia-control the supply of nitrogen for organisms. On the early Earth, nitrogen is thought to have been fixed abiotically, as nitric oxide formed during lightning discharge(4-6). The advent of biological nitrogen fixation suggests that at some point the demand for fixed nitrogen exceeded the supply from abiotic sources, but the timing and causes of the onset of biological nitrogen fixation remain unclear(7-11). Here we report an experimental simulation of nitrogen fixation by lightning over a range of Hadean (4.5-3.8 Gyr ago) and Archaean (3.8-2.5 Gyr ago) atmospheric compositions, from predominantly carbon dioxide to predominantly dinitrogen (but always without oxygen). We infer that, as atmospheric CO2 decreased over the Archaean period, the production of nitric oxide from lightning discharge decreased by two orders of magnitude until about 2.2 Gyr. After this time, the rise in oxygen (or methane) concentrations probably initiated other abiotic sources of nitrogen. Although the temporary reduction in nitric oxide production may have lasted for only 100 Myr or less, this was potentially long enough to cause an ecological crisis that triggered the development of biological nitrogen fixation.
C1 Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Inst Ciencias Nucl, Lab Quim Plasmas & Estud Planetarios, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico.
   NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Div Space Sci, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA.
C3 Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Ames Research Center
RP Navarro-González, R (corresponding author), Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Inst Ciencias Nucl, Lab Quim Plasmas & Estud Planetarios, Circuito Exterior,Ciudad Univ,Apartado Postal 70-, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico.
NR 30
TC 217
Z9 247
U1 2
U2 117
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 5
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6842
BP 61
EP 64
DI 10.1038/35083537
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 448TB
UT WOS:000169644900041
PM 11452304
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lovell-Badge, R
AF Lovell-Badge, R
TI The future for stem cell research
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID primordial germ-cells; culture; proliferation; precursors; derivation; lines
AB Stem cells have offered much hope by promising to greatly extend the numbers and range of patients who could benefit from transplants, and to provide cell replacement therapy to treat debilitating diseases such as diabetes, Parkinson's and Huntington's disease. The issue of stem cell research is politically charged, prompting biologists to begin engaging in ethical debates, and generating in the general public an unusually high level of interest in this aspect of biology. But excitement notwithstanding, there is a long way to go in basic research before new therapies will be established, and now the pressure is on for scientists and clinicians to deliver.
C1 Natl Inst Med Res, MRC, Div Dev Genet, London NW7 1AA, England.
C3 MRC National Institute for Medical Research
RP Lovell-Badge, R (corresponding author), Natl Inst Med Res, MRC, Div Dev Genet, Ridgeway,Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, England.
EM rlovell@nimr.mrc.ac.uk
NR 27
TC 93
Z9 136
U1 1
U2 11
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 01
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6859
BP 88
EP 91
DI 10.1038/35102150
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 487VC
UT WOS:000171898900051
PM 11689952
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tilford, CA
   Kuroda-Kawaguchi, T
   Skaletsky, H
   Rozen, S
   Brown, LG
   Rosenberg, M
   McPherson, JD
   Wylie, K
   Sekhon, M
   Kucaba, TA
   Waterston, RH
   Page, DC
AF Tilford, CA
   Kuroda-Kawaguchi, T
   Skaletsky, H
   Rozen, S
   Brown, LG
   Rosenberg, M
   McPherson, JD
   Wylie, K
   Sekhon, M
   Kucaba, TA
   Waterston, RH
   Page, DC
TI A physical map of the human Y chromosome
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID radiation hybrid map; human genome; deletions; region
AB The non-recombining region of the human Y chromosome (NRY), which comprises 95% of the chromosome, does not undergo sexual recombination and is present only in males. An understanding of its biological functions has begun to emerge from DNA studies of individuals with partial Y chromosomes, coupled with molecular characterization of genes implicated in gonadal sex reversal, Turner syndrome, graft rejection and spermatogenic failure(1,2). But mapping strategies applied successfully elsewhere in the genome have faltered in the NRY, where there is no meiotic recombination map and intrachromosomal repetitive sequences are abundant(3). Here we report a high-resolution physical map of the euchromatic, centromeric and heterochromatic regions of the NRY and its construction by unusual methods, including genomic clone subtraction(4) and dissection of sequence family variants(5). Of the map's 758 DNA markers, 136 have multiple locations in the NRY, reflecting its unusually repetitive sequence composition. The markers anchor 1,038 bacterial artificial chromosome clones, 199 of which form a tiling path for sequencing.
C1 MIT, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
   MIT, Whitehead Inst, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
   MIT, Dept Biol, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
   Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Genet, Genome Sequencing Ctr, St Louis, MO 63108 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Whitehead Institute; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Washington University (WUSTL)
RP Page, DC (corresponding author), MIT, Howard Hughes Med Inst, 9 Cambridge Ctr, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
NR 16
TC 162
Z9 190
U1 0
U2 10
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 15
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6822
BP 943
EP 945
DI 10.1038/35057170
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 401QC
UT WOS:000166938800063
PM 11237016
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Amelino-Camelia, G
AF Amelino-Camelia, G
TI A phenomenological description of space-time noise in quantum gravity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID interferometer; cpt
AB Space-time 'foam' is a geometric picture of the smallest size scales in the Universe, which is characterized mainly by the presence of quantum uncertainties in the measurement of distances. All quantum-gravity theories should predict some kind of foam(1,2), but the description of the properties of this foam varies according to the theory, thereby providing a possible means of distinguishing between such theories. I previously showed(3) that foam-induced distance fluctuations would introduce a new source of noise to the measurements of gravity-wave interferometers, but the theories are insufficiently developed(4) to permit detailed predictions that would be of use to experimentalists. Here I propose a phenomenological approach that directly describes space-time foam, and which leads naturally to a picture of distance fluctuations that is independent of the details of the interferometer. The only unknown in the model is the length scale that sets the overall magnitude of the effect, but recent data(5) already rule out the possibility that this length scale could be identified with the 'string length' (10(-34) m < L-s < 10(-33) m). Length scales even smaller than the 'Planck length' (L-P approximate to 10(-35) m) will soon be probed experimentally.
C1 Univ Roma La Sapienza, Dipartimento Fis, I-00185 Rome, Italy.
C3 Sapienza University Rome
RP Amelino-Camelia, G (corresponding author), Univ Roma La Sapienza, Dipartimento Fis, Ple Moro 2, I-00185 Rome, Italy.
EM amelino@roma1.infn.it
NR 28
TC 68
Z9 72
U1 0
U2 3
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 26
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6832
BP 1065
EP 1067
DI 10.1038/35074035
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 425HQ
UT WOS:000168285500039
PM 11323663
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wu, LZ
   Timmers, C
   Maiti, B
   Saavedra, HI
   Sang, L
   Chong, GT
   Nuckolls, F
   Giangrande, P
   Wright, FA
   Field, SJ
   Greenberg, ME
   Orkin, S
   Nevins, JR
   Robinson, ML
   Leone, G
AF Wu, LZ
   Timmers, C
   Maiti, B
   Saavedra, HI
   Sang, L
   Chong, GT
   Nuckolls, F
   Giangrande, P
   Wright, FA
   Field, SJ
   Greenberg, ME
   Orkin, S
   Nevins, JR
   Robinson, ML
   Leone, G
TI The E2F1-3 transcription factors are essential for cellular proliferation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID retinoblastoma protein; histone deacetylase; s-phase; repress transcription; e2f-1; apoptosis; induction; mechanism; complex; extends
AB The retinoblastoma tumour suppressor (Rb) pathway is believed to have a critical role in the control of cellular proliferation by regulating E2F activities(1,2). E2F1, E2F2 and E2F3 belong to a subclass of E2F factors thought to act as transcriptional activators important for progression through the G1/S transition(3). Here we show, by taking a conditional gene targeting approach, that the combined loss of these three E2F factors severely affects E2F target expression and completely abolishes the ability of mouse embryonic fibroblasts to enter S phase, progress through mitosis and proliferate. Loss of E2F function results in an elevation of p21(Cip1) protein, leading to a decrease in cyclin-dependent kinase activity and Rb phosphorylation. These findings suggest a function for this subclass of E2F transcriptional activators in a positive feedback loop, through down-modulation of p21(Cip1), that leads to the inactivation of Rb-dependent repression and S phase entry. By targeting the entire subclass of E2F transcriptional activators we provide direct genetic evidence for their essential role in cell cycle progression, proliferation and development.
C1 Ohio State Univ, Dept Mol Virol Immunol & Med Genet, Div Human Canc Genet, Columbus, OH 43210 USA.
   Ohio State Univ, Dept Mol Genet, Columbus, OH 43210 USA.
   Ohio State Univ, Childrens Res Inst, Div Mol & Human Genet, Columbus, OH 43210 USA.
   Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Genet, Durham, NC 27710 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Childrens Hosp, Sch Med, Dept Neurosci, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Childrens Hosp, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 University System of Ohio; Ohio State University; University System of Ohio; Ohio State University; University System of Ohio; Ohio State University; Nationwide Childrens Hospital; Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital; Center for Molecular & Human Genetics; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Duke University; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; Harvard Medical School; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital
RP Leone, G (corresponding author), Ohio State Univ, Dept Mol Virol Immunol & Med Genet, Div Human Canc Genet, Columbus, OH 43210 USA.
NR 30
TC 513
Z9 626
U1 0
U2 23
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 22
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6862
BP 457
EP 462
DI 10.1038/35106593
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 494UP
UT WOS:000172304500046
PM 11719808
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lutzoni, F
   Pagel, M
   Reeb, V
AF Lutzoni, F
   Pagel, M
   Reeb, V
TI Major fungal lineages are derived from lichen symbiotic ancestors
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID discrete characters; phylogeny; evolutionary; origins
AB About one-fifth of all known extant fungal species form obligate symbiotic associations with green algae, cyanobacteria or with both photobionts. These symbioses, known as lichens, are one way for fungi to meet their requirement for carbohydrates(1,2). Lichens are widely believed to have arisen independently on several occasions, accounting for the high diversity and mixed occurrence of lichenized and non-lichenized (42 and 58%, respectively) fungal species within the Ascomycota(3,4). Depending on the taxonomic classification chosen(2,5,6), 15-18 orders of the Ascomycota include lichen-forming taxa, and 8-11 of these orders (representing about 60% of the Ascomycota species) contain both lichenized and non-lichenized species. Here we report a phylogenetic comparative analysis of the Ascomycota, a phylum that includes greater than 98% of known lichenized fungal species 5. Using a Bayesian phylogenetic tree sampling methodology(7,8) combined with a statistical model of trait evolution(9), we take into account uncertainty about the phylogenetic tree and ancestral state reconstructions. Our results show that lichens evolved earlier than believed, and that gains of lichenization have been infrequent during Ascomycota evolution, but have been followed by multiple independent losses of the lichen symbiosis. As a consequence, major Ascomycota lineages of exclusively non-lichen-forming species are derived from lichen-forming ancestors. These species include taxa with important benefits and detriments to humans, such as Penicillium and Aspergillus(10-12).
C1 Field Museum Nat Hist, Dept Bot, Chicago, IL 60605 USA.
   Univ Reading, Sch Anim & Microbial Sci, Reading RG6 6AJ, Berks, England.
   Univ Illinois, Dept Biol Sci, Chicago, IL 60607 USA.
C3 Field Museum of Natural History (Chicago); University of Reading; University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Chicago; University of Illinois Chicago Hospital
RP Lutzoni, F (corresponding author), Duke Univ, Dept Biol, Durham, NC 27708 USA.
NR 30
TC 407
Z9 464
U1 1
U2 165
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 21
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6840
BP 937
EP 940
DI 10.1038/35082053
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 444EN
UT WOS:000169386200041
PM 11418855
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Thomas, CD
   Bodsworth, EJ
   Wilson, RJ
   Simmons, AD
   Davies, ZG
   Musche, M
   Conradt, L
AF Thomas, CD
   Bodsworth, EJ
   Wilson, RJ
   Simmons, AD
   Davies, ZG
   Musche, M
   Conradt, L
TI Ecological and evolutionary processes at expanding range margins
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID butterfly hesperia-comma; metapopulation models; fragmented landscapes; flight morphology; conservation; dynamics; habitats; britain; climate
AB Many animals are regarded as relatively sedentary and specialized in marginal parts of their geographical distributions(1,2). They are expected to be slow at colonizing new habitats. Despite this, the cool margins of many species' distributions have expanded rapidly in association with recent climate warming(3-10). We examined four insect species that have expanded their geographical ranges in Britain over the past 20 years. Here we report that two butterfly species have increased the variety of habitat types that they can colonize, and that two bush cricket species show increased fractions of longer-winged (dispersive) individuals in recently founded populations. Both ecological and evolutionary processes are probably responsible for these changes. Increased habitat breadth and dispersal tendencies have resulted in about 3- to 15-fold increases in expansion rates, allowing these insects to cross habitat disjunctions that would have represented major or complete barriers to dispersal before the expansions started. The emergence of dispersive phenotypes will increase the speed at which species invade new environments, and probably underlies the responses of many species to both past(11) and future climate change.
C1 Univ Leeds, Sch Biol, Ctr Biodivers & Conservat, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England.
C3 University of Leeds
RP Thomas, CD (corresponding author), Univ Leeds, Sch Biol, Ctr Biodivers & Conservat, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England.
NR 30
TC 678
Z9 780
U1 3
U2 395
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 31
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6837
BP 577
EP 581
DI 10.1038/35079066
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 437GE
UT WOS:000168982500049
PM 11385570
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cuffey, KM
   Vimeux, F
AF Cuffey, KM
   Vimeux, F
TI Covariation of carbon dioxide and temperature from the Vostok ice core after deuterium-excess correction
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID atmospheric co2; huon peninsula; climate; record; ocean; circulation; model; cycle
AB Ice-core measurements of carbon dioxide(1,2) and the deuterium palaeothermometer reveal significant covariation of temperature and atmospheric CO2 concentrations throughout the climate cycles of the past ice ages. This covariation provides compelling evidence that CO2 is an important forcing factor for climate(3-5). But this interpretation is challenged by some substantial mismatches of the CO2 and deuterium records, especially during the onset of the last glaciation, about 120 kyr ago. Here we incorporate measurements of deuterium excess from Vostok(6,7) in the temperature reconstruction and show that much of the mismatch is an artefact caused by variations of climate in the water vapour source regions. Using a model that corrects for this effect, we derive a new estimate for the covariation of CO2 and temperature, of r(2) = 0.89 for the past 150 kyr and r(2) = 0.84 for the period 350-150 kyr ago. Given the complexity of the biogeochemical systems involved, this close relationship strongly supports the importance of carbon dioxide as a forcing factor of climate. Our results also suggest that the mechanisms responsible for the drawdown of CO2 may be more responsive to temperature than previously thought.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Geog, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   CEA Saclay, Lab Sci Climat & Environm, CNRS, UMR 1572, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; Universite Paris Saclay; CEA; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
RP Cuffey, KM (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Geog, 507 McCone Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
NR 30
TC 101
Z9 120
U1 1
U2 30
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 2
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6846
BP 523
EP 527
DI 10.1038/35087544
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 458PC
UT WOS:000170202900041
PM 11484049
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Karner, MB
   DeLong, EF
   Karl, DM
AF Karner, MB
   DeLong, EF
   Karl, DM
TI Archaeal dominance in the mesopelagic zone of the Pacific Ocean
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID marine planktonic archaea; in-situ hybridization; vertical-distribution; bacteria; probes; bacterioplankton; picoplankton; antarctica; sequences
AB The ocean's interior is Earth's largest biome. Recently, cultivation-independent ribosomal RNA gene surveys have indicated a potential importance for archaea(1) in the subsurface ocean(2-4). But quantitative data on the abundance of specific microbial groups in the deep sea are lacking(5,6). Here we report a year-long study of the abundance of two specific archaeal groups (pelagic euryarchaeota and pelagic crenarchaeota)(2) in one of the ocean's largest habitats. Monthly sampling was conducted throughout the water column (surface to 4,750 m) at the Hawai'i Ocean Time-series station(7). Below the euphotic zone (>150 m), pelagic crenarchaeota comprised a large fraction of total marine picoplankton, equivalent in cell numbers to bacteria at depths greater than 1,000 m. The fraction of crenarchaeota increased with depth, reaching 39% of total DNA-containing picoplankton detected. The average sum of archaea plus bacteria detected by rRNA-targeted fluorescent probes ranged from 63 to 90% of total cell numbers at all depths throughout our survey. The high proportion of cells containing significant amounts of rRNA suggests that most pelagic deep-sea microorganisms are metabolically active. Furthermore, our results suggest that the global oceans harbour approximately 1.3 x 10(28) archaeal cells, and 3.1 x 10(28) bacterial cells. Our data suggest that pelagic crenarchaeota represent one of the ocean's single most abundant cell types.
C1 Univ Hawaii, Dept Oceanog, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA.
   Monterey Bay Aquarium Res Inst, Moss Landing, CA 95039 USA.
C3 University of Hawaii System; Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute
RP Karner, MB (corresponding author), Univ Hawaii, Dept Oceanog, 1000 Pope Rd, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA.
NR 26
TC 1202
Z9 1405
U1 5
U2 269
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 25
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6819
BP 507
EP 510
DI 10.1038/35054051
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 395FW
UT WOS:000166570500046
PM 11206545
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wootton, JT
AF Wootton, JT
TI Local interactions predict large-scale pattern in empirically derived cellular automata
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID forest-fires; disturbance; competition; succession; community; dynamics; ecology; models; size
AB An important unanswered question in ecology is whether processes such as species interactions that occur at a local scale can generate large-scale patterns seen in nature(1,2). Because of the complexity of natural ecosystems, developing an adequate theoretical framework to scale up local processes has been challenging. Models of complex systems can produce a wide array of outcomes; therefore, model parameter values must be constrained by empirical information to usefully narrow the range of predicted behaviour. Under some conditions, spatially explicit models of locally interacting objects (for example, cells, sand grains, car drivers, or organisms), variously termed cellular automata(3,4) or interacting particle models(5), can self-organize to develop complex spatial and temporal patterning at larger scales in the absence of any externally imposed pattern(1,6-8). When these models are based on transition probabilities of moving between ecological states at a local level, relatively complex versions of these models can be linked readily to empirical information on ecosystem dynamics. Here, I show that an empirically derived cellular automaton model of a rocky intertidal mussel bed based on local interactions correctly predicts large-scale spatial patterns observed in nature.
C1 Univ Chicago, Dept Ecol & Evolut, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
C3 University of Chicago
RP Wootton, JT (corresponding author), Univ Chicago, Dept Ecol & Evolut, 940 E 57th St, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
NR 23
TC 148
Z9 169
U1 1
U2 51
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 25
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6858
BP 841
EP 844
DI 10.1038/35101595
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 485JA
UT WOS:000171750200045
PM 11677606
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fahrer, AM
   Bazan, JF
   Papathanasiou, P
   Nelms, KA
   Goodnow, CC
AF Fahrer, AM
   Bazan, JF
   Papathanasiou, P
   Nelms, KA
   Goodnow, CC
TI A genomic view of immunology
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID family
AB The outstanding problems facing immunology are whole system issues: curing allergic and autoimmune disease and developing vaccines to stimulate stronger immune responses against pathogenic organisms and cancer. We hope that the human genome sequence will reveal the molecular checks and balances that ensure both an effective immunogenic response against pathogenic microorganisms and a suitably tolerogenic response to self antigens and innocuous environmental antigens. Three synergistic approaches-sequence homology searches, messenger RNA expression profiling on microarrays, and mutagenesis in mice-provide the best opportunities to reveal, in the genome sequence, key proteins and pathways for targeting by new immunomodulatory treatments.
C1 Australian Natl Univ, John Curtin Sch Med Res, ACRF Genet Lab, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
   Australian Natl Univ, John Curtin Sch Med Res, Med Genome Ctr, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
   DNAX Res Inst Mol & Cellular Biol Inc, Dept Mol Biol, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA.
C3 Australian National University; John Curtin School of Medical Research; Australian National University; John Curtin School of Medical Research; Merck & Company; Dnax Research Institute Of Molecular & Cellular Biology Inc.
RP Fahrer, AM (corresponding author), Australian Natl Univ, John Curtin Sch Med Res, ACRF Genet Lab, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
NR 16
TC 35
Z9 40
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 15
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6822
BP 836
EP 838
DI 10.1038/35057020
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 401QC
UT WOS:000166938800050
PM 11237003
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Christian, CE
AF Christian, CE
TI Consequences of a biological invasion reveal the importance of mutualism for plant communities
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ant iridomyrmex-humilis; argentine ant; seedling recruitment; ecology; mayr
AB Seed-dispersal mutualisms have a fundamental role in regenerating natural communities(1,2). Interest in the importance of seed dispersal to plant communities has been heightened by worldwide declines in animal dispersers(3-5). One view, the 'keystone mutualist hypothesis', predicts that these human-caused losses will trigger a cascade of linked extinctions throughout the community(6). Implicitly, this view holds that mutualisms, such as seed dispersal, are crucial ecological interactions that maintain the structure and diversity of natural communities. Although many studies suggest the importance of mutualism(3,7), empirical evidence for community-level impacts of mutualists has remained anecdotal(8,9), and the central role of mutualism, relative to other species interactions, has long been debated in the theoretical literature(10,11). Here I report the community-level consequences of a biological invasion that disrupts important seed-dispersal mutualisms. I show that invasion of South African shrublands by the Argentine ant (Linepithema humile) leads to a shift in composition of the plant community, owing to a disproportionate reduction in the densities of large-seeded plants. This study suggests that the preservation of mutualistic interactions may be essential for maintaining natural communities.
C1 Univ Calif Davis, Ctr Populat Biol, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Davis
RP Christian, CE (corresponding author), Univ Calif Davis, Ctr Populat Biol, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
EM cechristian@ucdavis.edu
NR 30
TC 309
Z9 382
U1 5
U2 189
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 11
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6856
BP 635
EP 639
DI 10.1038/35098093
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 480WE
UT WOS:000171485700050
PM 11675787
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kim, BN
   Hiraga, K
   Morita, K
   Sakka, Y
AF Kim, BN
   Hiraga, K
   Morita, K
   Sakka, Y
TI A high-strain-rate superplastic ceramic
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tetragonal zirconia; deformation; cavitation
AB High-strain-rate superplasticity describes the ability of a material to sustain large plastic deformation in tension at high strain rates of the order of 10(-2) to 10(-1) s(-1) and is of great technological interest for the shape-forming of engineering materials. High-strain-rate superplasticity has been observed in aluminium-based(1) and magnesium-based(2) alloys. But for ceramic materials, superplastic deformation has been restricted to low strain rates of the order of 10(-5) to 10(-4) s(-1) for most oxides(3,4) and nitrides(5) with the presence of intergranular cavities leading to premature failure. Here we show that a composite ceramic material consisting of tetragonal zirconium oxide, magnesium aluminate spinel and a-alumina phases exhibits superplasticity at strain rates up to 1 s(-1). The composite also exhibits a large tensile elongation, exceeding 1,050 per cent for a strain rate of 0.4 s(-1). The tensile flow behaviour and deformed microstructure of the material indicate that superplasticity is due to a combination of limited grain growth in the constitutive phases and the intervention of dislocation-induced plasticity in the zirconium oxide phase. We suggest that the present results hold promise for the application of shape-forming technologies to ceramic materials.
C1 Natl Inst Mat Sci, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050047, Japan.
C3 National Institute for Materials Science
RP Kim, BN (corresponding author), Natl Inst Mat Sci, 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050047, Japan.
NR 15
TC 243
Z9 272
U1 3
U2 211
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 20
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6853
BP 288
EP 291
DI 10.1038/35095025
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 473KB
UT WOS:000171040500033
PM 11565026
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jordan, P
   Fromme, P
   Witt, HT
   Klukas, O
   Saenger, W
   Krauss, N
AF Jordan, P
   Fromme, P
   Witt, HT
   Klukas, O
   Saenger, W
   Krauss, N
TI Three-dimensional structure of cyanobacterial photosystem I at 2.5 Å resolution
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID photosynthetic reaction centers; electron-transfer; synechococcus sp; 4-angstrom resolution; 2 phylloquinones; chlorophyll-a; acceptor; complex; protein; model
AB Life on Earth depends on photosynthesis, the conversion of light energy from the Sun to chemical energy. In plants, green algae and cyanobacteria, this process is driven by the cooperation of two large protein-cofactor complexes, photosystems I and II, which are located in the thylakoid photosynthetic membranes. The crystal structure of photosystem I from the thermophilic cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus described here provides a picture at atomic detail of 12 protein subunits and 127 cofactors comprising 96 chlorophylls, 2 phylloquinones, 3 Fe4S4 clusters, 22 carotenoids, 4 lipids, a putative Ca2+ ion and 201 water molecules. The structural information on the proteins and cofactors and their interactions provides a basis for understanding how the high efficiency of photosystem I in light capturing and electron transfer is achieved.
C1 Tech Univ Berlin, Max Volmer Lab Biophys Chem, Inst Chem, Fak 2, D-10623 Berlin, Germany.
   Free Univ Berlin, Inst Chem Kristallog, D-14195 Berlin, Germany.
C3 Technical University of Berlin; Free University of Berlin
RP Fromme, P (corresponding author), Tech Univ Berlin, Max Volmer Lab Biophys Chem, Inst Chem, Fak 2, Str 17,Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany.
NR 50
TC 2143
Z9 2460
U1 12
U2 486
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 21
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6840
BP 909
EP 917
DI 10.1038/35082000
PG 9
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 444EN
UT WOS:000169386200034
PM 11418848
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Johnson, ME
   Viggiano, L
   Bailey, JA
   Abdul-Rauf, M
   Goodwin, G
   Rocchi, M
   Eichler, EE
AF Johnson, ME
   Viggiano, L
   Bailey, JA
   Abdul-Rauf, M
   Goodwin, G
   Rocchi, M
   Eichler, EE
TI Positive selection of a gene family during the emergence of humans and African apes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID darwinian selection; rapid evolution; human-genome; dna; duplications
AB Gene duplication followed by adaptive evolution is one of the primary forces for the emergence of new gene function(1). Here we describe the recent proliferation, transposition and selection of a 20-kilobase (kb) duplicated segment throughout 15 Mb of the short arm of human chromosome 16. The dispersal of this segment was accompanied by considerable variation in chromosomal-map location and copy number among hominoid species. In humans, we identified a gene family (morpheus) within the duplicated segment. Comparison of putative protein-encoding exons revealed the most extreme case of positive selection among hominoids. The major episode of enhanced amino-acid replacement occurred after the separation of human and great-ape lineages from the orangutan. Positive selection continued to alter amino-acid composition after the divergence of human and chimpanzee lineages. The rapidity and bias for amino-acid-altering nucleotide changes suggest adaptive evolution of the morpheus gene family during the emergence of humans and African apes. Moreover, some genes emerge and evolve very rapidly, generating copies that bear little similarity to their ancestral precursors. Consequently, a small fraction of human genes may not possess discernible orthologues within the genomes of model organisms.
C1 Case Western Reserve Univ, Sch Med, Dept Genet, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA.
   Case Western Reserve Univ, Sch Med, Ctr Human Genet, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA.
   Univ Hosp Cleveland, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA.
   DAPEG, Sez Genet, I-70126 Bari, Italy.
   Inst Canc Res, Sect Mol Carcinogenesis, Haddow Labs, Surrey MS2 5NG, England.
C3 University System of Ohio; Case Western Reserve University; University System of Ohio; Case Western Reserve University; University Hospitals of Cleveland; University of London; Institute of Cancer Research - UK
RP Eichler, EE (corresponding author), Case Western Reserve Univ, Sch Med, Dept Genet, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA.
EM eee@po.cwru.edu
FU Telethon [C.50] Funding Source: Medline
NR 22
TC 246
Z9 275
U1 0
U2 18
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 4
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6855
BP 514
EP 519
DI 10.1038/35097067
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 478HG
UT WOS:000171340500045
PM 11586358
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fernández-Chacón, R
   Königstorfer, A
   Gerber, SH
   García, J
   Matos, MF
   Stevens, CF
   Brose, N
   Rizo, J
   Rosenmund, C
   Südhof, TC
AF Fernández-Chacón, R
   Königstorfer, A
   Gerber, SH
   García, J
   Matos, MF
   Stevens, CF
   Brose, N
   Rizo, J
   Rosenmund, C
   Südhof, TC
TI Synaptotagmin I functions as a calcium regulator of release probability
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID protein-kinase-c; transmitter release; phospholipid-binding; glutamate release; c-2 domain; sensor; association; sensitivity; 1st
AB In all synapses, Ca2+ triggers neurotransmitter release to initiate signal transmission. Ca2+ presumably acts by activating synaptic Ca2+ sensors, but the nature of these sensors-which are the gatekeepers to neurotransmission-remains unclear. One of the candidate Ca2+ sensors in release is the synaptic Ca2+-binding protein synaptotagmin I. Here we have studied a point mutation in synaptotagmin I that causes a twofold decrease in overall Ca2+ affinity without inducing structural or conformational changes. When introduced by homologous recombination into the endogenous synaptotagmin I gene in mice, this point mutation decreases the Ca2+ sensitivity of neurotransmitter release twofold, but does not alter spontaneous release or the size of the readily releasable pool of neurotransmitters. Therefore, Ca2+ binding to synaptotagmin I participates in triggering neurotransmitter release at the synapse.
C1 Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Ctr Basic Neurosci, Dept Mol Genet, Dallas, TX 75390 USA.
   Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dallas, TX 75390 USA.
   Max Planck Inst Expt Med, D-37070 Gottingen, Germany.
   Max Planck Inst Biophys Chem, D-37070 Gottingen, Germany.
   Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Dept Biochem, Dallas, TX 75390 USA.
   Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Dept Pharmacol, Dallas, TX 75390 USA.
   Salk Inst Biol Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Howard Hughes Med Inst, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
C3 University of Texas System; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas System; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Max Planck Society; Max Planck Society; University of Texas System; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; University of Texas System; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; Salk Institute; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
RP Südhof, TC (corresponding author), Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Ctr Basic Neurosci, Dept Mol Genet, Dallas, TX 75390 USA.
EM Thomas.Sudhof@UTSouthwestern.edu
NR 49
TC 762
Z9 916
U1 0
U2 69
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 1
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6824
BP 41
EP 49
DI 10.1038/35065004
PG 9
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 406BD
UT WOS:000167194300036
PM 11242035
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Marchevsky, M
   Higgins, MJ
   Bhattacharya, S
AF Marchevsky, M
   Higgins, MJ
   Bhattacharya, S
TI Two coexisting vortex phases in the peak effect regime in a superconductor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID flux-line-lattice; metastability; bi2sr2cacu2o8; driven
AB The critical current in the vortex phase of a type-II superconductor such as NbSe2 displays a striking anomaly in the vicinity of the superconductor-to-normal-metal transition. Instead of going to zero smoothly, it rebounds to a sharp and pronounced maximum, just before vanishing at the transition. This counter-intuitive phenomenon, known as the peak effect(1-3), has remained an unsolved problem for 40 years. Here we use a scanning a.c. Hall microscope to visualize the real-space distribution of the critical current in NbSe2. We show that in the peak-effect regime two distinct vortex-matter phases with intrinsically different pinning strengths coexist on a macroscopic scale. The composition of the two-phase mixture and the transformation of one phase into another are responsible for the history effects(4-6) and anomalous voltage response(4,5) commonly seen when external parameters such as temperature, magnetic field or transport current are varied. We argue that the observed phase coexistence is, in fact, the hallmark of a disorder-driven non-thermal phase transition.
C1 NEC Res Inst, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA.
   Tata Inst Fundamental Res, Mumbai 400005, India.
C3 NEC Corporation; Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR); Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), Mumbai
RP Marchevsky, M (corresponding author), NEC Res Inst, 4 Independence Way, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA.
NR 14
TC 109
Z9 111
U1 1
U2 28
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 1
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6820
BP 591
EP 594
DI 10.1038/35054512
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 397JJ
UT WOS:000166692300036
PM 11214312
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Vulliamy, T
   Marrone, A
   Goldman, F
   Dearlove, A
   Bessler, M
   Mason, PJ
   Dokal, I
AF Vulliamy, T
   Marrone, A
   Goldman, F
   Dearlove, A
   Bessler, M
   Mason, PJ
   Dokal, I
TI The RNA component of telomerase is mutated in autosomal dominant dyskeratosis congenita
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mice; cells
AB Dyskeratosis congenita is a progressive bone-marrow failure syndrome that is characterized by abnormal skin pigmentation, leukoplakia and nail dystrophy(1,2). X-linked, autosomal recessive and autosomal dominant inheritance have been found in different pedigrees. The X-linked form of the disease is due to mutations in the gene DKC1 in band 2, sub-band 8 of the long arm of the X chromosome (ref. 3). The affected protein, dyskerin, is a nucleolar protein that is found associated with the H/ACA class of small nucleolar RNAs and is involved in pseudo-uridylation of specific residues of ribosomal RNA(4). Dyskerin is also associated with telomerase RNA (hTR)(5), which contains a H/ACA consensus sequence(6,7). Here we map the gene responsible for dyskeratosis congenita in a large pedigree with autosomal dominant inheritance. Affected members of this family have an 821-base-pair deletion on chromosome 3q that removes the 3' 74 bases of hTR. Mutations in hTR were found in two other families with autosomal dominant dyskeratosis congenita.
C1 Hammersmith Hosp, Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Fac Med, Dept Haematol,Div Invest Sci, London W12 0NN, England.
   Univ Iowa Hosp & Clin, Dept Pediat, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA.
   MRC UK, HGMP Resource Ctr, Cambridge CB10 1SB, England.
   Washington Univ, Sch Med, Div Hematol, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
C3 Imperial College London; University of Iowa; Washington University (WUSTL)
RP Mason, PJ (corresponding author), Hammersmith Hosp, Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Fac Med, Dept Haematol,Div Invest Sci, Ducane Rd, London W12 0NN, England.
NR 29
TC 740
Z9 860
U1 1
U2 35
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 27
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6854
BP 432
EP 435
DI 10.1038/35096585
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 475UY
UT WOS:000171188700057
PM 11574891
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU De Moraes, CM
   Mescher, MC
   Tumlinson, JH
AF De Moraes, CM
   Mescher, MC
   Tumlinson, JH
TI Caterpillar-induced nocturnal plant volatiles repel conspecific females
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID colorado potato beetle; host-plant; parasitic wasps; damage; attraction; coleoptera; kairomone; pheromone; responses; larvae
AB Plants respond to insect herbivory by synthesizing and releasing complex blends of volatile compounds, which provide important host-location cues for insects that are natural enemies of herbivores(1-3). The effects of these volatile blends on herbivore behaviour have been investigated to only a limited extent(4,5), in part because of the assumption that herbivore-induced volatile emissions occur mainly during the light phase of the photoperiod(6,7). Because many moths-whose larvae are some of the most important insect herbivores-are nocturnal, herbivore-induced plant volatiles have not hitherto been considered to be temporally available as host-location cues for ovipositing females. Here we present chemical and behavioural assays showing that tobacco plants (Nicotiana tabacum) release herbivore-induced volatiles during both night and day. Moreover, several volatile compounds are released exclusively at night and are highly repellent to female moths (Heliothis virescens). The demonstration that tobacco plants release temporally different volatile blends and that lepidopteran herbivores use induced plant signals released during the dark phase to choose sites for oviposition adds a new dimension to our understanding of the role of chemical cues in mediating tritrophic interactions.
C1 USDA ARS, CMAVE, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA.
   Univ Georgia, Dept Entomol, Athens, GA 30602 USA.
C3 United States Department of Agriculture (USDA); University System of Georgia; University of Georgia
RP Tumlinson, JH (corresponding author), USDA ARS, CMAVE, POB 14565, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA.
EM jtumlinson@gainesville.usda.ufl.edu
NR 24
TC 792
Z9 912
U1 6
U2 286
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 29
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6828
BP 577
EP 580
DI 10.1038/35069058
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 417WW
UT WOS:000167859300046
PM 11279494
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fujiwara, A
   Takahashi, Y
AF Fujiwara, A
   Takahashi, Y
TI Manipulation of elementary charge in a silicon charge-coupled device
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID single-electron transistor; small tunnel-junctions; room-temperature; coulomb-blockade; oscillations; memory; pump
AB The ultimate limit in the operation of an electronic device is the manipulation of a single charge, Such a limit has been achieved in single-electron tunnelling devices(1,2). However, these devices are based on multiple tunnel barriers and conductive islands, which are complex structures to fabricate. Here we demonstrate another type of device that can also manipulate elementary charge, but which is more suitable for large-scale integration, The device consists of two closely packed silicon wire-MOSFETs, which are commonly used building blocks of electronic circuits. We have developed a scheme to generate and store holes in the channels of either of these MOSFETs, Subsequently, holes can be transferred between the two MOSFETs at the level of an elementary charge, and their exact position can be monitored. This single-charge transfer device, which is operated at 25 K, is in effect a charge-coupled device(3), This is also the first realization of a silicon-based device that manipulates elementary charge.
C1 NTT, Basic Res Labs, Kanagawa 2430198, Japan.
C3 NTT, Inc
RP Fujiwara, A (corresponding author), NTT, Basic Res Labs, 3-1 Morinosato Wakamiya, Kanagawa 2430198, Japan.
NR 30
TC 69
Z9 77
U1 0
U2 15
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 29
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6828
BP 560
EP 562
DI 10.1038/35069023
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 417WW
UT WOS:000167859300040
PM 11279488
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schön, JH
   Dodabalapur, A
   Bao, Z
   Kloc, C
   Schenker, O
   Batlogg, B
AF Schön, JH
   Dodabalapur, A
   Bao, Z
   Kloc, C
   Schenker, O
   Batlogg, B
TI RETRACTED: Gate-induced superconductivity in a solution-processed organic polymer film (Retracted article. See vol 422 pg 92 2003)
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article; Retracted Publication
ID charge-transport; regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene); mobility
AB The electrical and optical properties of conjugated polymers have received considerable attention in the context of potentially low-cost replacements for conventional metals and inorganic semiconductors. Charge transport in these organic materials has been characterized in both the doped-metallic and the semiconducting state(1-4), but superconductivity has not hitherto been observed in these polymers. Here we report a distinct metal-insulator transition and metallic levels of conductivity in a polymer field-effect transistor. The active material is solution-cast regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene), which forms relatively well ordered films owing to self-organization, and which yields a high charge carrier mobility (0.05-0.1 cm(2) V-1 s(-1)) at room temperature. At temperatures below similar to2.35 K with sheet carrier densities exceeding 2.5 x 10(14) cm(-2), the polythiophene film becomes superconducting. The appearance of superconductivity seems to be closely related to the self-assembly properties of the polymer, as the introduction of additional disorder is found to suppress superconductivity. Our findings therefore demonstrate the feasibility of tuning the electrical properties of conjugated polymers over the largest range possible-from insulating to superconducting.
C1 Bell Labs, Lucent Technol, Murray Hill, NJ 07974 USA.
   Univ Konstanz, Dept Phys, D-78457 Constance, Germany.
   ETH Honggerberg, Solid State Phys Lab, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
C3 Alcatel-Lucent; Lucent Technologies; AT&T; University of Konstanz; Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; ETH Zurich
RP Schön, JH (corresponding author), Bell Labs, Lucent Technol, 600 Mt Ave, Murray Hill, NJ 07974 USA.
EM hendrik@lucent.com
NR 31
TC 144
Z9 152
U1 0
U2 87
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 8
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6825
BP 189
EP 192
DI 10.1038/35065565
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 408HJ
UT WOS:000167320500040
PM 11242074
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU de Fonseca, FR
   Navarro, M
   Gómez, R
   Escuredo, L
   Nava, F
   Fu, J
   Murillo-Rodríguez, E
   Giuffrida, A
   LoVerme, J
   Gaetani, S
   Kathuria, S
   Gall, C
   Piomelli, D
AF de Fonseca, FR
   Navarro, M
   Gómez, R
   Escuredo, L
   Nava, F
   Fu, J
   Murillo-Rodríguez, E
   Giuffrida, A
   LoVerme, J
   Gaetani, S
   Kathuria, S
   Gall, C
   Piomelli, D
TI An anorexic lipid mediator regulated by feeding
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID endogenous cannabinoid precursor; food-intake; rat-brain; messenger-rna; anandamide; receptor; cholecystokinin; amidohydrolase; biosynthesis; neurons
AB Oleylethanolamide (OEA) is a natural analogue of the endogenous cannabinoid anandamide. Like anandamide, OEA is produced in cells in a stimulus-dependent manner and is rapidly eliminated by enzymatic hydrolysis, suggesting a function in cellular signalling(1). However, OEA does not activate cannabinoid receptors and its biological functions are still unknown(2). Here we show that, in rats, food deprivation markedly reduces OEA biosynthesis in the small intestine. Administration of OEA causes a potent and persistent decrease in food intake and gain in body mass. This anorexic effect is behaviourally selective and is associated with the discrete activation of brain regions (the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus and the nucleus of the solitary tract) involved in the control of satiety. OEA does not affect food intake when injected into the brain ventricles, and its anorexic actions are prevented when peripheral sensory fibres are removed by treatment with capsaicin. These results indicate that OEA is a lipid mediator involved in the peripheral regulation of feeding.
C1 Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Pharmacol, Irvine, CA 92697 USA.
   Univ Complutense, Dept Psychobiol, Madrid 28233, Spain.
   Fdn Hosp Carlos Haya, Malaga 29010, Spain.
   Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Anat & Neurobiol, Irvine, CA 92697 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Irvine; Complutense University of Madrid; University of California System; University of California Irvine
RP Piomelli, D (corresponding author), Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Pharmacol, Irvine, CA 92697 USA.
NR 29
TC 537
Z9 613
U1 0
U2 27
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 8
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6860
BP 209
EP 212
DI 10.1038/35102582
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 490AY
UT WOS:000172029100048
PM 11700558
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Liang, WJ
   Bockrath, M
   Bozovic, D
   Hafner, JH
   Tinkham, M
   Park, H
AF Liang, WJ
   Bockrath, M
   Bozovic, D
   Hafner, JH
   Tinkham, M
   Park, H
TI Fabry-Perot interference in a nanotube electron waveguide
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID carbon nanotubes; transport; oscillations; conductance; scattering
AB The behaviour of traditional electronic devices can be understood in terms of the classical diffusive motion of electrons. As the size of a device becomes comparable to the electron coherence length, however, quantum interference between electron waves becomes increasingly important, leading to dramatic changes in device properties(1-8). This classical-to-quantum transition in device behaviour suggests the possibility for nanometer-sized electronic elements that make use of quantum coherence(1,2,7,8). Molecular electronic devices are promising candidates for realizing such device elements because the electronic motion in molecules is inherently quantum mechanical(9,10) and it can be modified by well defined chemistry(11-13). Here we describe an example of a coherent molecular electronic device whose behaviour is explicitly dependent on quantum interference between propagating electron waves-a Fabry-Perot electron resonator based on individual single-walled carbon nanotubes with near-perfect ohmic contacts to electrodes. In these devices, the nanotubes act as coherent electron waveguides(14-16), with the resonant cavity formed between the two nanotube-electrode interfaces. We use a theoretical model based on the multichannel Landauer-Buttiker formalism(17-19) to analyse the device characteristics and rnd that coupling between the two propagating modes of the nanotubes caused by electron scattering at the nanotube-electrode interfaces is important.
C1 Harvard Univ, Dept Chem & Biol Chem, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Dept Phys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University
RP Park, H (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Dept Chem & Biol Chem, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
EM HPark@chemistry.harvard.edu
NR 30
TC 834
Z9 973
U1 3
U2 259
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 15
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6838
BP 665
EP 669
DI 10.1038/35079517
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 439JC
UT WOS:000169112500036
PM 11395762
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ferrari, G
   Stornaiuolo, A
   Mavilio, F
AF Ferrari, G
   Stornaiuolo, A
   Mavilio, F
TI Bone-marrow transplantation - Failure to correct murine muscular dystrophy
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID muscle
C1 H San Raffaele Telethon Inst Gene Therapy, I-20132 Milan, Italy.
   GeneEra SpA, I-20132 Milan, Italy.
   Univ Modena, Sch Med, Dept Biomed Sci, I-41100 Modena, Italy.
C3 Fondazione Telethon; San Raffaele Telethon Institute For Gene Therapy (Sr-Tiget); Universita di Modena e Reggio Emilia
RP Ferrari, G (corresponding author), H San Raffaele Telethon Inst Gene Therapy, Via Olgettina 58, I-20132 Milan, Italy.
FU Telethon [TGT00D01, TGT06S01] Funding Source: Medline
NR 5
TC 124
Z9 135
U1 0
U2 0
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 28
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6841
BP 1014
EP 1015
DI 10.1038/35082631
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 446TF
UT WOS:000169528500035
PM 11429592
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pearson, PN
   Ditchfield, PW
   Singano, J
   Harcourt-Brown, KG
   Nicholas, CJ
   Olsson, RK
   Shackleton, NJ
   Hall, MA
AF Pearson, PN
   Ditchfield, PW
   Singano, J
   Harcourt-Brown, KG
   Nicholas, CJ
   Olsson, RK
   Shackleton, NJ
   Hall, MA
TI Warm tropical sea surface temperatures in the Late Cretaceous and Eocene epochs
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID atmospheric carbon-dioxide; global climate; middle eocene; ocean; oxygen; diagenesis; evolution; isotopes; record; co2
AB Climate models with increased levels of carbon dioxide predict that global warming causes heating in the tropics, but investigations of ancient climates based on palaeodata have generally indicated cool tropical temperatures during supposed greenhouse episodes. For example, in the Late Cretaceous and Eocene epochs there is abundant geological evidence for warm, mostly ice-free poles, but tropical sea surface temperatures are generally estimated to be only 15-23 degreesC, based on oxygen isotope palaeothermometry of surface-dwelling planktonic foraminifer shells. Here we question the validity of most such data on the grounds of poor preservation and diagenetic alteration. We present new data from exceptionally well preserved foraminifer shells extracted from impermeable clay-rich sediments, which indicate that for the intervals studied, tropical sea surface temperatures were at least 28-32 degreesC. These warm temperatures are more in line with our understanding of the geographical distributions of temperature-sensitive fossil organisms and the results of climate models with increased CO2 levels.
C1 Univ Bristol, Dept Earth Sci, Bristol BS8 1RJ, Avon, England.
   Tanzania Petr Dev Corp, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania.
   Univ Dublin Trinity Coll, Dept Geol, Dublin 2, Ireland.
   Rutgers State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Piscataway, NJ 08855 USA.
   Univ Cambridge, Dept Earth Sci, Godwin Lab, Cambridge CB2 3SA, England.
C3 University of Bristol; Trinity College Dublin; Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick; University of Cambridge
RP Pearson, PN (corresponding author), Univ Bristol, Dept Earth Sci, Queens Rd, Bristol BS8 1RJ, Avon, England.
EM paul.pearson@bristol.ac.uk
NR 50
TC 563
Z9 642
U1 1
U2 136
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 4
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6855
BP 481
EP 487
DI 10.1038/35097000
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 478HG
UT WOS:000171340500037
PM 11586350
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Andrés, E
   Askebjer, P
   Bai, X
   Barouch, G
   Barwick, SW
   Bay, TC
   Becker, KH
   Bergström, L
   Bertrand, D
   Bierenbaum, D
   Biron, A
   Booth, J
   Botner, O
   Bouchta, A
   Boyce, MM
   Carius, S
   Chen, A
   Chirkin, D
   Conrad, J
   Cooley, J
   Costa, CGS
   Cowen, DF
   Dailing, J
   Dalberg, E
   DeYoung, T
   Desiati, P
   Dewulf, JP
   Doksus, P
   Edsjö, J
   Ekström, P
   Erlandsson, B
   Feser, T
   Gaug, M
   Goldschmidt, A
   Goobar, A
   Gray, L
   Haase, H
   Hallgren, A
   Halzen, F
   Hanson, K
   Hardtke, R
   He, YD
   Hellwig, M
   Heukenkamp, H
   Hill, GC
   Hulth, PO
   Hundertmark, S
   Jacobsen, J
   Kandhadai, V
   Karle, A
   Kim, J
   Koci, B
   Köpke, L
   Kowalski, M
   Leich, H
   Leuthold, M
   Lindal, P
   Liubarsky, I
   Loaiza, P
   Lowder, DM
   Ludvig, J
   Madsen, J
   Marciniewski, P
   Matis, HS
   Mihalyi, A
   Mikolajski, T
   Miller, TC
   Minaeva, Y
   Miocinovic, P
   Mock, PC
   Morse, R
   Neunhöffer, T
   Newcomer, FM
   Niessen, P
   Nygren, DR
   Ögelman, H
   de los Heros, CP
   Porrata, R
   Price, PB
   Rawlins, K
   Reed, C
   Rhode, W
   Richards, A
   Richter, S
   Martino, JR
   Romenesko, P
   Ross, D
   Rubinstein, H
   Sander, HG
   Scheider, T
   Schmidt, T
   Schneider, D
   Schneider, E
   Schwarz, R
   Silvestri, A
   Solarz, M
   Spiczak, GM
   Spiering, C
   Starinsky, N
   Steele, D
   Steffen, P
   Stokstad, RG
   Usechak, N
   Vander Donckt, M
   Walck, C
   Weinheimer, C
   Wiebusch, CH
   Wischnewski, R
   Wissing, H
   Woschnagg, K
   Wu, W
   Yodh, G
   Young, S
AF Andrés, E
   Askebjer, P
   Bai, X
   Barouch, G
   Barwick, SW
   Bay, TC
   Becker, KH
   Bergström, L
   Bertrand, D
   Bierenbaum, D
   Biron, A
   Booth, J
   Botner, O
   Bouchta, A
   Boyce, MM
   Carius, S
   Chen, A
   Chirkin, D
   Conrad, J
   Cooley, J
   Costa, CGS
   Cowen, DF
   Dailing, J
   Dalberg, E
   DeYoung, T
   Desiati, P
   Dewulf, JP
   Doksus, P
   Edsjö, J
   Ekström, P
   Erlandsson, B
   Feser, T
   Gaug, M
   Goldschmidt, A
   Goobar, A
   Gray, L
   Haase, H
   Hallgren, A
   Halzen, F
   Hanson, K
   Hardtke, R
   He, YD
   Hellwig, M
   Heukenkamp, H
   Hill, GC
   Hulth, PO
   Hundertmark, S
   Jacobsen, J
   Kandhadai, V
   Karle, A
   Kim, J
   Koci, B
   Köpke, L
   Kowalski, M
   Leich, H
   Leuthold, M
   Lindal, P
   Liubarsky, I
   Loaiza, P
   Lowder, DM
   Ludvig, J
   Madsen, J
   Marciniewski, P
   Matis, HS
   Mihalyi, A
   Mikolajski, T
   Miller, TC
   Minaeva, Y
   Miocinovic, P
   Mock, PC
   Morse, R
   Neunhöffer, T
   Newcomer, FM
   Niessen, P
   Nygren, DR
   Ögelman, H
   de los Heros, CP
   Porrata, R
   Price, PB
   Rawlins, K
   Reed, C
   Rhode, W
   Richards, A
   Richter, S
   Martino, JR
   Romenesko, P
   Ross, D
   Rubinstein, H
   Sander, HG
   Scheider, T
   Schmidt, T
   Schneider, D
   Schneider, E
   Schwarz, R
   Silvestri, A
   Solarz, M
   Spiczak, GM
   Spiering, C
   Starinsky, N
   Steele, D
   Steffen, P
   Stokstad, RG
   Usechak, N
   Vander Donckt, M
   Walck, C
   Weinheimer, C
   Wiebusch, CH
   Wischnewski, R
   Wissing, H
   Woschnagg, K
   Wu, W
   Yodh, G
   Young, S
TI Observation of high-energy neutrinos using Cerenkov detectors embedded deep in Antarctic ice
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID astronomy; muons; flux
AB Neutrinos are elementary particles that carry no electric charge and have little mass. As they interact only weakly with other particles, they can penetrate enormous amounts of matter, and therefore have the potential to directly convey astrophysical information from the edge of the Universe and from deep inside the most cataclysmic high-energy regions(1). The neutrino's great penetrating power, however, also makes this particle difficult to detect. Underground detectors have observed low-energy neutrinos from the Sun and a nearby supernova(2), as well as neutrinos generated in the Earth's atmosphere. But the very low fluxes of high-energy neutrinos from cosmic sources can be observed only by much larger, expandable detectors in, for example, deep water(3,4) or ice(5). Here we report the detection of upwardly propagating atmospheric neutrinos by the ice-based Antarctic muon and neutrino detector array (AMANDA). These results establish a technology with which to build a kilometre-scale neutrino observatory necessary for astrophysical observations(1).
C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Phys, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
   Univ Stockholm, Fysikum, S-11385 Stockholm, Sweden.
   Univ Delaware, Bartol Res Inst, Newark, DE 19716 USA.
   Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Phys & Astron, Irvine, CA 92697 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Berg Univ Gesamthsch Wuppertal, Fachbereich Phys 8, D-42097 Wuppertal, Germany.
   Free Univ Brussels, Fac Sci, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.
   DESY Zeuthen, D-15735 Zeuthen, Germany.
   Univ Uppsala, Dept Radiat Sci, S-75121 Uppsala, Sweden.
   Kalmar Univ, Dept Technol, S-39129 Kalmar, Sweden.
   Univ Penn, Dept Phys & Astron, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   Univ Mainz, Inst Phys, D-55099 Mainz, Germany.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Inst Nucl & Particle Astrophys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; Stockholm University; University of Delaware; University of California System; University of California Irvine; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of Wuppertal; Universite Libre de Bruxelles; Helmholtz Association; Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY); Uppsala University; Linnaeus University; University of Kalmar; University of Pennsylvania; Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
RP Halzen, F (corresponding author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Phys, 1150 Univ Ave, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
NR 20
TC 162
Z9 178
U1 1
U2 14
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 22
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6827
BP 441
EP 443
DI 10.1038/35068509
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 412YX
UT WOS:000167583800033
PM 11260705
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Barbier, M
   Attoub, S
   Calvez, R
   Laffargue, M
   Jarry, A
   Mareel, M
   Altruda, F
   Gespach, C
   Wu, D
   Lu, B
   Hirsch, E
   Wymann, MP
AF Barbier, M
   Attoub, S
   Calvez, R
   Laffargue, M
   Jarry, A
   Mareel, M
   Altruda, F
   Gespach, C
   Wu, D
   Lu, B
   Hirsch, E
   Wymann, MP
TI Tumour biology - Weakening link to colorectal cancer?
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pi3k-gamma; roles
C1 Univ Fribourg, Inst Biochem, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
   Hop St Antoine, INSERM, U482, F-75571 Paris 12, France.
   Hop Hotel Dieu, INSERM, U539, F-44035 Nantes, France.
   State Univ Ghent, Expt Cancerol Lab, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
   Univ Turin, Dipartimento Genet Biol & Biochim, I-10126 Turin, Italy.
   Univ Connecticut, Dept Genet & Dev Biol, Farmington, CT 06030 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Childrens Hosp, Sch Med, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 University of Fribourg; Assistance Publique Hopitaux Paris (APHP); Sorbonne Universite; Hopital Universitaire Saint-Antoine - APHP; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); Nantes Universite; CHU de Nantes; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); Ghent University; University of Turin; University of Connecticut; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; Harvard Medical School
RP Barbier, M (corresponding author), Univ Fribourg, Inst Biochem, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
NR 11
TC 43
Z9 45
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 25
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6858
BP 796
EP 796
DI 10.1038/35101660
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 485JA
UT WOS:000171750200034
PM 11677595
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Grill, SW
   Gönczy, P
   Stelzer, EHK
   Hyman, AA
AF Grill, SW
   Gönczy, P
   Stelzer, EHK
   Hyman, AA
TI Polarity controls forces governing asymmetric spindle positioning in the Caenorhabditis elegans embryo
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID kinesin-related protein; cell-division; cytoplasmic localization; cleavage spindle; laser microbeam; identification; embryogenesis; orientation; separation; mechanisms
AB Cell divisions that create daughter cells of different sizes are crucial for the generation of cell diversity during animal development(1). In such asymmetric divisions, the mitotic spindle must be asymmetrically positioned at the end of anaphase(2,3). The mechanisms by which cell polarity translates to asymmetric spindle positioning remain unclear. Here we examine the nature of the forces governing asymmetric spindle positioning in the single-cell-stage Caenorhabditis elegans embryo. To reveal the forces that act on each spindle pole, we removed the central spindle in living embryos either physically with an ultraviolet laser microbeam, or genetically by RNA-mediated interference of a kinesin(4). We show that pulling forces external to the spindle act on the two spindle poles. A stronger net force acts on the posterior pole, thereby explaining the overall posterior displacement seen in wild-type embryos. We also show that the net force acting on each spindle pole is under control of the par genes that are required for cell polarity along the anterior-posterior embryonic axis. Finally, we discuss simple mathematical models that describe the main features of spindle pole behaviour. Our work suggests a mechanism for generating asymmetry in spindle positioning by varying the net pulling force that acts on each spindle pole, thus allowing for the generation of daughter cells with different sizes.
C1 Max Planck Inst Cell Biol & Genet, D-01307 Dresden, Germany.
   European Mol Biol Lab, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
C3 Max Planck Society; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL)
RP Hyman, AA (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Cell Biol & Genet, D-01307 Dresden, Germany.
EM hyman@embl-heidelberg.de
NR 30
TC 412
Z9 490
U1 1
U2 24
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 1
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6820
BP 630
EP 633
DI 10.1038/35054572
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 397JJ
UT WOS:000166692300047
PM 11214323
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rain, JC
   Selig, L
   De Reuse, H
   Battaglia, V
   Reverdy, C
   Simon, S
   Lenzen, G
   Petel, F
   Wojcik, J
   Schächter, V
   Chemama, Y
   Labigne, A
   Legrain, P
AF Rain, JC
   Selig, L
   De Reuse, H
   Battaglia, V
   Reverdy, C
   Simon, S
   Lenzen, G
   Petel, F
   Wojcik, J
   Schächter, V
   Chemama, Y
   Labigne, A
   Legrain, P
TI The protein-protein interaction map of Helicobacter pylori
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID escherichia-coli; complete genome; rna-polymerase; sequence; urease; yeast
AB With the availability of complete DNA sequences for many prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes, and soon for the human genome itself, it is important to develop reliable proteome-wide approaches for a better understanding of protein function(1). As elementary constituents of cellular protein complexes and pathways, protein-protein interactions are key determinants of protein function. Here we have built a large-scale protein-protein interaction map of the human gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori. We have used a high-throughput strategy of the yeast two-hybrid assay to screen 261 H. pylori proteins against a highly complex library of genome-encoded polypeptides(2). Over 1,200 interactions were identired between H. pylori proteins, connecting 46.6% of the proteome. The determination of a reliability score for every single protein-protein interaction and the identification of the actual interacting domains permitted the assignment of unannotated proteins to biological pathways.
C1 Hybrigen SA, F-75012 Paris, France.
   Inst Pasteur, UnitePathogenie Bacterienne Muqueuses, F-75724 Paris 15, France.
C3 Pasteur Network; Universite Paris Cite; Institut Pasteur Paris
RP Legrain, P (corresponding author), Hybrigen SA, 180 Ave Daumesnil, F-75012 Paris, France.
EM plegrain@hybrigenics.fr
NR 23
TC 883
Z9 1048
U1 0
U2 60
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 11
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6817
BP 211
EP 215
DI 10.1038/35051615
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 390UV
UT WOS:000166316200049
PM 11196647
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ango, F
   Prézeau, L
   Muller, T
   Tu, JC
   Xiao, B
   Worley, PF
   Pin, JP
   Bockaert, J
   Fagni, L
AF Ango, F
   Prézeau, L
   Muller, T
   Tu, JC
   Xiao, B
   Worley, PF
   Pin, JP
   Bockaert, J
   Fagni, L
TI Agonist-independent activation of metabotropic glutamate receptors by the intracellular protein Homer
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cerebellar granule cells; carboxyl-terminal domain; constitutive activity; pharmacological characterization; primary cultures; splice variants; k+ channel; glutamate-receptor-1; family; expression
AB G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) transduce signals from extracellular transmitters to the inside of the cell by activating G proteins. Mutation and overexpression of these receptors have revealed that they can reach their active state even in the absence of agonist, as a result of a natural shift in the equilibrium between their inactive and active conformations(1). Such agonist-independent (constitutive) activity has been observed for the glutamate GPCRs (the metabotropic glutamate receptors mGluR1a and mGluR5) when they are overexpressed in heterologous cells(2). Here we show that in neurons, the constitutive activity of these receptors is controlled by Homer proteins, which bind directly to the receptors' carboxy-terminal intracellular domains(3,4). Disruption of this interaction by mutagenesis or antisense strategies, or expression of endogenous Homer1a (H1a), induces constitutive activity in mGluR1a or mGluR5. Our results show that these glutamate GPCRs can be directly activated by intracellular proteins as well as by agonists.
C1 CNRS, CCIPE, UPR 9023, F-34000 Montpellier, France.
   Bayer AG, Pharma Res, D-42096 Wuppertal, Germany.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurosci, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Bayer AG; Johns Hopkins University
RP Fagni, L (corresponding author), CNRS, CCIPE, UPR 9023, 141 Rue Cardonille, F-34000 Montpellier, France.
NR 27
TC 357
Z9 405
U1 0
U2 11
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 21
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6840
BP 962
EP 965
DI 10.1038/35082096
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 444EN
UT WOS:000169386200048
PM 11418862
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Blatt, R
AF Blatt, R
TI Delicate information
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Innsbruck, Inst Expt Phys, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
C3 University of Innsbruck
RP Blatt, R (corresponding author), Univ Innsbruck, Inst Expt Phys, Technikerstr 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
NR 3
TC 5
Z9 5
U1 0
U2 1
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 23
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6849
BP 773
EP 773
DI 10.1038/35090662
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 465ET
UT WOS:000170577200019
PM 11518945
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wiersma, DS
   Cavalieri, S
AF Wiersma, DS
   Cavalieri, S
TI Light emission - A temperature-tunable random laser
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID scattering medium; generation; media
C1 Univ Florence, European Lab Nonlinear Spect, Dipartimento Fis, I-50125 Florence, Italy.
   Ist Nazl Fis Mat, I-50125 Florence, Italy.
C3 University of Florence; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Istituto Nazionale per la Fisica della Materia (INFM-CNR)
RP Wiersma, DS (corresponding author), Univ Florence, European Lab Nonlinear Spect, Dipartimento Fis, Largo E Fermi 2, I-50125 Florence, Italy.
EM wiersma@lens.unifi.it
NR 13
TC 339
Z9 355
U1 0
U2 141
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 13
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6865
BP 708
EP 709
DI 10.1038/414708a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 501GD
UT WOS:000172676200031
PM 11742383
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yamaguchi, S
   Kobayashi, M
   Mitsui, S
   Ishida, Y
   van der Horst, GTJ
   Suzuki, M
   Shibatall, S
   Okamura, H
AF Yamaguchi, S
   Kobayashi, M
   Mitsui, S
   Ishida, Y
   van der Horst, GTJ
   Suzuki, M
   Shibatall, S
   Okamura, H
TI Gene expression - View of a mouse clock gene ticking
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Kobe Univ, Sch Med, Dept Anat & Brain Sci, Kobe, Hyogo 6500017, Japan.
   Tohoku Inst Technol, Dept Elect, Sendai, Miyagi 9828577, Japan.
   Erasmus Univ, Dept Cell Biol & Genet, MGC, NL-3000 DR Rotterdam, Netherlands.
   Kumamoto Univ, Sch Med, Ctr Anim Resources & Dev, Inst Mol Embryol & Genet, Kumamoto 8620976, Japan.
   Waseda Univ, Sch Human Sci, Dept Pharmacol & Brain Sci, Tokorozawa, Saitama 3591192, Japan.
C3 Kobe University; Tohoku Institute Technology; Erasmus University Rotterdam - Excl Erasmus MC; Erasmus University Rotterdam; Kumamoto University; Waseda University
RP Yamaguchi, S (corresponding author), Kobe Univ, Sch Med, Dept Anat & Brain Sci, Kobe, Hyogo 6500017, Japan.
NR 4
TC 88
Z9 101
U1 0
U2 6
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 8
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6821
BP 684
EP 684
DI 10.1038/35055628
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 399MF
UT WOS:000166816400033
PM 11217850
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Corma, A
   Nemeth, LT
   Renz, M
   Valencia, S
AF Corma, A
   Nemeth, LT
   Renz, M
   Valencia, S
TI Sn-zeolite beta as a heterogeneous chemoselective catalyst for Baeyer-Villiger oxidations
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hydrogen-peroxide; platinum complexes; cyclic-ketones
AB The Baeyer-Villiger oxidation, first reported more than 100 years ago(1), has evolved into a versatile reaction widely used(2) to convert ketones-readily available building blocks in organic chemistry-into more complex and valuable esters and lactones. Catalytic versions of the Baeyer-Villiger oxidation are particularly attractive for practical applications, because catalytic transformations simplify processing conditions while minimizing reactant use as well as waste production. Further benefits are expected from replacing peracids, the traditionally used oxidant, by cheaper and less polluting hydrogen peroxide(3). Dissolved platinum complexes(4) and solid acids, such as zeolites(5,6) or sulphonated resins(7), efficiently activate ketone oxidation by hydrogen peroxide. But these catalysts lack sufficient selectivity for the desired product if the starting material contains functional groups other than the ketone group; they perform especially poorly in the presence of carbon-carbon double bonds. Here we show that upon incorporation of 1.6 weight per cent tin into its framework, zeolite beta acts as an efficient and stable heterogeneous catalyst for the Baeyer-Villiger oxidation of saturated as well as unsaturated ketones by hydrogen peroxide, with the desired lactones forming more than 98% of the reaction products. We ascribe this high selectivity to direct activation of the ketone group, whereas other catalysts first activate hydrogen peroxide, which can then interact with the ketone group as well as other functional groups.
C1 Univ Politecn Valencia, CSIC, Inst Tecnol Quim, Valencia 46022, Spain.
   Universal Oil Prod, UOP LLC, Des Plaines, IL 60017 USA.
C3 Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); Universitat Politecnica de Valencia; CSIC-UPV - Instituto de Tecnologia Quimica (ITQ)
RP Corma, A (corresponding author), Univ Politecn Valencia, CSIC, Inst Tecnol Quim, Avda Naranjos S-N, Valencia 46022, Spain.
EM acorma@itq.upv.es
NR 20
TC 920
Z9 1035
U1 8
U2 640
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 26
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6845
BP 423
EP 425
DI 10.1038/35086546
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 456DQ
UT WOS:000170068200043
PM 11473313
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bibby, TS
   Nield, J
   Partensky, F
   Barber, J
AF Bibby, TS
   Nield, J
   Partensky, F
   Barber, J
TI Oxyphotobacteria - Antenna ring around photosystem I
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID marine prokaryote; prochlorococcus; light; prochlorophyte
C1 Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Dept Biol Sci, Wolfson Labs, London SW7 2AY, England.
   CNRS, Observ Oceanol Roscoff, F-29682 Roscoff, France.
   Univ Paris 06, Biol Stn, F-29682 Roscoff, France.
C3 Imperial College London; Sorbonne Universite; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Sorbonne Universite
RP Bibby, TS (corresponding author), Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Dept Biol Sci, Wolfson Labs, London SW7 2AY, England.
EM j.barber@ic.ac.uk
NR 10
TC 84
Z9 98
U1 0
U2 26
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 11
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6856
BP 590
EP 590
DI 10.1038/35098153
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 480WE
UT WOS:000171485700038
PM 11595938
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hayashi, F
   Smith, KD
   Ozinsky, A
   Hawn, TR
   Yi, EC
   Goodlett, DR
   Eng, JK
   Akira, S
   Underhill, DM
   Aderem, A
AF Hayashi, F
   Smith, KD
   Ozinsky, A
   Hawn, TR
   Yi, EC
   Goodlett, DR
   Eng, JK
   Akira, S
   Underhill, DM
   Aderem, A
TI The innate immune response to bacterial flagellin is mediated by Toll-like receptor 5
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID salmonella-typhi flagella; expression; protein; mechanisms; induction; family; recognition; activation; cloning; genes
AB The innate immune system recognizes pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that are expressed on infectious agents, but not on the host. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognize PAMPs and mediate the production of cytokines necessary for the development of effective immunity(1-4). Flagellin, a principal component of bacterial flagella, is a virulence factor that is recognized by the innate immune system in organisms as diverse as flies, plants and mammals(5-11). Here we report that mammalian TLR5 recognizes bacterial flagellin from both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and that activation of the receptor mobilizes the nuclear factor NF-kappaB and stimulates tumour necrosis factor-alpha production. TLR5-stimulating activity was purified from Listeria monocytogenes culture supernatants and identified as flagellin by tandem mass spectrometry. Expression of L. monocytogenes flagellin in non-flagellated Escherichia coli conferred on the bacterium the ability to activate TLR5, whereas deletion of the flagellin genes from Salmonella typhimurium abrogated TLR5-stimulating activity. All known TLRs signal through the adaptor protein MyD88. Mice challenged with bacterial flagellin rapidly produced systemic interleukin-6, whereas MyD88-null mice did not respond to flagellin. Our data suggest that TLR5, a member of the evolutionarily conserved Toll-like receptor family, has evolved to permit mammals specifically to detect flagellated bacterial pathogens.
C1 Inst Syst Biol, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   Univ Washington, Dept Immunol, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   Univ Washington, Dept Pathol, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   Univ Washington, Div Allergy & Infect Dis, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   Osaka Univ, Microbial Dis Res Inst, Dept Host Def, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan.
C3 Institute for Systems Biology (ISB); University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; University of Osaka
RP Aderem, A (corresponding author), Inst Syst Biol, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE,Suite 200, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
EM aderem@systemsbiology.org
NR 30
TC 2858
Z9 3565
U1 0
U2 301
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 26
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6832
BP 1099
EP 1103
DI 10.1038/35074106
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 425HQ
UT WOS:000168285500049
PM 11323673
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rodríguez, J
   Tintoré, J
   Allen, JT
   Blanco, JM
   Gomis, D
   Reul, A
   Ruiz, J
   Rodríguez, V
   Echevarría, F
   Jiménez-Gómez, F
AF Rodríguez, J
   Tintoré, J
   Allen, JT
   Blanco, JM
   Gomis, D
   Reul, A
   Ruiz, J
   Rodríguez, V
   Echevarría, F
   Jiménez-Gómez, F
TI Mesoscale vertical motion and the size structure of phytoplankton in the ocean
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID deep chlorophyll maximum; alboran sea; potential vorticity; pacific-ocean; productivity; circulation; community; patterns; biomass; front
AB Phytoplankton size structure is acknowledged as a fundamental property determining energy flow through 'microbial' or 'herbivore' pathways(1). The balance between these two pathways determines the ability of the ecosystem to recycle carbon within the upper layer or to export it to the ocean interior(1). Small cells are usually characteristic of oligotrophic, stratified ocean waters, in which regenerated ammonium is the only available form of inorganic nitrogen and recycling dominates. Large cells seem to characterize phytoplankton in which inputs of nitrate enter the euphotic layer and exported production is higher(2-4). But the size structure of phytoplankton may depend more directly on hydrodynamical forces than on the source of available nitrogen(5-7). Here we present an empirical model that relates the magnitude of mesoscale vertical motion to the slope of the size-abundance spectrum(8-10) of phytoplankton in a frontal ecosystem. Our model indicates that the relative proportion of large cells increases with the magnitude of the upward velocity. This suggests that mesoscale vertical motion-a ubiquitous feature of eddies and unstable fronts-controls directly the size structure of phytoplankton in the ocean.
C1 Univ Malaga, Dept Ecol, E-29071 Malaga, Spain.
   UIB, CSIC, Inst Mediterrani Estudis Avancats, Palma de Mallorca 07071, Spain.
   Southampton Oceanog Ctr, Southampton SO14 3ZH, Hants, England.
   Univ Cadiz, Fac Ciencias Mar, Dept Biol Anim Biol Vegetal & Ecol, Cadiz 11510, Spain.
C3 Universidad de Malaga; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); ATTITUS Educacao; Universitat de les Illes Balears; University of Southampton; NERC National Oceanography Centre; Universidad de Cadiz
RP Rodríguez, J (corresponding author), Univ Malaga, Dept Ecol, Campus Teatinos, E-29071 Malaga, Spain.
EM jaime@uma.es
NR 27
TC 177
Z9 195
U1 2
U2 51
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 15
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6826
BP 360
EP 363
DI 10.1038/35066560
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 410WM
UT WOS:000167464100048
PM 11268210
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Möller, P
   Madland, DG
   Sierk, AJ
   Iwamoto, A
AF Möller, P
   Madland, DG
   Sierk, AJ
   Iwamoto, A
TI Nuclear fission modes and fragment mass asymmetries in a five-dimensional deformation space
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID potential-energy surfaces; ground-state masses; heavy; barrier; stability; uranium
AB Nuclei undergoing fission can be described by a multi-dimensional potential-energy surface that guides the nuclear shape evolution-from the ground state, through intermediate saddle points and finally to the configurations of separated fission fragments. Until now, calculations have lacked adequate exploration of the shape parameterization of sufficient dimensionality to yield features in the potential-energy surface (such as multiple minima, valleys, saddle points and ridges) that correspond to characteristic observables of the fission process. Here we calculate and analyse five-dimensional potential-energy landscapes based on a grid of 2,610,885 deformation points. We rnd that observed fission features-such as the distributions of fission fragment mass and kinetic energy, and the different energy thresholds for symmetric and asymmetric fission-are very closely related to topological features in the calculated five-dimensional energy landscapes.
C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theoret, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA.
   Japan Atom Energy Res Inst, Dept Mat Sci, Tokai, Ibaraki 3191195, Japan.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); Los Alamos National Laboratory; Japan Atomic Energy Agency
RP Möller, P (corresponding author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theoret, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA.
EM moller@moller.lanl.gov
NR 37
TC 305
Z9 333
U1 0
U2 24
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 15
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6822
BP 785
EP 790
DI 10.1038/35057204
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 401QC
UT WOS:000166938800031
PM 11236985
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Freeman, C
   Evans, CD
   Monteith, DT
   Reynolds, B
   Fenner, N
AF Freeman, C
   Evans, CD
   Monteith, DT
   Reynolds, B
   Fenner, N
TI Export of organic carbon from peat soils
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID matter; peatlands; rivers
C1 Univ Wales, Sch Biol Sci, Bangor LL57 2UW, Gwynedd, Wales.
   Ctr Ecol & Hydrol, Wallingford OX10 3BB, Oxon, England.
   UCL, Environm Change Res Ctr, London WC1H 0AP, England.
   Ctr Ecol & Hydrol, Bangor LL57 2UP, Gwynedd, Wales.
C3 Bangor University; UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (UKCEH); University of London; University College London; UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (UKCEH)
RP Freeman, C (corresponding author), Univ Wales, Sch Biol Sci, Bangor LL57 2UW, Gwynedd, Wales.
EM c.freeman@bangor.ac.uk
NR 10
TC 817
Z9 962
U1 7
U2 504
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 23
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6849
BP 785
EP 785
DI 10.1038/35090628
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 465ET
UT WOS:000170577200025
PM 11518954
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hong, Y
   Stronach, B
   Perrimon, N
   Jan, LY
   Jan, YN
AF Hong, Y
   Stronach, B
   Perrimon, N
   Jan, LY
   Jan, YN
TI Drosophila Stardust interacts with Crumbs to control polarity of epithelia but not neuroblasts
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID zonula adherens formation; larval cuticle; zygotic loci; plasma-membrane; cell polarity; localization; mutations; protein; melanogaster; bazooka
AB Establishing cellular polarity is critical for tissue organization and function. Initially discovered in the landmark genetic screen for Drosophila developmental mutants(1-4), bazooka, crumbs, shotgun and stardust mutants exhibit severe disruption in apicobasal polarity in embryonic epithelia, resulting in multilayered epithelia, tissue disintegration, and defects in cuticle formation(5). Here we report that stardust encodes single PDZ domain MAGUK (membrane-associated guanylate kinase) proteins that are expressed in all primary embryonic epithelia from the onset of gastrulation. Stardust colocalizes with Crumbs(6) at the apicolateral boundary, although their expression patterns in sensory organs differ. Stardust binds to the carboxy terminus of Crumbs in vitro, and Stardust and Crumbs are mutually dependent in their stability, localization and function in controlling the apicobasal polarity of epithelial cells. However, for the subset of ectodermal cells that delaminate and form neuroblasts, their polarity requires the function of Bazooka(7,8), but not of Stardust or Crumbs.
C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Physiol & Biochem, Howard Hughes Med Inst, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Genet, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
RP Jan, YN (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Physiol & Biochem, Howard Hughes Med Inst, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
NR 29
TC 204
Z9 239
U1 0
U2 13
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 6
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6864
BP 634
EP 638
DI 10.1038/414634a
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 498WB
UT WOS:000172535600047
PM 11740559
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Guillin, O
   Diaz, J
   Carroll, P
   Griffon, N
   Schwartz, JC
   Sokoloff, P
AF Guillin, O
   Diaz, J
   Carroll, P
   Griffon, N
   Schwartz, JC
   Sokoloff, P
TI BDNF controls dopamine D3 receptor expression and triggers behavioural sensitization
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cocaine-seeking behavior; neurotrophic factor; anterograde transport; messenger-rna; rat-brain; axonal-transport; neurons; lesions; schizophrenia; mechanism
AB Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), like other neurotrophins, is a polypeptidic factor initially regarded to be responsible for neuron proliferation, differentiation and survival, through its uptake at nerve terminals and retrograde transport to the cell body(1). A more diverse role for BDNF has emerged progressively from observations showing that it is also transported anterogradely(2,3), is released on neuron depolarization(1), and triggers rapid intracellular signals(4) and action potentials in central neurons(5). Here we report that BDNF elicits long-term neuronal adaptations by controlling the responsiveness of its target neurons to the important neurotransmitter, dopamine. Using lesions and gene-targeted mice lacking BDNF, we show that BDNF from dopamine neurons is responsible for inducing normal expression of the dopamine D-3 receptor in nucleus accumbens(6-8) both during development and in adulthood. BDNF from corticostriatal neurons(3) also induces behavioural sensitization, by triggering overexpression of the D-3 receptor in striatum of hemiparkinsonian rats(9). Our results suggest that BDNF may be an important determinant of pathophysiological conditions such as drug addiction(10), schizophrenia(11) or Parkinson's disease(12), in which D-3 receptor expression is abnormal.
C1 Ctr Paul Broca, INSERM, U109, Unite Neurobiol & Pharmacol Mol, F-75014 Paris, France.
   Univ Paris 05, Physiol Lab, F-75006 Paris, France.
   INSERM, U382, IBDM, Unite Dev & Pathol Motoneurone Spinal, F-13288 Marseille, France.
C3 Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); Universite Paris Cite; Aix-Marseille Universite; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm)
RP Sokoloff, P (corresponding author), Ctr Paul Broca, INSERM, U109, Unite Neurobiol & Pharmacol Mol, 2Ter Rue Alesia, F-75014 Paris, France.
NR 30
TC 496
Z9 555
U1 0
U2 17
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 3
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6833
BP 86
EP 89
DI 10.1038/35075076
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 427XY
UT WOS:000168432800048
PM 11333982
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Israelian, G
   Santos, NC
   Mayor, M
   Rebolo, R
AF Israelian, G
   Santos, NC
   Mayor, M
   Rebolo, R
TI Evidence for planet engulfment by the star HD82943
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID isotopic lithium abundances; extrasolar planets; evolution; ratios
AB Current models(1,2) of the evolution of the known extrasolar planetary systems need to incorporate orbital migration and/or gravitational interactions among giant planets to explain the presence of large bodies close to their parent stars. These processes could also lead to planets being ingested by their parent stars, which would alter the relative abundances of elements heavier than helium in the stellar atmospheres. In particular, the abundance of the rare Li-6 isotope, which is normally destroyed in the early evolution of solar-type stars(3) but preserved intact in the atmospheres of giant planets, would be boosted substantially. Li-6 has not hitherto been observed reliably in a metal-rich star(4,5), where metallicity refers to the total abundance of elements heavier than helium. Here we report the discovery of Li-6 in the atmosphere of the metal-rich solar-type star HD82943, which is known to have an orbiting giant planet. The presence of Li-6 can probably be interpreted as evidence for a planet (or planets) having been engulfed by the parent star.
C1 Inst Astrofis Canarias, E-38200 San Cristobal la Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.
   Observ Geneva, CH-1290 Sauverny, Switzerland.
   CSIC, E-28006 Madrid, Spain.
C3 Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias; University of Geneva; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC)
RP Israelian, G (corresponding author), Inst Astrofis Canarias, E-38200 San Cristobal la Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.
EM gil@ll.iac.es
NR 30
TC 146
Z9 151
U1 0
U2 2
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 10
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6834
BP 163
EP 166
DI 10.1038/35075512
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 430FC
UT WOS:000168563000041
PM 11346786
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Levy, GG
   Nichols, WC
   Lian, EC
   Foroud, T
   McClintick, JN
   McGee, BM
   Yang, AY
   Siemieniak, DR
   Stark, KR
   Gruppo, R
   Sarode, R
   Shurin, SB
   Chandrasekaran, V
   Stabler, SP
   Sabio, H
   Bouhassira, EE
   Upshaw, JD
   Ginsburg, D
   Tsai, HM
AF Levy, GG
   Nichols, WC
   Lian, EC
   Foroud, T
   McClintick, JN
   McGee, BM
   Yang, AY
   Siemieniak, DR
   Stark, KR
   Gruppo, R
   Sarode, R
   Shurin, SB
   Chandrasekaran, V
   Stabler, SP
   Sabio, H
   Bouhassira, EE
   Upshaw, JD
   Ginsburg, D
   Tsai, HM
TI Mutations in a member of the ADAMTS gene family cause thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID von-willebrand-factor; hemolytic-uremic syndrome; factor-cleaving protease; plasma vonwillebrand-factor; endothelial-cells; linkage analysis; metalloproteinase; cleavage; purification; dermatosparaxis
AB Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is a life-threatening systemic illness of abrupt onset and unknown cause. Proteolysis of the blood-clotting protein von Willebrand factor (VWF) observed in normal plasma is decreased in TTP patients. However, the identity of the responsible protease and its role in the pathophysiology of TTP remain unknown. We performed genome-wide linkage analysis in four pedigrees of humans with congenital TTP and mapped the responsible genetic locus to chromosome 9q34. A predicted gene in the identifed interval corresponds to a segment of a much larger transcript, identifying a new member of the ADAMTS family of zinc metalloproteinase genes (ADAMTS13). Analysis of patients' genomic DNA identified 12 mutations in the ADAMTS13 gene, accounting for 14 of the 15 disease alleles studied. We show that deficiency of ADAMTS13 is the molecular mechanism responsible for TTP, and suggest that physiologic proteolysis of VWF and/or other ADAMTS13 substrates is required for normal vascular homeostasis.
C1 Univ Michigan, Med Ctr, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Internal Med, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
   Univ Michigan, Med Ctr, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Human Genet, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
   Univ Michigan, Med Ctr, Mol & Cellular Biol Program, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
   Childrens Hosp, Med Ctr, Div Human Genet, Cincinnati, OH 45229 USA.
   Univ Miami, Hemophilia & Thrombosis Ctr, Miami, FL 33136 USA.
   Univ Miami, Sylvester Canc Ctr, Miami, FL 33136 USA.
   Vet Affairs Med Ctr, Miami, FL 33136 USA.
   Indiana Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med & Mol Genet, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA.
   Childrens Hosp, Med Ctr, Div Hematol Oncol, Cincinnati, OH 45229 USA.
   Univ Texas, SW Med Sch, Blood Bank, Dallas, TX 75390 USA.
   Rainbow Babies & Childrens Hosp, Dept Pediat, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA.
   Case Western Reserve Univ, Sch Med, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA.
   Long Isl Jewish Med Ctr, Blood Bank, New Hyde Pk, NY 11040 USA.
   Albert Einstein Coll Med, New Hyde Pk, NY 11040 USA.
   Univ Colorado, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Med, Denver, CO 80262 USA.
   Med Coll Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912 USA.
   Albert Einstein Coll Med, Dept Med Hematol, Bronx, NY 10461 USA.
   Albert Einstein Coll Med, Dept Cell Biol, Bronx, NY 10461 USA.
   Memphis Canc Ctr, Memphis, TN 38119 USA.
   Montefiore Med Ctr, Div Hematol, Bronx, NY 10467 USA.
   Albert Einstein Coll Med, Bronx, NY 10467 USA.
C3 University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center; University of Miami; University of Miami; US Department of Veterans Affairs; Veterans Health Administration (VHA); Indiana University System; Indiana University Indianapolis; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center; University of Texas System; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; University of Texas Dallas; University Hospitals of Cleveland; Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital; University System of Ohio; Case Western Reserve University; Case Western Reserve University Hospital; University System of Ohio; Case Western Reserve University; Northwell Health; Yeshiva University; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus; University of Colorado Denver; University System of Georgia; Augusta University; Montefiore Medical Center; Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Yeshiva University; Yeshiva University; Montefiore Medical Center; Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Montefiore Medical Center; Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Montefiore Medical Center; Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Yeshiva University
RP Ginsburg, D (corresponding author), Univ Michigan, Med Ctr, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Internal Med, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
EM ginsburg@umich.edu
FU NHLBI NIH HHS [R01 HL062136, R37 HL039693] Funding Source: Medline
NR 40
TC 1365
Z9 1544
U1 0
U2 42
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 4
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6855
BP 488
EP 494
DI 10.1038/35097008
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 478HG
UT WOS:000171340500038
PM 11586351
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lehmann, W
   Skupin, H
   Tolksdorf, C
   Gebhard, E
   Zentel, R
   Krüger, P
   Lösche, M
   Kremer, F
AF Lehmann, W
   Skupin, H
   Tolksdorf, C
   Gebhard, E
   Zentel, R
   Krüger, P
   Lösche, M
   Kremer, F
TI Giant lateral electrostriction in ferroelectric liquid-crystalline elastomers
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID c-asterisk-elastomers; electromechanical property; orientation; phase; layer
AB Mechanisms for converting electrical energy into mechanical energy are essential for the design of nanoscale transducers, sensors, actuators, motors, pumps, artificial muscles, and medical microrobots. Nanometre-scale actuation has to date been mainly achieved by using the (linear) piezoelectric effect in certain classes of crystals (for example, quartz), and 'smart' ceramics such as lead zirconate titanate. But the strains achievable in these materials are small-less than 0.1 per cent-so several alternative materials and approaches have been considered. These include grafted polyglutamates(1) (which have a performance comparable to quartz), silicone elastomers(2) (passive material-the constriction results from the Coulomb attraction of the capacitor electrodes between which the material is sandwiched) and carbon nanotubes(3) (which are slow). High and fast strains of up to 4 per cent within an electric field of 150 MV m(-1) have been achieved by electrostriction (this means that the strain is proportional to the square of the applied electric field) in an electron-irradiated poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene) copolymer(4). Here we report a material that shows a further increase in electrostriction by two orders of magnitude: ultrathin (less than 100 nanometres) ferroelectric liquid-crystalline elastomer films that exhibit 4 per cent strain at only 1.5 MV m(-1). This giant electrostriction was obtained by combining the properties of ferroelectric liquid crystals with those of a polymer network. We expect that these results, which can be completely understood on a molecular level, will open new perspectives for applications.
C1 Univ Leipzig, Inst Expt Phys 1, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
   Univ Mainz, Inst Organ Chem, D-55099 Mainz, Germany.
C3 Leipzig University; Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz
RP Kremer, F (corresponding author), Univ Leipzig, Inst Expt Phys 1, Linnestr 5, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
NR 23
TC 426
Z9 478
U1 8
U2 364
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 22
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6827
BP 447
EP 450
DI 10.1038/35068522
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 412YX
UT WOS:000167583800035
PM 11260707
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Uji, S
   Shinagawa, H
   Terashima, T
   Yakabe, T
   Terai, Y
   Tokumoto, M
   Kobayashi, A
   Tanaka, H
   Kobayashi, H
AF Uji, S
   Shinagawa, H
   Terashima, T
   Yakabe, T
   Terai, Y
   Tokumoto, M
   Kobayashi, A
   Tanaka, H
   Kobayashi, H
TI Magnetic-field-induced superconductivity in a two-dimensional organic conductor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB The application of a sufficiently strong magnetic field to a superconductor will, in general, destroy the superconducting state. Two mechanisms are responsible for this. The first is the Zeeman effect(1,2), which breaks apart the paired electrons if they are in a spin-singlet (but not a spin-triplet) state. The second is the so-called 'orbital' effect, whereby the vortices penetrate into the superconductors and the energy gain due to the formation of the paired electrons is lost(3). For the case of layered, two-dimensional superconductors, such as the high-T-c copper oxides, the orbital effect is reduced when the applied magnetic field is parallel to the conducting layers(4). Here we report resistance and magnetic-torque experiments on single crystals of the quasi-two-dimensional organic conductor lambda-(BETS)(2) FeCl4, where BETS is bis(ethylenedithio)tetraselenafulvalene(5-8). We find that for magnetic fields applied exactly parallel to the conducting layers of the crystals, superconductivity is induced for fields above 17 T at a temperature of 0.1 K. The resulting phase diagram indicates that the transition temperature increases with magnetic field, that is, the superconducting state is further stabilized with magnetic field.
C1 Natl Res Inst Met, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050003, Japan.
   Electrotech Lab, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058568, Japan.
   Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Sci, Res Ctr Spectrochem, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
   Inst Mol Sci, Okazaki, Aichi 4448585, Japan.
C3 National Institute for Materials Science; National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST); University of Tokyo; National Institutes of Natural Sciences (NINS) - Japan; Institute for Molecular Science (IMS)
RP Uji, S (corresponding author), Natl Res Inst Met, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050003, Japan.
NR 17
TC 632
Z9 660
U1 1
U2 144
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 19
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6831
BP 908
EP 910
DI 10.1038/35073531
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 423AG
UT WOS:000168152300039
PM 11309610
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Smit, AB
   Syed, NI
   Schaap, D
   van Minnen, J
   Klumperman, J
   Kits, KS
   Lodder, H
   van der Schors, RC
   van Elk, R
   Sorgedrager, B
   Brejc, K
   Sixma, TK
   Geraerts, WPM
AF Smit, AB
   Syed, NI
   Schaap, D
   van Minnen, J
   Klumperman, J
   Kits, KS
   Lodder, H
   van der Schors, RC
   van Elk, R
   Sorgedrager, B
   Brejc, K
   Sixma, TK
   Geraerts, WPM
TI A glia-derived acetylcholine-binding protein that modulates synaptic transmission
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID identified lymnaea neurons; cultured hippocampal-neurons; frog neuromuscular-junction; perisynaptic schwann-cells; astrocytes in-situ; intracellular calcium; nicotinic receptors; subunit; synaptogenesis; communication
AB There is accumulating evidence that glial cells actively modulate neuronal synaptic transmission. We identified a glia-derived soluble acetylcholine-binding protein (AChBP), which is a naturally occurring analogue of the ligand-binding domains of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). Like the nAChRs, it assembles into a homopentamer with ligand-binding characteristics that are typical for a nicotinic receptor; unlike the nAChRs, however, it lacks the domains to form a transmembrane ion channel. Presynaptic release of acetylcholine induces the secretion of AChBP through the glial secretory pathway. We describe a molecular and cellular mechanism by which glial cells release AChBP in the synaptic cleft, and propose a model for how they actively regulate cholinergic transmission between neurons in the central nervous system.
C1 Free Univ Amsterdam, Fac Biol, Neurosci Res Inst, Dept Mol & Cellular Neurobiol, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands.
   Netherlands Canc Inst, Div Mol Carcinogenesis, NL-1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands.
   Univ Calgary, Dept Cell Biol & Anat, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.
   Univ Utrecht, Med Ctr, Dept Cell Biol, Inst Biomembranes, NL-3584 CX Utrecht, Netherlands.
   Ctr Biogenet, NL-3584 CX Utrecht, Netherlands.
   Organon Teknika BV, Biosci Res Unit, Boxtel, Netherlands.
C3 Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam; Netherlands Cancer Institute; University of Calgary; Utrecht University
RP Smit, AB (corresponding author), Free Univ Amsterdam, Fac Biol, Neurosci Res Inst, Dept Mol & Cellular Neurobiol, De Boelelaan 1087, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands.
EM absmit@bio.vu.nl
NR 50
TC 453
Z9 530
U1 0
U2 41
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 17
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6835
BP 261
EP 268
DI 10.1038/35077000
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 432RT
UT WOS:000168710000036
PM 11357121
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Toyoshima-Morimoto, F
   Taniguchi, E
   Shinya, N
   Iwamatsu, A
   Nishida, E
AF Toyoshima-Morimoto, F
   Taniguchi, E
   Shinya, N
   Iwamatsu, A
   Nishida, E
TI Polo-like kinase 1 phosphorylates cyclin B1 and targets it to the nucleus during prophase
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cell-cycle; subcellular-localization; dna-damage; m-phase; export; mitosis; signal; plx1; transport; crm1
AB In vertebrate cells, the nuclear entry of Cdc2-cyclin B1 (MPF1-3) during prophase(4-6) is thought to be essential for the induction and coordination of M-phase events(7-12). Phosphorylation of cyclin B1 is central to its nuclear translocation(8,13,14), but the kinases that are responsible remain unknown. Here we have purified a protein kinase from Xenopus M-phase extracts that phosphorylates a crucial serine residue (S147) in the middle of the nuclear export signal sequence(10,13,15) of cyclin B1. We have identified this kinase as Plx1 (ref. 16), a Xenopus homologue of Polo-like kinase (Plk)-1 (refs 17, 18). During cell-cycle progression in HeLa cells, a change in the kinase activity of endogenous Plk1 toward S147 and/or S133 correlates with a kinase activity in the cell extracts. An anti-Plk1 antibody depletes the M-phase extracts of the kinase activity toward S147 and/or S133. An anti-phospho-S147 antibody reacts specifically with cyclin B1 only during G2/M phase. A mutant cyclin B1 in which S133 and S147 are replaced by alanines remains in the cytoplasm, whereas wild-type cyclin B1 accumulates in the nucleus during prophase. Co-expression of constitutively active Plk1 stimulates nuclear entry of cyclin B1. Our results indicate that Plk1 may be involved in targeting MPF to the nucleus during prophase.
C1 Kyoto Univ, Grad Sch Sci, Dept Biophys, Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068502, Japan.
   Kyoto Univ, Grad Sch Biostudies, Dept Cell & Dev Biol, Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068502, Japan.
   Kirin Brewery Co Ltd, Cent Labs Key Technol, Kanazawa Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2360004, Japan.
C3 Kyoto University; Kyoto University; Kirin Brewery Company Limited
RP Nishida, E (corresponding author), Kyoto Univ, Grad Sch Sci, Dept Biophys, Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068502, Japan.
NR 30
TC 327
Z9 407
U1 0
U2 19
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 8
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6825
BP 215
EP 220
DI 10.1038/35065617
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 408HJ
UT WOS:000167320500048
PM 11242082
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hall, IR
   McCave, IN
   Shackleton, NJ
   Weedon, GP
   Harris, SE
AF Hall, IR
   McCave, IN
   Shackleton, NJ
   Weedon, GP
   Harris, SE
TI Intensified deep Pacfic inflow and ventilation in Pleistocene glacial times
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sortable silt; ocean; circulation; water; sediment; climate; atmosphere; carbon; speed; proxy
AB The production of cold, deep waters in the Southern Ocean is an important factor in the Earth's heat budget(1). The supply of deep water to the Pacific Ocean is presently dominated by a single source, the deep western boundary current east of New Zealand. Here we use sediment records deposited under the influence of this deep western boundary current to reconstruct deep-water properties and speed changes during the Pleistocene epoch. In physical and isotope proxies we rnd evidence for intensified deep Pacific Ocean inflow and ventilation during the glacial periods of the past 1.2 million years. The changes in throughflow may be directly related to an increased production of Antarctic Bottom Water during glacial times. Possible causes for such an increased bottom-water production include increasing wind strengths in the Southern Ocean or an increase in annual sea-ice formation, leaving dense water after brine rejection and thereby enhancing deep convection. We infer also that the global thermohaline circulation was perturbed significantly during the mid-Pleistocene climate transition between 0.86 and 0.45 million years ago.
C1 Cardiff Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Cardiff CF10 3YE, S Glam, Wales.
   Univ Cambridge, Dept Earth Sci, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, England.
   Univ Luton, Dept Environm Geog & Geol, Luton LU1 3JU, Beds, England.
   Sea Educ Assoc, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA.
C3 Cardiff University; University of Cambridge; University of Bedfordshire
RP Hall, IR (corresponding author), Cardiff Univ, Dept Earth Sci, POB 914, Cardiff CF10 3YE, S Glam, Wales.
EM Hall@cardiff.ac.uk
NR 31
TC 191
Z9 215
U1 0
U2 59
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 23
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6849
BP 809
EP 812
DI 10.1038/35090552
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 465ET
UT WOS:000170577200034
PM 11518963
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Klein, T
   Joumard, I
   Blanchard, S
   Marcus, J
   Cubitt, R
   Giamarchi, T
   Le Doussal, P
AF Klein, T
   Joumard, I
   Blanchard, S
   Marcus, J
   Cubitt, R
   Giamarchi, T
   Le Doussal, P
TI A Bragg glass phase in the vortex lattice of a type II superconductor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID magnetic-flux lattice; transition; stability; crystals; diagram
AB Although crystals are usually quite stable, they are sensitive to a disordered environment: even an infinitesimal amount of impurities can lead to the destruction of crystalline order(1). The resulting state of matter has been a long-standing puzzle. Until recently it was believed to be an amorphous state in which the crystal would break into 'crystallites'(2). But a different theory(3) predicts the existence of a novel phase of matter: the so-called Bragg glass, which is a glass and yet nearly as ordered as a perfect crystal. The 'lattice' of vortices that contain magnetic flux in type II superconductors provide a good system to investigate these ideas(4). Here we show that neutron-diffraction data of the vortex lattice provides unambiguous evidence for a weak, power-law decay of the crystalline order characteristic of a Bragg glass. The theory also predicts accurately the electrical transport properties of superconductors; it naturally explains the observed phase transitions(4-6) and the dramatic jumps in the critical current(7,8) associated with the melting of the Bragg glass. Moreover, the model explains experiments as diverse as X-ray scattering in disordered liquid crystals(9,10) and the conductivity of electronic crystals(11,12).
C1 CNRS, Etud Proprietes Elect Solides Lab, F-38042 Grenoble 9, France.
   Inst Max Von Laue Paul Langevin, F-38042 Grenoble 9, France.
   Univ Paris 11, Phys Solides Lab, CNRS, UMR8502, F-91405 Orsay, France.
   Ecole Normale Super, CNRS, Phys Theor Lab, F-75231 Paris, France.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Institut Laue-Langevin (ILL); Universite Paris Saclay; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - Institute of Physics (INP); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite PSL; Ecole Normale Superieure (ENS)
RP Klein, T (corresponding author), CNRS, Etud Proprietes Elect Solides Lab, BP166, F-38042 Grenoble 9, France.
EM klein@polycnrs-gre.fr
NR 30
TC 162
Z9 175
U1 1
U2 36
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 27
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6854
BP 404
EP 406
DI 10.1038/35096534
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 475UY
UT WOS:000171188700049
PM 11574883
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Knudsen, BM
   Andersen, SB
AF Knudsen, BM
   Andersen, SB
TI Geophysics - Longitudinal variation in springtime ozone trends
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID depletion
C1 Danish Meteorol Inst, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
C3 Danish Meteorological Institute DMI
RP Knudsen, BM (corresponding author), Danish Meteorol Inst, Lyngbyvej 100, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
EM bk@dmi.dk
NR 10
TC 20
Z9 20
U1 0
U2 6
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 18
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6857
BP 699
EP 700
DI 10.1038/35099677
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 482ZK
UT WOS:000171608000033
PM 11607021
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Vlasov, YA
   Bo, XZ
   Sturm, JC
   Norris, DJ
AF Vlasov, YA
   Bo, XZ
   Sturm, JC
   Norris, DJ
TI On-chip natural assembly of silicon photonic bandgap crystals
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID near-infrared wavelengths; transmission coefficients; crystallization; spectroscopy; light
AB Photonic bandgap crystals can reflect light for any direction of propagation in specific wavelength ranges(1-3). This property, which can be used to confine, manipulate and guide photons, should allow the creation of all-optical integrated circuits. To achieve this goal, conventional semiconductor nanofabrication techniques have been adapted to make photonic crystals(4-9). A potentially simpler and cheaper approach for creating three-dimensional periodic structures is the natural assembly of colloidal microspheres(10-15). However, this approach yields irregular, polycrystalline photonic crystals that are difficult to incorporate into a device. More importantly, it leads to many structural defects that can destroy the photonic bandgap(16,17). Here we show that by assembling a thin layer of colloidal spheres on a silicon substrate, we can obtain planar, single-crystalline silicon photonic crystals that have defect densities sufficiently low that the bandgap survives. As expected from theory, we observe unity reflectance in two crystalline directions of our photonic crystals around a wavelength of 1.3 micrometres. We also show that additional fabrication steps, intentional doping and patterning, can be performed, so demonstrating the potential for specific device applications.
C1 NEC Res Inst, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA.
   AF Ioffe Phys Tech Inst, St Petersburg 194021, Russia.
   Princeton Univ, Dept Elect Engn, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
   Princeton Univ, Ctr Photon & Optoelect Mat, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
C3 NEC Corporation; Russian Academy of Sciences; St. Petersburg Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Ioffe Physical Technical Institute; Princeton University; Princeton University
RP Norris, DJ (corresponding author), NEC Res Inst, 4 Independence Way, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA.
NR 30
TC 1529
Z9 1823
U1 2
U2 550
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 15
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6861
BP 289
EP 293
DI 10.1038/35104529
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 492CM
UT WOS:000172150700038
PM 11713524
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Oliveira, RF
   Lopes, M
   Carneiro, LA
   Canário, AVM
AF Oliveira, RF
   Lopes, M
   Carneiro, LA
   Canário, AVM
TI Watching fights raises fish hormone levels -: Cichlid fish wrestling for dominance induce an androgen surge in male spectators.
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID testosterone
C1 Inst Super Psicol Aplicada, Unidade Invest Ecoetol, P-1100 Lisbon, Portugal.
   Univ Algarve, Ctr Ciencias Mar, P-8000 Faro, Portugal.
C3 Instituto Superior Psicologia Aplicada (ISPA); Universidade do Algarve
RP Oliveira, RF (corresponding author), Inst Super Psicol Aplicada, Unidade Invest Ecoetol, Rua Jardim Tabaco 44, P-1100 Lisbon, Portugal.
NR 11
TC 152
Z9 179
U1 0
U2 39
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 25
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6819
BP 475
EP 475
DI 10.1038/35054128
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 395FW
UT WOS:000166570500034
PM 11206533
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Naish, TR
   Woolfe, KJ
   Barrett, PJ
   Wilson, GS
   Atkins, C
   Bohaty, SM
   Bücker, CJ
   Claps, M
   Davey, FJ
   Dunbar, GB
   Dunn, AG
   Fielding, CR
   Florindo, F
   Hannah, MJ
   Harwood, DM
   Henrys, SA
   Krissek, LA
   Lavelle, M
   van der Meer, J
   McIntosh, WC
   Niessen, F
   Passchier, S
   Powell, RD
   Roberts, AP
   Sagnotti, L
   Scherer, RP
   Strong, CP
   Talarico, F
   Verosub, KL
   Villa, G
   Watkins, DK
   Webb, PN
   Wonik, T
AF Naish, TR
   Woolfe, KJ
   Barrett, PJ
   Wilson, GS
   Atkins, C
   Bohaty, SM
   Bücker, CJ
   Claps, M
   Davey, FJ
   Dunbar, GB
   Dunn, AG
   Fielding, CR
   Florindo, F
   Hannah, MJ
   Harwood, DM
   Henrys, SA
   Krissek, LA
   Lavelle, M
   van der Meer, J
   McIntosh, WC
   Niessen, F
   Passchier, S
   Powell, RD
   Roberts, AP
   Sagnotti, L
   Scherer, RP
   Strong, CP
   Talarico, F
   Verosub, KL
   Villa, G
   Watkins, DK
   Webb, PN
   Wonik, T
TI Orbitally induced oscillations in the East Antarctic ice sheet at the Oligocene/Miocene boundary
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID astronomical calibration; glaciation; isotopes; climate; margin; basin
AB Between 34 and 15 million years (Myr) ago, when planetary temperatures were 3-4 degreesC warmer than at present and atmospheric CO2 concentrations were twice as high as today(1), the Antarctic ice sheets may have been unstable(2-7). Oxygen isotope records from deep-sea sediment cores suggest that during this time fluctuations in global temperatures and high-latitude continental ice volumes were influenced by orbital cycles(8-10). But it has hitherto not been possible to calibrate the inferred changes in ice volume with direct evidence for oscillations of the Antarctic ice sheets(11). Here we present sediment data from shallow marine cores in the western Ross Sea that exhibit well dated cyclic variations, and which link the extent of the East Antarctic ice sheet directly to orbital cycles during the Oligocene/Miocene transition (24.1-23.7 Myr ago). Three rapidly deposited glaci-marine sequences are constrained to a period of less than 450 kyr by our age model, suggesting that orbital influences at the frequencies of obliquity (40 kyr) and eccentricity (125 kyr) controlled the oscillations of the ice margin at that time. An erosional hiatus covering 250 kyr provides direct evidence for a major episode of global cooling and ice-sheet expansion about 23.7 Myr ago, which had previously been inferred from oxygen isotope data (Mil event(5)).
C1 Inst Geol & Nucl Sci, Lower Hutt, New Zealand.
   James Cook Univ N Queensland, Sch Earth Sci, Townsville, Qld 4811, Australia.
   Victoria Univ Wellington, Antarctic Res Ctr, Wellington, New Zealand.
   Univ Oxford, Dept Earth Sci, Oxford OX1 3PR, England.
   Univ Nebraska, Dept Geosci, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA.
   Inst Geowissensch Gemeinschaftsaufgaben, D-30655 Hannover, Germany.
   Univ Ancona, Ist Sci Mare, I-60131 Ancona, Italy.
   Natl Inst Water & Atmospher Res, Wellington, New Zealand.
   Univ Queensland, Dept Earth Sci, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia.
   Ist Nazl Geofis & Vulcanol, I-00143 Rome, Italy.
   Univ Southampton, Sch Ocean & Earth Sci, Southampton Oceanog Ctr, Southampton SO14 3XH, Hants, England.
   Ohio State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Columbus, OH 43210 USA.
   British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge CB3 OET, England.
   Univ Amsterdam, Fys Geog & Bodemkundig Lab, NL-1018 VZ Amsterdam, Netherlands.
   New Mexico Inst Min & Technol, Socorro, NM 87801 USA.
   No Illinois Univ, Dept Geol & Environm Geosci, De Kalb, IL 60115 USA.
   Univ Siena, Dipartimento Sci Terra, I-53100 Siena, Italy.
   Univ Calif Davis, Dept Geol, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
   Univ Parma, Dipartimento Sci Terra, I-43100 Parma, Italy.
   Ohio State Univ, Byrd Polar Res Ctr, Columbus, OH 43210 USA.
   Alfred Wegener Inst, D-27516 Bremerhaven, Germany.
C3 Earth Sciences New Zealand; GNS Science - New Zealand; James Cook University; Victoria University Wellington; University of Oxford; University of Nebraska System; University of Nebraska Lincoln; Marche Polytechnic University; Earth Sciences New Zealand; National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research (NIWA) - New Zealand; University of Queensland; Istituto Nazionale Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV); NERC National Oceanography Centre; University of Southampton; University System of Ohio; Ohio State University; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Natural Environment Research Council (NERC); NERC British Antarctic Survey; University of Amsterdam; New Mexico Institute of Mining Technology; Northern Illinois University; University of Siena; University of California System; University of California Davis; University of Parma; University System of Ohio; Ohio State University; Helmholtz Association; Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar & Marine Research
RP Naish, TR (corresponding author), Inst Geol & Nucl Sci, POB 30368, Lower Hutt, New Zealand.
EM t.naish@gns.cri.nz
NR 36
TC 204
Z9 218
U1 1
U2 47
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 18
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6857
BP 719
EP 723
DI 10.1038/35099534
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 482ZK
UT WOS:000171608000040
PM 11607028
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mumby, PJ
   Chisholm, JRM
   Clark, CD
   Hedley, JD
   Jaubert, J
AF Mumby, PJ
   Chisholm, JRM
   Clark, CD
   Hedley, JD
   Jaubert, J
TI Spectrographic imaging - A bird's-eye view of the health of coral reefs
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID spectral discrimination
C1 Univ Newcastle Upon Tyne, Dept Marine Sci & Coastal Management, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU, Tyne & Wear, England.
   Observ Oceanol Europeen, Ctr Sci Monaco, MC-98000 Monaco, Monaco.
   Univ Sheffield, Dept Geog, Sheffield S10 2TN, S Yorkshire, England.
   Univ Sheffield, Ctr Earth Observat Sci, Sheffield S10 2TN, S Yorkshire, England.
   Khaled Bin Sultan Living Oceans Fdn, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA.
C3 Newcastle University - UK; University of Sheffield; University of Sheffield
RP Mumby, PJ (corresponding author), Univ Newcastle Upon Tyne, Dept Marine Sci & Coastal Management, Ridley Bldg, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU, Tyne & Wear, England.
NR 13
TC 54
Z9 61
U1 0
U2 11
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 6
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6851
BP 36
EP 36
DI 10.1038/35092617
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 469EG
UT WOS:000170801200028
PM 11544515
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wilson, AM
   McGuigan, MP
   Su, A
   van den Bogert, AJ
AF Wilson, AM
   McGuigan, MP
   Su, A
   van den Bogert, AJ
TI Horses damp the spring in their step
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID muscle; locomotion; simulation; energy; strain; gastrocnemius; behavior; storage; model
AB The muscular work of galloping in horses is halved by storing and returning elastic strain energy in spring-like muscle-tendon units(1,2). These make the legs act like a child's pogo stick that is tuned to stretch and recoil at 2.5 strides per second. This mechanism is optimized by unique musculoskeletal adaptations: the digital flexor muscles have extremely short fibres and significant passive properties, whereas the tendons are very long and span several joints(3,4). Length change occurs by a stretching of the spring-like digital flexor tendons rather than through energetically expensive length changes in the muscle(5). Despite being apparently redundant for such a mechanism(5), the muscle fibres in the digital flexors are well developed. Here we show that the mechanical arrangement of the elastic leg permits it to vibrate at a higher frequency of 30-40 Hz that could cause fatigue damage to tendon and bone. Furthermore, we show that the digital flexor muscles have minimal ability to contribute to or regulate significantly the 2.5-Hz cycle of movement, but are ideally arranged to damp these high-frequency oscillations in the limb.
C1 Univ London Royal Vet Coll, Dept Vet Basic Sci, Hatfield AL9 7TA, Herts, England.
   Cleveland Clin Fdn, Dept Biomed Engn, Cleveland, OH 44195 USA.
C3 University of London; University of London Royal Veterinary College; Cleveland Clinic Foundation
RP Wilson, AM (corresponding author), Univ London Royal Vet Coll, Dept Vet Basic Sci, Hatfield AL9 7TA, Herts, England.
EM awilson@rvc.ac.uk
NR 30
TC 193
Z9 226
U1 0
U2 52
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 20
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6866
BP 895
EP 899
DI 10.1038/414895a
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 503RB
UT WOS:000172813300042
PM 11780059
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Renshaw, CE
   Schulson, EM
AF Renshaw, CE
   Schulson, EM
TI Universal behaviour in compressive failure of brittle materials
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ductile transition; experimental deformation; fracture; ice; faults; growth; nucleation; granite; solids; rocks
AB Brittle failure limits the compressive strength of rock and ice when rapidly loaded under low to moderate confinement. Higher confinement or slower loading results in ductile failure once the brittle-ductile transition is crossed. Brittle failure begins when primary cracks initiate and slide, creating wing cracks at their tips(1-3). Under little to no confinement, wing cracks extend and link together, splitting the material into slender columns which then fail. Under low to moderate confinement, wing crack growth is restricted and terminal failure is controlled by the localization of damage along a narrow band. Early investigations proposed that localization results from either the linkage of wing cracks(1-3) or the buckling of microcolumns created between adjacent wing cracks(4,5). Observations of compressive failure in ice(6) suggest a mechanism whereby localization initiates owing to the bending-induced failure of slender microcolumns created between sets of secondary cracks emanating from one side of a primary crack. Here we analyse this mechanism, and show that it leads to a closed-form, quantitative model that depends only on independently measurable mechanical parameters. Our model predictions for both the brittle compressive strength and the brittle-ductile transition are consistent with data from a variety of crystalline materials, offering quantitative evidence for universal processes in brittle failure and for the broad applicability of the model.
C1 Dartmouth Coll, Dept Earth Sci, Hanover, NH 03755 USA.
   Dartmouth Coll, Thayer Sch Engn, Hanover, NH 03755 USA.
C3 Dartmouth College; Dartmouth College
RP Renshaw, CE (corresponding author), Dartmouth Coll, Dept Earth Sci, Hanover, NH 03755 USA.
NR 30
TC 165
Z9 191
U1 8
U2 108
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 30
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6850
BP 897
EP 900
DI 10.1038/35091045
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 467EG
UT WOS:000170689000041
PM 11528475
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Parnell, RJ
   Buchanan-Smith, HM
AF Parnell, RJ
   Buchanan-Smith, HM
TI Animal behaviour - An unusual social display by gorillas
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Stirling, Dept Psychol, Scottish Primate Res Grp, Stirling FK9 4LA, Scotland.
   New York Zool Soc, Wildlife Conservat Soc, Bronx, NY 10460 USA.
C3 University of Stirling; Wildlife Conservation Society
RP Parnell, RJ (corresponding author), Univ Stirling, Dept Psychol, Scottish Primate Res Grp, Stirling FK9 4LA, Scotland.
NR 3
TC 23
Z9 26
U1 0
U2 10
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 19
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6844
BP 294
EP 294
DI 10.1038/35085631
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 453LW
UT WOS:000169918200035
PM 11460152
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schroeder, JI
   Kwak, JM
   Allen, GJ
AF Schroeder, JI
   Kwak, JM
   Allen, GJ
TI Guard cell abscisic acid signalling and engineering drought hardiness in plants
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID slow anion channels; cyclic adp-ribose; ion channels; protein-kinase; potassium channels; stomatal closure; plasma-membrane; k+ channels; blue-light; transduction
AB Guard cells are located in the epidermis of plant leaves, and in pairs surround stomatal pores. These control both the influx of CO2 as a raw material for photosynthesis and water loss from plants through transpiration to the atmosphere. Guard cells have become a highly developed system for dissecting early signal transduction mechanisms in plants. In response to drought, plants synthesize the hormone abscisic acid, which triggers closing of stomata, thus reducing water loss. Recently, central regulators of guard cell abscisic acid signalling have been discovered. The molecular understanding of the guard cell signal transduction network opens possibilities for engineering stomatal responses to control CO2 intake and plant water loss.
C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Div Biol, Cell & Dev Biol Sect, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Ctr Mol Genet, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of California System; University of California San Diego
RP Schroeder, JI (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Diego, Div Biol, Cell & Dev Biol Sect, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
NR 49
TC 629
Z9 751
U1 4
U2 239
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 15
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6826
BP 327
EP 330
DI 10.1038/35066500
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 410WM
UT WOS:000167464100038
PM 11268200
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Miranda, LF
   Gómez, Y
   Anglada, G
   Torrelles, JM
AF Miranda, LF
   Gómez, Y
   Anglada, G
   Torrelles, JM
TI Water-maser emission from a planetary nebula with a magnetized torus
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID star-forming regions; giant-branch stars; h2o masers; protoplanetary nebula; radio morphology; evolved stars; oh/ir stars; bipolar; young; fields
AB A star like the Sun becomes a planetary nebula towards the end of its life, when the envelope ejected during the earlier giant phase becomes photoionized as the surface of the remnant star reaches a temperature of similar to 30,000 K. The spherical symmetry of the giant phase is lost in the transition to a planetary nebula, when nonspherical shells and powerful jets develop. Molecules that were present in the giant envelope are progressively destroyed by the radiation(1). The water-vapour masers that are typical of the giant envelopes(2,3) therefore are not expected to persist in planetary nebulae(1,4). Here we report the detection of water-maser emission from the planetary nebula K3-35. The masers are in a magnetized torus with a radius of about 85 astronomical units and are also found at the surprisingly large distance of about 5,000 astronomical units from the star, in the tips of bipolar lobes of gas. The precessing jets from K3-35 are probably involved in the excitation of the distant masers, although their existence is nevertheless puzzling. We infer that K3-35 is being observed at the very moment of its transformation from a giant star to a planetary nebula.
C1 CSIC, Inst Astrofis Andalucia, E-18080 Granada, Spain.
   Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Inst Astron, Morelia 58089, Michoacan, Mexico.
   Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   CSIC, IEEC, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain.
   CSIC, Inst Ciencias Espacio, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain.
C3 Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); CSIC - Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia (IAA); Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico; Smithsonian Institution; Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory; Harvard University; University of Barcelona; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC); Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); CSIC - Instituto de Ciencias del Espacio (ICE)
RP Miranda, LF (corresponding author), CSIC, Inst Astrofis Andalucia, Apdo Correos 3004, E-18080 Granada, Spain.
EM lfm@iaa.es
NR 30
TC 116
Z9 118
U1 0
U2 2
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 15
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6861
BP 284
EP 286
DI 10.1038/35104518
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 492CM
UT WOS:000172150700036
PM 11713522
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Peacock, JA
   Cole, S
   Norberg, P
   Baugh, CM
   Bland-Hawthorn, J
   Bridges, T
   Cannon, RD
   Colless, M
   Collins, C
   Couch, W
   Dalton, G
   Deeley, K
   De Propris, R
   Driver, SP
   Efstathiou, G
   Ellis, RS
   Frenk, CS
   Glazebrook, K
   Jackson, C
   Lahav, O
   Lewis, I
   Lumsden, S
   Maddox, S
   Percival, WJ
   Peterson, BA
   Price, I
   Sutherland, W
   Taylor, K
AF Peacock, JA
   Cole, S
   Norberg, P
   Baugh, CM
   Bland-Hawthorn, J
   Bridges, T
   Cannon, RD
   Colless, M
   Collins, C
   Couch, W
   Dalton, G
   Deeley, K
   De Propris, R
   Driver, SP
   Efstathiou, G
   Ellis, RS
   Frenk, CS
   Glazebrook, K
   Jackson, C
   Lahav, O
   Lewis, I
   Lumsden, S
   Maddox, S
   Percival, WJ
   Peterson, BA
   Price, I
   Sutherland, W
   Taylor, K
TI A measurement of the cosmological mass density from clustering in the 2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID large-scale bias; power-spectrum; space distortions; universe; luminosity; evolution; constant; sample
AB The large-scale structure in the distribution of galaxies is thought to arise from the gravitational instability of small fluctuations in the initial density field of the Universe. A key test of this hypothesis is that forming superclusters of galaxies should generate a systematic infall of other galaxies. This would be evident in the pattern of recessional velocities, causing an anisotropy in the inferred spatial clustering of galaxies. Here we report a precise measurement of this clustering, using the redshifts of more than 141,000 galaxies from the two-degree-field (2dF) galaxy redshift survey. We determine the parameter beta = Ohm (0.6)/b = 0.43 +/- 0.07, where Vis the total mass-density parameter of the Universe and b is a measure of the 'bias' of the luminous galaxies in the survey. (Bias is the difference between the clustering of visible galaxies and of the total mass, most of which is dark.) Combined with the anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background, our results favour a low-density Universe with Ohm approximate to 0.3.
C1 Univ Edinburgh, Royal Observ, Inst Astron, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, Midlothian, Scotland.
   Univ Durham, Dept Phys, Durham DH1 3LE, England.
   Anglo Australian Observ, Epping, NSW 2121, Australia.
   Australian Natl Univ, Res Sch Astron & Astrophys, Weston, ACT 2611, Australia.
   Liverpool John Moores Univ, Astrophys Res Inst, Birkenhead L14 1LD, Merseyside, England.
   Univ New S Wales, Dept Astrophys, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
   Univ Oxford, Dept Phys, Oxford OX3 RH, England.
   Univ St Andrews, Sch Phys & Astron, St Andrews KY6 9SS, Fife, Scotland.
   Univ Cambridge, Inst Astron, Cambridge CB3 0HA, England.
   CALTECH, Dept Astron, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA.
   Univ Leeds, Dept Phys, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England.
   Univ Nottingham, Sch Phys & Astron, Nottingham NG7 2RD, England.
C3 University of Edinburgh; Durham University; Australian National University; Liverpool John Moores University; University of New South Wales Sydney; University of Oxford; University of St Andrews; University of Cambridge; California Institute of Technology; Johns Hopkins University; University of Leeds; University of Nottingham
RP Peacock, JA (corresponding author), Univ Edinburgh, Royal Observ, Inst Astron, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, Midlothian, Scotland.
NR 43
TC 599
Z9 649
U1 0
U2 12
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 8
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6825
BP 169
EP 173
DI 10.1038/35065528
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 408HJ
UT WOS:000167320500035
PM 11242069
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schrag, DP
   Hoffman, PF
AF Schrag, DP
   Hoffman, PF
TI Geophysics - Life, geology and snowball Earth
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID glaciation
C1 Harvard Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
C3 Harvard University
RP Schrag, DP (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, 20 Oxford St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
NR 9
TC 49
Z9 59
U1 0
U2 51
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 18
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6818
BP 306
EP 306
DI 10.1038/35053170
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 392VY
UT WOS:000166434300035
PM 11201731
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hansel, DE
   Eipper, BA
   Ronnett, GV
AF Hansel, DE
   Eipper, BA
   Ronnett, GV
TI Neuropeptide Y functions as a neuroproliferative factor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nervous-system; map kinase; stem-cells; peptide yy; receptors; rat; expression; neurons; tubulin
AB Neuropeptide Y (NPY) has a number of functions in mammalian physiology(1-6). Here we identify a role for NPY in promoting proliferation of postnatal neuronal precursor cells. NPY is synthesized in the postnatal olfactory epithelium by sustentacular cells, previously proposed to function only in structural support(7). Mice with a targeted deletion of NPY8 contain half as many dividing olfactory neuronal precursor cells as do controls. Furthermore, NPY-deficient mice develop significantly fewer olfactory neurons by adulthood. NPY acts on multipotent neuronal precursor or basal cells to activate rapidly and transiently the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 subgroup of mitogen-activated protein kinases. The NPY Y1 receptor subtype appears to mediate this effect. The ability of NPY to induce neuronal precursor proliferation is mediated by protein kinase C (PKC), indicating an upstream PKC-dependent activation of ERK1/2. These results indicate that NPY may regulate neuronal precursor proliferation in the adult mammal.
C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurosci, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurol, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
   Univ Vermont, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Physiol, Burlington, VT 05405 USA.
C3 Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins University; University of Vermont
RP Ronnett, GV (corresponding author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurosci, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
NR 30
TC 309
Z9 352
U1 0
U2 10
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 19
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6831
BP 940
EP 944
DI 10.1038/35073601
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 423AG
UT WOS:000168152300049
PM 11309620
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sukhatme, K
   Mukharsky, Y
   Chui, T
   Pearson, D
AF Sukhatme, K
   Mukharsky, Y
   Chui, T
   Pearson, D
TI Observation of the ideal Josephson effect in superfluid 4He
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID analog
AB Superfluids and superconductors are the only states of condensed matter that can be described by a single wavefunction, with a coherent quantum phase Phi. The mass flow in a superfluid can be described by classical hydrodynamics for small flow velocity, but above a critical velocity, quantized vortices are created and the classical picture breaks down. This can be observed for a superfluid flowing through a microscopic aperture when the mass flow is measured as a function of the phase difference across the aperture; the curve resembles a hysteretic sawtooth where each jump corresponds to the creation of a vortex(1-3). When the aperture is made small enough, the system can enter the so-called 'ideal' Josephson regime(1,4), where the superfluid mass flow becomes a continuous function of the phase difference. This regime has been detected(1,5,6) in superfluid He-3, but was hitherto believed to be unobservable, owing to fluctuations(7), in He-4. Here we report the observation of the ideal Josephson effect in He-4. We study the flow of He-4 through an array of micro-apertures and observe a transition to the ideal Josephson regime as the temperature is increased towards the superfluid transition temperature, T-lambda.
C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA.
   Ctr Etud Saclay, Serv Phys Etat Condense, CEA, DRECAM, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
C3 National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL); California Institute of Technology; CEA; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite Paris Saclay
RP Mukharsky, Y (corresponding author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA.
NR 15
TC 108
Z9 122
U1 0
U2 10
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 17
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6835
BP 280
EP 283
DI 10.1038/35077024
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 432RT
UT WOS:000168710000039
PM 11357124
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pradillon, F
   Shillito, B
   Young, CM
   Gaill, F
AF Pradillon, F
   Shillito, B
   Young, CM
   Gaill, F
TI Deep-seaecology - Developmental arrest in vent worm embryos
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID larval dispersal; hot
C1 Univ Paris 06, Unite Mixte Rech, F-75252 Paris 05, France.
   Harbor Branch Oceanog Inst Inc, Div Marine Sci, Ft Pierce, FL 34946 USA.
C3 Sorbonne Universite; Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute Foundation
RP Pradillon, F (corresponding author), Univ Paris 06, Unite Mixte Rech, 7 Quai St Bernard, F-75252 Paris 05, France.
EM francoise.gaill@snv.jussieu.fr
NR 9
TC 86
Z9 101
U1 1
U2 26
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 18
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6857
BP 698
EP 699
DI 10.1038/35099674
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 482ZK
UT WOS:000171608000032
PM 11607020
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Joza, N
   Susin, SA
   Daugas, E
   Stanford, WL
   Cho, SK
   Li, CYJ
   Sasaki, T
   Elia, AJ
   Cheng, HYM
   Ravagnan, L
   Ferri, KF
   Zamzami, N
   Wakeham, A
   Hakem, R
   Yoshida, H
   Kong, YY
   Mak, TW
   Zúñiga-Pflücker, JC
   Kroemer, G
   Penninger, JM
AF Joza, N
   Susin, SA
   Daugas, E
   Stanford, WL
   Cho, SK
   Li, CYJ
   Sasaki, T
   Elia, AJ
   Cheng, HYM
   Ravagnan, L
   Ferri, KF
   Zamzami, N
   Wakeham, A
   Hakem, R
   Yoshida, H
   Kong, YY
   Mak, TW
   Zúñiga-Pflücker, JC
   Kroemer, G
   Penninger, JM
TI Essential role of the mitochondrial apoptosis-inducing factor in programmed cell death
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID embryonic stem-cells; blood-island formation; cytochrome-c; bcl-2; elegans; requirement; homolog; complex; differentiation; cavitation
AB Programmed cell death is a fundamental requirement for embryogenesis, organ metamorphosis and tissue homeostasis, In mammals, release of mitochondrial cytochrome c leads to the cytosolic assembly of the apoptosome - a caspase activation complex involving Apaf1 and caspase-9 that induces hallmarks of apoptosis, There are, however, mitochondrially regulated cell death pathways that are independent of Apaf1/caspase-9, We have previously cloned a molecule associated with programmed cell death called apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF), Like cytochrome c,AIF is localized to mitochondria and released in response to death stimuli. Here we show that genetic inactivation of AIF renders embryonic stem cells resistant to cell death after serum deprivation, Moreover, AIF is essential for programmed cell death during cavitation of embryoid bodies-the very first wave of cell death indispensable for mouse morphogenesis, AIF-dependent cell death displays structural features of apoptosis, and can be genetically uncoupled from Apaf1 and caspase-9 expression. Our data provide genetic evidence for a caspase-independent pathway of programmed cell death that controls early morphogenesis.
C1 Amgen Inst, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada.
   Inst Gustave Roussy, CNRS, UMR 1599, F-94805 Villejuif, France.
   Hop Tenon, Serv Nephrol B, Hop Paris, Assistance Publ, F-75020 Paris, France.
   Mt Sinai Hosp, Samuel Lunenfeld Res Inst, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada.
   Univ Toronto, Ontario Canc Inst, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada.
   Univ Toronto, Dept Med Biophys, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada.
   Univ Toronto, Dept Immunol, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada.
C3 UNICANCER; Gustave Roussy; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Assistance Publique Hopitaux Paris (APHP); Sorbonne Universite; Hopital Universitaire Tenon - APHP; University of Toronto; Sinai Health System Toronto; Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute; University of Toronto; University Health Network Toronto; University of Toronto; University of Toronto
RP Penninger, JM (corresponding author), Amgen Inst, 620 Univ Ave, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada.
NR 38
TC 1097
Z9 1371
U1 0
U2 107
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 29
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6828
BP 549
EP 554
DI 10.1038/35069004
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 417WW
UT WOS:000167859300037
PM 11279485
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nelson, FE
   Anisimov, OA
   Shiklomanov, NI
AF Nelson, FE
   Anisimov, OA
   Shiklomanov, NI
TI Subsidence risk from thawing permafrost - The threat to man-made structures across regions in the far north can be monitored.
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID general-circulation models
C1 Univ Delaware, Dept Geog, Newark, DE 19716 USA.
   Univ Delaware, Ctr Climat Res, Newark, DE 19716 USA.
   State Hydrol Inst, St Petersburg 199053, Russia.
C3 University of Delaware; University of Delaware
RP Nelson, FE (corresponding author), Univ Delaware, Dept Geog, Newark, DE 19716 USA.
EM fnelson@udel.edu
NR 9
TC 341
Z9 406
U1 4
U2 73
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 19
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6831
BP 889
EP 890
DI 10.1038/35073746
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 423AG
UT WOS:000168152300034
PM 11309605
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rogers, KC
   Forster, CA
AF Rogers, KC
   Forster, CA
TI The last of the dinosaur titans: a new sauropod from Madagascar
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID phylogenetic-relationships
AB The Titanosauria, the last surviving group of the giant sauropod dinosaurs, attained a near-global distribution by the close of the Cretaceous period (65 Myr ago). With the exception of a few new discoveries in Argentina(1-3), most titanosaurs are known only from fragmentary postcranial skeletons and rare, isolated skull elements(4-9). Here we describe the most complete titanosaur yet discovered. Rapetosaurus krausei gen. et sp. nov., from the Maevarano Formation of Madagascar, provides a view of titanosaur anatomy from head to tail. A total-evidence phylogenetic analysis supports a close relationship between brachiosaurids and titanosaurs (Titanosauriformes(10-13)). The inclusion of cranial data from Rapetosaurus also lays to rest questions concerning the phylogeny of the enigmatic Mongolian genera Nemegtosaurus and Quaesitosaurus(14,15). In spite of their elongated, diplodocoid-like skulls, all three taxa are now firmly nested within Titanosauria.
C1 SUNY Stony Brook, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Anat Sci, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA.
C3 State University of New York (SUNY) System; Stony Brook University
RP Rogers, KC (corresponding author), SUNY Stony Brook, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Anat Sci, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA.
NR 31
TC 185
Z9 204
U1 0
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 2
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6846
BP 530
EP 534
DI 10.1038/35087566
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 458PC
UT WOS:000170202900043
PM 11484051
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dubrovinsky, LS
   Dubrovinskaia, NA
   Swamy, V
   Muscat, J
   Harrison, NM
   Ahuja, R
   Holm, B
   Johansson, B
AF Dubrovinsky, LS
   Dubrovinskaia, NA
   Swamy, V
   Muscat, J
   Harrison, NM
   Ahuja, R
   Holm, B
   Johansson, B
TI Materials science - The hardest known oxide
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Uppsala Univ, Inst Earth Sci, S-75236 Uppsala, Sweden.
   CSIRO Minerals, Clayton, Vic 3169, Australia.
   SERC, Daresbury Lab, CCLRC, Warrington WA4 4AD, Cheshire, England.
   Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Dept Chem, London SW7 2AY, England.
   Uppsala Univ, Dept Phys, Condensed Matter Theory Grp, S-75121 Uppsala, Sweden.
   Royal Inst Technol, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden.
C3 Uppsala University; Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO); CSIRO Mineral Resources; STFC Daresbury Laboratory; Imperial College London; Uppsala University; Royal Institute of Technology
RP Dubrovinsky, LS (corresponding author), Uppsala Univ, Inst Earth Sci, S-75236 Uppsala, Sweden.
EM leonid.dubrovinsky@geo.uu.se
NR 13
TC 312
Z9 347
U1 1
U2 120
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 5
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6829
BP 653
EP 654
DI 10.1038/35070650
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 418DJ
UT WOS:000167875400036
PM 11287944
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dong, YH
   Wang, LH
   Xu, JL
   Zhang, HB
   Zhang, XF
   Zhang, LH
AF Dong, YH
   Wang, LH
   Xu, JL
   Zhang, HB
   Zhang, XF
   Zhang, LH
TI Quenching quorum-sensing-dependent bacterial infection by an N-acyl homoserine lactonase
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID aeruginosa virulence genes; pseudomonas-aeruginosa; erwinia-carotovora; exoenzyme production; autoinducer; signal; expression; binding; determinants; specificity
AB Bacterial cells sense their population density through a sophisticated cell-cell communication system and trigger expression of particular genes when the density reaches a threshold. This type of gene regulation, which controls diverse biological functions including virulence, is known as quorum sensing(1,2). Quorum-sensing signals, such as acyl-homoserine lactones (AHLs), are the essential components of the communication system. AHLs regulate virulence gene expression in a range of plant and animal (including human) bacterial pathogens(3-9). AHL-producing tobacco restored the pathogenicity of an AHL-negative mutant of Erwinia carotovora(10). Different bacterial species may produce different AHLs, which vary in the length and substitution of the acyl chain but contain the same homoserine lactone moiety. Here we show that the acyl-homoserine lactonase (AHL-lactonase), a new enzyme from Bacillus sp.(11), inactivates AHL activity by hydrolysing the lactone bond of AHLs. Plants expressing AHL-lactonase quenched pathogen quorum-sensing signalling and showed significantly enhanced resistance to E. carotovora infection. Our results highlight a promising potential to use quorum-sensing signals as molecular targets for disease control, thereby broadening current approaches for prevention of bacterial infections.
C1 Natl Univ Singapore, Inst Mol Agrobiol, Lab Biosignals & Bioengn, Singapore 117604, Singapore.
C3 National University of Singapore; Institute of Molecular Agrobiology - NUS
RP Zhang, LH (corresponding author), Natl Univ Singapore, Inst Mol Agrobiol, Lab Biosignals & Bioengn, 1 Res Link, Singapore 117604, Singapore.
NR 28
TC 801
Z9 1023
U1 4
U2 349
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 14
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6839
BP 813
EP 817
DI 10.1038/35081101
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 441TV
UT WOS:000169246400053
PM 11459062
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Visscher, PM
   Smith, D
   Hall, SJG
   Williams, JA
AF Visscher, PM
   Smith, D
   Hall, SJG
   Williams, JA
TI A viable herd of genetically uniform cattle - Deleterious alleles seem to have been purged in a feral strain of inbred cows.
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID extinction
C1 Univ Edinburgh, Inst Cell Anim & Populat Biol, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, Midlothian, Scotland.
   Roslin Inst, Roslin EH25 9PS, Midlothian, Scotland.
   De Montfort Univ, Sch Agr, Grantham NG32 3EP, England.
C3 University of Edinburgh; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC); Roslin Institute; De Montfort University
RP Visscher, PM (corresponding author), Univ Edinburgh, Inst Cell Anim & Populat Biol, W Mains Rd, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, Midlothian, Scotland.
NR 13
TC 73
Z9 77
U1 2
U2 20
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 18
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6818
BP 303
EP 303
DI 10.1038/35053160
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 392VY
UT WOS:000166434300032
PM 11201728
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Saba, M
   Ciuti, C
   Bloch, J
   Thierry-Mieg, V
   André, R
   Dang, LS
   Kundermann, S
   Mura, A
   Bongiovanni, G
   Staehli, JL
   Deveaud, B
AF Saba, M
   Ciuti, C
   Bloch, J
   Thierry-Mieg, V
   André, R
   Dang, LS
   Kundermann, S
   Mura, A
   Bongiovanni, G
   Staehli, JL
   Deveaud, B
TI High-temperature ultrafast polariton parametric amplification in semiconductor microcavities
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID stimulated scattering; amplifier; emission; coherent; excitons; devices; gain
AB Cavity polaritons, the elementary optical excitations of semiconductor microcavities, may be understood as a superposition of excitons and cavity photons(1). Owing to their composite nature, these bosonic particles have a distinct optical response, at the same time very fast and highly nonlinear. Very efficient light amplification due to polariton-polariton parametric scattering has recently been reported in semiconductor microcavities at liquid-helium temperatures(2-11). Here we demonstrate polariton parametric amplification up to 120 K in GaAlAs-based microcavities and up to 220 K in CdTe-based microcavities. We show that the cut-off temperature for the amplification is ultimately determined by the binding energy of the exciton. A 5-mum-thick planar microcavity can amplify a weak light pulse more than 5,000 times. The effective gain coefficient of an equivalent homogeneous medium would be 10(7) cm(-1). The subpicosecond duration and high efficiency of the amplification could be exploited for high-repetition all-optical microscopic switches and amplifiers. 10(5) polaritons occupy the same quantum state during the amplification, realizing a dynamical condensate of strongly interacting bosons which can be studied at high temperature.
C1 Swiss Fed Inst Technol Lausanne, PH Ecublens, Dept Phys, CH-1015 Lausanne EPFL, Switzerland.
   CNRS, L2M, F-92225 Bagneux, France.
   Univ Grenoble 1, Spectrometrie Phys Lab, F-38402 St Martin Dheres, France.
   Univ Cagliari, Dipartimento Fis, I-09042 Monserrato, Italy.
   Univ Cagliari, Ist Nazl Fis Mat, I-09042 Monserrato, Italy.
C3 Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Communaute Universite Grenoble Alpes; Universite Grenoble Alpes (UGA); University of Cagliari; University of Cagliari; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Istituto Nazionale per la Fisica della Materia (INFM-CNR)
RP Saba, M (corresponding author), Swiss Fed Inst Technol Lausanne, PH Ecublens, Dept Phys, CH-1015 Lausanne EPFL, Switzerland.
EM Michele.Saba@epfl.ch
NR 20
TC 352
Z9 374
U1 0
U2 111
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 13
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6865
BP 731
EP 735
DI 10.1038/414731a
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 501GD
UT WOS:000172676200042
PM 11742394
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jewitt, D
   Aussel, H
   Evans, A
AF Jewitt, D
   Aussel, H
   Evans, A
TI The size and albedo of the Kuiper-belt object (20000) Varuna
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nucleus
AB Observations over the last decade have revealed the existence of a large number of bodies orbiting the Sun beyond Neptune(1). Known as the Kuiper-belt objects (KBOs), they are believed to be formed in the outer reaches of the protoplanetary disk around the young Sun, and have been little altered since then. They are probably the source of short-period comets(2). The KBOs are, however, difficult objects to study because of their distance from earth, so even basic physical properties such as their sizes and albedos remain unknown. Previous size estimates came from assuming an albedo with the canonical value being 0.04. Here we report simultaneous measurements of the thermal emission and reflected optical light of the bright KBO (20000) Varuna, which allow us to determine independently both the size and the albedo. Varuna has an equivalent circular diameter of D = 900 (+129)(-145) km and a red geometric albedo of p(R) = 0.070(-0.017)(+0.030). Its surface is darker than Pluto's, suggesting that it is largely devoid of fresh ice, but brighter than previously assumed for KBOs.
C1 Inst Astron, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA.
   SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Phys & Astron, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA.
C3 State University of New York (SUNY) System; Stony Brook University
RP Jewitt, D (corresponding author), Inst Astron, 2680 Woodlawn Dr, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA.
NR 25
TC 61
Z9 65
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 24
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6836
BP 446
EP 447
DI 10.1038/35078008
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 435CB
UT WOS:000168858700038
PM 11373669
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Brooke, J
   Rosenbaum, TF
   Aeppli, G
AF Brooke, J
   Rosenbaum, TF
   Aeppli, G
TI Tunable quantum tunnelling of magnetic domain walls
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID disordered magnet; crystal; alloy; noise
AB Perhaps the most anticipated, yet experimentally elusive, macroscopic quantum phenomenon(1) is spin tunnelling in a ferromagnet(2), which may be formulated in terms of domain wall tunnelling(3,4). One approach to identifying such a process is to focus on mesoscopic systems where the number of domain walls is finite and the motion of a single wall has measurable consequences. Research of this type includes magnetotransport measurements on thin ferromagnetic wires(5), and magnetization experiments on single particles(6,7), nanomagnet ensembles(8-10) and rare-earth multilayers(11). A second method is to investigate macroscopic disordered ferromagnets(12-15), whose dynamics are dominated by domain wall motion, and search the associated relaxation-time distribution functions for the signature of quantum effects. But whereas the classical, thermal processes that operate in these experiments are easily regulated via temperature, the quantum processes have so far not been tunable, making difficult a definitive interpretation of the results in terms of tunnelling. Here we describe a disordered magnetic system for which it is possible to adjust the quantum tunnelling probabilities. For this material, we can model both the classical, thermally activated response at high temperatures and the athermal, tunnelling behaviour at low temperatures within a unified framework, where the domain wall is described as a particle with a fixed mass. We show that it is possible to tune the quantum tunnelling processes by adjusting the 'mass' of this particle with an external magnetic field.
C1 Univ Chicago, James Franck Inst, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
   Univ Chicago, Dept Phys, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
   NEC Res Inst, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA.
C3 University of Chicago; University of Chicago; NEC Corporation
RP Rosenbaum, TF (corresponding author), Univ Chicago, James Franck Inst, 5640 S Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
EM t-rosenbaum@uchicago.edu
NR 24
TC 118
Z9 128
U1 0
U2 25
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 11
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6856
BP 610
EP 613
DI 10.1038/35098037
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 480WE
UT WOS:000171485700042
PM 11595942
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Stanley, JD
   Goddio, F
   Schnepp, G
AF Stanley, JD
   Goddio, F
   Schnepp, G
TI Nile flooding sank two ancient cities - Sediment failure caused these riverbank sites to drown over 1,200 years ago.
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Smithsonian Inst, Natl Museum Nat Hist, Deltas Global Change Program, Washington, DC 20560 USA.
   Inst European Archeol Sous Marine, F-70005 Paris, France.
C3 Smithsonian Institution; Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History
RP Stanley, JD (corresponding author), Smithsonian Inst, Natl Museum Nat Hist, Deltas Global Change Program, Washington, DC 20560 USA.
NR 11
TC 20
Z9 21
U1 0
U2 12
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 19
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6844
BP 293
EP 294
DI 10.1038/35085628
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 453LW
UT WOS:000169918200034
PM 11460151
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sastry, S
AF Sastry, S
TI The relationship between fragility, configurational entropy and the potential energy landscape of glass-forming liquids
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transition; relaxation; excitations; polymers; mixture; model
AB Glass is a microscopically disordered, solid form of matter that results when a fluid is cooled or compressed in such a manner that it does not crystallize. Almost all types of materials are capable of glass formation, including polymers, metal alloys and molten salts. Given such diversity, general principles by which different glass-forming materials can be systematically classified are invaluable. One such principle is the classification of glass-formers according to their fragility(1). Fragility measures the rapidity with which a liquid's properties (such as viscosity) change as the glassy state is approached. Although the relationship between the fragility, configurational entropy and features of the energy landscape (the complicated dependence of energy on configuration) of a glass-former have been analysed previously(2), a detailed understanding of the origins of fragility is lacking. Here I use simulations to analyse the relationship between fragility and quantitative measures of the energy landscape for a model liquid whose fragility depends on its bulk density. The results reveal that fragility depends on changes in the vibrational properties of individual energy minima in addition to their total number and spread in energy. A thermodynamic expression for fragility is derived, which is in quantitative agreement with kinetic fragilities obtained from the liquid's diffusivity.
C1 Jawaharlal Nehru Ctr Adv Sci Res, Bangalore 560064, Karnataka, India.
C3 Department of Science & Technology (India); Jawaharlal Nehru Center for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR)
RP Sastry, S (corresponding author), Jawaharlal Nehru Ctr Adv Sci Res, Jakkur Campus, Bangalore 560064, Karnataka, India.
EM sastry@jncasr.ac.in
NR 30
TC 610
Z9 661
U1 3
U2 167
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 11
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6817
BP 164
EP 167
DI 10.1038/35051524
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 390UV
UT WOS:000166316200036
PM 11196634
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nagamatsu, J
   Nakagawa, N
   Muranaka, T
   Zenitani, Y
   Akimitsu, J
AF Nagamatsu, J
   Nakagawa, N
   Muranaka, T
   Zenitani, Y
   Akimitsu, J
TI Superconductivity at 39 K in magnesium diboride
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB In the light of the tremendous progress that has been made in raising the transition temperature of the copper oxide superconductors (for a review, see ref. 1), it is natural to wonder how high the transition temperature, Tc, can be pushed in other classes of materials. At present, the highest reported values of T-c for non-copper-oxide bulk superconductivity are 33 K in electron-doped CsxRbyC60 (ref. 2), and 30 K in Ba1-xKxBiO3 (ref. 3). (Hole-doped C-60 was recently found(4) to be superconducting with a T-c as high as 52 K, although the nature of the experiment meant that the supercurrents were confined to the surface of the C-60 crystal, rather than probing the bulk.) Here we report the discovery of bulk superconductivity in magnesium diboride, MgB2. Magnetization and resistivity measurements establish a transition temperature of 39 K, which we believe to be the highest yet determined for a non-copper-oxide bulk superconductor.
C1 Aoyama Gakuin Univ, Dept Phys, Setagaya Ku, Tokyo 1578572, Japan.
   Japan Sci & Technol Corp, CREST, Kawaguchi, Saitama 3320012, Japan.
C3 Aoyama Gakuin University; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST)
RP Akimitsu, J (corresponding author), Aoyama Gakuin Univ, Dept Phys, Setagaya Ku, Tokyo 1578572, Japan.
NR 5
TC 5903
Z9 6459
U1 34
U2 1728
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 1
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6824
BP 63
EP 64
DI 10.1038/35065039
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 406BD
UT WOS:000167194300040
PM 11242039
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schnupp, JWH
   Mrsic-Flogel, TD
   King, AJ
AF Schnupp, JWH
   Mrsic-Flogel, TD
   King, AJ
TI Linear processing of spatial cues in primary auditory cortex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sound-localization behavior; ferret mustela-putorius; binaural stimulation; cortical-neurons; cat; responses; sensitivity; pathways; lesions; cells
AB To determine the direction of a sound source in space, animals must process a variety of auditory spatial cues, including interaural level and time differences, as well as changes in the sound spectrum caused by the direction-dependent filtering of sound by the outer ear(1). Behavioural deficits observed when primary auditory cortex (A1) is damaged have led to the widespread view that A1 may have an essential role in this complex computational task(2-5). Here we show, however, that the spatial selectivity exhibited by the large majority of A1 neurons is well predicted by a simple linear model, which assumes that neurons additively integrate sound levels in each frequency band and ear. The success of this linear model is surprising, given that computing sound source direction is a necessarily nonlinear operation(6-9). However, because linear operations preserve information, our results are consistent with the hypothesis that A1 may also form a gateway to higher, more specialized cortical areas(10,11).
C1 Univ Oxford, Univ Lab Physiol, Oxford OX1 3PT, England.
C3 University of Oxford
RP Schnupp, JWH (corresponding author), Univ Oxford, Univ Lab Physiol, S Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3PT, England.
EM jan.schnupp@physiol.ox.ac.uk
NR 30
TC 109
Z9 118
U1 0
U2 4
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 8
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6860
BP 200
EP 204
DI 10.1038/35102568
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 490AY
UT WOS:000172029100046
PM 11700557
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Karlsson, A
   Karlsson, R
   Karlsson, M
   Cans, AS
   Strömberg, A
   Ryttsén, F
   Orwar, O
AF Karlsson, A
   Karlsson, R
   Karlsson, M
   Cans, AS
   Strömberg, A
   Ryttsén, F
   Orwar, O
TI Molecular engineering -: Networks of nanotubes and containers
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID vesicles
C1 Univ Gothenburg, Dept Chem, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden.
C3 University of Gothenburg
RP Orwar, O (corresponding author), Univ Gothenburg, Dept Chem, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden.
NR 10
TC 241
Z9 254
U1 1
U2 58
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 11
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6817
BP 150
EP 152
DI 10.1038/35051656
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 390UV
UT WOS:000166316200030
PM 11196629
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sato, C
   Ueno, Y
   Asai, K
   Takahashi, K
   Sato, M
   Engel, A
   Fujiyoshi, Y
AF Sato, C
   Ueno, Y
   Asai, K
   Takahashi, K
   Sato, M
   Engel, A
   Fujiyoshi, Y
TI The voltage-sensitive sodium channel is a bell-shaped molecule with several cavities
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID electrophorus-electricus; potassium channel; skeletal-muscle; classification; inactivation; crystallography; reconstruction; identification; mutations; receptor
AB Voltage-sensitive membrane channels, the sodium channel, the potassium channel and the calcium channel operate together to amplify, transmit and generate electric pulses in higher forms of life. Sodium and calcium channels are involved in cell excitation, neuronal transmission, muscle contraction and many functions that relate directly to human diseases(1-4). Sodium channels-glycosylated proteins with a relative molecular mass of about 300,000 (ref. 5)-are responsible for signal transduction and amplification, and are chief targets of anaesthetic drugs(6) and neurotoxins(1). Here we present the three-dimensional structure of the voltage-sensitive sodium channel from the eel Electrophorus electricus. The 19 Angstrom structure was determined by helium-cooled cryo-electron microscopy and single-particle image analysis of the solubilized sodium channel. The channel has a bell-shaped outer surface of 135 Angstrom in height and 100 Angstrom in side length at the square-shaped bottom, and a spherical top with a diameter of 65 Angstrom. Several inner cavities are connected to four small holes and eight orifices close to the extracellular and cytoplasmic membrane surfaces. Homologous voltage-sensitive calcium and tetrameric potassium channels, which regulate secretory processes and the membrane potential(7), may possess a related structure.
C1 Electrotech Lab, Supermol Sci Div, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058568, Japan.
   Japan Adv Inst Sci & Technol Hokuriku, Sch Knowledge Sci, Tatsunokuchi, Ishikawa 9231211, Japan.
   Itoham Foods Inc, Cent Res Inst, Moriya 3020104, Japan.
   Univ Basel, Biozentrum, Maurice E Muller Inst, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland.
   Kyoto Univ, Fac Sci, Dept Biophys, Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068502, Japan.
C3 National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST); Japan Advanced Institute of Science & Technology (JAIST); University of Basel; Kyoto University
RP Sato, C (corresponding author), Electrotech Lab, Supermol Sci Div, 1-1-4 Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058568, Japan.
NR 30
TC 204
Z9 243
U1 0
U2 62
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 22
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6823
BP 1047
EP 1051
DI 10.1038/35059098
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 405FT
UT WOS:000167148800047
PM 11234014
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mason, AC
   Oshinsky, ML
   Hoy, RR
AF Mason, AC
   Oshinsky, ML
   Hoy, RR
TI Hyperacute directional hearing in a microscale auditory system
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID fly ormia-ochracea; parasitoid fly; temporal hyperacuity; electric fish; tachinidae; neurons; diptera
AB The physics of sound propagation imposes fundamental constraints on sound localization: for a given frequency, the smaller the receiver, the smaller the available cues(1). Thus, the creation of nanoscale acoustic microphones with directional sensitivity is very difficult. The fly Ormia ochracea possesses an unusual 'ear' that largely overcomes these physical constraints(2-5); attempts to exploit principles derived from O. ochracea for improved hearing aids are now in progress(6). Here we report that O. ochracea can behaviourally localize a salient sound source with a precision equal to that of humans(7). Despite its small size and minuscule interaural cues, the fly localizes sound sources to within 2 degrees azimuth. As the fly's eardrums are less than 0.5 mm apart, localization cues are around 50 ns. Directional information is represented in the auditory system by the relative timing of receptor responses in the two ears. Low-jitter, phasic receptor responses are pooled to achieve hyperacute timecoding(8,9). These results demonstrate that nanoscale/microscale directional microphones patterned after O. ochracea have the potential for highly accurate directional sensitivity, independent of their size. Notably, in the fly itself this performance is dependent on a newly discovered set of specific coding strategies employed by the nervous system.
C1 Cornell Univ, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
C3 Cornell University
RP Mason, AC (corresponding author), Univ Toronto, Div Life Sci, 1265 Mil Trail, Scarborough, ON M1C 1A4, Canada.
NR 18
TC 171
Z9 207
U1 0
U2 73
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 5
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6829
BP 686
EP 690
DI 10.1038/35070564
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 418DJ
UT WOS:000167875400046
PM 11287954
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU McPherson, JD
   Marra, M
   Hillier, L
   Waterston, RH
   Chinwalla, A
   Wallis, J
   Sekhon, M
   Wylie, K
   Mardis, ER
   Wilson, RK
   Fulton, R
   Kucaba, TA
   Wagner-McPherson, C
   Barbazuk, WB
   Gregory, SG
   Humphray, SJ
   French, L
   Evans, RS
   Bethel, G
   Whittaker, A
   Holden, JL
   McCann, OT
   Dunham, A
   Soderlund, C
   Scott, CE
   Bentley, DR
   Schuler, G
   Chen, HC
   Jang, WH
   Green, ED
   Idol, JR
   Maduro, VVB
   Montgomery, KT
   Lee, E
   Miller, A
   Emerling, S
   Kucherlapati, R
   Gibbs, R
   Scherer, S
   Gorrell, JH
   Sodergren, E
   Clerc-Blankenburg, K
   Tabor, P
   Naylor, S
   Garcia, D
   de Jong, PJ
   Catanese, JJ
   Nowak, N
   Osoegawa, K
   Qin, SZ
   Rowen, L
   Madan, A
   Dors, M
   Hood, L
   Trask, B
   Friedman, C
   Massa, H
   Cheung, VG
   Kirsch, IR
   Reid, T
   Yonescu, R
   Weissenbach, J
   Bruls, T
   Heilig, R
   Branscomb, E
   Olsen, A
   Doggett, N
   Cheng, JF
   Hawkins, T
   Myers, RM
   Shang, J
   Ramirez, L
   Schmutz, J
   Velasquez, O
   Dixon, K
   Stone, NE
   Cox, DR
   Haussler, D
   Kent, WJ
   Furey, T
   Rogic, S
   Kennedy, S
   Jones, S
   Rosenthal, A
   Wen, GP
   Schilhabel, M
   Gloeckner, G
   Nyakatura, G
   Siebert, R
   Schlegelberger, B
   Korenburg, J
   Chen, XN
   Fujiyama, A
   Hattori, M
   Toyoda, A
   Yada, T
   Park, HS
   Sakaki, Y
   Shimizu, N
   Asakawa, S
   Kawasaki, K
   Sasaki, T
   Shintani, A
   Shimizu, A
   Shibuya, K
   Kudoh, J
   Minoshima, S
   Ramser, J
   Seranski, P
   Hoff, C
   Poustka, A
   Reinhardt, R
   Lehrach, H
AF McPherson, JD
   Marra, M
   Hillier, L
   Waterston, RH
   Chinwalla, A
   Wallis, J
   Sekhon, M
   Wylie, K
   Mardis, ER
   Wilson, RK
   Fulton, R
   Kucaba, TA
   Wagner-McPherson, C
   Barbazuk, WB
   Gregory, SG
   Humphray, SJ
   French, L
   Evans, RS
   Bethel, G
   Whittaker, A
   Holden, JL
   McCann, OT
   Dunham, A
   Soderlund, C
   Scott, CE
   Bentley, DR
   Schuler, G
   Chen, HC
   Jang, WH
   Green, ED
   Idol, JR
   Maduro, VVB
   Montgomery, KT
   Lee, E
   Miller, A
   Emerling, S
   Kucherlapati, R
   Gibbs, R
   Scherer, S
   Gorrell, JH
   Sodergren, E
   Clerc-Blankenburg, K
   Tabor, P
   Naylor, S
   Garcia, D
   de Jong, PJ
   Catanese, JJ
   Nowak, N
   Osoegawa, K
   Qin, SZ
   Rowen, L
   Madan, A
   Dors, M
   Hood, L
   Trask, B
   Friedman, C
   Massa, H
   Cheung, VG
   Kirsch, IR
   Reid, T
   Yonescu, R
   Weissenbach, J
   Bruls, T
   Heilig, R
   Branscomb, E
   Olsen, A
   Doggett, N
   Cheng, JF
   Hawkins, T
   Myers, RM
   Shang, J
   Ramirez, L
   Schmutz, J
   Velasquez, O
   Dixon, K
   Stone, NE
   Cox, DR
   Haussler, D
   Kent, WJ
   Furey, T
   Rogic, S
   Kennedy, S
   Jones, S
   Rosenthal, A
   Wen, GP
   Schilhabel, M
   Gloeckner, G
   Nyakatura, G
   Siebert, R
   Schlegelberger, B
   Korenburg, J
   Chen, XN
   Fujiyama, A
   Hattori, M
   Toyoda, A
   Yada, T
   Park, HS
   Sakaki, Y
   Shimizu, N
   Asakawa, S
   Kawasaki, K
   Sasaki, T
   Shintani, A
   Shimizu, A
   Shibuya, K
   Kudoh, J
   Minoshima, S
   Ramser, J
   Seranski, P
   Hoff, C
   Poustka, A
   Reinhardt, R
   Lehrach, H
TI A physical map of the human genome
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID drosophila-melanogaster; dna-sequence; chromosome; hybridization; fragments; shotgun; contigs; vector; clones; genes
AB The human genome is by far the largest genome to be sequenced, and its size and complexity present many challenges for sequence assembly. The International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium constructed a map of the whole genome to enable the selection of clones for sequencing and for the accurate assembly of the genome sequence. Here we report the construction of the whole-genome bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) map and its integration with previous landmark maps and information from mapping efforts focused on specific chromosomal regions. We also describe the integration of sequence data with the map.
C1 Washington Univ, Sch Med, Genome Sequencing Ctr, Dept Genet, St Louis, MO 63108 USA.
   NIH, Natl Ctr Biotechnol Informat, Bethesda, MD 20894 USA.
   NHGRI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   Yeshiva Univ Albert Einstein Coll Med, Dept Mol Genet, Bronx, NY 10461 USA.
   Baylor Coll Med, Human Genome Sequencing Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Univ Texas San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78285 USA.
   Roswell Pk Canc Inst, Buffalo, NY 14263 USA.
   Inst Syst Biol, Multimegabase Sequencing Ctr, Seattle, WA 98105 USA.
   Fred Hutchinson Canc Res Inst, Div Human Biol, Seattle, WA 98109 USA.
   Univ Penn, Childrens Hosp Philadelphia, Dept Pediat, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   NCI, Dept Genet, Med Branch, Washington, DC USA.
   Genoscope, Ctr Natl Sequencage, F-91057 Evry, France.
   US DOE, Joint Genome Inst, Walnut Creek, CA USA.
   Stanford Univ, Stanford Human Genome Ctr, Sch Med, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Dept Genet, Sch Med, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA.
   Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Comp Sci, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA.
   Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Biol, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA.
   Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Math, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA.
   British Columbia Canc Res Ctr, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4E6, Canada.
   Inst Mol Biotechnol, Dept Genome Anal, D-07745 Jena, Germany.
   Univ Kiel, Inst Human Genet, D-24098 Kiel, Germany.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Human Genet, Los Angeles, CA USA.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Pediat, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA.
   RIKEN, Genom Sci Ctr, Tsurumi Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2300045, Japan.
   Keio Univ, Sch Med, Dept Mol Biol, Shinjuku Ku, Tokyo 1608582, Japan.
   Max Planck Inst Mol Genet, D-14195 Berlin, Germany.
   Deutsch Krebsforschungszentrum, Abt Mol Genomanal, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
C3 Washington University (WUSTL); National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); Montefiore Medical Center; Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Yeshiva University; Baylor College of Medicine; University of Texas System; University of Texas at San Antonio; Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center; Institute for Systems Biology (ISB); Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center; University of Pennsylvania; Pennsylvania Medicine; Childrens Hospital of Philadelphia; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Cancer Institute (NCI); CEA; Universite Paris Saclay; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Joint Genome Institute - JGI; Joint BioEnergy Institute - JBEI; Stanford University; Stanford University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of California System; University of California Santa Cruz; University of California System; University of California Santa Cruz; University of California System; University of California Santa Cruz; University of California System; University of California Santa Cruz; British Columbia Cancer Agency; University of Kiel; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; RIKEN; Keio University; Max Planck Society; Helmholtz Association; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)
RP McPherson, JD (corresponding author), Washington Univ, Sch Med, Genome Sequencing Ctr, Dept Genet, 4444 Forest Pk Blvd, St Louis, MO 63108 USA.
EM jmcphers@watson.wustl.edu
NR 46
TC 629
Z9 768
U1 0
U2 52
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 15
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6822
BP 934
EP 941
DI 10.1038/35057157
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 401QC
UT WOS:000166938800061
PM 11237014
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nakazato, M
   Murakami, N
   Date, Y
   Kojima, M
   Matsuo, H
   Kangawa, K
   Matsukura, S
AF Nakazato, M
   Murakami, N
   Date, Y
   Kojima, M
   Matsuo, H
   Kangawa, K
   Matsukura, S
TI A role for ghrelin in the central regulation of feeding
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hormone secretagogue receptor; messenger-ribonucleic-acid; rat arcuate nucleus; growth-hormone; neuropeptide-y; gene-expression; leptin action; obese gene; hypothalamus; pituitary
AB Ghrelin is an acylated peptide that stimulates the release of growth hormone from the pituitary(1). Ghrelin-producing neurons are located in the hypothalamus, whereas ghrelin receptors are expressed in various regions of the brain(2-4), which is indicative of central-and as yet undefined-physiological functions. Here we show that ghrelin is involved in the hypothalamic regulation of energy homeostasis. Intracerebroventricular injections of ghrelin strongly stimulated feeding in rats and increased body weight gain. Ghrelin also increased feeding in rats that are genetically deficient in growth hormone. Anti-ghrelin immunoglobulin G robustly suppressed feeding. After intracerebroventricular ghrelin administration, Fos protein, a marker of neuronal activation(5), was found in regions of primary importance in the regulation of feeding, including neuropeptide Y-6 (NPY) neurons and agouti-related protein(7) (AGRP) neurons. Antibodies and antagonists of NPY and AGRP abolished ghrelin-induced feeding. Ghrelin augmented NPY gene expression and blocked leptin-induced(8) feeding reduction, implying that there is a competitive interaction between ghrelin and leptin in feeding regulation. We conclude that ghrelin is a physiological mediator of feeding, and probably has a function in growth regulation by stimulating feeding and release of growth hormone.
C1 Miyazaki Med Coll, Dept Internal Med 3, Miyazaki 8891692, Japan.
   Miyazaki Univ, Dept Vet Physiol, Miyazaki 8892192, Japan.
   Natl Cardiovasc Ctr, Res Inst, Dept Biochem, Osaka 5658565, Japan.
C3 University of Miyazaki; University of Miyazaki; National Cerebral & Cardiovascular Center - Japan
RP Nakazato, M (corresponding author), Miyazaki Med Coll, Dept Internal Med 3, Miyazaki 8891692, Japan.
NR 32
TC 2887
Z9 3254
U1 4
U2 207
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 11
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6817
BP 194
EP 198
DI 10.1038/35051587
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 390UV
UT WOS:000166316200045
PM 11196643
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bibb, JA
   Chen, JS
   Taylor, JR
   Svenningsson, P
   Nishi, A
   Snyder, GL
   Yan, Z
   Sagawa, ZK
   Ouimet, CC
   Nairn, AC
   Nestler, EJ
   Greengard, P
AF Bibb, JA
   Chen, JS
   Taylor, JR
   Svenningsson, P
   Nishi, A
   Snyder, GL
   Yan, Z
   Sagawa, ZK
   Ouimet, CC
   Nairn, AC
   Nestler, EJ
   Greengard, P
TI Effects of chronic exposure to cocaine are regulated by the neuronal protein Cdk5
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID molecular mechanisms; opposite modulation; conditioned reward; locomotor-activity; nucleus-accumbens; gene-expression; glur1 subunit; mutant mice; dopamine; phosphorylation
AB Cocaine enhances dopamine-mediated neurotransmission by blocking dopamine re-uptake at axon terminals. Most dopamine-containing nerve terminals innervate medium spiny neurons in the striatum of the brain. Cocaine addiction is thought to stem, in part, from neural adaptations that act to maintain equilibrium by countering the effects of repeated drug administration(1,2). Chronic exposure to cocaine upregulates several transcription factors that alter gene expression and which could mediate such compensatory neural and behavioural changes(1-4). One such transcription factor is Delta FosB, a protein that persists in striatum long after the end of cocaine exposure(3,5). Here we identify cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) as a downstream target gene of Delta FosB by use of DNA array analysis of striatal material from inducible transgenic mice. Overexpression of Delta FosB, or chronic cocaine administration, raised levels of Cdk5 messenger RNA, protein, and activity in the striatum. Moreover, injection of Cdk5 inhibitors into the striatum potentiated behavioural effects of repeated cocaine administration. Our results suggest that changes in Cdk5 levels mediated by Delta FosB, and resulting alterations in signalling involving D1 dopamine receptors, contribute to adaptive changes in the brain related to cocaine addiction.
C1 Rockefeller Univ, Mol & Cellular Neurosci Lab, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Psychiat, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
   Kurume Univ, Sch Med, Dept Physiol, Fukuoka 8300011, Japan.
   Florida State Univ, Program Neurosci, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA.
   Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Dept Psychiat, Dallas, TX 75390 USA.
C3 Rockefeller University; Yale University; Kurume University; State University System of Florida; Florida State University; University of Texas System; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
RP Bibb, JA (corresponding author), Rockefeller Univ, Mol & Cellular Neurosci Lab, 1230 York Ave, New York, NY 10021 USA.
FU NIDA NIH HHS [P01 DA010044] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 394
Z9 467
U1 0
U2 24
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 15
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6826
BP 376
EP 380
DI 10.1038/35066591
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 410WM
UT WOS:000167464100053
PM 11268215
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Richmond, JE
   Weimer, RM
   Jorgensen, EM
AF Richmond, JE
   Weimer, RM
   Jorgensen, EM
TI An open form of syntaxin bypasses the requirement for UNC-13 in vesicle priming
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID munc13-1; expression; fusion; family; gene
AB The priming step of synaptic vesicle exocytosis is thought to require the formation of the SNARE complex, which comprises the proteins synaptobrevin, SNAP-25 and syntaxin(1-3). In solution syntaxin adopts a default, closed configuration that is incompatible with formation of the SNARE complex(4). Specifically, the amino terminus of syntaxin binds the SNARE motif and occludes interactions with the other SNARE proteins. The N terminus of syntaxin also binds the presynaptic protein UNC-13 (ref. 5). Studies in mouse, Drosophila and Caenorhabditis elegans suggest that UNC-13 functions at a post-docking step of exocytosis, most likely during synaptic vesicle priming(6-8). Therefore, UNC-13 binding to the N terminus of syntaxin may promote the open configuration of syntaxin(9). To test this model, we engineered mutations into C. elegans syntaxin that cause the protein to adopt the open configuration constitutively(4). Here we demonstrate that the open form of syntaxin can bypass the requirement for UNC-13 in synaptic vesicle priming. Thus, it is likely that UNC-13 primes synaptic vesicles for fusion by promoting the open configuration of syntaxin.
C1 Univ Utah, Dept Biol, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA.
C3 Utah System of Higher Education; University of Utah
RP Jorgensen, EM (corresponding author), Univ Utah, Dept Biol, 257 S 1400 E, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA.
EM jorgensen@biology.utah.edu
FU NIMH NIH HHS [R03 MH059820] Funding Source: Medline
NR 21
TC 325
Z9 414
U1 0
U2 18
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 19
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6844
BP 338
EP 341
DI 10.1038/35085583
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 453LW
UT WOS:000169918200048
PM 11460165
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Richmond, BG
   Strait, DS
AF Richmond, BG
   Strait, DS
TI Palaeoanthropology - Did our ancestors knuckle-walk? Reply
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID skeleton
C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Anthropol, Champaign, IL 61820 USA.
   George Washington Univ, Dept Anthropol, Washington, DC 20052 USA.
   New York Coll Osteopath Med, Dept Anat, Old Westbury, NY 11949 USA.
C3 University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; George Washington University; New York Institute Technology
RP Richmond, BG (corresponding author), Univ Illinois, Dept Anthropol, Champaign, IL 61820 USA.
NR 12
TC 10
Z9 14
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 15
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6826
BP 326
EP 326
DI 10.1038/35066638
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 410WM
UT WOS:000167464100037
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gabriel, JCP
   Camerel, F
   Lemaire, BJ
   Desvaux, H
   Davidson, P
   Batail, P
AF Gabriel, JCP
   Camerel, F
   Lemaire, BJ
   Desvaux, H
   Davidson, P
   Batail, P
TI Swollen liquid-crystalline lamellar phase based on extended solid-like sheets
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID suspensions; membranes; diagram; system
AB Ordering particles at the nanometre length scale is a challenging and active research area in materials science. Several approaches have so far been developed, ranging from the manipulation of individual particles(1,2) to the exploitation of self-assembly in colloids(3). Nanometre-scale ordering is well known to appear spontaneously when anisotropic organic moieties form liquid-crystalline phases; this behaviour is also observed for anisotropic mineral nanoparticles(4,5) resulting in the formation of nematic(4-7), smectic(8) and hexagonal(9,10) mesophases. Here we describe a lyotropic liquid-crystalline lamellar phase comprising an aqueous dispersion of planar solid-like sheets in which all the atoms involved in a layer are covalently bonded. The spacing of these phosphatoantimonate single layers can be increased 100-fold, resulting in one-dimensional structures whose periodicity can be tuned from 1.5 to 225 nanometres. These highly organized materials can be mechanically or magnetically aligned over large pH and temperature ranges, and this property can be used to measure residual dipolar couplings for the structure determination of biomolecules by liquid-state NMR. We also expect that our approach will result in the discovery of other classes of mineral lyotropic lamellar phases.
C1 CNRS, FRE 2068, F-44322 Nantes 3, France.
   Univ Paris Sud, Phys Solides Lab, CNRS, UMR 8502, F-91405 Orsay, France.
   CEA Saclay, Serv Chim Mol, CNRS, URA 331, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - Institute of Physics (INP); Universite Paris Saclay; CEA; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
RP Gabriel, JCP (corresponding author), CNRS, FRE 2068, 2 Rue Houssiniere,BP 32229, F-44322 Nantes 3, France.
NR 29
TC 260
Z9 281
U1 1
U2 148
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 4
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6855
BP 504
EP 508
DI 10.1038/35097046
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 478HG
UT WOS:000171340500042
PM 11586355
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Makarova, TL
   Sundqvist, B
   Höhne, R
   Esquinazi, P
   Kopelevich, Y
   Scharff, P
   Davydov, VA
   Kashevarova, LS
   Rakhmanina, AV
AF Makarova, TL
   Sundqvist, B
   Höhne, R
   Esquinazi, P
   Kopelevich, Y
   Scharff, P
   Davydov, VA
   Kashevarova, LS
   Rakhmanina, AV
TI RETRACTED: Magnetic carbon (Retracted Article. See vol 440, pg 707, 2006)
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article; Retracted Publication
ID susceptibility; phase; superconductivity; ferromagnetism; nmr
AB The discovery of nanostructured forms of molecular carbon has led to renewed interest in the varied properties of this element. Both graphite and C-60 can be electron-doped by alkali metals(1) to become superconducting; transition temperatures of up to 52 K have been attained by field-induced hole-doping of C-60 (ref. 2). Recent experiments(3,4) and theoretical studies(5,6) have suggested that electronic instabilities in pure graphite may give rise to superconducting and ferromagnetic properties, even at room temperature. Here we report the serendipitous discovery of strong magnetic signals in rhombohedral C-60. Our intention was to search for superconductivity in polymerized C-60; however, it appears that our high-pressure, high-temperature polymerization process results in a magnetically ordered state. The material exhibits features typical of ferromagnets: saturation magnetization, large hysteresis and attachment to a magnet at room temperature. The temperature dependences of the saturation and remanent magnetization indicate a Curie temperature near 500 K.
C1 AF Ioffe Phys Tech Inst, St Petersburg 194021, Russia.
   Umea Univ, Dept Expt Phys, S-90187 Umea, Sweden.
   Tech Univ Ilmenau, Dept Chem, Inst Phys, D-98693 Ilmenau, Germany.
   Univ Leipzig, Dept Superconduct & Magnetism, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
   Univ Estadual Campinas, Inst Fis, BR-13083970 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
   Russian Acad Sci, Inst High Pressure Phys, Troitsk 142092, Russia.
C3 Russian Academy of Sciences; St. Petersburg Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Ioffe Physical Technical Institute; Umea University; Technische Universitat Ilmenau; Leipzig University; Universidade Estadual de Campinas; Russian Academy of Sciences; Vereshchagin Institute of High Pressure Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences
RP Makarova, TL (corresponding author), AF Ioffe Phys Tech Inst, St Petersburg 194021, Russia.
EM tatiana.makarova@physics.umu.se
NR 30
TC 539
Z9 572
U1 1
U2 221
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 18
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6857
BP 716
EP 718
DI 10.1038/35099527
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 482ZK
UT WOS:000171608000039
PM 11607027
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Xu, GZ
   Cirilli, M
   Huang, YH
   Rich, RL
   Myszka, DG
   Wu, H
AF Xu, GZ
   Cirilli, M
   Huang, YH
   Rich, RL
   Myszka, DG
   Wu, H
TI Covalent inhibition revealed by the crystal structure of the caspase-8/p35 complex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID baculovirus p35 protein; cell-death; apoptosis; site; expression; drosophila; cleavage; suite; gene
AB Apoptosis is a highly regulated process that is crucial for normal development and homeostasis of multicellular organisms(1,2). The p35 protein from baculoviruses effectively prevents apoptosis by its broad-spectrum caspase inhibition(3-7). Here we report the crystal structure of p35 in complex with human caspase-8 at 3.0 Angstrom resolution, and biochemical and mutagenesis studies based on the structural information. The structure reveals that the caspase is inhibited in the active site through a covalent thioester linkage to p35, which we confirmed by gel electrophoresis, hydroxylamine treatment and mass spectrometry experiments. The p35 protein undergoes dramatic conformational changes on cleavage by the caspase. The repositioning of the amino terminus of p35 into the active site of the caspase eliminates solvent accessibility of the catalytic dyad. This may be crucial for preventing hydrolysis of the thioester intermediate, which is supported by the abrogation of inhibitory activity through mutations at the N terminus of p35. The p35 protein also makes conserved contacts with the caspase outside the active-site region, providing the molecular basis for the broad-spectrum inhibitory activity of this protein. We demonstrate a new molecular mechanism of caspase inhibition, as well as protease inhibition in general.
C1 Cornell Univ, Weill Med Coll, Dept Biochem, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Cornell Univ, Grad Sch Med Sci, Program Physiol Biophys & Mol Med, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   CNR, Ist Strutturist Chim Giordano Giacomello, Monterotondo Stn, Italy.
   Univ Utah, Sch Med, Ctr Biomol Interact Anal, Salt Lake City, UT 84132 USA.
C3 Cornell University; Weill Cornell Medicine; Cornell University; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Utah System of Higher Education; University of Utah
RP Wu, H (corresponding author), Cornell Univ, Weill Med Coll, Dept Biochem, 1300 York Ave, New York, NY 10021 USA.
NR 30
TC 149
Z9 176
U1 0
U2 13
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 22
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6827
BP 494
EP 497
DI 10.1038/35068604
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 412YX
UT WOS:000167583800048
PM 11260720
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Julsgaard, B
   Kozhekin, A
   Polzik, ES
AF Julsgaard, B
   Kozhekin, A
   Polzik, ES
TI Experimental long-lived entanglement of two macroscopic objects
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID continuous variable systems; quantum teleportation; realization; criterion; state; light
AB Entanglement is considered to be one of the most profound features of quantum mechanics(1,2). An entangled state of a system consisting of two subsystems cannot be described as a product of the quantum states of the two subsystems(3-6). In this sense, the entangled system is considered inseparable and nonlocal. It is generally believed that entanglement is usually manifest in systems consisting of a small number of microscopic particles. Here we demonstrate experimentally the entanglement of two macroscopic objects, each consisting of a caesium gas sample containing about 10(12) atoms. Entanglement is generated via interaction of the samples with a pulse of light, which performs a non-local Bell measurement on the collective spins of the samples(7). The entangled spin-state can be maintained for 0.5 milliseconds. Besides being of fundamental interest, we expect the robust and long-lived entanglement of material objects demonstrated here to be useful in quantum information processing, including teleportation(8-10) of quantum states of matter and quantum memory.
C1 Aarhus Univ, Inst Phys & Astron, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark.
C3 Aarhus University
RP Polzik, ES (corresponding author), Aarhus Univ, Inst Phys & Astron, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark.
NR 22
TC 1013
Z9 1077
U1 1
U2 81
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 27
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6854
BP 400
EP 403
DI 10.1038/35096524
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 475UY
UT WOS:000171188700048
PM 11574882
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Siller, S
AF Siller, S
TI Sexual selection and the maintenance of sex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID deleterious mutations; affecting fitness; evolution; advantage; epistasis; plants
AB Sex is expensive. A population of females that reproduce asexually should prima facie have twice the growth rate of an otherwise equivalent anisogamous sexual population lacking paternal care, or a population with modes of paternal care that can be co-opted by parthenogenetic females(1-6). The two leading theories for the maintenance of sex require either synergistic interactions between deleterious mutations, or antagonistic epistasis between beneficial mutations(5). Current evidence is equivocal as to whether the required levels of epistasis exist(6-10). Here I show that a third factor, differential male mating success (or, more generally, higher variance in male than in female fitness), can drastically reduce mutational load in sexual populations with or without any form of epistasis. Differential mating success has the further advantage of being ubiquitous, and is likely to have preceded or evolved concurrently with anisogamy(11).
C1 Univ Oxford, Dept Zool, Oxford OX1 3PS, England.
C3 University of Oxford
RP Siller, S (corresponding author), Univ Oxford, Dept Zool, S Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3PS, England.
EM steven.siller@zoo.ox.ac.uk
NR 28
TC 197
Z9 223
U1 2
U2 66
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 15
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6838
BP 689
EP 692
DI 10.1038/35079578
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 439JC
UT WOS:000169112500044
PM 11395770
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Voit, GM
   Bryan, GL
AF Voit, GM
   Bryan, GL
TI Regulation of the X-ray luminosity of clusters of galaxies by cooling and supernova feedback
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID surface brightness; t relation; hot gas; evolution; constraints
AB Clusters of galaxies are thought to contain about ten times as much dark matter as baryonic matter(1). The dark component therefore dominates the gravitational potential of a cluster, and the baryons confined by this potential radiate X-rays with a luminosity that depends mainly on the gas density in the cluster's core(2). Predictions of the X-rays' properties based on models of cluster formation do not, however, agree with the observations. If the models ignore the condensation of cooling gas into stars and feedback from the associated supernovae, they overestimate the X-ray luminosity because the density of the core gas is too high. An early episode of uniformly distributed supernova feedback could rectify this by heating the uncondensed gas and therefore making it harder to compress into the core(3-11), but such a process seems to require an implausibly large number of supernovae(6,8,12-14). Here we show how radiative cooling of intergalactic gas and subsequent supernova heating conspire to eliminate highly compressible low-entropy gas from the intracluster medium. This brings the core entropy and X-ray luminosities of clusters into agreement with the observations, in a way that depends little on the efficiency of supernova heating in the early Universe.
C1 Space Telescope Sci Inst, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA.
   MIT, Dept Phys, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   Univ Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RH, England.
C3 Space Telescope Science Institute; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); University of Oxford
RP Voit, GM (corresponding author), Space Telescope Sci Inst, 3700 San Martin Dr, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA.
EM voit@stsci.edu
NR 30
TC 169
Z9 181
U1 1
U2 2
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 22
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6862
BP 425
EP 427
DI 10.1038/35106523
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 494UP
UT WOS:000172304500036
PM 11719798
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Duan, XF
   Huang, Y
   Cui, Y
   Wang, JF
   Lieber, CM
AF Duan, XF
   Huang, Y
   Cui, Y
   Wang, JF
   Lieber, CM
TI Indium phosphide nanowires as building blocks for nanoscale electronic and optoelectronic devices
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID carbon nanotubes; quantum wires; single-wall; dots
AB Nanowires and nanotubes carry charge and excitons efficiently, and are therefore potentially ideal building blocks for nanoscale electronics and optoelectronics(1,2). Carbon nanotubes have already been exploited in devices such as field-effect(3,4) and single-electron (5,6) transistors, but the practical utility of nanotube components for building electronic circuits is limited, as it is not yet possible to selectively grow semiconducting or metallic nanotubes(7,8). Here we report the assembly of functional nanoscale devices from indium phosphide nanowires, the electrical properties of which are controlled by selective doping. Gate-voltage-dependent transport measurements demonstrate that the nanowires can be predictably synthesized as either n- or p-type. These doped nanowires function as nanoscale field-effect transistors, and can be assembled into crossed-wire p-n junctions that exhibit rectifying behaviour. Significantly, the p-n junctions emit light strongly and are perhaps the smallest light-emitting diodes that have yet been made. Finally, we show that electric-field-directed assembly can be used to create highly integrated device arrays from nanowire building blocks.
C1 Harvard Univ, Dept Chem & Chem Biol, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Div Engn & Appl Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University
RP Lieber, CM (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Dept Chem & Chem Biol, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
NR 20
TC 3328
Z9 3749
U1 19
U2 1404
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 4
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6816
BP 66
EP 69
DI 10.1038/35051047
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 388HT
UT WOS:000166175600038
PM 11343112
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fairhall, AL
   Lewen, GD
   Bialek, W
   van Steveninck, RRD
AF Fairhall, AL
   Lewen, GD
   Bialek, W
   van Steveninck, RRD
TI Efficiency and ambiguity in an adaptive neural code
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID information-transmission; spike trains; adaptation; time; dynamics; system
AB We examine the dynamics of a neural code in the context of stimuli whose statistical properties are themselves evolving dynamically. Adaptation to these statistics occurs over a wide range of timescales-from tens of milliseconds to minutes. Rapid components of adaptation serve to optimize the information that action potentials carry about rapid stimulus variations within the local statistical ensemble, while changes in the rate and statistics of action-potential firing encode information about the ensemble itself, thus resolving potential ambiguities. The speed with which information is optimized and ambiguities are resolved approaches the physical limit imposed by statistical sampling and noise.
C1 NEC Res Inst, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA.
C3 NEC Corporation
RP Fairhall, AL (corresponding author), NEC Res Inst, 4 Independence Way, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA.
NR 45
TC 612
Z9 725
U1 0
U2 45
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 23
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6849
BP 787
EP 792
DI 10.1038/35090500
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 465ET
UT WOS:000170577200028
PM 11518957
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gu, HH
   Saito, K
   Klaman, LD
   Shen, JQ
   Fleming, T
   Wang, YP
   Pratt, JC
   Lin, GS
   Lim, B
   Kinet, JP
   Neel, BG
AF Gu, HH
   Saito, K
   Klaman, LD
   Shen, JQ
   Fleming, T
   Wang, YP
   Pratt, JC
   Lin, GS
   Lim, B
   Kinet, JP
   Neel, BG
TI Essential role for Gab2 in the allergic response
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID phospholipase c-gamma; growth-factor receptors; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; signal-transduction; mast-cells; activation; protein; kinase; cytokine; pathway
AB Dos/Gab family scaffolding adapters (Dos, Gab1, Gab2) bind several signal relay molecules, including the protein-tyrosine phosphatase Shp-2 and phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase (PI(3)K); they are also implicated in growth factor, cytokine and antigen receptor signal transduction(1). Mice lacking Gab1 die during embryogenesis and show defective responses to several stimuli(2,3). Here we report that Gab2(-/-) mice are viable and generally healthy; however, the response (for example, degranulation and cytokine gene expression) of Gab2(-/-) mast cells to stimulation of the high affinity immunoglobulin-epsilon (IgE) receptor Fc epsilon RI is defective. Accordingly, allergic reactions such as passive cutaneous and systemic anaphylaxis are markedly impaired in Gab2(-/-) mice. Biochemical analyses reveal that signalling pathways dependent on PI(3)K, a critical component of Fc epsilon RI signalling, are defective in Gab2(-/-) mast cells. Our data identify Gab2 as the principal activator of PI(3)K in response to FceRI activation, thereby providing genetic evidence that Dos/Gab family scaffolds regulate the PI(3)K pathway in vivo. Gab2 and/or its associated signalling molecules may be new targets for developing drugs to treat allergy.
C1 Beth Israel Deaconess Med Ctr, Div Hematol & Oncol, Canc Biol Program, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
   Beth Israel Deaconess Med Ctr, Dept Med, Div Expt Pathol, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
   Franklin W Olin Coll Engn, Needham, MA 02492 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Franklin W. Olin College of Engineering
RP Gu, HH (corresponding author), Beth Israel Deaconess Med Ctr, Div Hematol & Oncol, Canc Biol Program, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
EM hgu@caregroup.harvard.edu
NR 29
TC 272
Z9 302
U1 1
U2 11
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 12
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6843
BP 186
EP 190
DI 10.1038/35084076
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 451AJ
UT WOS:000169778700053
PM 11449275
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Strohmaier, H
   Spruck, CH
   Kaiser, P
   Won, KA
   Sangfelt, O
   Reed, SI
AF Strohmaier, H
   Spruck, CH
   Kaiser, P
   Won, KA
   Sangfelt, O
   Reed, SI
TI Human F-box protein hCdc4 targets cyclin E for proteolysis and is mutated in a breast cancer cell line
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB Cyclin E, one of the activators of the cyclin-dependent kinase Cdk2, is expressed near the G(1)-S phase transition and is thought to be critical for the initiation of DNA replication and other S-phase functions(1-3). Accumulation of cyclin E at the G(1)-S boundary is achieved by periodic transcription coupled with regulated proteolysis linked to autophosphorylation of cyclin E-4. The proper timing and amplitude of cyclin E expression seem to be important, because elevated levels of cyclin E have been associated with a variety of malignancies(5,6) and constitutive expression of cyclin E leads to genomic instability(7). Here we show that turnover of phosphorylated cyclin E depends on an SCF-type protein-ubiquitin ligase that contains the human homologue of yeast Cdc4, which is an F-box protein containing repeated sequences of WD40 (a unit containing about 40 residues with tryptophan (W) and aspartic acid (D) at defined positions). The gene encoding hCdc4 was found to be mutated in a cell line derived from breast cancer that expressed extremely high levels of cyclin E.
C1 Scripps Res Inst, Dept Mol Biol, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Karolinska Hosp, Dept Oncol Pathol, S-17176 Stockholm, Sweden.
C3 Scripps Research Institute; Karolinska Institutet; Karolinska University Hospital
RP Reed, SI (corresponding author), Scripps Res Inst, Dept Mol Biol, MB-7,10550 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
EM sreed@scripps.edu
NR 26
TC 530
Z9 641
U1 1
U2 17
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 20
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6853
BP 316
EP 322
DI 10.1038/35095076
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 473KB
UT WOS:000171040500041
PM 11565034
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schoener, TW
   Spiller, DA
   Losos, JB
AF Schoener, TW
   Spiller, DA
   Losos, JB
TI Predators increase the risk of catastrophic extinction of prey populations
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID trophic cascades; competition; diversity
AB There has been considerable research on both top-down effects(1,2) and on disturbances(3-5) in ecological communities; however, the interaction between the two, when the disturbance is catastrophic, has rarely been examined(6). Predators may increase the probability of prey extinction resulting from a catastrophic disturbance both by reducing prey population size(7,8) and by changing ecological traits of prey individuals such as habitat characteristics(8,9) in a way that increases the vulnerability of prey species to extinction. We show that a major hurricane in the Bahamas led to the extinction of lizard populations on most islands onto which a predator had been experimentally introduced, whereas no populations became extinct on control islands. Before the hurricane, the predator had reduced prey populations to about half of those on control islands. Two months after the hurricane, we found only recently hatched individuals-apparently lizards survived the inundating storm surge only as eggs. On predator-introduction islands, those hatchling populations were a smaller fraction of pre-hurricane populations than on control islands. Egg survival allowed rapid recovery of prey populations to pre-hurricane levels on all control islands but on only a third of predator-introduction islands-the other two-thirds lost their prey populations. Thus climatic disturbance compounded by predation brought prey populations to extinction.
C1 Univ Calif Davis, Sect Ecol & Evolut, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
   Washington Univ, Dept Biol, St Louis, MO 63130 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Davis; Washington University (WUSTL)
RP Schoener, TW (corresponding author), Univ Calif Davis, Sect Ecol & Evolut, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
EM twschoener@ucdavis.edu
NR 29
TC 89
Z9 109
U1 0
U2 58
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 12
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6843
BP 183
EP 186
DI 10.1038/35084071
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 451AJ
UT WOS:000169778700052
PM 11449274
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rempel, AW
   Waddington, ED
   Wettlaufer, JS
   Worster, MG
AF Rempel, AW
   Waddington, ED
   Wettlaufer, JS
   Worster, MG
TI Possible displacement of the climate signal in ancient ice by premelting and anomalous diffusion
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID polycrystalline ice; central greenland; antarctic ice; core; recrystallization; temperature; transition; system; acid
AB The best high-resolution records of climate over the past few hundred millennia are derived from ice cores retrieved from Greenland and Antarctica(1-3). The interpretation of these records relies on the assumption that the trace constituents used as proxies for past climate have undergone only modest post-depositional migration. Many of the constituents are soluble impurities found principally in unfrozen liquid that separates the grain boundaries in ice sheets. This phase behaviour, termed premelting, is characteristic of polycrystalline material(4,5). Here we show that premelting influences compositional diffusion in a manner that causes the advection of impurity anomalies towards warmer regions while maintaining their spatial integrity. Notwithstanding chemical reactions that might rx certain species against this prevailing transport, we rnd that-under conditions that resemble those encountered in the Eemian interglacial ice of central Greenland (from about 125,000 to 115,000 years ago)-impurity fluctuations may be separated from ice of the same age by as much as 50 cm. This distance is comparable to the ice thickness of the contested sudden cooling events in Eemian ice from the GRIP core.
C1 Univ Washington, Appl Phys Lab, Seattle, WA 98105 USA.
   Univ Washington, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   Univ Washington, Dept Phys, Seattle, WA 98105 USA.
   Univ Cambridge, Dept Appl Math & Theoret Phys, Inst Theoret Geophys, Cambridge CB3 9EW, England.
C3 University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; University of Cambridge
RP Rempel, AW (corresponding author), Univ Washington, Appl Phys Lab, Box 355640, Seattle, WA 98105 USA.
NR 30
TC 111
Z9 123
U1 0
U2 29
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 31
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6837
BP 568
EP 571
DI 10.1038/35079043
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 437GE
UT WOS:000168982500046
PM 11385567
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Krimpenfort, P
   Quon, KC
   Mooi, WJ
   Loonstra, A
   Berns, A
AF Krimpenfort, P
   Quon, KC
   Mooi, WJ
   Loonstra, A
   Berns, A
TI Loss of p16Ink4a confers susceptibility to metastatic melanoma in mice
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tumor suppression; g(1) control; ink4a locus; in-vitro; senescence; mutations; growth; disruption; p14(arf); deletion
AB CDKN2A (INK4a/ARF) is frequently disrupted in various types of human cancer, and germline mutations of this locus can confer susceptibility to melanoma and other tumours(1). However, because CDKN2A encodes two distinct cell cycle inhibitory proteins, p16(INK4a) and p14(ARF) (p19(Arf) in mice)(2), the mechanism of tumour suppression by CDKN2A has remained controversial. Genetic disruption of Cdkn2a(p19(Arf)) (hereafter Arf) alone predisposes mice to tumorigenesis(3), demonstrating that Arf is a tumour-suppressor gene in mice. We mutated mice specifically in Cdkn2a(p16(Ink4a)) (hereafter Ink4a). Here we demonstrate that these mice, designated Ink4a*/*, do not show a significant predisposition to spontaneous tumour formation within 17 months. Embryo fibroblasts derived from them proliferate normally, are mortal, and are not transformed by oncogenic HRAS. The very mild phenotype of the Ink4a*/* mice implies that the very strong phenotypes of the original Ink4a/Arf(Delta2,3) mice were primarily or solely due to loss of Arf. However, Ink4a*(/2 Delta ,3) mice that are deficient for Ink4a and heterozygous for Arf spontaneously develop a wide spectrum of tumours, including melanoma. Treatment of these mice with the carcinogen 7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA) results in an increased incidence of melanoma, with frequent metastases. Our results show that, in the mouse, Ink4a is a tumour-suppressor gene that, when lost, can recapitulate the tumour predisposition seen in humans.
C1 Netherlands Canc Inst, Div Mol Genet, NL-1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands.
   Netherlands Canc Inst, Ctr Biomed Genet, NL-1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands.
   Netherlands Canc Inst, Dept Pathol, NL-1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands.
C3 Netherlands Cancer Institute; Netherlands Cancer Institute; Netherlands Cancer Institute
RP Berns, A (corresponding author), Netherlands Canc Inst, Div Mol Genet, Plesmanlaan 121, NL-1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands.
EM tberns@nki.nl
NR 27
TC 443
Z9 504
U1 0
U2 17
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 6
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6851
BP 83
EP 86
DI 10.1038/35092584
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 469EG
UT WOS:000170801200043
PM 11544530
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Smaglik, P
AF Smaglik, P
TI Managing mergers - Cambridge
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 01
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6859
BP A4
EP A5
DI 
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 487VC
UT WOS:000171898900059
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kodama, R
   Norreys, PA
   Mima, K
   Dangor, AE
   Evans, RG
   Fujita, H
   Kitagawa, Y
   Krushelnick, K
   Miyakoshi, T
   Miyanaga, N
   Norimatsu, T
   Rose, SJ
   Shozaki, T
   Shigemori, K
   Sunahara, A
   Tampo, M
   Tanaka, KA
   Toyama, Y
   Yamanaka, Y
   Zepf, M
AF Kodama, R
   Norreys, PA
   Mima, K
   Dangor, AE
   Evans, RG
   Fujita, H
   Kitagawa, Y
   Krushelnick, K
   Miyakoshi, T
   Miyanaga, N
   Norimatsu, T
   Rose, SJ
   Shozaki, T
   Shigemori, K
   Sunahara, A
   Tampo, M
   Tanaka, KA
   Toyama, Y
   Yamanaka, Y
   Zepf, M
TI Fast heating of ultrahigh-density plasma as a step towards laser fusion ignition
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID generated fast electrons; hot-electrons; targets; compression; instability; pulse; light; rear
AB Modern high-power lasers can generate extreme states of matter that are relevant to astrophysics(1), equation-of-state studies(2) and fusion energy research(3,4). Laser-driven implosions of spherical polymer shells have, for example, achieved an increase in density of 1,000 times relative to the solid state(5). These densities are large enough to enable controlled fusion, but to achieve energy gain a small volume of compressed fuel (known as the 'spark') must be heated to temperatures of about 10(8) K (corresponding to thermal energies in excess of 10 keV). In the conventional approach to controlled fusion, the spark is both produced and heated by accurately timed shock waves(4), but this process requires both precise implosion symmetry and a very large drive energy. In principle, these requirements can be significantly relaxed by performing the compression and fast heating separately(6-10); however, this 'fast ignitor' approach(7) also suffers drawbacks, such as propagation losses and deflection of the ultra-intense laser pulse by the plasma surrounding the compressed fuel. Here we employ a new compression geometry that eliminates these problems; we combine production of compressed matter in a laser-driven implosion with picosecond-fast heating by a laser pulse timed to coincide with the peak compression. Our approach therefore permits efficient compression and heating to be carried out simultaneously, providing a route to efficient fusion energy production.
C1 Osaka Univ, Inst Laser Engn, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan.
   Rutherford Appleton Lab, Didcot OX11 0QX, Oxon, England.
   Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Blackett Lab, London SW7 2BZ, England.
   Univ York, Dept Phys, York YO1 5DD, N Yorkshire, England.
   Osaka Univ, Fac Engn, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan.
C3 University of Osaka; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Science & Technology Facilities Council (STFC); STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory; Imperial College London; University of York - UK; University of Osaka
RP Kodama, R (corresponding author), Osaka Univ, Inst Laser Engn, 2-6 Yamada Oka, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan.
NR 29
TC 877
Z9 983
U1 4
U2 198
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 23
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6849
BP 798
EP 802
DI 10.1038/35090525
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 465ET
UT WOS:000170577200031
PM 11518960
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Erbacher, J
   Huber, BT
   Norris, RD
   Markey, M
AF Erbacher, J
   Huber, BT
   Norris, RD
   Markey, M
TI Increased thermohaline stratification as a possible cause for an ocean anoxic event in the Cretaceous period
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID stratigraphy; episodes; sea
AB Ocean anoxic events were periods of high carbon burial that led to drawdown of atmospheric carbon dioxide, lowering of bottom-water oxygen concentrations and, in many cases, significant biological extinction(1-5). Most ocean anoxic events are thought to be caused by high productivity and export of carbon from surface waters which is then preserved in organic-rich sediments, known as black shales. But the factors that triggered some of these events remain uncertain. Here we present stable isotope data from a mid-Cretaceous ocean anoxic event that occurred 112 Myr ago, and that point to increased thermohaline stratification as the probable cause. Ocean anoxic event 1b is associated with an increase in surface-water temperatures and runoff that led to decreased bottom-water formation and elevated carbon burial in the restricted basins of the western Tethys and North Atlantic. This event is in many ways similar to that which led to the more recent Plio-Pleistocene Mediterranean sapropels, but the greater geographical extent and longer duration (similar to 46 kyr) of ocean anoxic event 1b suggest that processes leading to such ocean anoxic events in the North Atlantic and western Tethys were able to act over a much larger region, and sequester far more carbon, than any of the Quaternary sapropels.
C1 Bundesanstalt Geowissensch & Rohstoffe, Referat Meeresgeol, D-30655 Hannover, Germany.
   Smithsonian Inst, Natl Museum Nat Hist, Dept Paleobiol, Washington, DC 20560 USA.
   Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA.
C3 Smithsonian Institution; Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History; Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
RP Erbacher, J (corresponding author), Bundesanstalt Geowissensch & Rohstoffe, Referat Meeresgeol, Stilleweg 2, D-30655 Hannover, Germany.
EM erbacher@bgr.de
NR 30
TC 240
Z9 277
U1 1
U2 62
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 18
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6818
BP 325
EP 327
DI 10.1038/35053041
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 392VY
UT WOS:000166434300042
PM 11201737
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hu, YL
   Baud, V
   Oga, T
   Kim, KII
   Yoshida, K
   Karin, M
AF Hu, YL
   Baud, V
   Oga, T
   Kim, KII
   Yoshida, K
   Karin, M
TI IKKα controls formation of the epidermis independently of NF-κB
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID deficient mice; kinase complex; incontinentia pigmenti; signal-transduction; beta subunit; activation; skin; phosphorylation; differentiation; apoptosis
AB The IKK alpha and IKK beta catalytic subunits of I kappaB kinase (IKK) share 51% amino-acid identity and similar biochemical activities: they both phosphorylate I kappaB proteins at serines that trigger their degradation(1-4). IKK alpha and IKK beta differ, however, in their physiological functions. IKK beta and the IKK gamma /NEMO regulatory subunit are required for activating NF-kappaB by pro-inflammatory stimuli and preventing apoptosis induced by tumour necrosis factor-alpha (refs 5-11). IKK alpha is dispensable for these functions, but is essential for developing the epidermis and its derivatives(12-15). The mammalian epidermis is composed of the basal, spinous, granular and cornified layers(16). Only basal keratinocytes can proliferate and give rise to differentiated derivatives, which on full maturation undergo enucleation to generate the cornified layer. Curiously, keratinocyte-specific inhibition of NF-kappaB, as in Ikk alpha (-/-) mice(12-15), results in epidermal thickening but does not block terminal differentiation(17,18). It has been proposed(19,20) that the epidermal defect in Ikk alpha (-/-) mice may be due to the failed activation of NF-kappaB. Here we show that the unique function of IKK alpha in control of keratinocyte differentiation is not exerted through its I kappaB kinase activity or through NF-kappaB. Instead, IKK alpha controls production of a soluble factor that induces keratinocyte differentiation.
C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Pharmacol, Lab Gene Regulat & Signal Transduct, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego
RP Karin, M (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Pharmacol, Lab Gene Regulat & Signal Transduct, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
NR 30
TC 303
Z9 355
U1 0
U2 17
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 5
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6829
BP 710
EP 714
DI 10.1038/35070605
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 418DJ
UT WOS:000167875400052
PM 11287960
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Petrie, M
   Schwabl, H
   Brande-Lavridsen, N
   Burke, T
AF Petrie, M
   Schwabl, H
   Brande-Lavridsen, N
   Burke, T
TI Maternal investment - Sex differences in avian yolk hormone levels
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID attractiveness; testosterone; ratios; eggs
C1 Univ Newcastle Upon Tyne, Dept Psychol, Evolut & Behav Res Grp, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU, Tyne & Wear, England.
   Washington State Univ, Sch Biol Sci, Ctr Reprod Biol, Pullman, WA 99164 USA.
   Univ Sheffield, Dept Anim & Plant Sci, Sheffield S10 2TN, S Yorkshire, England.
C3 Newcastle University - UK; Washington State University; University of Sheffield
RP Petrie, M (corresponding author), Univ Newcastle Upon Tyne, Dept Psychol, Evolut & Behav Res Grp, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU, Tyne & Wear, England.
NR 13
TC 143
Z9 149
U1 0
U2 36
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 2
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6846
BP 498
EP 498
DI 10.1038/35087652
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 458PC
UT WOS:000170202900031
PM 11484039
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Berriman, AC
   Hinde, DJ
   Dasgupta, M
   Morton, CR
   Butt, RD
   Newton, JO
AF Berriman, AC
   Hinde, DJ
   Dasgupta, M
   Morton, CR
   Butt, RD
   Newton, JO
TI Unexpected inhibition of fusion in nucleus-nucleus collisions
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID fission-fragment anisotropy; average angular momenta; heavy-ion reactions; cross-sections; quasi-fission; emission
AB Unstable heavy atomic nuclei not found in nature can be created by fusing two stable nuclei, in a process analogous to colliding charged droplets of liquid. Recently, the formation of a handful of super-heavy nuclei with atomic numbers 114 (ref. 1) and 116 (ref. 2) has been achieved by fusion of heavy nuclei. The electrostatic energy of such systems is very large (which is the reason super-heavy nuclei are unstable), so although the two nuclei may initially be captured by the nuclear potential, rather than fusing, they almost always separate after transfer of mass to the lighter nucleus. This process, called quasi-fission(3,4), can inhibit fusion by many orders of magnitude. Understanding this inhibition may hold the key to forming more super-heavy elements. Theoretically, inhibition is predicted (ref. 5 and references therein) when the product Z(1)Z(2) of the charges of the projectile and target nuclei is larger than about 1,600. Here we report measurements of three fusion reactions with Z(1)Z(2) around half this value, each forming Ra-88(216). We find convincing model-independent evidence both of inhibition of fusion, and of the presence of quasi-fission. These results defy interpretation within the standard picture of nuclear fusion and fission.
C1 Australian Natl Univ, Dept Nucl Phys, Res Sch Phys Sci & Engn, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
C3 Australian National University
RP Hinde, DJ (corresponding author), Australian Natl Univ, Dept Nucl Phys, Res Sch Phys Sci & Engn, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
NR 22
TC 200
Z9 211
U1 0
U2 14
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 13
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6852
BP 144
EP 147
DI 10.1038/35093069
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 471FU
UT WOS:000170918800041
PM 11557975
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Noctor, SC
   Flint, AC
   Weissman, TA
   Dammerman, RS
   Kriegstein, AR
AF Noctor, SC
   Flint, AC
   Weissman, TA
   Dammerman, RS
   Kriegstein, AR
TI Neurons derived from radial glial cells establish radial units in neocortex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rat cerebral-cortex; ventricular zone; migration; organization; lineage; proliferation; patterns
AB The neocortex of the adult brain consists of neurons and glia that are generated by precursor cells of the embryonic ventricular zone. In general, glia are generated after neurons during development(1), but radial glia are an exception to this rule. Radial glia are generated before neurogenesis and guide neuronal migration(2). Radial glia are mitotically active throughout neurogenesis(3), and disappear or become astrocytes when neuronal migration is complete(4,5). Although the lineage relationships of cortical neurons and glia have been explored(6,7), the clonal relationship of radial glia to other cortical cells remains unknown. It has been suggested that radial glia may be neuronal precursors(5,8-10), but this has not been demonstrated in vivo. We have used a retroviral vector encoding enhanced green fluorescent protein to label precursor cells in vivo and have examined clones 1-3 days later using morphological, immunohistochemical and electrophysiological techniques. Here we show that clones consist of mitotic radial glia and postmitotic neurons, and that neurons migrate along clonally related radial glia. Time-lapse images show that proliferative radial glia generate neurons. Our results support the concept that a lineage relationship between neurons and proliferative radial glia may underlie the radial organization of neocortex.
C1 Columbia Univ Coll Phys & Surg, Dept Neurol, New York, NY 10032 USA.
   Columbia Univ Coll Phys & Surg, Dept Pathol, New York, NY 10032 USA.
   Columbia Univ Coll Phys & Surg, Ctr Neurobiol & Behav, New York, NY 10032 USA.
C3 Columbia University; Columbia University; Columbia University
RP Kriegstein, AR (corresponding author), Columbia Univ Coll Phys & Surg, Dept Neurol, 630 W 168th St, New York, NY 10032 USA.
EM ark17@columbia.edu
NR 30
TC 1540
Z9 1910
U1 0
U2 93
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 8
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6821
BP 714
EP 720
DI 10.1038/35055553
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 399MF
UT WOS:000166816400043
PM 11217860
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Stamper, CC
   Zhang, Y
   Tobin, JF
   Erbe, DV
   Ikemizu, S
   Davis, SJ
   Stahl, ML
   Seehra, J
   Somers, WS
   Mosyak, L
AF Stamper, CC
   Zhang, Y
   Tobin, JF
   Erbe, DV
   Ikemizu, S
   Davis, SJ
   Stahl, ML
   Seehra, J
   Somers, WS
   Mosyak, L
TI Crystal structure of the B7-1/CTLA-4 complex that inhibits human immune responses
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID molecular-basis; cell-adhesion; soluble form; ctla-4; costimulation; activation; blockade; receptor; system
AB Optimal immune responses require both an antigen-specific and a co-stimulatory signal. The shared ligands B7-1 and B7-2 on antigen-presenting cells deliver the co-stimulatory signal through CD28 and CTLA-4 on T cells. Signalling through CD28 augments the T-cell response, whereas CTLA-4 signalling attenuates it. Numerous animal studies(1,2) and recent clinical trials(3,4) indicate that manipulating these interactions holds considerable promise for immunotherapy, With the consequences of these signals well established, and details of the downstream signalling events emerging(5-7), understanding the molecular nature of these extracellular interactions becomes crucial. Here we report the crystal structure of the human CTLA-4/B7-1 co-stimulatory complex at 3.0 Angstrom resolution. In contrast to other interacting cell-surface molecules, the relatively small CTLA-4/B7-1 binding interface exhibits an unusually high degree of shape complementarity. CTLA-4 forms homodimers through a newly defined interface of highly conserved residues. In the crystal lattice, CTLA-4 and B7-1 pack in a strikingly periodic arrangement in which bivalent CTLA-4 homodimers bridge bivalent B7-1 homodimers. This zipper-like oligomerization provides the structural basis for forming unusually stable signalling complexes at the T-cell surface, underscoring the importance of potent inhibitory signalling in human immune responses.
C1 Wyeth Ayerst Res, Dept Biol Chem, Cambridge, MA 02140 USA.
   Wyeth Ayerst Res, Dept Musculoskeletal Sci, Cambridge, MA 02140 USA.
   Univ Oxford, Div Struct Biol, Oxford OX3 7BN, England.
   Univ Oxford, John Radcliffe Hosp, Nuffield Dept Clin Med, Oxford OX3 9DU, England.
C3 Pfizer; Wyeth; Pfizer USA; Pfizer; Pfizer USA; Wyeth; University of Oxford; University of Oxford
RP Somers, WS (corresponding author), Wyeth Ayerst Res, Dept Biol Chem, 87 Cambridge Pk Dr, Cambridge, MA 02140 USA.
EM wsomers@genetics.com; lmosyak@genetics.com
NR 30
TC 392
Z9 547
U1 2
U2 31
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 29
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6828
BP 608
EP 611
DI 10.1038/35069118
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 417WW
UT WOS:000167859300054
PM 11279502
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tamaru, H
   Selker, EU
AF Tamaru, H
   Selker, EU
TI A histone H3 methyltransferase controls DNA methylation in Neurospora crassa
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID position-effect variegation; induced point mutation; fission yeast centromeres; drosophila-melanogaster; chromosome segregation; gene; protein; domains; cells; heterochromatin
AB DNA methylation is involved in epigenetic processes such as X-chromosome inactivation, imprinting and silencing of transposons. We have demonstrated previously that dim-2 encodes a DNA methyltransferase that is responsible for all known cytosine methylation in Neurospora crassa. Here we report that another Neurospora gene, dim-5, is required for DNA methylation, as well as for normal growth and full fertility. We mapped dim-5 and identified it by transformation with a candidate gene. The mutant has a nonsense mutation in a SET domain of a gene related to histone methyltransferases that are involved in heterochromatin formation in other organisms. Transformation of a wild-type strain with a segment of dim-5 reactivated a silenced hph gene, apparently by 'quelling' of dim-5. We demonstrate that recombinant DIM-5 protein specifically methylates histone H3 and that replacement of lysine 9 in histone H3 with either a leucine or an arginine phenocopies the dim-5 mutation. We conclude that DNA methylation depends on histone methylation.
C1 Univ Oregon, Inst Mol Biol, Eugene, OR 97403 USA.
C3 University of Oregon
RP Selker, EU (corresponding author), Univ Oregon, Inst Mol Biol, Eugene, OR 97403 USA.
NR 50
TC 833
Z9 960
U1 0
U2 64
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 15
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6861
BP 277
EP 283
DI 10.1038/35104508
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 492CM
UT WOS:000172150700035
PM 11713521
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rubin, C
   Turner, AS
   Bain, S
   Mallinckrodt, C
   McLeod, K
AF Rubin, C
   Turner, AS
   Bain, S
   Mallinckrodt, C
   McLeod, K
TI Anabolism - Low mechanical signals strengthen long bones
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID strain; magnitude
C1 SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Biomed Engn, Musculoskeletal Res Lab, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA.
   Colorado State Univ, Dept Clin Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA.
   Skeletech Inc, Bothell, WA 98021 USA.
C3 State University of New York (SUNY) System; Stony Brook University; Colorado State University System; Colorado State University Fort Collins
RP Rubin, C (corresponding author), SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Biomed Engn, Musculoskeletal Res Lab, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA.
EM clinton.rubin@sunysb.edu
NR 13
TC 561
Z9 705
U1 0
U2 43
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 9
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6847
BP 603
EP 604
DI 10.1038/35088122
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 460PP
UT WOS:000170318000028
PM 11493908
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tewksbury, JJ
   Nabhan, GP
AF Tewksbury, JJ
   Nabhan, GP
TI Seed dispersal - Directed deterrence by capsaicin in chillies
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID fruit; pain
C1 Univ Montana, Dept Biol Sci, Missoula, MT 59812 USA.
   No Arizona Univ, Ctr Sustainable Environm, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA.
C3 University of Montana System; University of Montana; Northern Arizona University
RP Tewksbury, JJ (corresponding author), Univ Florida, Dept Zool, Box 118525, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA.
NR 11
TC 238
Z9 282
U1 1
U2 107
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 26
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6845
BP 403
EP 404
DI 10.1038/35086653
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 456DQ
UT WOS:000170068200035
PM 11473305
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schlosser, N
   Reymond, G
   Protsenko I
   Grangier, P
AF Schlosser, N
   Reymond, G
   Protsenko, I
   Grangier, P
TI Sub-poissonian loading of single atoms in a microscopic dipole trap
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID neutral atoms; quantum logic; photons; states; gates
AB The ability to manipulate individual atoms, ions or photons allows controlled engineering of the quantum state of small sets of trapped particles; this is necessary to encode and process information at the quantum level. Recent achievements in this direction have used either trapped ions(1-3) or trapped photons in cavity quantum-electrodynamical systems(3,4). A third possibility that has been studied theoretically(5,6) is to use trapped neutral atoms. Such schemes would benefit greatly from the ability to trap and address individual atoms with high spatial resolution. Here we demonstrate a method for loading and detecting individual atoms in an optical dipole trap of submicrometre size. Because of the extremely small trapping volume, only one atom can be loaded at a time, so that the statistics of the number of atoms in the trap, N, are strongly sub-poissonian (DeltaN(2) approximate to0.5N). We present a simple model for describing the observed behaviour, and we discuss the possibilities for trapping and addressing several atoms in separate traps, for applications in quantum information processing.
C1 Inst Opt, Lab Charles Fabry, CNRS, UMR 8501, F-91403 Orsay, France.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - Institute of Physics (INP)
RP Grangier, P (corresponding author), Inst Opt, Lab Charles Fabry, CNRS, UMR 8501, BP 147, F-91403 Orsay, France.
EM philippe.grangier@iota.u-psud.fr
NR 20
TC 449
Z9 550
U1 2
U2 45
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 28
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6841
BP 1024
EP 1027
DI 10.1038/35082512
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 446TF
UT WOS:000169528500040
PM 11429597
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rowe, T
   Ketcham, RA
   Denison, C
   Colbert, M
   Xu, X
   Currie, PJ
AF Rowe, T
   Ketcham, RA
   Denison, C
   Colbert, M
   Xu, X
   Currie, PJ
TI Forensic palaeontology - The Archaeoraptor forgery
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Texas, Dept Geol Sci, High Resolut Xray Comp Tomog Facil, Austin, TX 78712 USA.
   Acad Sinica, Inst Vertebrate Paleontol & Paleoanthropol, Beijing 100044, Peoples R China.
   Royal Tyrrel Museum Paleontol, Drumheller, AB T0J 0Y0, Canada.
C3 University of Texas System; University of Texas Austin; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology & Paleoanthropology, CAS
RP Rowe, T (corresponding author), Univ Texas, Dept Geol Sci, High Resolut Xray Comp Tomog Facil, C1100, Austin, TX 78712 USA.
EM rowe@mail.utexas.edu
NR 11
TC 39
Z9 44
U1 0
U2 25
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 29
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6828
BP 539
EP 540
DI 10.1038/35069145
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 417WW
UT WOS:000167859300035
PM 11279483
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Stevens, DR
   Seifert, R
   Bufe, B
   Müller, F
   Kremmer, E
   Gauss, R
   Meyerhof, W
   Kaupp, UB
   Lindemann, B
AF Stevens, DR
   Seifert, R
   Bufe, B
   Müller, F
   Kremmer, E
   Gauss, R
   Meyerhof, W
   Kaupp, UB
   Lindemann, B
TI Hyperpolarization-activated channels HCN1 and HCN4 mediate responses to sour stimuli
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID taste cells; pacemaker channels; intracellular ph; chorda tympani; cation current; transduction; rat; hamster; neurons; family
AB Sour taste is initiated by protons acting at receptor proteins or channels. In vertebrates, transduction of this taste quality involves several parallel pathways(1-5). Here we examine the effects of sour stimuli on taste cells in slices of vallate papilla from rat. From a subset of cells, we identified a hyperpolarization-activated current that was enhanced by sour stimulation at the taste pore. This current resembled Ih found in neurons and cardio-myocytes(6,7), a current carried by members of the family of hyperpolarization-activated and cyclic-nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels(8-13). We show by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry that HCN1 and HCN4 are expressed in a subset of taste cells. By contrast, gustducin, the G-protein involved in bitter and sweet taste(14), is not expressed in these cells. Lowering extracellular pH causes a dose-dependent flattening of the activation curve of HCN channels and a shift in the voltage of half-maximal activation to more positive voltages. Our results indicate that HCN channels are gated by extracellular protons and may act as receptors for sour taste.
C1 Univ Saarland, Dept Physiol, D-66421 Homburg, Germany.
   Forschungszentrum Julich, Inst Biol Informat Proc, D-52425 Julich, Germany.
   Deutsch Inst Ernahrungsforsch, Dept Mol Genet, D-14558 Potsdam, Germany.
   GSF, Inst Mol Immunol, D-81377 Munich, Germany.
C3 Saarland University; Helmholtz Association; Julich Research Centre; Leibniz Association; Deutsches Institut fur Ernahrungsforschung Potsdam-Rehbrucke (DIfE); Helmholtz Association; Helmholtz-Center Munich - German Research Center for Environmental Health
RP Lindemann, B (corresponding author), Univ Saarland, Dept Physiol, D-66421 Homburg, Germany.
EM phblin@uniklinik-saarland.de
NR 23
TC 175
Z9 217
U1 1
U2 37
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 11
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6856
BP 631
EP 635
DI 10.1038/35098087
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 480WE
UT WOS:000171485700049
PM 11675786
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yue, LX
   Peng, JB
   Hediger, MA
   Clapham, DE
AF Yue, LX
   Peng, JB
   Hediger, MA
   Clapham, DE
TI CaT1 manifests the pore properties of the calcium-release-activated calcium channel
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID intracellular ca2+ stores; jurkat t-lymphocytes; mast-cells; i-crac; depletion; transporter; permeation; influx
AB The calcium-release-activated Ca2+ channel, I-CRAC(1-3), is a highly Ca2+-selective ion channel that is activated on depletion of either intracellular Ca2+ levels or intracellular Ca2+ stores. The unique gating of I-CRAC has made it a favourite target of investigation for new signal transduction mechanisms; however, without molecular identification of the channel protein, such studies have been inconclusive. Here we show that the protein CaT1 (ref. 4), which has six membrane-spanning domains, exhibits the unique biophysical properties of I-CRAC when expressed in mammalian cells. Like I-CRAC, expressed CaT1 protein is Ca2+ selective, activated by a reduction in intracellular Ca2+ concentration, and inactivated by higher intracellular concentrations of Ca2+. The channel is indistinguishable from I-CRAC in the following features: sequence of selectivity to divalent cations; an anomalous mole fraction effect; whole-cell current kinetics; block by lanthanum; loss of selectivity in the absence of divalent cations; and single-channel conductance to Na+ in divalent-ion-free conditions. CaT1 is activated by both passive and active depletion of calcium stores. We propose that CaT1 comprises all or part of the I-CRAC pore.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Childrens Hosp, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Howard Hughes Med Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Brigham & Womens Hosp, Membrane Biol Program, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Brigham & Womens Hosp, Div Renal, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Brigham & Women's Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Brigham & Women's Hospital
RP Clapham, DE (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Childrens Hosp, Enders 1309,320 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
NR 22
TC 283
Z9 322
U1 0
U2 10
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 5
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6829
BP 705
EP 709
DI 10.1038/35070596
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 418DJ
UT WOS:000167875400051
PM 11287959
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Eggenschwiler, JT
   Espinoza, E
   Anderson, KV
AF Eggenschwiler, JT
   Espinoza, E
   Anderson, KV
TI Rab23 is an essential negative regulator of the mouse Sonic hedgehog signalling pathway
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID neural-tube; open brain; gene; mice; cholesterol; specificity; mutation; defects; family; dorsal
AB The mouse open brain (opb) and Sonic hedgehog (Shh) genes have opposing roles in neural patterning: opb is required for dorsal cell types and Shh is required for ventral cell types in the spinal cord(1-3). Here we show that opb acts downstream of Shh. Ventral cell types that are absent in Shh mutants, including the floor plate, are present in Shh opb double mutants. The organization of ventral cell types in Shh opb double mutants reveals that Shh-independent mechanisms can pattern the neural tube along its dorsal-ventral axis. We cloned opb by a map-based approach and found that it encodes Rab23, a member of the Rab family of vesicle transport proteins. The data indicate that dorsalizing signals activate transcription of Rab23 in order to silence the Shh pathway in dorsal neural cells.
C1 Sloan Kettering Inst, Program Mol Biol, New York, NY 10021 USA.
C3 Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
RP Anderson, KV (corresponding author), Sloan Kettering Inst, Program Mol Biol, 1275 York Ave, New York, NY 10021 USA.
EM k-anderson@ski.mskcc.org
NR 30
TC 301
Z9 368
U1 0
U2 14
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 12
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6843
BP 194
EP 198
DI 10.1038/35084089
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 451AJ
UT WOS:000169778700055
PM 11449277
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Baganoff, FK
   Bautz, MW
   Brandt, WN
   Chartas, G
   Feigelson, ED
   Garmire, GP
   Maeda, Y
   Morris, M
   Ricker, GR
   Townsley, LK
   Walter, F
AF Baganoff, FK
   Bautz, MW
   Brandt, WN
   Chartas, G
   Feigelson, ED
   Garmire, GP
   Maeda, Y
   Morris, M
   Ricker, GR
   Townsley, LK
   Walter, F
TI Rapid X-ray flaring from the direction of the supermassive black hole at the Galactic Centre
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sagittarius-a-asterisk; advection-dominated accretion; spectral models; variability; millimeter; radio; stars; dust
AB The nuclei of most galaxies are now believed to harbour supermassive black holes(1). The motions of stars in the central few light years of our Milky Way Galaxy indicate the presence of a dark object with a mass of about 2.6 x 10(6) solar masses (refs 2, 3). This object is spatially coincident with the compact radio source Sagittarius A* (Sgr A*) at the dynamical centre of the Galaxy, and the radio emission is thought to be powered by the gravitational potential energy released by matter as it accretes onto a supermassive black hole(4,5). Sgr A* is, however, much fainter than expected at all wavelengths, especially in X-rays, which has cast some doubt on this model. The first strong evidence for X-ray emission was found only recently(6). Here we report the discovery of rapid X-ray flaring from the direction of Sgr A*, which, together with the previously reported steady X-ray emission, provides compelling evidence that the emission is coming from the accretion of gas onto a supermassive black hole at the Galactic Centre.
C1 MIT, Ctr Space Res, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   Penn State Univ, Dept Astron & Astrophys, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
   Inst Space & Astronaut Sci, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 2298501, Japan.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Phys & Astron, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   CALTECH, Dept Astron, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park; Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA); Institute of Space & Astronautical Science (ISAS); University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; California Institute of Technology
RP Baganoff, FK (corresponding author), MIT, Ctr Space Res, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
EM fkb@space.mit.edu
NR 30
TC 543
Z9 585
U1 0
U2 7
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 6
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6851
BP 45
EP 48
DI 10.1038/35092510
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 469EG
UT WOS:000170801200032
PM 11544519
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mitrovic, VF
   Sigmund, EE
   Eschrig, M
   Bachman, HN
   Halperin, WP
   Reyes, AP
   Kuhns, P
   Moulton, WG
AF Mitrovic, VF
   Sigmund, EE
   Eschrig, M
   Bachman, HN
   Halperin, WP
   Reyes, AP
   Kuhns, P
   Moulton, WG
TI Spatially resolved electronic structure inside and outside the vortex cores of a high-temperature superconductor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID spin-lattice relaxation; mixed-state; yba2cu3o7; nmr; density; lines
AB Puzzling aspects of high-transition-temperature (high-T-c) superconductors include the prevalence of magnetism in the normal state and the persistence of superconductivity in high magnetic fields. Superconductivity and magnetism generally are thought to be incompatible, based on what is known about conventional superconductors. Recent results(1), however, indicate that antiferromagnetism can appear in the superconducting state of a high-T-c superconductor in the presence of an applied magnetic field. Magnetic fields penetrate a superconductor in the form of quantized flux lines, each of which represents a vortex of supercurrents. Superconductivity is suppressed in the core of the vortex and it has been suggested that antiferromagnetism might develop there(2). Here we report the results of a high-field nuclear-magnetic-resonance (NMR) imaging experiment(3-5) in which we spatially resolve the electronic structure of near-optimally doped YBa2Cu3O7-delta inside and outside vortex cores. Outside the cores, we rnd strong antiferromagnetic fluctuations, whereas inside we detect electronic states that are rather different from those found in conventional superconductors.
C1 Northwestern Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Evanston, IL 60208 USA.
   Argonne Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci, Argonne, IL 60439 USA.
   Natl High Magnet Field Lab, Tallahassee, FL 32310 USA.
C3 Northwestern University; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Argonne National Laboratory; State University System of Florida; Florida State University
RP Halperin, WP (corresponding author), Northwestern Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Evanston, IL 60208 USA.
NR 16
TC 171
Z9 178
U1 1
U2 34
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 4
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6855
BP 501
EP 504
DI 10.1038/35097039
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 478HG
UT WOS:000171340500041
PM 11586354
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Champagne, P
   Ogg, GS
   King, AS
   Knabenhans, C
   Ellefsen, K
   Nobile, M
   Appay, V
   Rizzardi, GP
   Fleury, S
   Lipp, M
   Förster, R
   Rowland-Jones, S
   Sékaly, RP
   McMichael, AJ
   Pantaleo, G
AF Champagne, P
   Ogg, GS
   King, AS
   Knabenhans, C
   Ellefsen, K
   Nobile, M
   Appay, V
   Rizzardi, GP
   Fleury, S
   Lipp, M
   Förster, R
   Rowland-Jones, S
   Sékaly, RP
   McMichael, AJ
   Pantaleo, G
TI Skewed maturation of memory HIV-specific CD8 T lymphocytes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID primary immune-response; effector; cells; infection; expansion; subsets; usage; aids
AB Understanding the lineage differentiation of memory T cells is a central question in immunology. We investigated this issue by analysing the expression of the chemokine receptor CCR7, which defines distinct subsets of naive and memory T lymphocytes with different homing and effector capacities(1-3) and antiviral immune responses to HIV and cytomegalovirus. Ex vivo analysis of the expression of CD45RA and CCR7 antigens, together with in vitro analysis of the cell-division capacity of different memory CD8(+) T-cell populations, identified four subsets of HIV- and CMV-specific CD8(+) T lymphocytes, and indicated the following lineage differentiation pattern: CD45RA(+)CCR7(+) --> CD45RA(-) CCR7(+) --> CD45RA(-) CCR7(-) --> CD45RA(+) CCR7(-). Here we demonstrate through analysis of cell division (predominantly restricted to the CCR7(+) CD8(+) T-cell subsets) that the differentiation of antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells is a two-step process characterized initially by a phase of proliferation largely restricted to the CCR7(+) CD8(+) cell subsets, followed by a phase of functional maturation encompassing the CCR7(-) CD8(+) cell subsets. The distribution of these populations in HIV- and CMV-specific CD8(+) T cells showed that the HIV-specific cell pool was predominantly (70%) composed of pre-terminally differentiated CD45RA(-)CCR7(-) cells, whereas the CMV-specific cell pool consisted mainly (50%) of the terminally differentiated CD45RA(+) CCR7(-) cells. These results demonstrate a skewed maturation of HIV-specific memory CD8(+) T cells during HIV infection.
C1 Univ Lausanne, CHU Vaudois, Dept Med, Div Immunol & Allergy,Lab AIDS Immunopathogenesis, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland.
   Univ Lausanne, CHU Vaudois, Dept Med, Div Infect Dis,Lab AIDS Immunopathogenesis, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland.
   Univ Montreal, Ctr Hosp, Ctr Rech, Immunol Lab, Montreal, PQ H2W 1T8, Canada.
   McGill Univ, Dept Med, Div Expt Med, Montreal, PQ H3A 2T5, Canada.
   John Radcliffe Hosp, Inst Mol Med, MRC, Human Immunol Unit, Oxford OX3 9DS, England.
   Max Delbruck Ctr Mol Med, D-13092 Berlin, Germany.
   McGill Univ, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Montreal, PQ H3A 2T5, Canada.
   Univ Montreal, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Montreal, PQ H2W 1T8, Canada.
C3 University of Lausanne; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV); University of Lausanne; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV); Universite de Montreal; McGill University; University of Oxford; Helmholtz Association; Max Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine; McGill University; Universite de Montreal
RP Pantaleo, G (corresponding author), Univ Lausanne, CHU Vaudois, Dept Med, Div Immunol & Allergy,Lab AIDS Immunopathogenesis, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland.
EM Giuseppe.Pantaleo@chuv.hospvd.ch
NR 26
TC 867
Z9 977
U1 0
U2 15
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 1
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6824
BP 106
EP 111
DI 10.1038/35065118
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 406BD
UT WOS:000167194300052
PM 11242051
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Clayton, JD
   Kyriacou, CP
   Reppert, SM
AF Clayton, JD
   Kyriacou, CP
   Reppert, SM
TI Keeping time with the human genome
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mouse
AB The cloning and characterization of 'clock gene' families has advanced our understanding of the molecular control of the mammalian circadian clock. We have analysed the human genome for additional relatives, and identified new candidate genes that may expand our knowledge of the molecular workings of the circadian clock. This knowledge could lead to the development of therapies for treating jet lag and sleep disorders, and add to our understanding of the genetic contribution of clock gene alterations to sleep and neuropsychiatric disorders. The human genome will also aid in the identification of output genes that ultimately control circadian behaviours.
C1 Massachusetts Gen Hosp, MassGen Hosp Children, Lab Dev Chronobiol, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
   Univ Leicester, Dept Genet, Leicester LE1 7RH, Leics, England.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; University of Leicester
RP Reppert, SM (corresponding author), Massachusetts Gen Hosp, MassGen Hosp Children, Lab Dev Chronobiol, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
EM reppert@helix.mgh.harvard.edu
NR 15
TC 70
Z9 87
U1 0
U2 10
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 15
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6822
BP 829
EP 831
DI 10.1038/35057006
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 401QC
UT WOS:000166938800047
PM 11237000
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Peichel, CL
   Nereng, KS
   Ohgi, KA
   Cole, BLE
   Colosimo, PF
   Buerkle, CA
   Schluter, D
   Kingsley, DM
AF Peichel, CL
   Nereng, KS
   Ohgi, KA
   Cole, BLE
   Colosimo, PF
   Buerkle, CA
   Schluter, D
   Kingsley, DM
TI The genetic architecture of divergence between threespine stickleback species
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gasterosteus-aculeatus; natural-selection; speciation; adaptation; evolution; predation; ecology; pair; size
AB The genetic and molecular basis of morphological evolution is poorly understood, particularly in vertebrates. Genetic studies of the differences between naturally occurring vertebrate species have been limited by the expense and difficulty of raising large numbers of animals and the absence of molecular linkage maps for all but a handful of laboratory and domesticated animals. We have developed a genome-wide linkage map for the three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus), an extensively studied teleost fish that has undergone rapid divergence and speciation since the melting of glaciers 15,000 years ago(1). Here we use this map to analyse the genetic basis of recently evolved changes in skeletal armour and feeding morphologies seen in the benthic and limnetic stickleback species from Priest Lake, British Columbia. Substantial alterations in spine length, armour plate number, and gill raker number are controlled by genetic factors that map to independent chromosome regions. Further study of these regions will help to define the number and type of genetic changes that underlie morphological diversification during vertebrate evolution.
C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Dev Biol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Univ Wisconsin, Dept Biol, Eau Claire, WI 54702 USA.
   Univ British Columbia, Dept Zool, Vancouver, BC V6T 1ZT, Canada.
   Univ British Columbia, Ctr Biodivers, Vancouver, BC V6T 1ZT, Canada.
C3 Stanford University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Stanford University; University of Wisconsin System; University of British Columbia; University of British Columbia
RP Kingsley, DM (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Dept Dev Biol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
NR 30
TC 423
Z9 495
U1 1
U2 198
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 20
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6866
BP 901
EP 905
DI 10.1038/414901a
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 503RB
UT WOS:000172813300044
PM 11780061
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Geleziunas, R
   Xu, WD
   Takeda, K
   Ichijo, H
   Greene, WC
AF Geleziunas, R
   Xu, WD
   Takeda, K
   Ichijo, H
   Greene, WC
TI HIV-1 Nef inhibits ASK1-dependent death signalling providing a potential mechanism for protecting the infected host cell
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID fas ligand expression; human-immunodeficiency-virus; tumor-necrosis-factor; cd4 down-regulation; t-lymphocytes; dileucine motif; lymph-nodes; sh3 domain; in-vivo; apoptosis
AB In vivo infection of lymphatic tissues by the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) leads to enhanced apoptosis, which prominently involves uninfected bystander cells(1-3). Increased killing of such bystander cells is mediated in part through Nef induction of Fas ligand (FasL) expression(4-6) on the surface of the virally infected T cells. The subsequent interaction of FasL with Fas (CD95) displayed on neighbouring cells, including HIV-1-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes, may lead to bystander cell killing and thus forms an important mechanism of immune evasion. As HIV-1 also enhances Fas expression on virally infected cells(7-9), it is unclear how these hosts avoid rapid cell-autonomous apoptosis mediated through cis ligation of Fas by FasL. Here we show that HIV-1 Nef associates with and inhibits apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1), a serine/threonine kinase that forms a common and key signalling intermediate in the Fas and tumour-necrosis factor-alpha (TNF alpha) death-signalling pathways(10-12). The interaction of Nef with ASK1 inhibits both Fas- and TNF alpha -mediated apoptosis, as well as the activation of the downstream c-Jun amino-terminal kinase. Our findings reveal a strategy by which HIV-1 Nef promotes the killing of bystander cells through the induction of FasL, while simultaneously protecting the HIV-1-infected host cell from these same pro-apoptotic signals through its interference with ASK1 function.
C1 Gladstone Inst Virol & Immunol, San Francisco, CA 94141 USA.
   Tokyo Med & Dent Univ, Grad Sch, Lab Cell Signaling, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1138549, Japan.
   Japan Sci & Technol, CREST, Chiyoda Ku, Tokyo 1020081, Japan.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Med, San Francisco, CA 94141 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, San Francisco, CA 94141 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco; The J David Gladstone Institutes; Institute of Science Tokyo; Tokyo Medical & Dental University (TMDU); Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST); University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco
RP Greene, WC (corresponding author), Gladstone Inst Virol & Immunol, POB 419100, San Francisco, CA 94141 USA.
NR 30
TC 275
Z9 333
U1 0
U2 14
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 12
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6830
BP 834
EP 838
DI 10.1038/35071111
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 420TT
UT WOS:000168021900060
PM 11298454
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zehr, JP
   Waterbury, JB
   Turner, PJ
   Montoya, JP
   Omoregie, E
   Steward, GF
   Hansen, A
   Karl, DM
AF Zehr, JP
   Waterbury, JB
   Turner, PJ
   Montoya, JP
   Omoregie, E
   Steward, GF
   Hansen, A
   Karl, DM
TI Unicellular cyanobacteria fix N2 in the subtropical North Pacific Ocean
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nitrogen-fixation; atlantic ocean; nifh genes; trichodesmium; sea; microorganisms; phytoplankton; variability; expression; strain
AB Fixed nitrogen (N) often limits the growth of organisms in terrestrial and aquatic biomes(1,2), and N availability has been important in controlling the CO2 balance of modern and ancient oceans(3,4). The fixation of atmospheric dinitrogen gas (N-2) to ammonia is catalysed by nitrogenase and provides a fixed N for N-limited environments(2,5). The filamentous cyanobacterium Trichodesmium has been assumed to be the predominant oceanic N-2-fixing microorganism since the discovery of N-2 fixation in Trichodesmium in 1961 (ref. 6). Attention has recently focused on oceanic N-2 fixation because nitrogen availability is generally limiting in many oceans, and attempts to constrain the global atmosphere-ocean fluxes of CO2 are based on basin-scale N balances(7-9). Biogeochemical studies and models have suggested that total N-2-fixation rates may be substantially greater than previously believed(7,8) but cannot be reconciled with observed Trichodesmium abundances(8,9). It is curious that there are so few known N-2-fixing microorganisms in oligotrophic oceans when it is clearly ecologically advantageous. Here we show that there are unicellular cyanobacteria in the open ocean that are expressing nitrogenase, and are abundant enough to potentially have a significant role in N dynamics.
C1 Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Ocean Sci, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA.
   Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Inst Marine Sci, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA.
   Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Biol, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA.
   Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Biol, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA.
   Univ Hawaii, Sch Ocean & Earth Sci & Technol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Santa Cruz; University of California System; University of California Santa Cruz; Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution; University System of Georgia; Georgia Institute of Technology; University of Hawaii System
RP Zehr, JP (corresponding author), Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Ocean Sci, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA.
NR 28
TC 588
Z9 661
U1 4
U2 165
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 9
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6847
BP 635
EP 638
DI 10.1038/35088063
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 460PP
UT WOS:000170318000040
PM 11493920
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Whitfield, J
AF Whitfield, J
TI Making crops cry for help
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID biosynthesis; parasitism; synthase; maize
NR 11
TC 15
Z9 16
U1 0
U2 6
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 12
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6830
BP 736
EP 737
DI 10.1038/35071188
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 420TT
UT WOS:000168021900012
PM 11298405
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Myung, K
   Chen, C
   Kolodner, RD
AF Myung, K
   Chen, C
   Kolodner, RD
TI Multiple pathways cooperate in the suppression of genome instability in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID strand-break repair; chromosomal rearrangements; dna helicase; yeast; recombination; maintenance; telomerase; ends; replication; mutants
AB Gross chromosome rearrangements (GCRs), such as translocations, deletion of a chromosome arm, interstitial deletions and inversions, are often observed in cancer cells(1-3). Spontaneous GCRs are rare in Saccharomyces cerevisiae; however, the existence of mutator mutants with increased genome instability suggests that GCRs are actively suppressed(4,5). Here we show by genetic analysis that these genome rearrangements probably result from DNA replication errors and are suppressed by at least three interacting pathways or groups of proteins: S-phase checkpoint functions 5, recombination proteins(4) and proteins that prevent de novo addition of telomeres at double-strand breaks (DSBs). Mutations that inactivate these pathways cause high rates of GCRs and show synergistic interactions, indicating that the pathways that suppress GCRs all compete for the same DNA substrates.
C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Sch Med, Ctr Canc, Ludwig Inst Canc Res, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Sch Med, Dept Med, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
C3 Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research; University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of California System; University of California San Diego
RP Kolodner, RD (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Diego, Sch Med, Ctr Canc, Ludwig Inst Canc Res, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
NR 30
TC 303
Z9 348
U1 0
U2 14
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 28
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6841
BP 1073
EP 1076
DI 10.1038/35082608
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 446TF
UT WOS:000169528500053
PM 11429610
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rybczynski, N
   Reisz, RR
AF Rybczynski, N
   Reisz, RR
TI Earliest evidence for efficient oral processing in a terrestrial herbivore
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID evolution
AB Herbivores can increase their digestion rate by mechanically reducing particle size through oral trituration(1). Groups of terrestrial vertebrates with the greatest capacity to reduce tough plant foods orally are also the most abundant and diverse, as exemplified by ornithopod dinosaurs during the Mesozoic and extant artiodactyl and perissodactyl mammals(2). Thus, the effective oral processing of high-fibre plant material seems to represent an evolutionary innovation of both functional and macroevolutionary significance. However, evidence for oral processing is poorly documented in the fossil record, especially during the initial stages of terrestrial vertebrate diversification(3,4). Here we report on the basal anomodont Suminia getmanovi, the only known Palaeozoic vertebrate in which unequivocal specializations in its cranium and teeth for high-fibre herbivory are well preserved. We propose that the capacity to comminute tough plant foods was critical to the diversification of anomodonts, the most diverse, widely dispersed and abundant group of Palaeozoic terrestrial vertebrates, and to the onset of modern terrestrial ecosystems.
C1 Univ Toronto, Dept Zool, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada.
   Duke Univ, Dept Biol Anthropol & Anat, Durham, NC 27708 USA.
C3 University of Toronto; University Toronto Mississauga; Duke University
RP Reisz, RR (corresponding author), Univ Toronto, Dept Zool, 3359 Mississauga Rd, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada.
NR 17
TC 46
Z9 50
U1 0
U2 17
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 15
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6838
BP 684
EP 687
DI 10.1038/35079567
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 439JC
UT WOS:000169112500042
PM 11395768
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Labrador, M
   Mongelard, F
   Plata-Rengifo, P
   Baxter, EM
   Corces, VG
   Gerasimova, TI
AF Labrador, M
   Mongelard, F
   Plata-Rengifo, P
   Baxter, EM
   Corces, VG
   Gerasimova, TI
TI Molecular biology - Protein encoding by both DNA strands
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pre-messenger-rnas; chromatin insulator
C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Biol, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA.
C3 Johns Hopkins University
RP Labrador, M (corresponding author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Biol, 3400 N Charles St, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA.
NR 10
TC 62
Z9 69
U1 0
U2 6
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 22
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6823
BP 1000
EP 1000
DI 10.1038/35059000
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 405FT
UT WOS:000167148800033
PM 11234000
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Marescaux, J
   Leroy, J
   Gagner, M
   Rubino, F
   Mutter, D
   Vix, M
   Butner, SE
   Smith, MK
AF Marescaux, J
   Leroy, J
   Gagner, M
   Rubino, F
   Mutter, D
   Vix, M
   Butner, SE
   Smith, MK
TI Transatlantic robot-assisted telesurgery
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Strasbourg, IRCAD European Inst Telesurg, F-6700 Strasbourg, France.
   Mt Sinai Med Ctr, Dept Laparoscop Surg, New York, NY 10029 USA.
   Mt Sinai Med Ctr, IRCAD European Inst Telesurg, New York, NY 10029 USA.
   Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
C3 Universites de Strasbourg Etablissements Associes; Universite de Strasbourg; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara
RP Marescaux, J (corresponding author), Univ Strasbourg, IRCAD European Inst Telesurg, 1 Pl Hop, F-6700 Strasbourg, France.
EM jacques.marescaux@ircad.u-strasbg.fr
NR 14
TC 680
Z9 838
U1 1
U2 75
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 27
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6854
BP 379
EP 380
DI 10.1038/35096636
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 475UY
UT WOS:000171188700040
PM 11574874
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zandonella, C
AF Zandonella, C
TI Is it all just a pipe dream?
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID doped carbon nanotubes; graphite nanofibers; hydrogen storage
NR 7
TC 52
Z9 64
U1 0
U2 16
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 12
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6830
BP 734
EP 735
DI 10.1038/35071183
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 420TT
UT WOS:000168021900011
PM 11298404
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Paterson, WSB
   Reeh, N
AF Paterson, WSB
   Reeh, N
TI Thinning of the ice sheet in northwest Greenland over the past forty years
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID elevation; accumulation; balance
AB Thermal expansion of the oceans, as well as melting of glaciers, ice sheets and ice caps have been the main contributors to global sea level rise over the past century. The greatest uncertainty in predicting future sea level changes lies with our estimates of the mass balance of the ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica(1). Satellite measurements have been used to determine changes in these ice sheets on short timescales, demonstrating that surface-elevation changes on timescales of decades or less result mainly from variations in snow accumulation(2). Here we present direct measurements of the changes in surface elevation between 1954 and 1995 on a traverse across the north Greenland ice sheet. Measurements over a time interval of this length should reflect changes in ice flow-the important quantity for predicting changes in sea level-relatively unperturbed by short-term fluctuations in snow accumulation. We find only small changes in the eastern part of the transect, except for some thickening of the north ice stream. On the west side, however, the thinning rates of the ice sheet are significantly higher and thinning extends to higher elevations than had been anticipated from previous studies(3).
C1 Paterson Geophys Inc, Heriot Bay, BC VOP 1HO, Canada.
   Tech Univ Denmark, Orsted DTU, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
C3 Technical University of Denmark
RP Reeh, N (corresponding author), Paterson Geophys Inc, Box 303, Heriot Bay, BC VOP 1HO, Canada.
NR 11
TC 28
Z9 28
U1 1
U2 12
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 01
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6859
BP 60
EP 62
DI 10.1038/35102044
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 487VC
UT WOS:000171898900040
PM 11689941
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ji, Q
   Norell, MA
   Gao, KQ
   Ji, SA
   Ren, D
AF Ji, Q
   Norell, MA
   Gao, KQ
   Ji, SA
   Ren, D
TI The distribution of integumentary structures in a feathered dinosaur
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID yixian formation; theropod; evolution
AB Non-avian theropod dinosaurs with preserved integumentary coverings are becoming more common(1-6); but apart from the multiple specimens of Caudipteryx, which have true feathers(2,7), animals that are reasonably complete and entirely articulated that show these structures in relation to the body have not been reported. Here we report on an enigmatic small theropod dinosaur that is covered with filamentous feather-like structures over its entire body.
C1 Amer Museum Nat Hist, New York, NY 10024 USA.
   Chinese Acad Geol Sci, Beijing 100037, Peoples R China.
C3 American Museum of Natural History (AMNH); China Geological Survey; Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences
RP Norell, MA (corresponding author), Amer Museum Nat Hist, Cent Pk W & 79th St, New York, NY 10024 USA.
EM norell@amnh.org
NR 29
TC 121
Z9 144
U1 1
U2 43
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 26
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6832
BP 1084
EP 1088
DI 10.1038/35074079
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 425HQ
UT WOS:000168285500045
PM 11323669
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Finn, CA
   Sisson, TW
   Deszcz-Pan, M
AF Finn, CA
   Sisson, TW
   Deszcz-Pan, M
TI Aerogeophysical measurements of collapse-prone hydrothermally altered zones at Mount Rainier volcano
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID washington; rocks
AB Hydrothermally altered rocks can weaken volcanoes, increasing the potential for catastrophic sector collapses that can lead to destructive debris flows(1). Evaluating the hazards associated with such alteration is difficult because alteration has been mapped on few active volcanoes(1-4) and the distribution and severity of subsurface alteration is largely unknown on any active volcano. At Mount Rainier volcano (Washington, USA), collapses of hydrothermally altered edifice flanks have generated numerous extensive debris flows(5,6) and future collapses could threaten areas that are now densely populated(7). Preliminary geological mapping and remote-sensing data indicated that exposed alteration is contained in a dyke-controlled belt trending east-west that passes through the volcano's summit(3-5,8). But here we present helicopter-borne electromagnetic and magnetic data, combined with detailed geological mapping, to show that appreciable thicknesses of mostly buried hydrothermally altered rock lie mainly in the upper west flank of Mount Rainier. We identify this as the likely source for future large debris flows. But as negligible amounts of highly altered rock lie in the volcano's core, this might impede collapse retrogression and so limit the volumes and inundation areas of future debris flows. Our results demonstrate that high-resolution geophysical and geological observations can yield unprecedented views of the three-dimensional distribution of altered rock.
C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA.
   US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA.
C3 United States Department of the Interior; United States Geological Survey; United States Department of the Interior; United States Geological Survey
RP Finn, CA (corresponding author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, MS964,POB 25046, Denver, CO 80225 USA.
NR 18
TC 90
Z9 95
U1 0
U2 11
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 1
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6820
BP 600
EP 603
DI 10.1038/35054533
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 397JJ
UT WOS:000166692300039
PM 11214315
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Loreau, M
   Hector, A
AF Loreau, M
   Hector, A
TI Partitioning selection and complementarity in biodiversity experiments
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID grassland ecosystems; species-diversity; plant diversity; productivity; covariance
AB The impact of biodiversity loss on the functioning of ecosystems and their ability to provide ecological services has become a central issue in ecology. Several experiments have provided evidence that reduced species diversity may impair ecosystem processes such as plant biomass production(1-5). The interpretation of these experiments, however, has been controversial(6-12) because two types of mechanism may operate in combination(6,13-15). In the 'selection effect', dominance by species with particular traits affects ecosystem processes. In the 'complementarity effect', resource partitioning or positive interactions lead to increased total resource use. Here we present a new approach to separate the two effects on the basis of an additive partitioning analogous to the Price equation in evolutionary genetics(16-19). Applying this method to data from the pan-European BIODEPTH experiment(4) reveals that the selection effect is zero on average and varies from negative to positive in different localities, depending on whether species with lower- or higher-than-average biomass dominate communities. In contrast, the complementarity effect is positive overall, supporting the hypothesis that plant diversity influences primary production in European grasslands through niche differentiation or facilitation.
C1 Ecole Normale Super, Ecol Lab, UMR 7625, F-75230 Paris 05, France.
   Imperial Coll, NERC, Ctr Populat Biol, Ascot SL5 7PY, Berks, England.
C3 Universite PSL; Ecole Normale Superieure (ENS); Sorbonne Universite; Imperial College London; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Natural Environment Research Council (NERC)
RP Loreau, M (corresponding author), Ecole Normale Super, Ecol Lab, UMR 7625, 46 Rue Ulm, F-75230 Paris 05, France.
NR 25
TC 2247
Z9 2347
U1 66
U2 1588
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 5
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6842
BP 72
EP 76
DI 10.1038/35083573
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 448TB
UT WOS:000169644900045
PM 11452308
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Endy, D
   Brent, R
AF Endy, D
   Brent, R
TI Modelling cellular behaviour
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID division inhibitor minc; escherichia-coli; pole oscillation; gene; cytoplasm; cycle; expression; evolution; rhythms; lambda
AB Representations of cellular processes that can be used to compute their future behaviour would be of general scientific and practical value. But past attempts to construct such representations have been disappointing. This is now changing. Increases in biological understanding combined with advances in computational methods and in computer power make it possible to foresee construction of useful and predictive simulations of cellular processes.
C1 Inst Mol Sci, Berkeley, CA 94704 USA.
C3 The Molecular Sciences Institute
RP Endy, D (corresponding author), Inst Mol Sci, 2168 Shattuck Ave, Berkeley, CA 94704 USA.
NR 41
TC 281
Z9 321
U1 0
U2 33
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 18
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6818
BP 391
EP 395
DI 10.1038/35053181
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 392VY
UT WOS:000166434300061
PM 11201753
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kinoshita, T
   Doi, M
   Suetsugu, N
   Kagawa, T
   Wada, M
   Shimazaki, K
AF Kinoshita, T
   Doi, M
   Suetsugu, N
   Kagawa, T
   Wada, M
   Shimazaki, K
TI phot1 and phot2 mediate blue light regulation of stomatal opening
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID guard-cell protoplasts; vicia-faba; signal-transduction; action spectrum; phosphorylation; photoreceptor; protein; binding; mutants; plants
AB The stomatal pores of higher plants allow for gaseous exchange into and out of leaves. Situated in the epidermis, they are surrounded by a pair of guard cells which control their opening in response to many environmental stimuli, including blue light(1,2). Opening of the pores is mediated by K+ accumulation in guard cells through a K+ channel and driven by an inside-negative electrical potential(3). Blue light causes phosphorylation and activation of the plasma membrane H+-ATPase that creates this potential(1,2,4-6). Thus far, no blue light receptor mediating stomatal opening has been identified(7), although the carotenoid, zeaxanthin, has been proposed(2,8). Arabidopsis mutants deficient in specific blue-light-mediated responses have identified(7,9-14) four blue light receptors, cryptochrome 1 (cry1), cryptochrome 2 (cry2), phot1 and phot2. Here we show that in a double mutant of phot1 and phot2 stomata do not respond to blue light although single mutants are phenotypically normal. These results demonstrate that phot1 and phot2 act redundantly as blue light receptors mediating stomatal opening.
C1 Kyushu Univ, Fac Sci, Dept Biol, Fukuoka 8108560, Japan.
   Natl Inst Basic Biol, Div Biol Regulat & Photobiol, Okazaki, Aichi 4448585, Japan.
   Tokyo Metropolitan Univ, Grad Sch Sci, Dept Biol Sci, Tokyo 1920397, Japan.
   Japan Sci & Technol Corp, PRESTO, Unit Proc & Combined Circuit, Kawaguchi, Saitama 3320012, Japan.
C3 Kyushu University; National Institutes of Natural Sciences (NINS) - Japan; National Institute for Basic Biology (NIBB); Tokyo Metropolitan University; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST)
RP Shimazaki, K (corresponding author), Kyushu Univ, Fac Sci, Dept Biol, Fukuoka 8108560, Japan.
NR 30
TC 764
Z9 865
U1 5
U2 223
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 6
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6864
BP 656
EP 660
DI 10.1038/414656a
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 498WB
UT WOS:000172535600052
PM 11740564
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lee, DS
   Lee, JS
   Oh, SH
   Kim, SK
   Kim, JW
   Chung, JK
   Lee, MC
   Kim, CS
AF Lee, DS
   Lee, JS
   Oh, SH
   Kim, SK
   Kim, JW
   Chung, JK
   Lee, MC
   Kim, CS
TI Deafness - Cross-modal plasticity and cochlear implants
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID auditory-cortex; activation
C1 Seoul Natl Univ, Coll Med, Dept Nucl Med, Seoul 110799, South Korea.
   Seoul Natl Univ, Coll Med, Dept Biomed Engn, Seoul 110799, South Korea.
   Seoul Natl Univ, Coll Med, Dept Otolaryngol Head & Neck Surg, Seoul 110799, South Korea.
C3 Seoul National University (SNU); Seoul National University (SNU); Seoul National University (SNU)
RP Lee, DS (corresponding author), Seoul Natl Univ, Coll Med, Dept Nucl Med, 28 Yungun Dong, Seoul 110799, South Korea.
EM dsl@plaza.snu.ac.kr
NR 9
TC 335
Z9 395
U1 1
U2 51
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 11
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6817
BP 149
EP 150
DI 10.1038/35051653
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 390UV
UT WOS:000166316200029
PM 11196628
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Whittington, AT
   Vugrek, O
   Wei, KJ
   Hasenbein, NG
   Sugimoto, K
   Rashbrooke, MC
   Wasteneys, GO
AF Whittington, AT
   Vugrek, O
   Wei, KJ
   Hasenbein, NG
   Sugimoto, K
   Rashbrooke, MC
   Wasteneys, GO
TI MOR1 is essential for organizing cortical microtubules in plants
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mitotic spindle; heat repeats; living cells; protein; xmap215; organization; cytoskeleton; mutations; component; dynamics
AB Microtubules orchestrate cell division and morphogenesis, but how they disassemble and reappear at different subcellular locations is unknown. Microtubule organizing centres are thought to have an important role, but in higher plants microtubules assemble in ordered configurations even though microtubule organizing centres are inconspicuous or absent. Plant cells generate highly organized microtubule arrays that coordinate mitosis, cytokinesis and expansion. Inhibiting microtubule assembly prevents chromosome separation(1), blocks cell division(2) and impairs growth polarity(3). Microtubules are essential for the formation of cell walls, through an array of plasma-membrane-associated cortical microtubules whose control mechanisms are unknown. Using a genetic strategy to identify microtubule organizing factors in Arabidopsis thaliana, we isolated temperature-sensitive mutant alleles of the MICROTUBULE ORGANIZATION 1 (MOR1) gene. Here we show that MOR1 is the plant version of an ancient family of microtubule-associated proteins(4). Point mutations that substitute single amino-acid residues in an amino-terminal HEAT repeat impart reversible temperature-dependent cortical microtubule disruption, showing that MOR1 is essential for cortical microtubule organization.
C1 Australian Natl Univ, Res Sch Biol Sci, Plant Cell Biol Grp, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
C3 Australian National University
RP Wasteneys, GO (corresponding author), Australian Natl Univ, Res Sch Biol Sci, Plant Cell Biol Grp, GPO Box 475, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
EM geoffw@rsbs.anu.edu.au
NR 29
TC 364
Z9 438
U1 0
U2 49
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 31
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6837
BP 610
EP 613
DI 10.1038/35079128
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 437GE
UT WOS:000168982500058
PM 11385579
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ovchinnikov, IV
   Götherström, A
   Romanova, GP
   Kharitonov, VM
   Lindé, K
   Goodwin, W
AF Ovchinnikov, IV
   Götherström, A
   Romanova, GP
   Kharitonov, VM
   Lindé, K
   Goodwin, W
TI Not just old but old and cold? - Reply
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Glasgow, Human Identificat Ctr, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Lanark, Scotland.
   Columbia Univ, Dept Med, New York, NY 10032 USA.
   Inst Gerontol, Moscow 129226, Russia.
   Univ Stockholm, Archaeol Res Lab, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
   Inst Archaeol, Moscow 117036, Russia.
   Moscow State Univ, Inst & Museum Anthropol, Moscow 103009, Russia.
C3 University of Glasgow; Columbia University; Stockholm University; Institute of Archaeology, Russian Academy of Sciences; Lomonosov Moscow State University
RP Goodwin, W (corresponding author), Univ Glasgow, Human Identificat Ctr, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Lanark, Scotland.
EM w.goodwin@formed.gla.ac.uk
NR 2
TC 8
Z9 9
U1 0
U2 0
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 12
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6830
BP 772
EP 772
DI 10.1038/35071181
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 420TT
UT WOS:000168021900043
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Huber, R
   Tauser, F
   Brodschelm, A
   Bichler, M
   Abstreiter, G
   Leitenstorfer, A
AF Huber, R
   Tauser, F
   Brodschelm, A
   Bichler, M
   Abstreiter, G
   Leitenstorfer, A
TI How many-particle interactions develop after ultrafast excitation of an electron-hole plasma
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID quantum kinetics; scattering; gaas; phonon; memory
AB Electrostatic coupling between particles is important in many microscopic phenomena found in nature. The interaction between two isolated point charges is described by the bare Coulomb potential, but in many-body systems this interaction is modified as a result of the collective response of the screening cloud surrounding each charge carrier(1,2). One such system involves ultrafast interactions between quasi-free electrons in semiconductors(3,4)-which are central to high-speed and future quantum electronic devices. The femtosecond kinetics of nonequilibrium Coulomb systems has been calculated using static(5,6) and dynamical(7,8) screening models that assume the instantaneous formation of interparticle correlations. However, some quantum kinetic theories(9-14) suggest that a regime of unscreened bare Coulomb collisions might exist on ultrashort timescales. Here we monitor directly the temporal evolution of the charge-charge interactions after ultrafast excitation of an electron-hole plasma in GaAs. We show that the onset of collective behaviour such as Coulomb screening and plasmon scattering exhibits a distinct time delay of the order of the inverse plasma frequency, that is, several 10(-14) seconds.
C1 Tech Univ Munich, Phys Dept E11, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
   Tech Univ Munich, Walter Schottky Inst, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
C3 Technical University of Munich; Technical University of Munich
RP Leitenstorfer, A (corresponding author), Tech Univ Munich, Phys Dept E11, James Franck Str, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
EM aleitens@ph.tum.de
NR 32
TC 546
Z9 598
U1 2
U2 162
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 15
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6861
BP 286
EP 289
DI 10.1038/35104522
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 492CM
UT WOS:000172150700037
PM 11713523
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chittka, L
   Schürkens, S
AF Chittka, L
   Schürkens, S
TI Successful invasion of a floral market - An exotic Asian plant has moved in on Europe's river-banks by bribing pollinators.
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID impatiens-glandulifera; insect visits; competition; flowers
C1 Biozentrum, D-97074 Wurzburg, Germany.
C3 University of Wurzburg
RP Chittka, L (corresponding author), Biozentrum, D-97074 Wurzburg, Germany.
EM chittka@biozentrum.uni-wuerzburg.de
NR 10
TC 377
Z9 451
U1 6
U2 212
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 15
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6838
BP 653
EP 653
DI 10.1038/35079676
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 439JC
UT WOS:000169112500029
PM 11395755
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bhoo, SH
   Davis, SJ
   Walker, J
   Karniol, B
   Vierstra, RD
AF Bhoo, SH
   Davis, SJ
   Walker, J
   Karniol, B
   Vierstra, RD
TI Bacteriophytochromes are photochromic histidine kinases using a biliverdin chromophore
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID eukaryotic phytochrm; biosynthesis; protein; gene; similarity
AB Phytochromes comprise a principal family of red/far-red light sensors in plants(1). Although phytochromes were thought originally to be confined to photosynthetic organisms(2,3), we have recently detected phytochrome-like proteins in two heterotrophic eubacteria, Deinococcus radiodurans and Pseudomonas aeruginosa(4). Here we show that these form part of a widespread family of bacteriophytochromes (BphPs) with homology to two-component sensor histidine kinases. Whereas plant phytochromes use phytochromobilin as the chromophore, BphPs assemble with biliverdin, an immediate breakdown product of haem, to generate photochromic kinases that are modulated by red and far-red light. In some cases, a unique haem oxygenase responsible for the synthesis of biliverdin is part of the BphP operon. Co-expression of this oxygenase with a BphP apoprotein and a haem source is sufficient to assemble holo-BphP in vivo. Both their presence in many diverse bacteria and their simplified assembly with biliverdin suggest that BphPs are the progenitors of phytochrome-type photoreceptors.
C1 Univ Wisconsin, Mol & Cellular Biol Program, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
   Univ Wisconsin, Dept Hort, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
C3 University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison
RP Vierstra, RD (corresponding author), Univ Wisconsin, Mol & Cellular Biol Program, 1575 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
NR 19
TC 258
Z9 299
U1 0
U2 62
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 13
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6865
BP 776
EP 779
DI 10.1038/414776a
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 501GD
UT WOS:000172676200054
PM 11742406
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Buckley, SA
   Evershed, RP
AF Buckley, SA
   Evershed, RP
TI Organic chemistry of embalming agents in Pharaonic and Graeco-Roman mummies
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID egyptian mummy
AB Chemical treatments were an essential element of ancient Egyptian mummification. Although the inorganic salt natron is recognized as having a central role as a desiccant(1), without the application of organic preservatives the bodies would have decomposed in the humid environment of the tombs(2). The nature of the organic treatments remains obscure, because the ancient Egyptians left no written record of the process. Secondary textual evidence for mummification is provided by Herodotus(3), Diodorus Siculus(4), Strabo(5) and Pliny(6). The most important account is that of Herodotus(3) (about 450 yr BC), although archaeological evidence shows that by this time the process had declined significantly and the best results had been achieved centuries before(7). His account mentions myrrh, cassia, palm wine, 'cedar oil' (still widely disputed(8-10)) and 'gum'; however, it is vague with respect to the specific natural products used. Here we report the results of chemical investigations of a substantial collection of samples of tissues, wrappings and 'resinous/bituminous' materials from provenanced and dated Egyptian mummies. We focused on examples of the 'classic' mummy-making culture of the Pharaonic or dynastic period, from which we can begin to track the development of mummification chronologically.
C1 Univ Bristol, Sch Chem, Biogeochem Res Ctr, Organ Geochem Unit, Bristol BS8 1TS, Avon, England.
C3 University of Bristol
RP Evershed, RP (corresponding author), Univ Bristol, Sch Chem, Biogeochem Res Ctr, Organ Geochem Unit, Cantocks Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, Avon, England.
NR 25
TC 156
Z9 180
U1 3
U2 61
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 25
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6858
BP 837
EP 841
DI 10.1038/35101588
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 485JA
UT WOS:000171750200044
PM 11677605
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schmidt, OG
   Eberl, K
AF Schmidt, OG
   Eberl, K
TI Nanotechnology - Thin solid films roll up into nanotubes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID carbon nanotube
C1 Max Planck Inst Festkorperforsch, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
C3 Max Planck Society
RP Schmidt, OG (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Festkorperforsch, Heisenbergstr 1, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
NR 3
TC 968
Z9 1084
U1 2
U2 264
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 8
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6825
BP 168
EP 168
DI 10.1038/35065525
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 408HJ
UT WOS:000167320500034
PM 11242068
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Noonan, FP
   Recio, JA
   Takayama, H
   Duray, P
   Anver, MR
   Rush, WL
   De Fabo, EC
   Merlino, G
AF Noonan, FP
   Recio, JA
   Takayama, H
   Duray, P
   Anver, MR
   Rush, WL
   De Fabo, EC
   Merlino, G
TI Neonatal sunburn and melanoma in mice - Severe sunburn in newborn, but not adult, mice is linked with melanoma in later life.
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID factor scatter factor; malignant-melanoma
C1 George Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Dermatol, Lab Photobiol & Photoimmunol, Washington, DC 20037 USA.
   George Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Immunol, Lab Photobiol & Photoimmunol, Washington, DC 20037 USA.
   NCI, Mol Biol Lab, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   NCI, Pathol Lab, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   NCI, Pathol Histotechnol Lab, Sci Applicat Int Corp, Frederick, MD 21702 USA.
   Armed Forces Inst Pathol, Dept Dermatopathol, Washington, DC 20306 USA.
C3 George Washington University; George Washington University; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Cancer Institute (NCI); National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Cancer Institute (NCI); Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC); National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Cancer Institute (NCI); United States Department of Defense
RP Noonan, FP (corresponding author), George Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Dermatol, Lab Photobiol & Photoimmunol, Washington, DC 20037 USA.
NR 13
TC 302
Z9 324
U1 1
U2 16
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 20
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6853
BP 271
EP 272
DI 10.1038/35095108
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 473KB
UT WOS:000171040500027
PM 11565020
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hugot, JP
   Chamaillard, M
   Zouali, H
   Lesage, S
   Cézard, JP
   Belaiche, J
   Almer, S
   Tysk, C
   O'Morain, CA
   Gassull, M
   Binder, V
   Finkel, Y
   Cortot, A
   Modigliani, R
   Laurent-Puig, P
   Gower-Rousseau, C
   Macry, J
   Colombel, JF
   Sahbatou, M
   Thomas, G
AF Hugot, JP
   Chamaillard, M
   Zouali, H
   Lesage, S
   Cézard, JP
   Belaiche, J
   Almer, S
   Tysk, C
   O'Morain, CA
   Gassull, M
   Binder, V
   Finkel, Y
   Cortot, A
   Modigliani, R
   Laurent-Puig, P
   Gower-Rousseau, C
   Macry, J
   Colombel, JF
   Sahbatou, M
   Thomas, G
TI Association of NOD2 leucine-rich repeat variants with susceptibility to Crohn's disease
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID inflammatory-bowel-disease; factor-kappa-b; complex segregation analysis; linkage disequilibrium; gene; activation; family; c3h/hej; search; mice
AB Crohn's disease(1,2) and ulcerative colitis, the two main types of chronic inflammatory bowel disease, are multifactorial conditions of unknown aetiology. A susceptibility locus for Crohn's disease has been mapped(3) to chromosome 16. Here we have used a positional-cloning strategy, based on linkage analysis followed by linkage disequilibrium mapping, to identify three independent associations for Crohn's disease: a frameshift variant and two missense variants of NOD2, encoding a member of the Apaf-1/Ced-4 superfamily of apoptosis regulators that is expressed in monocytes. These NOD2 variants alter the structure of either the leucine-rich repeat domain of the protein or the adjacent region. NOD2 activates nuclear factor NF-kB; this activating function is regulated by the carboxy-terminal leucine-rich repeat domain, which has an inhibitory role and also acts as an intracellular receptor for components of microbial pathogens. These observations suggest that the NOD2 gene product confers susceptibility to Crohn's disease by altering the recognition of these components and/or by over-activating NF-kB in monocytes, thus documenting a molecular model for the pathogenic mechanism of Crohn's disease that can now be further investigated.
C1 Fdn Jean Dausset CEPH, F-75010 Paris, France.
   Hop Robert Debre, Dept Pediat Gastroenterol, PEWG IBD, F-75019 Paris, France.
   CHU Liege, GETAID, B-4000 Liege, Belgium.
   CHU Liege, Dept Gastroenterol, B-4000 Liege, Belgium.
   Linkoping Univ, IHM, Div Gastroenterol & Hepatol, SE-58185 Linkoping, Sweden.
   Orebro Med Ctr Hosp, Dept Gastroenterol, SE-70185 Orebro, Sweden.
   Adelaide & Meath Hosp, Dept Gastroenterol, Dublin 24, Ireland.
   Hosp Badalona Germans Trias & Pujol, Dept Gastroenterol, Badalona 08916, Spain.
   Herlev Hosp, Dept Gastroenterol, DK-2730 Herlev, Denmark.
   Astrid Lindgren Childrens Hosp, SE-16176 Stockholm, Sweden.
   Hop Calmette, Registre EPIMAD, F-59037 Lille, France.
   Hop St Louis, Dept Gastroenterol, F-75475 Paris, France.
   Hop Robert Debre, INSERM, U458, F-75019 Paris, France.
   Hop St Antoine, Dept Surg, F-75012 Paris, France.
C3 Foundation Jean Dausset-CEPH; Assistance Publique Hopitaux Paris (APHP); Universite Paris Cite; Hopital Universitaire Robert-Debre - APHP; University of Liege; University of Liege; Linkoping University; Trinity College Dublin; Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol; University of Copenhagen; Herlev & Gentofte Hospital; Universite de Lille; CHU Lille; Universite Paris Cite; Assistance Publique Hopitaux Paris (APHP); Hopital Universitaire Saint-Louis - APHP; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); Universite Paris Cite; Assistance Publique Hopitaux Paris (APHP); Hopital Universitaire Robert-Debre - APHP; Assistance Publique Hopitaux Paris (APHP); Sorbonne Universite; Hopital Universitaire Saint-Antoine - APHP
RP Thomas, G (corresponding author), Fdn Jean Dausset CEPH, 27 Rue J Dodu, F-75010 Paris, France.
EM thomas@cephb.fr
NR 30
TC 4448
Z9 5047
U1 2
U2 292
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 31
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6837
BP 599
EP 603
DI 10.1038/35079107
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 437GE
UT WOS:000168982500055
PM 11385576
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Boolchand, P
   Bresser, WJ
AF Boolchand, P
   Bresser, WJ
TI Mobile silver ions and glass formation in solid electrolytes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID neutron-diffraction; conducting glasses; order
AB Solid electrolytes are a class of materials in which the cationic or anionic constituents are not confined to specific lattice sites, but are essentially free to move throughout the structure. The solid electrolytes AgI and Ag2Se (refs 1-7) are of interest for their use as additives in network glasses(8-12), such as chalcogenides and oxides, because the resulting composite glasses can show high electrical conductivities with potential applications for batteries, sensors and displays. Here we show that these composite glasses can exhibit two distinct types of molecular structures-an intrinsic phase-separation that results in a bimodal distribution of glass transition temperatures, and a microscopically homogeneous network displaying a single glass transition temperature. For the first case, the two transition temperatures correspond to the solid-electrolyte glass phase and the main glass phase (the 'base glass'), enabling us to show that the glass transition temperatures for the AgI and Ag2Se phases are respectively 75 and 230 degreesC. Furthermore, we show that the magnitude of the bimodal glass transition temperatures can be quantitatively understood in terms of network connectivity, provided that the Ag+ cations undergo fast-ion motion in the glasses. These results allow us to unambiguously distinguish base glasses in which these additives are homogeneously alloyed from those in which an intrinsic phase separation occurs, and to provide clues to understanding ion-transport behaviour in these superionic conductors.
C1 Univ Cincinnati, Dept Elect & Comp Engn & Comp Sci, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA.
C3 University System of Ohio; University of Cincinnati
RP Boolchand, P (corresponding author), Univ Cincinnati, Dept Elect & Comp Engn & Comp Sci, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA.
EM punit.boolchand@uc.edu
NR 26
TC 165
Z9 228
U1 7
U2 138
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 26
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6832
BP 1070
EP 1073
DI 10.1038/35074049
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 425HQ
UT WOS:000168285500041
PM 11323665
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Münte, TF
   Kohlmetz, C
   Nager, W
   Altenmüller, E
AF Münte, TF
   Kohlmetz, C
   Nager, W
   Altenmüller, E
TI Neuroperception -: Superior auditory spatial tuning in conductors
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID attention
C1 Univ Magdeburg, Dept Neuropsychol, D-39016 Magdeburg, Germany.
   Hannover Acad Music & Theatre, Inst Music Physiol & Performing Arts, D-30175 Hannover, Germany.
   Hannover Med Sch, Dept Neurol, D-30623 Hannover, Germany.
C3 Otto von Guericke University; Hannover Medical School
RP Münte, TF (corresponding author), Univ Magdeburg, Dept Neuropsychol, POB 4120, D-39016 Magdeburg, Germany.
NR 8
TC 93
Z9 100
U1 0
U2 10
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 1
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6820
BP 580
EP 580
DI 10.1038/35054668
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 397JJ
UT WOS:000166692300033
PM 11214309
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Corder, R
   Douthwaite, JA
   Lees, DM
   Khan, NQ
   dos Santos, ACV
   Wood, EG
   Carrier, MJ
AF Corder, R
   Douthwaite, JA
   Lees, DM
   Khan, NQ
   dos Santos, ACV
   Wood, EG
   Carrier, MJ
TI Endothelin-1 synthesis reduced by red wine - Red wines confer extra benefit when it comes to preventing coronary heart disease.
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mortality; consumption; alcohol
C1 Queen Mary Univ London, Barts & London Sch Med & Dent, William Harvey Res Inst, London EC1M 6BQ, England.
C3 University of London; Queen Mary University London
RP Corder, R (corresponding author), Queen Mary Univ London, Barts & London Sch Med & Dent, William Harvey Res Inst, Charterhouse Sq, London EC1M 6BQ, England.
NR 11
TC 244
Z9 275
U1 0
U2 47
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 20
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6866
BP 863
EP 864
DI 10.1038/414863a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 503RB
UT WOS:000172813300033
PM 11780050
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Alcock, C
   Allsman, RA
   Alves, DR
   Axelrod, TS
   Becker, AC
   Bennett, DP
   Cook, KH
   Drake, AJ
   Freeman, KC
   Geha, M
   Griest, K
   Keller, SC
   Lehner, MJ
   Marshall, SL
   Minniti, D
   Nelson, CA
   Peterson, BA
   Popowski, P
   Pratt, MR
   Quinn, PJ
   Stubbs, CW
   Sutherland, W
   Tomaney, AB
   Vandehel, T
   Welch, D
AF Alcock, C
   Allsman, RA
   Alves, DR
   Axelrod, TS
   Becker, AC
   Bennett, DP
   Cook, KH
   Drake, AJ
   Freeman, KC
   Geha, M
   Griest, K
   Keller, SC
   Lehner, MJ
   Marshall, SL
   Minniti, D
   Nelson, CA
   Peterson, BA
   Popowski, P
   Pratt, MR
   Quinn, PJ
   Stubbs, CW
   Sutherland, W
   Tomaney, AB
   Vandehel, T
   Welch, D
TI Direct detection of a microlens in the Milky Way
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID telescope star counts; macho project; m-dwarfs
AB The nature of dark matter remains mysterious, with luminous material accounting for at most similar to 25 per cent of the baryons in the Universe(1,2). We accordingly undertook a survey looking for the microlensing of stars in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) to determine the fraction of Galactic dark matter contained in massive compact halo objects (MACHOs). The presence of the dark matter would be revealed by gravitational lensing of the light from an LMC star as the foreground dark matter moves across the line of sight. The duration of the lensing event is the key observable parameter, but gives non-unique solutions when attempting to estimate the mass, distance and transverse velocity of the lens. The survey results to date indicate that between 8 and 50 per cent of the baryonic mass of the Galactic halo is in the form of MACHOs (ref. 3), but removing the degeneracy by identifying a lensing object would tighten the constraints on the mass in MACHOs. Here we report a direct image of a microlens, revealing it to be a nearby low-mass star in the disk of the Milky Way. This is consistent with the expected frequency of nearby stars acting as lenses, and demonstrates a direct determination of a lens mass from a microlensing event. Complete solutions such as this for halo microlensing events will probe directly the nature of the MACHOs.
C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Ctr Particle Astrophys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Penn, Dept Phys & Astron, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   Australian Natl Univ, Supercomp Facil, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
   Space Telescope Sci Inst, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA.
   Mt Stromlo & Siding Spring Observ, Res Sch Anat, Weston, ACT 2611, Australia.
   Bell Labs, Lucent Technol, Murray Hill, NJ 07974 USA.
   Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
   Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Astron & Astrophys, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Phys, San Diego, CA 92039 USA.
   Pontificia Univ Catolica Chile, Dept Astron, Santiago 22, Chile.
   Univ Washington, Dept Phys & Astron, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   European So Observ, D-85748 Munich, Germany.
   Univ Oxford, Dept Phys, Oxford OX1 3RH, England.
   McMaster Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Hamilton, ON L8S 4M1, Canada.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of Pennsylvania; Australian National University; Space Telescope Science Institute; Australian National University; AT&T; Alcatel-Lucent; Lucent Technologies; University of Notre Dame; University of California System; University of California Santa Cruz; University of California System; University of California San Diego; Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; European Southern Observatory; University of Oxford; McMaster University
RP Nelson, CA (corresponding author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA.
EM cnelson@igpp.ucllnl.org
NR 13
TC 121
Z9 126
U1 0
U2 8
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 6
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6864
BP 617
EP 619
DI 10.1038/414617a
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 498WB
UT WOS:000172535600041
PM 11740553
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Agrawal, AF
AF Agrawal, AF
TI Sexual selection and the maintenance of sexual reproduction
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID deleterious mutations; evolution; load; advantage; dominance; balance
AB The maintenance of sexual reproduction is a problem in evolutionary theory because, all else being equal, asexual populations have a twofold fitness advantage over their sexual counterparts(1,2) and should rapidly outnumber a sexual population because every individual has the potential to reproduce. The twofold cost of sex exists because of anisogamy or gamete dimorphism(2)-egg-producing females make a larger contribution to the zygote compared with the small contribution made by the sperm of males, but both males and females contribute 50% of the genes. Anisogamy also generates the conditions for sexual selection(3), a powerful evolutionary force that does not exist in asexual populations. The continued prevalence of sexual reproduction indicates that the 'all else being equal' assumption is incorrect. Here I show that sexual selection can mitigate or even eliminate the cost of sex. If sexual selection causes deleterious mutations to be more deleterious in males than females, then deleterious mutations are maintained at lower equilibrium frequency in sexual populations relative to asexual populations. The fitness of sexual females is higher than asexuals because there is no difference in the fecundity of sexual females and asexuals of the same genotype, but the equilibrium frequency of deleterious mutations is lower in sexual populations. The results are not altered by synergistic epistasis in males.
C1 Indiana Univ, Dept Biol, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA.
C3 Indiana University System; Indiana University Bloomington
RP Agrawal, AF (corresponding author), Indiana Univ, Dept Biol, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA.
EM aagrawal@bio.indiana.edu
NR 30
TC 253
Z9 298
U1 2
U2 148
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 15
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6838
BP 692
EP 695
DI 10.1038/35079590
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 439JC
UT WOS:000169112500045
PM 11395771
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Abercrombie, RE
   Ekström, G
AF Abercrombie, RE
   Ekström, G
TI Earthquake slip on oceanic transform faults
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID macquarie ridge earthquake; moment tensor solutions; north-atlantic; slow precursor; depth; seismicity; evolution; zone
AB Oceanic transform faults are one of the main types of plate boundary, but the manner in which they slip remains poorly understood. Early studies suggested that relatively slow earthquake rupture might be common(1,2); moreover, it has been reported that very slow slip precedes some oceanic transform earthquakes, including the 1994 Romanche earthquake(3-5). The presence of such detectable precursors would have obvious implications for earthquake prediction. Here we model broadband seismograms of body waves to obtain well-resolved depths and rupture mechanisms for 14 earthquakes on the Romanche and Chain transform faults in the equatorial Atlantic Ocean. We found that earthquakes on the longer Romanche transform are systematically deeper than those on the neighbouring Chain transform. These depths indicate that the maximum depth of brittle failure is at a temperature of similar to 600 degreesC in oceanic lithosphere. We rnd that the body waves from the Romanche 1994 earthquake can be well modelled with relatively deep slip on a single fault, and we use the mechanism and depth of this earthquake to recalculate its source spectrum. The previously reported slow precursor can be explained as an artefact of uncertainties in the assumed model parameters.
C1 Harvard Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
C3 Harvard University
RP Abercrombie, RE (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, 20 Oxford St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
NR 30
TC 165
Z9 182
U1 0
U2 24
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 1
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6824
BP 74
EP 77
DI 10.1038/35065064
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 406BD
UT WOS:000167194300044
PM 11242043
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Allen, GJ
   Chu, SP
   Harrington, CL
   Schumacher, K
   Hoffman, T
   Tang, YY
   Grill, E
   Schroeder, JI
AF Allen, GJ
   Chu, SP
   Harrington, CL
   Schumacher, K
   Hoffman, T
   Tang, YY
   Grill, E
   Schroeder, JI
TI A defined range of guard cell calcium oscillation parameters encodes stomatal movements
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cytosolic-free calcium; abscisic-acid; signal-transduction; gene-expression; anion channels; arabidopsis; frequency; growth; specificity; increases
AB Oscillations in cytosolic calcium concentration ([Ca2+](cyt)) are central regulators of signal transduction cascades(1), although the roles of individual [Ca2+](cyt) oscillation parameters in regulating downstream physiological responses remain largely unknown. In plants, guard cells integrate environmental and endogenous signals to regulate the aperture of stomatal pores(2) and [Ca2+](cyt) oscillations are a fundamental component of stomatal closure(3,4). Here we systematically vary [Ca2+](cyt) oscillation parameters in Arabidopsis guard cells using a 'calcium clamp'(3,5-7) and show that [Ca2+](cyt) controls stomatal closure by two mechanisms. Shortterm 'calcium-reactive' closure occurred rapidly when [Ca2+](cyt) was elevated, whereas the degree of long-term steady-state closure was 'calcium programmed' by [Ca2+](cyt) oscillations within a defined range of frequency, transient number, duration and amplitude. Furthermore, in guard cells of the gca2 mutant(8), [Ca2+](cyt) oscillations induced by abscisic acid and extracellular calcium had increased frequencies and reduced transient duration, and steady-state stomatal closure was abolished. Experimentally imposing [Ca2+](cyt) oscillations with parameters that elicited closure in the wild type restored long-term closure in gca2 stomata. These data show that a defined window of guard cell [Ca2+](cyt) oscillation parameters programs changes in steady-state stomatal aperture.
C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Div Biol, Cell & Dev Biol Sect, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Ctr Mol Genet, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Univ Tubingen, ZMBP Pflanzenphysiol, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany.
   Tech Univ, Lehrstuhl Bot, D-85350 Freising Weihenstephan, Germany.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of California System; University of California San Diego; Eberhard Karls University of Tubingen
RP Schroeder, JI (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Diego, Div Biol, Cell & Dev Biol Sect, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
NR 30
TC 452
Z9 534
U1 1
U2 133
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 28
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6841
BP 1053
EP 1057
DI 10.1038/35082575
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 446TF
UT WOS:000169528500049
PM 11429606
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bayley, H
   Cremer, PS
AF Bayley, H
   Cremer, PS
TI Stochastic sensors inspired by biology
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID single-molecule; supported membranes; alpha-hemolysin; growth cones; protein; transport; dna; discrimination; spectroscopy; pores
AB Sensory systems use a variety of membrane-bound receptors, including responsive ion channels, to discriminate between a multitude of stimuli. Here we describe how engineered membrane pores can be used to make rapid and sensitive biosensors with potential applications that range from the detection of biological warfare agents to pharmaceutical screening. Notably, use of the engineered pores in stochastic sensing, a single-molecule detection technology, reveals the identity of an analyte as well as its concentration.
C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Med Biochem & Genet, Hlth Sci Ctr, College Stn, TX 77843 USA.
   Texas A&M Univ, Dept Chem, College Stn, TX 77843 USA.
   Texas A&M Univ, Ctr Integrated Microchem Syst, College Stn, TX 77843 USA.
C3 Texas A&M University System; Texas A&M University College Station; Texas A&M Health Science Center; Texas A&M University System; Texas A&M University College Station; Texas A&M University System; Texas A&M University College Station
RP Bayley, H (corresponding author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Med Biochem & Genet, Hlth Sci Ctr, College Stn, TX 77843 USA.
EM bayley@tamu.edu
NR 54
TC 995
Z9 1221
U1 4
U2 295
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 13
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6852
BP 226
EP 230
DI 10.1038/35093038
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 471FU
UT WOS:000170918800058
PM 11557992
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tupler, R
   Perini, G
   Green, MR
AF Tupler, R
   Perini, G
   Green, MR
TI Expressing the human genome
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transcription factor
AB We have searched the human genome for genes encoding new proteins that may be involved in three nuclear gene expression processes: transcription, pre-messenger RNA splicing and polyadenylation. A plethora of potential new factors are implicated by sequence in nuclear gene expression, revealing a substantial but selective increase in complexity compared with Drosophila melanogaster and Caenorhabditis elegans. Although the raw genomic information has limitations, its availability offers new experimental approaches for studying gene expression.
C1 Univ Massachusetts, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Program Gene Funct, Worcester, MA 01605 USA.
   Univ Massachusetts, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Program Express, Worcester, MA 01605 USA.
   Univ Massachusetts, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Program Mol Med, Worcester, MA 01605 USA.
   Univ Pavia, I-27100 Pavia, Italy.
   Univ Bologna, Dipartimento Biol Evoluz & Sperimentale, I-40126 Bologna, Italy.
C3 University of Massachusetts System; University of Massachusetts Worcester; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Massachusetts System; University of Massachusetts Worcester; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Massachusetts System; University of Massachusetts Worcester; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Pavia; University of Bologna
RP Green, MR (corresponding author), Univ Massachusetts, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Program Gene Funct, 373 Plantat St, Worcester, MA 01605 USA.
NR 15
TC 295
Z9 374
U1 0
U2 20
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 15
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6822
BP 832
EP 833
DI 10.1038/35057011
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 401QC
UT WOS:000166938800048
PM 11237001
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Denton, M
   Marshall, C
AF Denton, M
   Marshall, C
TI Laws of form revisited
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Otago, Dept Biochem, Dunedin 9001, New Zealand.
C3 University of Otago
RP Denton, M (corresponding author), Univ Otago, Dept Biochem, POB 56, Dunedin 9001, New Zealand.
NR 5
TC 65
Z9 70
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 22
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6827
BP 417
EP 417
DI 10.1038/35068645
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 412YX
UT WOS:000167583800021
PM 11260691
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ferguson, NM
   Donnelly, CA
   Anderson, RM
AF Ferguson, NM
   Donnelly, CA
   Anderson, RM
TI Transmission intensity and impact of control policies on the foot and mouth epidemic in Great Britain
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID disease; spread
AB The foot and mouth disease (FMD) epidemic in British livestock remains an ongoing cause for concern, with new cases still arising in previously unaffected areas. Epidemiological analyses(1-3) have been vital in delivering scientific advice to government on effective control measures. Using disease, culling and census data on all livestock farms in Great Britain, we analysed the risk factors determining the spatiotemporal evolution of the epidemic and of the impact of control policies on FMD incidence. Here we show that the species mix, animal numbers and the number of distinct land parcels in a farm are central to explaining regional variation in transmission intensity. We use the parameter estimates thus obtained in a dynamical model of disease spread to show that extended culling programmes were essential for controlling the epidemic to the extent achieved, but demonstrate that the epidemic could have been substantially reduced in scale had the most efficient control measures been rigorously applied earlier.
C1 Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Fac Med, Dept Infect Dis Epidemiol, London W2 1PG, England.
C3 Imperial College London
RP Ferguson, NM (corresponding author), Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Fac Med, Dept Infect Dis Epidemiol, St Mary Campus,Norfolk Pl, London W2 1PG, England.
EM neil.ferguson@ic.ac.uk
NR 13
TC 348
Z9 389
U1 0
U2 47
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 4
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6855
BP 542
EP 548
DI 10.1038/35097116
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 478HG
UT WOS:000171340500052
PM 11586365
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bibby, TS
   Nield, J
   Barber, J
AF Bibby, TS
   Nield, J
   Barber, J
TI Iron deficiency induces the formation of an antenna ring around trimeric photosystem I in cyanobacteria
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID photosynthetic reaction-center; equatorial pacific-ocean; isia gene; complex; synechocystis-6803; crystallography; limitation; resolution; bacteria; system
AB Although iron is the fourth most abundant element in the Earth's crust, its concentration in the aquatic ecosystems-particularly the open oceans-is sufficiently low to limit photosynthetic activity and phytoplankton growth(1,2). Cyanobacteria, a major class of phytoplankton, respond to iron deficiency by expressing the 'iron-stress-induced' gene, isiA(ref. 3). The protein encoded by this gene has an amino-acid sequence that shows significant homology with one of the chlorophyll a-binding proteins (CP43) of photosystem II (PSII)(4,5). The precise function of the CP43-like protein, here called CP43', has not been elucidated, although there have been many suggestions(3,6). Here we show that CP43' associates with photosystem I (PSI) to form a complex that consists of a ring of 18 CP43' molecules around a PSI trimer. This significantly increases the size of the light-harvesting system of PSI. The utilization of a PSII-like protein as an extra antenna for PSI emphasises the flexibility of cyanobacterial light-harvesting systems, and seems to be a strategy which compensates for the lowering of phycobilisome and PSI levels in response to iron deficiency.
C1 Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Dept Biol Sci, Wolfson Labs, London SW7 2AY, England.
C3 Imperial College London
RP Barber, J (corresponding author), Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Dept Biol Sci, Wolfson Labs, London SW7 2AY, England.
EM j.barber@ic.ac.uk
NR 22
TC 308
Z9 342
U1 0
U2 79
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 16
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6848
BP 743
EP 745
DI 10.1038/35089098
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 462ZB
UT WOS:000170450200047
PM 11507643
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bouchon, A
   Facchetti, F
   Weigand, MA
   Colonna, M
AF Bouchon, A
   Facchetti, F
   Weigand, MA
   Colonna, M
TI TREM-1 amplifies inflammation and is a crucial mediator of septic shock
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID innate immunity; receptor antagonist; lethal endotoxemia; mice; cachectin; infection; cells; monocytogenes; pathogenesis; peritonitis
AB Host innate responses to bacterial infections are primarily mediated by neutrophils and monocytes/macrophages(1,2). These cells express pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that bind conserved molecular structures shared by groups of microorganisms(3,4). Stimulation of PRR signalling pathways initiates secretion of proinflammatory mediators(3,4), which promote the elimination of infectious agents and the induction of tissue repair. Excessive inflammation owing to bacterial infections can lead to tissue damage and septic shock(5-9). Here we show that inflammatory responses to microbial products are amplified by a pathway mediated by triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells (TREM)-1. TREM-1 is an activating receptor expressed at high levels on neutrophils and monocytes that infiltrate human tissues infected with bacteria. Furthermore, it is upregulated on peritoneal neutrophils of patients with microbial sepsis and mice with experimental lipopolysaccaride (LPS)-induced shock. Notably, blockade of TREM-1 protects mice against LPS-induced shock, as well as microbial sepsis caused by live Escherichia coli or caecal ligation and puncture. These results demonstrate a critical function of TREM-1 in acute inflammatory responses to bacteria and implicate TREM-1 as a potential therapeutic target for septic shock.
C1 Basel Inst Immunol, CH-4005 Basel, Switzerland.
   Univ Brescia, Inst Pathol, Spedali Civili 1, Brescia, Italy.
   Univ Heidelberg, Clin Anaesthesiol, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
   German Canc Res Inst DKFZ, Tumor Immunol Program, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
C3 University of Brescia; Ruprecht Karls University Heidelberg; Helmholtz Association; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)
RP Colonna, M (corresponding author), Basel Inst Immunol, Grenzacherstr 487, CH-4005 Basel, Switzerland.
NR 27
TC 884
Z9 1035
U1 1
U2 52
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 26
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6832
BP 1103
EP 1107
DI 10.1038/35074114
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 425HQ
UT WOS:000168285500050
PM 11323674
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hellebrand, E
   Snow, JE
   Dick, HJB
   Hofmann, AW
AF Hellebrand, E
   Snow, JE
   Dick, HJB
   Hofmann, AW
TI Coupled major and trace elements as indicators of the extent of melting in mid-ocean-ridge peridotites
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID islands ophiolite; ion-microprobe; fracture-zone; upper-mantle; atlantic; basalt; clinopyroxenes; system; south; bay
AB Rocks in the Earth's uppermost sub-oceanic mantle, known as abyssal peridotites, have lost variable but generally large amounts of basaltic melt, which subsequently forms the oceanic crust(1,2). This process preferentially removes from the peridotite some major constituents such as aluminium, as well as trace elements that are incompatible in mantle minerals (that is, prefer to enter the basaltic melt), such as the rare-earth elements(3,4). A quantitative understanding of this important differentiation process has been hampered by the lack of correlation generally observed between major- and trace-element depletions in such peridotites. Here we show that the heavy rare-earth elements in abyssal clinopyroxenes that are moderately incompatible are highly correlated with the Cr/(Cr + Al) ratios of coexisting spinels. This correlation deteriorates only for the most highly incompatible elements-probably owing to late metasomatic processes. Using electron- and ion-microprobe data from residual abyssal peridotites collected on the central Indian ridge, along with previously published data, we develop a quantitative melting indicator for mantle residues. This procedure should prove useful for relating partial melting in peridotites to geodynamic variables such as spreading rate and mantle temperature.
C1 Max Planck Inst Chem, D-55020 Mainz, Germany.
   Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA.
C3 Max Planck Society; Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
RP Hellebrand, E (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Chem, Postfach 3060, D-55020 Mainz, Germany.
NR 29
TC 592
Z9 668
U1 1
U2 104
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 5
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6829
BP 677
EP 681
DI 10.1038/35070546
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 418DJ
UT WOS:000167875400043
PM 11287951
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU An, ZS
   Kutzbach, JE
   Prell, WL
   Porter, SC
AF An, ZS
   Kutzbach, JE
   Prell, WL
   Porter, SC
TI Evolution of Asian monsoons and phased uplift of the Himalayan Tibetan plateau since Late Miocene times
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID chinese loess plateau; northern-hemisphere; magnetostratigraphy; sequences; deformation; sensitivity; glaciation; atlantic; climate; zone
AB The climates of Asia are affected significantly by the extent and height of the Himalayan mountains and the Tibetan plateau(1-4). Uplift of this region began about 50 Myr ago, and further significant increases in altitude of the Tibetan plateau are thought to have occurred about 10-8 Myr ago(4,5), or more recently. However, the climatic consequences of this uplift remain unclear. Here we use records of aeolian sediments from China(6,7) and marine sediments from the Indian(8-10) and North Pacific oceans(11) to identify three stages of evolution of Asian climates: first, enhanced aridity in the Asian interior and onset of the Indian and east Asian monsoons, about 9-8 Myr ago; next, continued intensification of the east Asian summer and winter monsoons, together with increased dust transport to the North Pacirc Ocean(11), about 3.6-2.6 Myr ago; and last, increased variability and possible weakening of the Indian and east Asian summer monsoons and continued strengthening of the east Asian winter monsoon since about 2.6 Myr ago. The results of a numerical climate-model experiment, using idealized stepwise increases of mountain-plateau elevation, support the argument that the stages in evolution of Asian monsoons are linked to phases of Himalaya-Tibetan plateau uplift and to Northern Hemisphere glaciation.
C1 Univ Wisconsin, Inst Environm Studies, Ctr Climat Res, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
   Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Earth Environm, State Key Lab Loess & Quaternary Geol, Xian 710054, Peoples R China.
   Brown Univ, Providence, RI 02912 USA.
   Univ Washington, Quaternary Res Ctr, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
C3 University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Institute of Earth Environment, CAS; Brown University; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle
RP Kutzbach, JE (corresponding author), Univ Wisconsin, Inst Environm Studies, Ctr Climat Res, 1225 W Dayton St, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
EM jek@facstaff.wisc.edu
NR 31
TC 2489
Z9 3186
U1 44
U2 1339
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 3
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6833
BP 62
EP 66
DI 10.1038/35075035
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 427XY
UT WOS:000168432800042
PM 11333976
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yamaguchi, A
AF Yamaguchi, A
TI Sex differences in vocal learning in birds
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Calif Davis, Anim Commun Lab, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Davis
RP Yamaguchi, A (corresponding author), Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pharmacol, 333 Cedar St, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
EM ay64@columbia.edu
NR 9
TC 31
Z9 37
U1 0
U2 15
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 17
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6835
BP 257
EP 258
DI 10.1038/35077143
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 432RT
UT WOS:000168710000031
PM 11357116
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bentley, DR
   Deloukas, P
   Dunham, A
   French, L
   Gregory, SG
   Humphray, SJ
   Mungall, AJ
   Ross, MT
   Carter, NP
   Dunham, I
   Scott, CE
   Ashcroft, KJ
   Atkinson, AL
   Aubin, K
   Beare, DM
   Bethel, G
   Brady, N
   Brook, JC
   Burford, DC
   Burrill, WD
   Burrows, C
   Butler, AP
   Carder, C
   Catanese, JJ
   Clee, CM
   Clegg, SM
   Cobley, V
   Coffey, AJ
   Cole, CG
   Collins, JE
   Conquer, JS
   Cooper, RA
   Culley, KM
   Dawson, E
   Dearden, FL
   Durbin, RM
   de Jong, PJ
   Dhami, PD
   Earthrowl, ME
   Edwards, CA
   Evans, RS
   Gillson, CJ
   Ghori, J
   Green, L
   Gwilliam, R
   Halls, KS
   Hammond, S
   Harper, GL
   Heathcott, RW
   Holden, JL
   Holloway, E
   Hopkins, BL
   Howard, PJ
   Howell, GR
   Huckle, EJ
   Hughes, J
   Hunt, PJ
   Hunt, SE
   Izmajlowicz, M
   Jones, CA
   Joseph, SS
   Laird, G
   Langford, CF
   Lehvaslaiho, MH
   Leversha, MA
   McCann, OT
   McDonald, LM
   McDowall, J
   Maslen, GL
   Mistry, D
   Moschonas, NK
   Neocleous, V
   Pearson, DM
   Phillips, KJ
   Porter, KM
   Prathalingam, SR
   Ramsey, YH
   Ranby, SA
   Rice, CM
   Rogers, J
   Rogers, LJ
   Sarafidou, T
   Scott, DJ
   Sharp, GJ
   Shaw-Smith, CJ
   Smink, LJ
   Soderlund, C
   Sotheran, EC
   Steingruber, HE
   Sulston, JE
   Taylor, A
   Taylor, RG
   Thorpe, AA
   Tinsley, E
   Warry, GL
   Whittaker, A
   Whittaker, P
   Williams, SH
   Wilmer, TE
   Wooster, R
   Wright, CL
AF Bentley, DR
   Deloukas, P
   Dunham, A
   French, L
   Gregory, SG
   Humphray, SJ
   Mungall, AJ
   Ross, MT
   Carter, NP
   Dunham, I
   Scott, CE
   Ashcroft, KJ
   Atkinson, AL
   Aubin, K
   Beare, DM
   Bethel, G
   Brady, N
   Brook, JC
   Burford, DC
   Burrill, WD
   Burrows, C
   Butler, AP
   Carder, C
   Catanese, JJ
   Clee, CM
   Clegg, SM
   Cobley, V
   Coffey, AJ
   Cole, CG
   Collins, JE
   Conquer, JS
   Cooper, RA
   Culley, KM
   Dawson, E
   Dearden, FL
   Durbin, RM
   de Jong, PJ
   Dhami, PD
   Earthrowl, ME
   Edwards, CA
   Evans, RS
   Gillson, CJ
   Ghori, J
   Green, L
   Gwilliam, R
   Halls, KS
   Hammond, S
   Harper, GL
   Heathcott, RW
   Holden, JL
   Holloway, E
   Hopkins, BL
   Howard, PJ
   Howell, GR
   Huckle, EJ
   Hughes, J
   Hunt, PJ
   Hunt, SE
   Izmajlowicz, M
   Jones, CA
   Joseph, SS
   Laird, G
   Langford, CF
   Lehvaslaiho, MH
   Leversha, MA
   McCann, OT
   McDonald, LM
   McDowall, J
   Maslen, GL
   Mistry, D
   Moschonas, NK
   Neocleous, V
   Pearson, DM
   Phillips, KJ
   Porter, KM
   Prathalingam, SR
   Ramsey, YH
   Ranby, SA
   Rice, CM
   Rogers, J
   Rogers, LJ
   Sarafidou, T
   Scott, DJ
   Sharp, GJ
   Shaw-Smith, CJ
   Smink, LJ
   Soderlund, C
   Sotheran, EC
   Steingruber, HE
   Sulston, JE
   Taylor, A
   Taylor, RG
   Thorpe, AA
   Tinsley, E
   Warry, GL
   Whittaker, A
   Whittaker, P
   Williams, SH
   Wilmer, TE
   Wooster, R
   Wright, CL
TI The physical maps for sequencing human chromosomes 1, 6, 9, 10, 13, 20 and X
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID human genome
AB We constructed maps for eight chromosomes (1, 6, 9, 10, 13, 20, X and (previously) 22), representing one-third of the genome, by building landmark maps, isolating bacterial clones and assembling contigs. By this approach, we could establish the long-range organization of the maps early in the project, and all contig extension, gap closure and problem-solving was simplified by containment within local regions. The maps currently represent more than 94% of the euchromatic (gene-containing) regions of these chromosomes in 176 contigs, and contain 96% of the chromosome-specific markers in the human gene map. By measuring the remaining gaps, we can assess chromosome length and coverage in sequenced clones.
C1 Sanger Ctr, Cambridge CB10 1SA, England.
   Univ Crete, Dept Biol, CY-71409 Iraklion, Crete, Greece.
   Inst Mol Biol & Biotechnol, CY-71409 Iraklion, Crete, Greece.
   Cyprus Inst Neurol & Genet, Neurogenet Lab, CY-1683 Nicosia, Cyprus.
   Childrens Hosp, BACPAC Resources, Oakland, CA 94609 USA.
C3 Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute; University of Crete; Cyprus Institute of Neurology & Genetics; Children's Hospital Los Angeles; Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute
RP Bentley, DR (corresponding author), Sanger Ctr, Wellcome Trust Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SA, England.
EM drb@sanger.ac.uk
NR 11
TC 47
Z9 55
U1 0
U2 10
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 15
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6822
BP 942
EP 943
DI 10.1038/35057165
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 401QC
UT WOS:000166938800062
PM 11237015
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Birch, JM
   Dickinson, MH
AF Birch, JM
   Dickinson, MH
TI Spanwise flow and the attachment of the leading-edge vortex on insect wings
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID unsteady aerodynamic performance; low reynolds-numbers; manduca-sexta; flight; hawkmoth; model; mechanism; rotation
AB The flow structure that is largely responsible for the good performance of insect wings has recently been identified as a leading-edge vortex(1,2). But because such vortices become detached from a wing in two-dimensional flow(1), an unknown mechanism must keep them attached to (three-dimensional) flapping wings. The current explanation, analogous to a mechanism operating on delta-wing aircraft, is that spanwise flow through a spiral vortex drains energy from the vortex core(3). We have tested this hypothesis by systematically mapping the flow generated by a dynamically scaled model insect while simultaneously measuring the resulting aerodynamic forces. Here we report that, at the Reynolds numbers matching the flows relevant for most insects, flapping wings do not generate a spiral vortex akin to that produced by delta-wing aircraft. We also rnd that limiting spanwise flow with fences and edge baffles does not cause detachment of the leading-edge vortex. The data support an alternative hypothesis-that downward flow induced by tip vortices limits the growth of the leading-edge vortex.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Integrat Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley
RP Dickinson, MH (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Integrat Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
EM flymanmd@socrates.berkeley.edu
NR 17
TC 501
Z9 630
U1 5
U2 130
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 16
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6848
BP 729
EP 733
DI 10.1038/35089071
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 462ZB
UT WOS:000170450200043
PM 11507639
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Shors, TJ
   Miesegaes, G
   Beylin, A
   Zhao, MR
   Rydel, T
   Gould, E
AF Shors, TJ
   Miesegaes, G
   Beylin, A
   Zhao, MR
   Rydel, T
   Gould, E
TI Neurogenesis in the adult is involved in the formation of trace memories
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nictitating-membrane response; hippocampal-neurons; dentate gyrus; rat neocortex; brain; migration; proliferation; awareness; cells
AB The vertebrate brain continues to produce new neurons throughout life(1-12). In the rat hippocampus, several thousand are produced each day, many of which die within weeks(13). Associative learning can enhance their survival(13,14); however, until now it was unknown whether new neurons are involved in memory formation. Here we show that a substantial reduction in the number of newly generated neurons in the adult rat impairs hippocampal-dependent trace conditioning, a task in which an animal must associate stimuli that are separated in time(15). A similar reduction did not affect learning when the same stimuli are not separated in time, a task that is hippocampal-independent(16,17). The reduction in neurogenesis did not induce death of mature hippocampal neurons or permanently alter neurophysiological properties of the CA1 region, such as long-term potentiation. Moreover, recovery of cell production was associated with the ability to acquire trace memories. These results indicate that newly generated neurons in the adult are not only affected by the formation of a hippocampal-dependent memory(13), but also participate in it.
C1 Rutgers State Univ, Dept Psychol, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA.
   Rutgers State Univ, Ctr Collaborat Neurosci, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA.
   Princeton Univ, Dept Psychol, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
C3 Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick; Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick; Princeton University
RP Shors, TJ (corresponding author), Rutgers State Univ, Dept Psychol, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA.
NR 30
TC 1630
Z9 1925
U1 0
U2 122
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 15
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6826
BP 372
EP 376
DI 10.1038/35066584
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 410WM
UT WOS:000167464100052
PM 11268214
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Melcher, D
AF Melcher, D
TI Persistence of visual memory for scenes - A medium-term memory may help us to keep track of objects during visual tasks.
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID knowledge; search; time
C1 Rutgers State Univ, Dept Psychol, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA.
C3 Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick
RP Melcher, D (corresponding author), Rutgers State Univ, Dept Psychol, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA.
NR 15
TC 94
Z9 104
U1 0
U2 15
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 26
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6845
BP 401
EP 401
DI 10.1038/35086646
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 456DQ
UT WOS:000170068200033
PM 11473303
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Domb, LG
   Pagel, M
AF Domb, LG
   Pagel, M
TI Sexual swellings advertise female quality in wild baboons
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID papio-anubis; evolution; primates
AB The females of many Old World primate species produce prominent and conspicuous swellings of the perineal skin around the time of ovulation. These sexual swellings have been proposed to increase competition among males for females(1) or to increase the likelihood of a female getting fertilized, by signalling either a female's general reproductive status(1-5), or the timing of her ovulation(6). Here we show that sexual swellings in wild baboons reliably advertise a female's reproductive value over her lifetime, in accordance with a theoretical model of honest signalling(7). Females with larger swellings attained sexual maturity earlier, produced both more offspring and more surviving offspring per year than females with smaller swellings, and had a higher overall proportion of their offspring survive. Male baboons use the size of the sexual swelling to determine their mating effort, fighting more aggressively to consort females with larger swellings, and spending more time grooming these females. Our results document an unusual case of a sexually selected ornament in females, and show how males, by mating selectively on the basis of the size of the sexual swelling, increase their probability of mating with females more likely to produce surviving offspring.
C1 Harvard Univ, Dept Anthropol, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Univ Reading, Sch Anim & Microbial Sci, Reading RG6 6AJ, Berks, England.
C3 Harvard University; University of Reading
RP Domb, LG (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Dept Anthropol, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
NR 29
TC 169
Z9 187
U1 2
U2 59
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 8
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6825
BP 204
EP 206
DI 10.1038/35065597
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 408HJ
UT WOS:000167320500045
PM 11242079
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Slep, KC
   Kercher, MA
   He, W
   Cowan, CW
   Wensel, TG
   Sigler, PB
AF Slep, KC
   Kercher, MA
   He, W
   Cowan, CW
   Wensel, TG
   Sigler, PB
TI Structural determinants for regulation of phosphodiesterase by a G protein at 2.0 Å
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID heterotrimeric g-protein; photoreceptor g-protein; cgmp-phosphodiesterase; crystal-structure; alpha-subunit; gamma-subunit; effector-binding; adenylyl-cyclase; transducin; activation
AB A multitude of heptahelical receptors use heterotrimeric G proteins to transduce signals to specific effector target molecules. The G protein transducin, G(t), couples photon-activated rhodopsin with the effector cyclic GMP phosophodiesterase (PDE) in the vertebrate phototransduction cascade. The interactions of the G(t) alpha -subunit (alpha (t)) with the inhibitory PDE gamma -subunit (PDE gamma) are central to effector activation, and also enhance visual recovery in cooperation with the GTPase-activating protein regulator of G-protein signalling (RGS)-9 (refs 1-3). Here we describe the crystal structure at 2.0 Angstrom of rod transducin alpha -GDP . AlF4- in complex with the effector molecule PDE gamma and the GTPase-activating protein RGS9. In addition, we present the independently solved crystal structures of the RGS9 RGS domain both alone and in complex with alpha (t/i1). GDP . AlF4-. These structures reveal insights into effector activation, synergistic GTPase acceleration, RGS9 specificity and RGS activity. Effector binding to a nucleotide-dependent site on at sequesters PDE gamma residues implicated in PDE inhibition, and potentiates recruitment of RGS9 for hydrolytic transition state stabilization and concomitant signal termination.
C1 Yale Univ, Dept Mol Biophys & Biochem, New Haven, CT 06511 USA.
   Yale Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, New Haven, CT 06511 USA.
   Baylor Coll Med, Verna & Marrs McLean Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
C3 Yale University; Yale University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Baylor College of Medicine
RP Slep, KC (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Mol & Cellular Pharmacol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
NR 30
TC 221
Z9 274
U1 0
U2 11
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 22
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6823
BP 1071
EP 1077
DI 10.1038/35059138
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 405FT
UT WOS:000167148800053
PM 11234020
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Eschner, J
   Raab, C
   Schmidt-Kaler, F
   Blatt, R
AF Eschner, J
   Raab, C
   Schmidt-Kaler, F
   Blatt, R
TI Light interference from single atoms and their mirror images
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID inhibited spontaneous emission; quantum jumps; cavity; ion; photons
AB A single atom emitting single photons is a fundamental source of light. But the characteristics of this light depend strongly on the environment of the atom(1,2). For example, if an atom is placed between two mirrors, both the total rate and the spectral composition of the spontaneous emission can be modified. Such effects have been observed using various systems: molecules deposited on mirrors(3), dye molecules in an optical cavity(4), an atom beam traversing a two-mirror optical resonator(5-8), single atoms traversing a microwave cavity(9-11) and a single trapped electron(12). A related and equally fundamental phenomenon is the optical interaction between two atoms of the same kind when their separation is comparable to their emission wavelength. In this situation, light emitted by one atom may be reabsorbed by the other, leading to cooperative processes in the emission(13,14). Here we observe these phenomena with high visibility by using one or two single atom(s), a collimating lens and a mirror, and by recording the individual photons scattered by the atom(s). Our experiments highlight the intimate connection between one-atom and two-atom effects, and allow their continuous observation using the same apparatus.
C1 Univ Innsbruck, Inst Expt Phys, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
C3 University of Innsbruck
RP Eschner, J (corresponding author), Univ Innsbruck, Inst Expt Phys, Technikerstr 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
EM juergen.eschner@uibk.ac.at
NR 25
TC 223
Z9 242
U1 2
U2 38
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 4
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6855
BP 495
EP 498
DI 10.1038/35097017
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 478HG
UT WOS:000171340500039
PM 11586352
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Putterman, S
   Evans, PG
   Vazquez, G
   Weninger, K
AF Putterman, S
   Evans, PG
   Vazquez, G
   Weninger, K
TI Cavitation science - Is there a simple theory of sonoluminescence?
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID light-emission; hydrodynamic cavitation
C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Phys, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Div Engn & Appl Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; Harvard University
RP Putterman, S (corresponding author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Phys, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
EM puherman@ritva.physics.ucla.edu
NR 16
TC 58
Z9 62
U1 0
U2 43
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 15
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6822
BP 782
EP 783
DI 10.1038/35057317
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 401QC
UT WOS:000166938800027
PM 11236983
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pophristic, V
   Goodman, L
AF Pophristic, V
   Goodman, L
TI Hyperconjugation not steric repulsion leads to the staggered structure of ethane
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID bond orbital analysis; internal-rotation; barriers; origin
AB Many molecules can rotate internally around one or more of their bonds so that during a full 360 degrees rotation, they will change between unstable and relatively stable conformations. Ethane is the textbook example of a molecule exhibiting such behaviour: as one of its two methyl (CH3) groups rotates once around the central carbon-carbon bond, the molecule will alternate three times between an unstable eclipsed conformation and the preferred staggered conformation. This structural preference is usually attributed to steric effects(1-7); that is, while ethane rotates towards an eclipsed structure, the electrons in C-H bonds on the different C atoms are drawing closer to each other and therefore experience increased repulsion, introducing a rotation barrier that destabilizes the eclipsed structure(8,9). Stabilization of the staggered structure through rotation-induced weakening of the central C-C bond(10) and hyperconjugation(11,12) has been considered to be involved, but evaluation of the contributions of these effects to ethane's internal rotation barrier and conformational preference remains difficult(13,14). Here we report a series of ethane structure optimizations, where successive removal of different interactions indicates that ethane's staggered conformation is the result of preferential stabilization through hyperconjugation. Removal of hyperconjugation interactions yields the eclipsed structure as the preferred conformation, whereas repulsive forces, either present or absent, have no influence on the preference for a staggered conformation.
C1 Rutgers State Univ, Wright & Rieman Chem Labs, New Brunswick, NJ 08903 USA.
C3 Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick
RP Goodman, L (corresponding author), Rutgers State Univ, Wright & Rieman Chem Labs, New Brunswick, NJ 08903 USA.
EM goodman@rutchem.rutgers.edu
NR 21
TC 473
Z9 515
U1 6
U2 152
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 31
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6837
BP 565
EP 568
DI 10.1038/35079036
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 437GE
UT WOS:000168982500045
PM 11385566
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Leuenberger, MN
   Loss, D
AF Leuenberger, MN
   Loss, D
TI Quantum computing in molecular magnets
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID magnetization
AB Shor and Grover demonstrated that a quantum computer can outperform any classical computer in factoring numbers(1) and in searching a database(2) by exploiting the parallelism of quantum mechanics. Whereas Shor's algorithm requires both superposition and entanglement of a many-particle system(3), the superposition of single-particle quantum states is sufficient for Grover's algorithm(4). Recently, the latter has been successfully implemented(5) using Rydberg atoms. Here we propose an implementation of Grover's algorithm that uses molecular magnets(6-10), which are solid-state systems with a large spin; their spin eigenstates make them natural candidates for single-particle systems. We show theoretically that molecular magnets can be used to build dense and efficient memory devices based on the Grover algorithm. In particular, one single crystal can serve as a storage unit of a dynamic random access memory device. Fast electron spin resonance pulses can be used to decode and read out stored numbers of up to 10(5), with access times as short as 10(-10) seconds. We show that our proposal should be feasible using the molecular magnets Fe-8 and Mn-12.
C1 Univ Basel, Dept Phys & Astron, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland.
C3 University of Basel
RP Loss, D (corresponding author), Univ Basel, Dept Phys & Astron, Klingelbergstr 82, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland.
EM Daniel.Loss@unibas.ch
NR 15
TC 2727
Z9 2882
U1 10
U2 512
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 12
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6830
BP 789
EP 793
DI 10.1038/35071024
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 420TT
UT WOS:000168021900047
PM 11298441
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jin, S
   Mavoori, H
   Bower, C
   van Dover, RB
AF Jin, S
   Mavoori, H
   Bower, C
   van Dover, RB
TI High critical currents in iron-clad superconducting MgB2 wires
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB Technically useful bulk superconductors must have high transport critical current densities, Jc, at operating temperatures. They also require a normal metal cladding to provide parallel electrical conduction, thermal stabilization, and mechanical protection of the generally brittle superconductor cores. The recent discovery of superconductivity at 39 K in magnesium diboride (MgB2)(1) presents a new possibility for significant bulk applications(2-5), but many critical issues relevant for practical wires remain unresolved. In particular, MgB2 is mechanically hard and brittle and therefore not amenable to drawing into the desired fine-wire geometry. Even the synthesis of moderately dense, bulk MgB2 attaining 39 K superconductivity is a challenge because of the volatility and reactivity of magnesium. Here we report the successful fabrication of dense, metal-clad superconducting MgB2 wires, and demonstrate a transport Jc in excess of 85,000 A cm(-2) at 4.2 K. Our iron-clad fabrication technique takes place at ambient pressure, yet produces dense MgB2 with little loss of stoichiometry. While searching for a suitable cladding material, we found that other materials dramatically reduced the critical current, showing that although MgB2 itself does not show the 'weak-link' effect characteristic of the high-Tc superconductors, contamination does result in weak-link-like behaviour.
C1 Lucent Technol, Agere Syst, Murray Hill, NJ 07974 USA.
C3 Broadcom; LSI Corporation; Alcatel-Lucent; Lucent Technologies
RP Jin, S (corresponding author), Lucent Technol, Agere Syst, Murray Hill, NJ 07974 USA.
NR 13
TC 426
Z9 459
U1 2
U2 82
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 31
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6837
BP 563
EP 565
DI 10.1038/35079030
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 437GE
UT WOS:000168982500044
PM 11385565
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zhu, RX
   Hoffman, KA
   Potts, R
   Deng, CL
   Pan, YX
   Guo, B
   Shi, CD
   Guo, ZT
   Yuan, BY
   Hou, YM
   Huang, WW
AF Zhu, RX
   Hoffman, KA
   Potts, R
   Deng, CL
   Pan, YX
   Guo, B
   Shi, CD
   Guo, ZT
   Yuan, BY
   Hou, YM
   Huang, WW
TI Earliest presence of humans in northeast Asia
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID magnetic-susceptibility; basin; china; homo
AB The timing of the earliest habitation and oldest stone technologies in different regions of the world remains a contentious topic in the study of human evolution(1-4). Here we contribute to this debate with detailed magnetostratigraphic results on two exposed parallel sections of lacustrine sediments at Xiaochangliang in the Nihewan Basin, north China; these results place stringent controls on the age of Palaeolithic stone artifacts that were originally reported over two decades ago(5). Our palaeomagnetic findings indicate that the artifact layer resides in a reverse polarity magnetozone bounded by the Olduvai and Jaramillo subchrons. Coupled with an estimated rate of sedimentation, these findings constrain the layer's age to roughly 1.36 million years ago. This result represents the age of the oldest known stone assemblage comprising recognizable types of Palaeolithic tool in east Asia, and the earliest definite occupation in this region as far north as 40 degrees N.
C1 Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Geol & Geophys, Beijing 100101, Peoples R China.
   Calif Polytech State Univ San Luis Obispo, Dept Phys, San Luis Obispo, CA 93410 USA.
   Smithsonian Inst, Natl Museum Nat Hist, Human Origins Program, Washington, DC 20560 USA.
   Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Vertebrate Paleontol & Paleoanthropol, Beijing 100044, Peoples R China.
C3 Chinese Academy of Sciences; Institute of Geology & Geophysics, CAS; California State University System; California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo; Smithsonian Institution; Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology & Paleoanthropology, CAS
RP Zhu, RX (corresponding author), Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Geol & Geophys, Beijing 100101, Peoples R China.
NR 28
TC 189
Z9 297
U1 2
U2 65
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 27
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6854
BP 413
EP 417
DI 10.1038/35096551
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 475UY
UT WOS:000171188700052
PM 11574886
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Crichton, WA
   Mezouar, M
   Grande, T
   Stolen, S
   Grzechnik, A
AF Crichton, WA
   Mezouar, M
   Grande, T
   Stolen, S
   Grzechnik, A
TI Breakdown of intermediate-range order in liquid GeSe2 at high pressure
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID high-temperatures; transformations; water
AB Studies of liquids with tetrahedral coordination, particularly during compression or quenching, have indicated the existence of distinct phases(1-3) in the liquid state, distinguishable by density and local structure. In systems that exhibit critical phenomena in the supercooled state, anomalous behaviour of the compressibility is also anticipated above the critical point, as revealed by simulations of water(4). Liquid GeSe2 is a potentially attractive system for studying both types of phenomena, given its two-dimensional tetrahedral structure and anomalous physical properties (including a density minimum near its melting point). Here we report in situ X-ray diffraction measurements of solid and liquid GeSe2 at high temperature and high pressure, revealing that the structure of the liquid is sensitive to pressure and that anomalous compressibility is expected. During compression of liquid GeSe2, the connectivity of the liquid changes from two- to three-dimensional, leading to a breakdown of the intermediate-range order. The gradual change in structure above the melting line may develop to a first-order liquid-liquid transition in the supercooled regime.
C1 European Synchrotron Radiat Facil, F-38043 Grenoble, France.
   Norwegian Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Chem, N-7034 Trondheim, Norway.
   Univ Oslo, Dept Chem, N-0315 Oslo, Norway.
   Max Planck Inst Festkorperforsch, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
C3 European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF); Norwegian University of Science & Technology (NTNU); University of Oslo; Max Planck Society
RP Crichton, WA (corresponding author), European Synchrotron Radiat Facil, BP 220, F-38043 Grenoble, France.
NR 30
TC 91
Z9 94
U1 1
U2 37
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 6
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6864
BP 622
EP 625
DI 10.1038/414622a
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 498WB
UT WOS:000172535600043
PM 11740555
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Morais-Cabral, JH
   Zhou, YF
   MacKinnon, R
AF Morais-Cabral, JH
   Zhou, YF
   MacKinnon, R
TI Energetic optimization of ion conduction rate by the K+ selectivity filter
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID electron-density maps; channel; skeletal; complex
AB The K+ selectivity filter catalyses the dehydration, transfer and rehydration of a K+ ion in about ten nanoseconds. This physical process is central to the production of electrical signals in biology. Here we show how nearly diffusion-limited rates are achieved, by analysing ion conduction and the corresponding crystallographic ion distribution in the selectivity filter of the KcsA K+ channel. Measurements with K+ and its slightly larger analogue, Rb+, lead us to conclude that the selectivity filter usually contains two K+ ions separated by one water molecule. The two ions move in a concerted fashion between two configurations, K+-water-K+-water (1,3 conrguration) and water-K+-water-K+ (2,4 conrguration), until a third ion enters, displacing the ion on the opposite side of the queue. For K+, the energy difference between the 1,3 and 2,4 configurations is close to zero, the condition of maximum conduction rate. The energetic balance between these configurations is a clear example of evolutionary optimization of protein function.
C1 Rockefeller Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Lab Mol Neurobiol & Biophys, New York, NY 10021 USA.
C3 Rockefeller University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
RP MacKinnon, R (corresponding author), Rockefeller Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Lab Mol Neurobiol & Biophys, 1230 York Ave, New York, NY 10021 USA.
EM mackinn@rockvax.rockefeller.edu
NR 27
TC 700
Z9 807
U1 1
U2 135
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 01
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6859
BP 37
EP 42
DI 10.1038/35102000
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 487VC
UT WOS:000171898900034
PM 11689935
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Riolo, RL
   Cohen, MD
   Axelrod, R
AF Riolo, RL
   Cohen, MD
   Axelrod, R
TI Evolution of cooperation without reciprocity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID social-structure; green beard; games
AB A long-standing problem in biological and social sciences is to understand the conditions required for the emergence and maintenance of cooperation in evolving populations. For many situations, kin selection(1) is an adequate explanation, although kin-recognition may still be a problem. Explanations of cooperation between non-kin include continuing interactions that provide a shadow of the future (that is, the expectation of an ongoing relationship) that can sustain reciprocity(2-4), possibly supported by mechanisms to bias interactions such as embedding the agents in a two-dimensional space(4-6) or other context-preserving networks(7). Another explanation, indirect reciprocity(8), applies when benevolence to one agent increases the chance of receiving help from others. Here we use computer simulations to show that cooperation can arise when agents donate to others who are sufficiently similar to themselves in some arbitrary characteristic. Such a characteristic, or 'tag', can be a marking, display, or other observable trait. Tag-based donation can lead to the emergence of cooperation among agents who have only rudimentary ability to detect environmental signals and, unlike models of direct(3,4) or indirect reciprocity(9,10), no memory of past encounters is required.
C1 Univ Michigan, Ctr Study Complex Syst, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
   Univ Michigan, Sch Informat, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
   Univ Michigan, Gerald R Ford Sch Publ Policy, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
C3 University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan
RP Riolo, RL (corresponding author), Univ Michigan, Ctr Study Complex Syst, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
EM rlriolo@umich.edu
NR 27
TC 477
Z9 544
U1 1
U2 161
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 22
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6862
BP 441
EP 443
DI 10.1038/35106555
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 494UP
UT WOS:000172304500041
PM 11719803
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Haile, SM
   Boysen, DA
   Chisholm, CRI
   Merle, RB
AF Haile, SM
   Boysen, DA
   Chisholm, CRI
   Merle, RB
TI Solid acids as fuel cell electrolytes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID superprotonic conductivity; exchange; cshso4; proton
AB Fuel cells are attractive alternatives to combustion engines for electrical power generation because of their very high efficiencies and low pollution levels. Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells are generally considered to be the most viable approach for mobile applications. However, these membranes require humid operating conditions, which limit the temperature of operation to less than 100 degreesC; they are also permeable to methanol and hydrogen, which lowers fuel efficiency. Solid, inorganic, acid compounds (or simply, solid acids) such as CsHSO4 and Rb3H(SeO4)(2) have been widely studied because of their high proton conductivities and phase-transition behaviour. For fuel-cell applications they offer the advantages of anhydrous proton transport and high-temperature stability (up to 250 degreesC). Until now, however, solid acids have not been considered viable fuel-cell electrolyte alternatives owing to their solubility in water and extreme ductility at raised temperatures (above approximately 125 degreesC). Here we show that a cell made of a CsHSO4 electrolyte membrane (about 1.5 mm thick) operating at 150-160 degreesC in a H-2/O-2 configuration exhibits promising electrochemical performances: open circuit voltages of 1.11 V and current densities of 44 mA cm(-2) at short circuit. Moreover, the solid-acid properties were not affected by exposure to humid atmospheres. Although these initial results show promise for applications, the use of solid acids in fuel cells will require the development of fabrication techniques to reduce electrolyte thickness, and an assessment of possible sulphur reduction following prolonged exposure to hydrogen.
C1 CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
C3 California Institute of Technology
RP Haile, SM (corresponding author), CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
NR 17
TC 824
Z9 904
U1 5
U2 338
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 19
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6831
BP 910
EP 913
DI 10.1038/35073536
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 423AG
UT WOS:000168152300040
PM 11309611
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Perutz, MF
   Windle, AH
AF Perutz, MF
   Windle, AH
TI Cause of neural death in neurodegenerative diseases attributable to expansion of glutamine repeats
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID huntingtons-disease; intranuclear inclusions; cell-death; dysfunction; model
AB Neurodegenerative diseases resulting from expanded repeat sequences of glutamine residues are associated with the formation of protein aggregates in the cell nuclei of the affected neurons, but whether these are pathogenic is controversial. Recent observations indicate that the ages of onset of these diseases are exponential functions of the repeat lengths and that the probability of neural death is constant with time. The only process known to us that could give rise to such behaviour is nucleation of the aggregates.
C1 MRC, Mol Biol Lab, Cambridge CB2 2QH, England.
   Univ Cambridge, Dept Mat Sci & Met, Cambridge CB2 3QZ, England.
C3 MRC Laboratory Molecular Biology; University of Cambridge
RP Perutz, MF (corresponding author), MRC, Mol Biol Lab, Hills Rd, Cambridge CB2 2QH, England.
NR 17
TC 166
Z9 191
U1 0
U2 9
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 12
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6843
BP 143
EP 144
DI 10.1038/35084141
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 451AJ
UT WOS:000169778700040
PM 11449262
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Quist, D
   Chapela, IH
AF Quist, D
   Chapela, IH
TI Transgenic DNA introgressed into traditional maize landraces in Oaxaca, Mexico
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gene flow; plants
AB Concerns have been raised about the potential effects of transgenic introductions on the genetic diversity of crop landraces and wild relatives in areas of crop origin and diversification, as this diversity is considered essential for global food security. Direct effects on non-target species(1,2), and the possibility of unintentionally transferring traits of ecological relevance onto landraces and wild relatives have also been sources of concern(3,4). The degree of genetic connectivity between industrial crops and their progenitors in landraces and wild relatives is a principal determinant of the evolutionary history of crops and agroecosystems throughout the world(5,6). Recent introductions of transgenic DNA constructs into agricultural fields provide unique markers to measure such connectivity. For these reasons, the detection of transgenic DNA in crop landraces is of critical importance. Here we report the presence of introgressed transgenic DNA constructs in native maize landraces grown in remote mountains in Oaxaca, Mexico, part of the Mesoamerican centre of origin and diversification of this crop(7-9).
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Environm Sci Policy & Management, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley
RP Chapela, IH (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Environm Sci Policy & Management, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
EM ichapela@nature.berkeley.edu
NR 15
TC 380
Z9 529
U1 1
U2 148
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 29
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6863
BP 541
EP 543
DI 10.1038/35107068
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 496PV
UT WOS:000172405900046
PM 11734853
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Marsh, AG
   Mullineaux, LS
   Young, CM
   Manahan, DT
AF Marsh, AG
   Mullineaux, LS
   Young, CM
   Manahan, DT
TI Larval dispersal potential of the tubeworm Riftia pachyptila at deep-sea hydrothermal vents
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID east pacific rise; fuca ridge; ecological implications; energy-metabolism; lipid-metabolism; plumes; event; juan; currents; storage
AB Hydrothermal vents are ephemeral because of frequent volcanic and tectonic activities associated with crust formation(1-3). Although the larvae of hydrothermal vent fauna can rapidly colonize new vent sites separated by tens to hundreds of kilometres(4,5), the mechanisms by which these larvae disperse and recruit are not understood. Here we integrate physiological, developmental and hydrodynamic data to estimate the dispersal potential of larvae of the giant tubeworm Riftia pachyptila. At in situ temperatures and pressures (2 degreesC and 250 atm), we estimate that the metabolic lifespan for a larva of R. pachyptila averages 38 days. In the measured flow regime at a fast-spreading ridge axis (9 degrees 50' N; East Pacific Rise), this lifespan results in potential along-ridge dispersal distances that rarely exceed 100 km. This limited dispersal results not from the physiological performance of the embryos and larvae, but instead from transport limitations imposed by periodic reversals in along-ridge flows and sustained episodes of across-ridge flow. The lifespan presented for these larvae can now be used to predict dispersal under current regimes at other hydrothermal vent sites.
C1 Univ So Calif, Dept Biol Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA.
   Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Biol, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA.
   Harbor Branch Oceanog Inst Inc, Div Marine Sci, Ft Pierce, FL 34946 USA.
C3 University of Southern California; Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution; Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute Foundation
RP Manahan, DT (corresponding author), Univ So Calif, Dept Biol Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA.
NR 26
TC 186
Z9 209
U1 1
U2 101
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 3
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6833
BP 77
EP 80
DI 10.1038/35075063
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 427XY
UT WOS:000168432800046
PM 11333980
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Brixner, T
   Damrauer, NH
   Niklaus, P
   Gerber, G
AF Brixner, T
   Damrauer, NH
   Niklaus, P
   Gerber, G
TI Photoselective adaptive femtosecond quantum control in the liquid phase
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID coherent control; charge-transfer; optimization; excitation; frequency; dynamics
AB Coherent light sources can be used to manipulate the outcome of light-matter interactions by exploiting interference phenomena in the time and frequency domain. A powerful tool in this emerging field of 'quantum control'(1-6) is the adaptive shaping of femtosecond laser pulses(7-10), resulting, for instance, in selective molecular excitation. The basis of this method is that the quantum system under investigation itself guides an automated search, via iteration loops, for coherent light fields best suited for achieving a control task designed by the experimenter(11). The method is therefore ideal for the control of complex experiments(7,12-20). To date, all demonstrations of this technique on molecular systems have focused on controlling the outcome of photo-induced reactions in identical molecules, and little attention has been paid to selectively controlling mixtures of different molecules. Here we report simultaneous but selective multi-photon excitation of two distinct electronically and structurally complex dye molecules in solution. Despite the failure of single parameter variations (wavelength, intensity, or linear chirp control), adaptive femtosecond pulse shaping can reveal complex laser fields to achieve chemically selective molecular excitation. Furthermore, our results prove that phase coherences of the solute molecule persist for more than 100 fs in the solvent environment.
C1 Univ Wurzburg, Inst Phys, D-97074 Wurzburg, Germany.
C3 University of Wurzburg
RP Gerber, G (corresponding author), Univ Wurzburg, Inst Phys, D-97074 Wurzburg, Germany.
EM gerber@physik.uni-wuerzburg.de
NR 30
TC 393
Z9 434
U1 0
U2 84
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 01
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6859
BP 57
EP 60
DI 10.1038/35102037
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 487VC
UT WOS:000171898900039
PM 11689940
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Esch, HE
   Zhang, SW
   Srinivasan, MV
   Tautz, J
AF Esch, HE
   Zhang, SW
   Srinivasan, MV
   Tautz, J
TI Honeybee dances communicate distances measured by optic flow
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB In honeybees, employed foragers recruit unemployed hive mates to food sources by dances from which a human observer can read the distance and direction of the food source(1). When foragers collect food in a short, narrow tunnel, they dance as if the food source were much farther away. Dancers gauge distance by retinal image flow on the way to their destination. Their visually driven odometer misreads distance because the close tunnel walls increase optic flow(2). We examined how hive mates interpret these dances. Here we show that recruited bees search outside in the direction of the tunnel at exaggerated distances and not inside the tunnel where the foragers come from. Thus, dances must convey information about the direction of the food source and the total amount of image motion en route to the food source, but they do not convey information about absolute distances. We also found that perceived distances on various outdoor routes from the same hive could be considerably different. Navigational errors are avoided as recruits and dancers tend to fly in the same direction. Reported racial differences in honeybee dances(1) could have arisen merely from differences in the environments in which these bees flew.
C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Biol Sci, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
   Australian Natl Univ, Res Sch Biol Sci, Ctr Visual Sci, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
   Univ Wurzburg, Biozentrum, D-97074 Wurzburg, Germany.
C3 University of Notre Dame; Australian National University; University of Wurzburg
RP Esch, HE (corresponding author), Univ Notre Dame, Dept Biol Sci, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
NR 4
TC 208
Z9 230
U1 2
U2 84
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 31
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6837
BP 581
EP 583
DI 10.1038/35079072
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 437GE
UT WOS:000168982500050
PM 11385571
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nicolelis, MAL
AF Nicolelis, MAL
TI Actions from thoughts
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID motor cortex; stimulation; plasticity; seizures; neurons
AB Real-time direct interfaces between the brain and electronic and mechanical devices could one day be used to restore sensory and motor functions lost through injury or disease. Hybrid brain-machine interfaces also have the potential to enhance our perceptual, motor and cognitive capabilities by revolutionizing the way we use computers and interact with remote environments.
C1 Duke Univ, Dept Neurobiol, Durham, NC 27710 USA.
   Duke Univ, Dept Expt Psychol, Durham, NC 27710 USA.
   Duke Univ, Dept Biomed Engn, Durham, NC 27710 USA.
C3 Duke University; Duke University; Duke University
RP Nicolelis, MAL (corresponding author), Duke Univ, Dept Neurobiol, Durham, NC 27710 USA.
EM nicoleli@neuro.duke.edu
NR 30
TC 474
Z9 574
U1 1
U2 78
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 18
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6818
BP 403
EP 407
DI 10.1038/35053191
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 392VY
UT WOS:000166434300063
PM 11201755
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zhang, PZ
   Molnar, P
   Downs, WR
AF Zhang, PZ
   Molnar, P
   Downs, WR
TI Increased sedimentation rates and grain sizes 2-4 Myr ago due to the influence of climate change on erosion rates
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mountain-ranges; uplift; eocene; evolution; model; basin; glaciation; quaternary; subsidence; plateau
AB Around the globe, and in a variety of settings including active and inactive mountain belts, increases in sedimentation rates as well as in grain sizes of sediments were recorded at similar to2-4 Myr ago, implying increased erosion rates. A change in climate represents the only process that is globally synchronous and can potentially account for the widespread increase in erosion and sedimentation, but no single process-like a lowering of sea levels or expanded glaciation-can explain increases in sedimentation in all environments, encompassing continental margins and interiors, and tropical as well as higher latitudes. We suggest that climate affected erosion mainly by the transition from a period of climate stability, in which landscapes had attained equilibrium configurations, to a time of frequent and abrupt changes in temperature, precipitation and vegetation, which prevented fluvial and glacial systems from establishing equilibrium states.
C1 State Seismol Bur, Inst Geol, Beijing 100029, Peoples R China.
   MIT, Dept Earth Atmospher & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   No Arizona Univ, Bilby Res Ctr, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA.
C3 China Earthquake Administration; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Northern Arizona University
RP Molnar, P (corresponding author), Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Dept Geol Sci, Campus Box 399, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
EM molnar@terra.colorado.edu
NR 82
TC 392
Z9 545
U1 4
U2 210
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 19
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6831
BP 891
EP 897
DI 10.1038/35073504
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 423AG
UT WOS:000168152300036
PM 11309607
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Abbott, A
AF Abbott, A
TI Genetic medicine gets real
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID autologous melanoma-cells; clinical-phase-i; cancer-patients; vaccination; angiogenesis; therapy; antigen
NR 11
TC 13
Z9 13
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 24
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6836
BP 410
EP 412
DI 10.1038/35078232
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 435CB
UT WOS:000168858700013
PM 11373641
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pavlov, P
   Svendsen, JI
   Indrelid, S
AF Pavlov, P
   Svendsen, JI
   Indrelid, S
TI Human presence in the European Arctic nearly 40,000 years ago
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ice sheets; barents; kara; colonization; russia; extent
AB The transition from the Middle to the Upper Palaeolithic, approximately 40,000-35,000 radiocarbon years ago, marks a turning point in the history of human evolution in Europe. Many changes in the archaeological and fossil record at this time have been associated with the appearance of anatomically modern humans(1,2). Before this transition, the Neanderthals roamed the continent, but their remains have not been found in the northernmost part of Eurasia. It is generally believed that this vast region was not colonized by humans until the final stage of the last Ice Age some 13,000-14,000 years ago(3,4). Here we report the discovery of traces of human occupation nearly 40,000 years old at Mamontovaya Kurya, a Palaeolithic site situated in the European part of the Russian Arctic. At this site we have uncovered stone artefacts, animal bones and a mammoth tusk with human-made marks from strata covered by thick Quaternary deposits. This is the oldest documented evidence for human presence at this high latitude; it implies that either the Neanderthals expanded much further north than previously thought or that modern humans were present in the Arctic only a few thousand years after their first appearance in Europe.
C1 Univ Bergen, Ctr Studies Environm & Resources, N-5020 Bergen, Norway.
   Russian Acad Sci, Inst Language Literature & Hist, Komi Sci Ctr, Ural Div, Syktyvkar 167000, Russia.
   Univ Bergen, Bergen Museum, N-5020 Bergen, Norway.
C3 University of Bergen; Russian Academy of Sciences; Institute of Language, Literature & History, Komi Scientific Centre of the RAS; Komi Science Centre of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences; University of Bergen
RP Svendsen, JI (corresponding author), Univ Bergen, Ctr Studies Environm & Resources, N-5020 Bergen, Norway.
EM john.svendsen@smr.uib.no
NR 27
TC 110
Z9 120
U1 0
U2 28
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 6
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6851
BP 64
EP 67
DI 10.1038/35092552
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 469EG
UT WOS:000170801200038
PM 11544525
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU McIsaac, GF
   David, MB
   Gertner, GZ
   Goolsby, DA
AF McIsaac, GF
   David, MB
   Gertner, GZ
   Goolsby, DA
TI Eutrophication - Nitrate flux in the Mississippi river
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nitrogen budgets; models; corn
C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Nat Resources & Environm Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA.
   US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA.
C3 University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; United States Department of the Interior; United States Geological Survey
RP McIsaac, GF (corresponding author), Univ Illinois, Dept Nat Resources & Environm Sci, Turner Hall,1102 S Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL 61801 USA.
EM gmcisaac@uiuc.edu
NR 13
TC 262
Z9 330
U1 5
U2 85
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 8
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6860
BP 166
EP 167
DI 10.1038/35102672
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 490AY
UT WOS:000172029100033
PM 11700544
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Angel, R
AF Angel, R
TI Future optical and infrared telescopes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB New telescopes, new detectors and new regions of the electromagnetic spectrum have often revealed totally unsuspected aspects of the Universe. How can we maximize the chances of such serendipity in the future?
C1 Univ Arizona, Dept Astron, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
   Univ Arizona, Steward Observ, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
C3 University of Arizona; University of Arizona
RP Angel, R (corresponding author), Univ Arizona, Dept Astron, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
NR 7
TC 7
Z9 7
U1 0
U2 0
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 18
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6818
BP 427
EP 430
DI 10.1038/35053217
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 392VY
UT WOS:000166434300069
PM 11201760
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Polyak, L
   Edwards, MH
   Coakley, BJ
   Jakobsson, M
AF Polyak, L
   Edwards, MH
   Coakley, BJ
   Jakobsson, M
TI Ice shelves in the Pleistocene Arctic Ocean inferred from glaciogenic deep-sea bedforms
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID yermak plateau; iceberg plowmarks; sheet; sidescan; history; fronts
AB It has been proposed that during Pleistocene glaciations, an ice cap of 1 kilometre or greater thickness covered the Arctic Ocean(1-3). This notion contrasts with the prevailing view that the Arctic Ocean was covered only by perennial sea ice with scattered icebergs(4-6). Detailed mapping of the ocean floor is the best means to resolve this issue. Although sea-floor imagery has been used to reconstruct the glacial history of the Antarctic shelf(7-9), little data have been collected in the Arctic Ocean because of operational constraints(10,11). The use of a geophysical mapping system during the submarine SCICEX expedition in 1999(12) provided the opportunity to perform such an investigation over a large portion of the Arctic Ocean. Here we analyse backscatter images and sub-bottom profiler records obtained during this expedition from depths as great as 1 kilometre. These records show multiple bedforms indicative of glacial scouring and moulding of sea floor, combined with large-scale erosion of submarine ridge crests. These distinct glaciogenic features demonstrate that immense, Antarctic-type ice shelves up to 1 kilometre thick and hundreds of kilometres long existed in the Arctic Ocean during Pleistocene glaciations.
C1 Ohio State Univ, Byrd Polar Res Ctr, Columbus, OH 43210 USA.
   Univ Hawaii, Hawaii Inst Geophys & Planetol, Hawaii Mapping Res Grp, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA.
   Tulane Univ, Dept Geol, New Orleans, LA 70118 USA.
   Univ Stockholm, Dept Geol & Geochem, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
C3 University System of Ohio; Ohio State University; University of Hawaii System; Tulane University; Stockholm University
RP Polyak, L (corresponding author), Ohio State Univ, Byrd Polar Res Ctr, Columbus, OH 43210 USA.
EM polyak.1@osu.edu
NR 31
TC 175
Z9 196
U1 0
U2 23
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 22
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6827
BP 453
EP 457
DI 10.1038/35068536
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 412YX
UT WOS:000167583800037
PM 11260709
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Strässer, K
   Hurt, E
AF Strässer, K
   Hurt, E
TI Splicing factor Sub2p is required for nuclear mRNA export through its interaction with Yra1p
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID yeast homolog; mex67p; identification; binding; protein
AB The yeast nuclear protein Yra1p is an essential export factor for mRNA. Yra1p interacts directly with the mRNA transport factor Mex67p/Mtr2p, which is associated with the nuclear pore(1,2). Here, we report a genetic interaction between YRA1 and SUB2, the gene for a DEAD box helicase involved in splicing(3-5). Mutation of SUB2 as well as its overexpression leads to a defect in mRNA export. Moreover, Yra1p and Sub2p bind directly to each other both in vivo and in vitro. Significantly, Sub2p and Mex67p/Mtr2p bind to the same domains of Yra1p, and the proteins compete for binding to Yra1p. Together, these data indicate that the spliceosomal component Sub2p is also important in mRNA export and may function to recruit Yra1p to the mRNA. Sub2p may then be displaced from Yra1p by the binding of Mex67p/Mtr2p, which participates in the export of mRNA through the nuclear pores.
C1 BZH, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
C3 Ruprecht Karls University Heidelberg
RP Hurt, E (corresponding author), BZH, Neuenheimer Feld 328, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
EM eg5@ix.urz.uni-heidelberg.de
NR 17
TC 270
Z9 326
U1 0
U2 11
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 11
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6856
BP 648
EP 652
DI 10.1038/35098113
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 480WE
UT WOS:000171485700053
PM 11675790
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pearce, JA
   Leat, PT
   Barker, PF
   Millar, IL
AF Pearce, JA
   Leat, PT
   Barker, PF
   Millar, IL
TI Geochemical tracing of Pacific-to-Atlantic upper-mantle flow through the Drake passage
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID australian-antarctic discordance; east-scotia ridge; chile ridge; basalts; isotope; plume; ocean; convection; element; origin
AB The Earth's convecting upper mantle can be viewed as comprising three main reservoirs, beneath the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian oceans. Because of the uneven global distribution and migration of ridges and subduction zones, the surface area of the Pacific reservoir is at present contracting at about 0.6 km(2) yr(-1), while the Atlantic and Indian reservoirs are growing at about 0.45 km(2) yr(-1) and 0.15 km(2) yr(-1), respectively(1,2). Garfunkel(1) and others have argued that there must accordingly be net mantle flow from the Pacific to the Atlantic and Indian reservoirs (in order to maintain mass balance), and Alvarez(2) further predicted that this flow should be restricted to the few parts of the Pacific rim (here termed 'gateways') where there are no continental roots or subduction zones that might act as barriers to shallow mantle flow. The main Pacific gateways are, according to Alvarez(2,3), the southeast Indian Ocean, the Caribbean Sea and the Drake passage. Here we report geochemical data which confirm that there has been some outflow of Pacific mantle into the Drake passage-but probably in response to regional tectonic constraints, rather than global mass-balance requirements. We also show that a mantle domain boundary, equivalent to the Australian-Antarctic discordance, must lie between the Drake passage and the east Scotia Sea.
C1 Cardiff Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Cardiff CF10 3YE, S Glam, Wales.
   British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge CB3 0ET, England.
C3 Cardiff University; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Natural Environment Research Council (NERC); NERC British Antarctic Survey
RP Pearce, JA (corresponding author), Cardiff Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Cardiff CF10 3YE, S Glam, Wales.
NR 30
TC 73
Z9 75
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 22
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6827
BP 457
EP 461
DI 10.1038/35068542
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 412YX
UT WOS:000167583800038
PM 11260710
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Liljeros, F
   Edling, CR
   Amaral, LAN
   Stanley, HE
   Åberg, Y
AF Liljeros, F
   Edling, CR
   Amaral, LAN
   Stanley, HE
   Åberg, Y
TI The web of human sexual contacts
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID small-world networks; complex networks
C1 Stockholm Univ, Dept Sociol, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
   Boston Univ, Ctr Polymer Studies, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
   Boston Univ, Dept Phys, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
C3 Stockholm University; Boston University; Boston University
RP Liljeros, F (corresponding author), Stockholm Univ, Dept Sociol, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
NR 14
TC 1181
Z9 1345
U1 3
U2 141
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 21
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6840
BP 907
EP 908
DI 10.1038/35082140
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 444EN
UT WOS:000169386200032
PM 11418846
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Siegert, F
   Ruecker, G
   Hinrichs, A
   Hoffmann, AA
AF Siegert, F
   Ruecker, G
   Hinrichs, A
   Hoffmann, AA
TI Increased damage from fires in logged forests during droughts caused by El Nino
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ers-2 sar images; tropical forests; eastern amazon; rain-forest; kalimantan; biomass
AB In 1997-98, fires associated with an exceptional drought caused by the El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) devastated large areas of tropical rain forests worldwide. Evidence suggests that in tropical rainforest environments selective logging may lead to an increased susceptibility of forests to fire(1-4). We investigated whether this was true in the Indonesian fires, the largest fire disaster ever observed(5,6). We performed a multiscale analysis using coarse- and high-resolution optical and radar satellite imagery assisted by ground and aerial surveys to assess the extent of the fire-damaged area and the effect on vegetation in East Kalimantan on the island of Borneo. A total of 5.2 +/-0.3 million hectares including 2.6 million hectares of forest was burned with varying degrees of damage. Forest fires primarily affected recently logged forests; primary forests or those logged long ago were less affected. These results support the hypothesis of positive feedback between logging and fire occurrence(4). The fires severely damaged the remaining forests and significantly increased the risk of recurrent fire disasters by leaving huge amounts of dead flammable wood.
C1 Univ Munich, Dept Biol, D-80333 Munich, Germany.
   Remote Sensing Solut GmbH, D-81667 Munich, Germany.
   ZEBRIS GIS & Consulting, D-81373 Munich, Germany.
   GTZ, IFFM, Samarinda 75001, Kalimantan Timu, Indonesia.
   GTZ, MoFEC, SFMP, Samarinda 75123, Kalimantan Timu, Indonesia.
C3 University of Munich
RP Siegert, F (corresponding author), Univ Munich, Dept Biol, Luisenstr 14, D-80333 Munich, Germany.
NR 22
TC 468
Z9 538
U1 4
U2 187
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 22
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6862
BP 437
EP 440
DI 10.1038/35106547
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 494UP
UT WOS:000172304500040
PM 11719802
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Courtial, J
   Leach, J
   Padgett, MJ
AF Courtial, J
   Leach, J
   Padgett, MJ
TI Image processing - Fractals in pixellated video feedback
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Glasgow, Dept Phys & Astron, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Lanark, Scotland.
C3 University of Glasgow
RP Courtial, J (corresponding author), Univ Glasgow, Dept Phys & Astron, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Lanark, Scotland.
NR 12
TC 16
Z9 20
U1 1
U2 9
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 20
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6866
BP 864
EP 864
DI 10.1038/414864a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 503RB
UT WOS:000172813300034
PM 11780051
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hurst, JL
   Payne, CE
   Nevison, CM
   Marie, AD
   Humphries, RE
   Robertson, DHL
   Cavaggioni, A
   Beynon, RJ
AF Hurst, JL
   Payne, CE
   Nevison, CM
   Marie, AD
   Humphries, RE
   Robertson, DHL
   Cavaggioni, A
   Beynon, RJ
TI Individual recognition in mice mediated by major urinary proteins
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID house mouse; female mice; synthetic analogs; binding; stimulation; chemistry; pheromone; marking
AB The ability to recognize individuals is essential to many aspects of social behaviour, such as the maintenance of stable social groups, parent-offspring or mate recognition, inbreeding avoidance and the modulation of competitive relationships. Odours are a primary mediator of individuality signals among many mammals(1). One source of odour complexity in rodents, and possibly in humans, resides in the highly polymorphic major histocompatibility complex (MHC)(2). The olfactory acuity of mice(3) and rats(4) allows them to distinguish between the urinary odours of congenic strains differing only in single genes within the MHC, although the chemical mediators or odorants are unknown. However, rodent urine also contains a class of proteins, termed major urinary proteins (MUPs)(5), that bind and release small volatile pheromones(6,7). We have shown that the combinatorial diversity of expression of MUPs among wild mice might be as great as for MHC, and at protein concentrations a million times higher(8). Here we show in wild house mice (Mus domesticus) that urinary MUPs play an important role in the individual recognition mechanism.
C1 Univ Liverpool, Dept Vet Clin Sci & Anim Husb, Neston CH64 7TE, England.
   Univ Liverpool, Dept Preclin Vet Sci, Liverpool L69 3BX, Merseyside, England.
   Univ Padua, Dipartimento Anat & Fisiol Umana, I-35100 Padua, Italy.
C3 University of Liverpool; University of Liverpool; University of Padua
RP Hurst, JL (corresponding author), Univ Liverpool, Dept Vet Clin Sci & Anim Husb, Neston CH64 7TE, England.
EM jane.hurst@liverpool.ac.uk
NR 30
TC 496
Z9 557
U1 0
U2 91
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 6
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6864
BP 631
EP 634
DI 10.1038/414631a
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 498WB
UT WOS:000172535600046
PM 11740558
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU López-García, P
   Rodríguez-Valera, F
   Pedrós-Alió, C
   Moreira, D
AF López-García, P
   Rodríguez-Valera, F
   Pedrós-Alió, C
   Moreira, D
TI Unexpected diversity of small eukaryotes in deep-sea Antarctic plankton
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID evolution; phylogeny; sequences; archaea
AB Phylogenetic information from ribosomal RNA genes directly amplified from the environment changed our view of the biosphere, revealing an extraordinary diversity of previously undetected prokaryotic lineages. Using ribosomal RNA genes from marine picoplankton, several new groups of bacteria and archaea have been identified, some of which are abundant2-4. Little is known, however, about the diversity of the smallest planktonic eukaryotes, and available information in general concerns the phytoplankton of the euphotic region. Here we recover eukaryotes in the size fraction 0.2-5 mum from the aphotic zone (250-3,000 m deep) in the Antarctic polar front. The most diverse and relatively abundant were two new groups of alveolate sequences, related to dinoflagellates that are found at all studied depths. These may be important components of the microbial community in the deep ocean. Their phylogenetic position suggests a radiation early in the evolution of alveolates.
C1 Univ Miguel Hernandez, Div Microbiol, San Juan De Alicante 03550, Spain.
   CSIC, Inst Ciences Mar, E-08039 Barcelona, Spain.
C3 Universidad Miguel Hernandez de Elche; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); CSIC - Centro Mediterraneo de Investigaciones Marinas y Ambientales (CMIMA); CSIC - Instituto de Ciencias del Mar (ICM)
RP Moreira, D (corresponding author), Univ Miguel Hernandez, Div Microbiol, San Juan De Alicante 03550, Spain.
NR 27
TC 735
Z9 821
U1 0
U2 135
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 1
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6820
BP 603
EP 607
DI 10.1038/35054537
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 397JJ
UT WOS:000166692300040
PM 11214316
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sachidanandam, R
   Weissman, D
   Schmidt, SC
   Kakol, JM
   Stein, LD
   Marth, G
   Sherry, S
   Mullikin, JC
   Mortimore, BJ
   Willey, DL
   Hunt, SE
   Cole, CG
   Coggill, PC
   Rice, CM
   Ning, ZM
   Rogers, J
   Bentley, DR
   Kwok, PY
   Mardis, ER
   Yeh, RT
   Schultz, B
   Cook, L
   Davenport, R
   Dante, M
   Fulton, L
   Hillier, L
   Waterston, RH
   McPherson, JD
   Gilman, B
   Schaffner, S
   Van Etten, WJ
   Reich, D
   Higgins, J
   Daly, MJ
   Blumenstiel, B
   Baldwin, J
   Stange-Thomann, NS
   Zody, MC
   Linton, L
   Lander, ES
   Altshuler, D
AF Sachidanandam, R
   Weissman, D
   Schmidt, SC
   Kakol, JM
   Stein, LD
   Marth, G
   Sherry, S
   Mullikin, JC
   Mortimore, BJ
   Willey, DL
   Hunt, SE
   Cole, CG
   Coggill, PC
   Rice, CM
   Ning, ZM
   Rogers, J
   Bentley, DR
   Kwok, PY
   Mardis, ER
   Yeh, RT
   Schultz, B
   Cook, L
   Davenport, R
   Dante, M
   Fulton, L
   Hillier, L
   Waterston, RH
   McPherson, JD
   Gilman, B
   Schaffner, S
   Van Etten, WJ
   Reich, D
   Higgins, J
   Daly, MJ
   Blumenstiel, B
   Baldwin, J
   Stange-Thomann, NS
   Zody, MC
   Linton, L
   Lander, ES
   Altshuler, D
TI A map of human genome sequence variation containing 1.42 million single nucleotide polymorphisms
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lipoprotein-lipase gene; common disease genes; linkage disequilibrium; candidate genes; dna-sequences; snp map; diversity; identification; populations; discovery
AB We describe a map of 1.42 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) distributed throughout the human genome, providing an average density on available sequence of one SNP every 1.9 kilobases. These SNPs were primarily discovered by two projects: The SNP Consortium and the analysis of clone overlaps by the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium. The map integrates all publicly available SNPs with described genes and other genomic features. We estimate that 60,000 SNPs fall within exon (coding and untranslated regions), and 85% of exons are within 5 kb of the nearest SNP. Nucleotide diversity varies greatly across the genome, in a manner broadly consistent with a standard population genetic model of human history. This high-density SNP map provides a public resource for defining haplotype variation across the genome, and should help to identify biomedically important genes for diagnosis and therapy.
C1 Cold Spring Harbor Lab, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724 USA.
   MIT, Dept Biol, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Genet, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
   Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Dept Mol Biol, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
   Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Diabet Unit, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
   Natl Ctr Biotechnol Informat, Bethesda, MD 20894 USA.
C3 Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital
RP Altshuler, D (corresponding author), 9 Cambridge Ctr, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
EM drb@sanger.ac.uk; altshul@genome.wi.mit.edu
NR 44
TC 2286
Z9 2866
U1 4
U2 262
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 15
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6822
BP 928
EP 933
DI 10.1038/35057149
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 401QC
UT WOS:000166938800060
PM 11237013
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Oganov, AR
   Brodholt, JP
   Price, GD
AF Oganov, AR
   Brodholt, JP
   Price, GD
TI The elastic constants of MgSiO3 perovskite at pressures and temperatures of the Earth's mantle
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID molecular-dynamics; seismic tomography; constraints; behavior; core
AB The temperature anomalies in the Earth's mantle associated with thermal convection(1) can be inferred from seismic tomography, provided that the elastic properties of mantle minerals are known as a function of temperature at mantle pressures. At present, however, such information is difficult to obtain directly through laboratory experiments. We have therefore taken advantage of recent advances in computer technology, and have performed finite-temperature ab initio molecular dynamics simulations(2,3) of the elastic properties of MgSiO3 perovskite, the major mineral of the lower mantle, at relevant thermodynamic conditions. When combined with the results from tomographic images of the mantle, our results indicate that the lower mantle is either significantly anelastic(4) or compositionally heterogeneous on large scales(5). We found the temperature contrast between the coldest and hottest regions of the mantle, at a given depth, to be about 800 K at 1,000 km, 1,500 K at 2,000 km, and possibly over 2,000 K at the core-mantle boundary.
C1 UCL, Dept Geol Sci, London WC1E 6BT, England.
C3 University of London; University College London
RP Oganov, AR (corresponding author), UCL, Dept Geol Sci, Gower St, London WC1E 6BT, England.
EM a.oganov@ucl.ac.uk
NR 27
TC 178
Z9 197
U1 0
U2 72
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 21
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6840
BP 934
EP 937
DI 10.1038/35082048
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 444EN
UT WOS:000169386200040
PM 11418854
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU van den Ent, F
   Amos, LA
   Löwe, J
AF van den Ent, F
   Amos, LA
   Löwe, J
TI Prokaryotic origin of the actin cytoskeleton
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID f-actin; crystal-structure; atpase fragment; atomic model; cell-shape; proteins; domain; refinement; parameters; sequence
AB It was thought until recently that bacteria lack the actin or tubulin filament networks that organize eukaryotic cytoplasm. However, we show here that the bacterial MreB protein assembles into filaments with a subunit repeat similar to that of F-actin-the physiological polymer of eukaryotic actin. By elucidating the MreB crystal structure we demonstrate that MreB and actin are very similar in three dimensions. Moreover, the crystals contain protofilaments, allowing visualization of actin-like strands at atomic resolution. The structure of the MreB protofilament is in remarkably good agreement with the model for F-actin, showing that the proteins assemble in identical orientations. The actin-like properties of MreB explain the finding that MreB forms large fibrous spirals under the cell membrane of rod-shaped cells, where they are involved in cell-shape determination. Thus, prokaryotes are now known to possess homologues both of tubulin, namely FtsZ, and of actin.
C1 MRC, Mol Biol Lab, Cambridge CB2 2QH, England.
C3 MRC Laboratory Molecular Biology
RP van den Ent, F (corresponding author), MRC, Mol Biol Lab, Hills Rd, Cambridge CB2 2QH, England.
EM fent@mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk
NR 39
TC 623
Z9 738
U1 3
U2 105
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 6
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6851
BP 39
EP 44
DI 10.1038/35092500
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 469EG
UT WOS:000170801200031
PM 11544518
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rambaut, A
   Robertson, DL
   Pybus, OG
   Peeters, M
   Holmes, EC
AF Rambaut, A
   Robertson, DL
   Pybus, OG
   Peeters, M
   Holmes, EC
TI Human immunodeficiency virus - Phylogeny and the origin of HIV-1
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Oxford, Dept Zool, Oxford OX1 3PS, England.
   IRD, Retrovirus Lab, F-34032 Montpellier, France.
C3 University of Oxford; Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD)
RP Rambaut, A (corresponding author), Univ Oxford, Dept Zool, S Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3PS, England.
NR 6
TC 127
Z9 156
U1 0
U2 25
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 26
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6832
BP 1047
EP 1048
DI 10.1038/35074179
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 425HQ
UT WOS:000168285500035
PM 11323659
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Maher, BA
   Dennis, PF
AF Maher, BA
   Dennis, PF
TI Evidence against dust-mediated control of glacial-interglacial changes in atmospheric CO2
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID equatorial pacific-ocean; southern-ocean; export production; iron; climate; antarctica; deposition; sediments; origin; vostok
AB The low concentration of atmospheric CO2 inferred to have been present during glacial periods is thought to have been partly caused by an increased supply of iron-bearing dust to the ocean surface(1). This is supported by a recent model(2) that attributes half of the CO2 reduction during past glacial stages to iron-stimulated uptake of CO2 by phytoplankton in the Southern Ocean. But atmospheric dust fluxes to the Southern Ocean, even in glacial periods, are thought to be relatively low and therefore it has been proposed that Southern Ocean productivity might be influenced by iron deposited elsewhere-for example, in the Northern Hemisphere(3,4) -which is then transported south via ocean circulation (similar to the distal supply of iron to the equatorial Pacific Ocean(5-7)). Here we examine the timing of dust fluxes to the North Atlantic Ocean, in relation to climate records from the Vostok ice core in Antarctica around the time of the penultimate deglaciation (about 130 kyr ago). Two main dust peaks occurred 155 kyr and 130 kyr ago, but neither was associated with the CO2 rise recorded in the Vostok ice core. This mismatch, together with the low dust flux supplied to the Southern Ocean, suggests that dust-mediated iron fertilization of the Southern Ocean did not significantly influence atmospheric CO2 at the termination of the penultimate glaciation.
C1 Univ E Anglia, Ctr Environm Magnetism & Palaeomagnetism, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England.
   Univ E Anglia, Sch Environm Sci, Stable Isotope Lab, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England.
C3 University of East Anglia; University of East Anglia
RP Maher, BA (corresponding author), Univ E Anglia, Ctr Environm Magnetism & Palaeomagnetism, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England.
NR 27
TC 52
Z9 56
U1 2
U2 33
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 10
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6834
BP 176
EP 180
DI 10.1038/35075543
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 430FC
UT WOS:000168563000045
PM 11346790
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Riethman, HC
   Xiang, Z
   Paul, S
   Morse, E
   Hu, XL
   Flint, J
   Chi, HC
   Grady, DL
   Moyzis, RK
AF Riethman, HC
   Xiang, Z
   Paul, S
   Morse, E
   Hu, XL
   Flint, J
   Chi, HC
   Grady, DL
   Moyzis, RK
TI Integration of telomere sequences with the draft human genome sequence
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID saccharomyces-cerevisiae; dna-sequence; complete set; gene family; chromosome; polymorphism; cloning
AB Telomeres are the ends of linear eukaryotic chromosomes. To ensure that no large stretches of uncharacterized DNA remain between the ends of the human working draft sequence and the ends of each chromosome, we would need to connect the sequences of the telomeres to the working draft sequence. But telomeres have an unusual DNA sequence composition and organization that makes them particularly difficult to isolate and analyse. Here we use specialized linear yeast artificial chromosome clones, each carrying a large telomere-terminal fragment of human DNA, to integrate most human telomeres with the working draft sequence. Subtelomeric sequence structure appears to vary widely, mainly as a result of large differences in subtelomeric repeat sequence abundance and organization at individual telomeres. Many subtelomeric regions appear to be gene-rich, matching both known and unknown expressed genes. This indicates that human subtelomeric regions are not simply buffers of nonfunctional 'junk DNA' next to the molecular telomere, but are instead functional parts of the expressed genome.
C1 Wistar Inst Anat & Biol, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   John Radcliffe Hosp, Inst Mol Med, Oxford, England.
   Univ Calif Irvine, Coll Med, Dept Biol Chem, Irvine, CA 92697 USA.
C3 The Wistar Institute; University of Oxford; University of California System; University of California Irvine
RP Riethman, HC (corresponding author), Wistar Inst Anat & Biol, 3601 Spruce St, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
EM Riethman@wistar.upenn.edu
NR 26
TC 68
Z9 82
U1 0
U2 5
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 15
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6822
BP 948
EP 951
DI 10.1038/35057180
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 401QC
UT WOS:000166938800066
PM 11237019
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Demetriou, M
   Granovsky, M
   Quaggin, S
   Dennis, JW
AF Demetriou, M
   Granovsky, M
   Quaggin, S
   Dennis, JW
TI Negative regulation of T-cell activation and autoimmunity by Mgat5 N-glycosylation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID membrane microdomains; receptor; binding; lectin; encephalomyelitis; costimulation; galectin-1; apoptosis; biosynthesis; segregation
AB T-cell activation requires clustering of a threshold number of T-cell receptors (TCRs) at the site of antigen presentation, a number that is reduced by CD28 co-receptor recruitment of signalling proteins to TCRs(1-5). Here we demonstrate that a deficiency in beta1,6 N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase V (Mgat5), an enzyme in the N-glycosylation pathway, lowers T-cell activation thresholds by directly enhancing TCR clustering. Mgat5-deficient mice showed kidney autoimmune disease, enhanced delayed-type hypersensitivity, and increased susceptibility to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Recruitment of TCRs to agonist-coated beads, TCR signalling, actin microfilament re-organization, and agonist-induced proliferation were all enhanced in Mgat5(-/-) T cells. Mgat5 initiates GlcNAc beta1,6 branching on N-glycans, thereby increasing N-acetyllactosamine(6), the ligand for galectins(7,8), which are proteins known to modulate T-cell proliferation and apoptosis(9,10). Indeed, galectin-3 was associated with the TCR complex at the cell surface, an interaction dependent on Mgat5. Pre-treatment of wild-type T cells with lactose to compete for galectin binding produced a phenocopy of Mgat5(-/-) TCR clustering. These data indicate that a galectin-glycoprotein lattice strengthened by Mgat5-modified glycans restricts TCR recruitment to the site of antigen presentation. Dysregulation of Mgat5 in humans may increase susceptibility to autoimmune diseases, such as multiple sclerosis.
C1 Mt Sinai Hosp, Samuel Lunenfeld Res Inst, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada.
   Univ Toronto, Dept Med, Div Neurol, Toronto, ON, Canada.
   Univ Toronto, Dept Mol & Med Genet, Toronto, ON, Canada.
C3 University of Toronto; Sinai Health System Toronto; Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute; University of Toronto; University of Toronto
RP Dennis, JW (corresponding author), Mt Sinai Hosp, Samuel Lunenfeld Res Inst, 600 Univ Ave,R988, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada.
NR 30
TC 782
Z9 886
U1 2
U2 65
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 8
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6821
BP 733
EP 739
DI 10.1038/35055582
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 399MF
UT WOS:000166816400047
PM 11217864
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fabrega, C
   Farrow, MA
   Mukhopadhyay, B
   de Crécy-Lagard, V
   Ortiz, AR
   Schimmel, P
AF Fabrega, C
   Farrow, MA
   Mukhopadhyay, B
   de Crécy-Lagard, V
   Ortiz, AR
   Schimmel, P
TI An aminoacyl tRNA synthetase whose sequence fits into neither of the two known classes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transfer-rna-synthetase; complete genome sequence; escherichia-coli; methanococcus-jannaschii; twilight zone; similarity; alignment; proteins; homology; search
AB Aminoacyl transfer RNA synthetases catalyse the first step of protein synthesis and establish the rules of the genetic code through the aminoacylation of tRNAs. There is a distinct synthetase for each of the 20 amino acids and throughout evolution these enzymes have been divided into two classes of ten enzymes each(1,2). These classes are defined by the distinct architectures of their active sites, which are associated with specific and universal sequence motifs(1-5). Because the synthesis of aminoacyl-tRNAs containing each of the twenty amino acids is a universally conserved, essential reaction, the absence of a recognizable gene for cysteinyl tRNA synthetase in the genomes of Archae such as Methanococcus jannaschii and Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum(6-8) has been difficult to interpret. Here we describe a different cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase from M. jannaschii and Deinococcus radiodurans and its characterization in vitro and in vivo. This protein lacks the characteristic sequence motifs seen in the more than 700 known members of the two canonical classes of tRNA synthetase and may be of ancient origin. The existence of this protein contrasts with proposals that aminoacylation with cysteine in M. jannaschii is an auxiliary function of a canonical prolyl-tRNA synthetase(9,10).
C1 Scripps Res Inst, Skaggs Inst Chem Biol, Beckman Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Univ Illinois, Dept Microbiol, Urbana, IL 61801 USA.
   CUNY Mt Sinai Sch Med, Dept Physiol & Biophys, New York, NY 10029 USA.
C3 Scripps Research Institute; University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; City University of New York (CUNY) System
RP Schimmel, P (corresponding author), Scripps Res Inst, Skaggs Inst Chem Biol, Beckman Ctr, 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
NR 29
TC 25
Z9 33
U1 0
U2 10
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 3
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6833
BP 110
EP 114
DI 10.1038/35075121
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 427XY
UT WOS:000168432800054
PM 11333988
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ochsenbein, AF
   Sierro, S
   Odermatt, B
   Pericin, M
   Karrer, U
   Hermans, IF
   Hemmi, S
   Hengartner, H
   Zinkernagel, RM
AF Ochsenbein, AF
   Sierro, S
   Odermatt, B
   Pericin, M
   Karrer, U
   Hermans, IF
   Hemmi, S
   Hengartner, H
   Zinkernagel, RM
TI Roles of tumour localization, second signals and cross priming in cytotoxic T-cell induction
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID antigen-presenting cells; immune-responses; lymphoid organs; bone-marrow; in-vivo; lymphocytes; costimulation; mice; rejection; maturation
AB The vertebrate immune system has evolved to protect against infections that threaten survival before reproduction. Clinically manifest tumours mostly arise after the reproductive years and somatic mutations allow even otherwise antigenic tumours to evade the attention of the immune system(1-3). Moreover, the lack of immunological co-stimulatory molecules on solid tumours could result in T-cell tolerance(4-8); that is, the failure of T cells to respond. However, this may not generally apply(9,10). Here we report several important findings regarding the immune response to tumours, on the basis of studies of several tumour types. First, tumour-specific induction of protective cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) depends on sufficient tumour cells reaching secondary lymphatic organs early and for a long enough duration. Second, diffusely invading systemic tumours delete CTLs. Third, tumours that stay strictly outside secondary lymphatic organs, or that are within these organs but separated from T cells by barriers, are ignored by T cells but do not delete them. Fourth, co-stimulatory molecules on tumour cells do not influence CTL priming but enhance primed CTL responses in peripheral solid tumours. Last, cross priming of CTLs by tumour antigens, mediated by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules of antigen-presenting host cells, is inefficient and not protective. These rules of T-cell induction and maintenance not only change previous views but also rationales for anti-tumour immunotherapy(1,2).
C1 Univ Zurich Hosp, Inst Expt Immunol, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland.
   Univ Zurich, Inst Mol Biol, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
   Malaghan Inst Med Res, Wellington, New Zealand.
C3 University of Zurich; University Zurich Hospital; University of Zurich; Malaghan Institute; Victoria University Wellington
RP Zinkernagel, RM (corresponding author), Univ Zurich Hosp, Inst Expt Immunol, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland.
EM adrian.ochsenbein@insel.ch; rolf.zinkernagel@pty.usz.ch
NR 30
TC 432
Z9 497
U1 0
U2 9
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 28
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6841
BP 1058
EP 1064
DI 10.1038/35082583
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 446TF
UT WOS:000169528500050
PM 11429607
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Reddien, PW
   Cameron, S
   Horvitz, HR
AF Reddien, PW
   Cameron, S
   Horvitz, HR
TI Phagocytosis promotes programmed cell death in C-elegans
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID caenorhabditis-elegans; apoptotic cells; protein ced-9; gene; engulfment; encodes; nematode; macrophages; activation; migration
AB In the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans programmed cell death requires the killer genes egl-1, ced-4 and ced-3 (refs 1 and 2), and the engulfment of dying cells requires the genes ced-1, ced-2, ced-5, ced-6, ced-7, ced-10 and ced-12 (refs 3-5). Here we show that engulfment promotes programmed cell death. Mutations that cause partial loss of function of killer genes allow the survival of some cells that are programmed to die, and mutations in engulfment genes enhance the frequency of this cell survival. Furthermore, mutations in engulfment genes alone allow the survival and differentiation of some cells that would normally die. Engulfment genes probably act in engulfing cells to promote death, as the expression in engulfing cells of ced-1, which encodes a receptor that recognizes cell corpses(6), rescues the cell-killing defects of ced-1 mutants. We propose that engulfing cells act to ensure that cells triggered to undergo programmed cell death by the CED-3 caspase(7) die rather than recover after the initial stages of death.
C1 MIT, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Biol, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   Childrens Hosp, Dana Farber Canc Inst, Div Pediat Hematol Oncol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute
RP Horvitz, HR (corresponding author), MIT, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Biol, 68-425,77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
NR 30
TC 283
Z9 334
U1 0
U2 17
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 12
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6843
BP 198
EP 202
DI 10.1038/35084096
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 451AJ
UT WOS:000169778700056
PM 11449278
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nash, P
   Tang, XJ
   Orlicky, S
   Chen, QH
   Gertler, FB
   Mendenhall, MD
   Sicheri, F
   Pawson, T
   Tyers, M
AF Nash, P
   Tang, XJ
   Orlicky, S
   Chen, QH
   Gertler, FB
   Mendenhall, MD
   Sicheri, F
   Pawson, T
   Tyers, M
TI Multisite phosphorylation of a CDK inhibitor sets a threshold for the onset of DNA replication
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ubiquitin-ligase complex; protein-protein interactions; cell-cycle arrest; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; budding yeast; f-box; dependent degradation; s-phase; kappa-b; kinase
AB SCF ubiquitin ligases target phosphorylated substrates for ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis by means of adapter subunits called F-box proteins. The F-box protein Cdc4 captures phosphorylated forms of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor Sic1 for ubiquitination in late G1 phase, an event necessary for the onset of DNA replication. The WD40 repeat domain of Cdc4 binds with high affinity to a consensus phosphopeptide motif (the Cdc4 phospho-degron, CPD), yet Sic1 itself has many sub-optimal CPD motifs that act in concert to mediate Cdc4 binding. The weak CPD sites in Sic1 establish a phosphorylation threshold that delays degradation in vivo, and thereby establishes a minimal G1 phase period needed to ensure proper DNA replication. Multisite phosphorylation may be a more general mechanism to set thresholds in regulated protein-protein interactions.
C1 Mt Sinai Hosp, Samuel Lunenfeld Res Inst, Programme Mol Biol & Canc, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada.
   Univ Kentucky, Dept Biochem, LP Markey Canc Ctr, Lexington, KY 40536 USA.
   MIT, Dept Biol, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   Univ Toronto, Dept Med Genet & Microbiol, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
C3 University of Toronto; Sinai Health System Toronto; Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute; University of Kentucky; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); University of Toronto
RP Pawson, T (corresponding author), Mt Sinai Hosp, Samuel Lunenfeld Res Inst, Programme Mol Biol & Canc, 600 Univ Ave, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada.
EM pawson@mshri.on.ca; tyers@mshri.on.ca
NR 48
TC 665
Z9 801
U1 1
U2 36
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 29
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6863
BP 514
EP 521
DI 10.1038/35107009
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 496PV
UT WOS:000172405900039
PM 11734846
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Veverka, J
   Farquhar, B
   Robinson, M
   Thomas, P
   Murchie, S
   Harch, A
   Antreasian, PG
   Chesley, SR
   Miller, JK
   Owen, WM
   Williams, BG
   Yeomans, D
   Dunham, D
   Heyler, G
   Holdridge, M
   Nelson, RL
   Whittenburg, KE
   Ray, JC
   Carcich, B
   Cheng, A
   Chapmank, C
   Bell, JF
   Bell, M
   Bussey, B
   Clark, B
   Domingue, D
   Gaffey, MJ
   Hawkins, E
   Izenberg, N
   Joseph, J
   Kirk, R
   Lucey, P
   Malin, M
   McFadden, L
   Merline, WJ
   Peterson, C
   Prockter, L
   Warren, J
   Wellnitz, D
AF Veverka, J
   Farquhar, B
   Robinson, M
   Thomas, P
   Murchie, S
   Harch, A
   Antreasian, PG
   Chesley, SR
   Miller, JK
   Owen, WM
   Williams, BG
   Yeomans, D
   Dunham, D
   Heyler, G
   Holdridge, M
   Nelson, RL
   Whittenburg, KE
   Ray, JC
   Carcich, B
   Cheng, A
   Chapmank, C
   Bell, JF
   Bell, M
   Bussey, B
   Clark, B
   Domingue, D
   Gaffey, MJ
   Hawkins, E
   Izenberg, N
   Joseph, J
   Kirk, R
   Lucey, P
   Malin, M
   McFadden, L
   Merline, WJ
   Peterson, C
   Prockter, L
   Warren, J
   Wellnitz, D
TI The landing of the NEAR-Shoemaker spacecraft on asteroid 433 Eros
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ejecta blocks; 243-ida
AB The NEAR-Shoemaker spacecraft was designed to provide a comprehensive characterization of the S-type asteroid 433 Eros (refs 1-3), an irregularly shaped body with approximate dimensions of 34x13x13 km. Following the completion of its yearlong investigation, the mission was terminated with a controlled descent to its surface, in order to provide extremely high resolution images. Here we report the results of the descent on 12 February 2001, during which 70 images were obtained. The landing area is marked by a paucity of small craters and an abundance of 'ejecta blocks'. The properties and distribution of ejecta blocks are discussed in a companion paper(4). The last sequence of images reveals a transition from the blocky surface to a smooth area, which we interpret as a 'pond'. Properties of the 'ponds' are discussed in a second companion paper(5). The closest image, from an altitude of 129 m, shows the interior of a 100-m-diameter crater at 1-cm resolution.
C1 Cornell Univ, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Laurel, MD 20723 USA.
   Northwestern Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Evanston, IL 60208 USA.
   CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA.
   SW Res Inst, Boulder, CO 80302 USA.
   Rensselaer Polytech Inst, Ctr Sci, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, Troy, NY 12180 USA.
   US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA.
   Univ Hawaii, Hawaii Inst Geophys & Planetol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA.
   Malin Space Sci Syst Inc, San Diego, CA 92191 USA.
   Univ Maryland, Dept Astron, College Pk, MD 20742 USA.
C3 Cornell University; Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory; Northwestern University; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL); California Institute of Technology; Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; United States Department of the Interior; United States Geological Survey; University of Hawaii System; University System of Maryland; University of Maryland College Park
RP Veverka, J (corresponding author), Cornell Univ, Space Sci Bldg, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
NR 14
TC 173
Z9 210
U1 0
U2 27
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 27
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6854
BP 390
EP 393
DI 10.1038/35096507
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 475UY
UT WOS:000171188700045
PM 11574879
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Triendl, R
AF Triendl, R
TI Staffing shortage threatens Japan's structural genomics
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 1
Z9 1
U1 0
U2 0
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 5
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6829
BP 724
EP 724
DI 10.1038/35070725
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 418DJ
UT WOS:000167875400058
PM 11287970
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yang, ZY
   Zhu, QW
   Luo, KX
   Zhou, Q
AF Yang, ZY
   Zhu, QW
   Luo, KX
   Zhou, Q
TI The 7SK small nuclear RNA inhibits the CDK9/cyclin T1 kinase to control transcription
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID immunodeficiency-virus type-1; p-tefb; terminal domain; polymerase-ii; hiv-1 tat; elongation; activation; promoter; phosphorylation; mechanism
AB The human positive transcription elongation factor P-TEFb, consisting of a CDK9/cyclin T1 heterodimer, functions as both a general and an HIV-1 Tat-specific transcription factor(1,2). P-TEFb activates transcription by phosphorylating RNA polymerase (Pol) II, leading to the formation of processive elongation complexes. As a Tat cofactor, P-TEFb stimulates HIV-1 transcription by interacting with Tat and the transactivating responsive (TAR) RNA structure located at the 5' end of the nascent viral transcript(3). Here we identified 7SK, an abundant and evolutionarily conserved small nuclear RNA (snRNA) of unknown function(4,5), as a specific P-TEFb-associated factor. 7SK inhibits general and HIV-1 Tat-specific transcriptional activities of P-TEFb in vivo and in vitro by inhibiting the kinase activity of CDK9 and preventing recruitment of P-TEFb to the HIV-1 promoter. 7SK is efficiently dissociated from P-TEFb by treatment of cells with ultraviolet irradiation and actinomycin D. As these two agents have been shown to significantly enhance HIV-1 transcription and phosphorylation of Pol II (refs 6-8), our data provide a mechanistic explanation for their stimulatory effects. The 7SK/P-TEFb interaction may serve as a principal control point for the induction of cellular and HIV-1 viral gene expression during stress-related responses. Our studies demonstrate the involvement of an snRNA in controlling the activity of a Cdk-cyclin kinase.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Life Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
RP Zhou, Q (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, 229 Stanley Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
NR 24
TC 570
Z9 691
U1 0
U2 34
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 15
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6861
BP 317
EP 322
DI 10.1038/35104575
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 492CM
UT WOS:000172150700046
PM 11713532
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sutton, MD
   Briggs, DEG
   Siveter, DJ
   Siveter, DJ
AF Sutton, MD
   Briggs, DEG
   Siveter, DJ
   Siveter, DJ
TI An exceptionally preserved vermiform mollusc from the Silurian of England
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID phylogeny; gotland; sweden
AB Studies of the origin and radiation of the molluscs have yet to resolve many issues regarding their nearest relatives, phylogeny and ancestral characters(1-11). The Polyplacophora (chitons) and the Aplacophora are widely interpreted as the most primitive extant molluscs(2,3,9,10), but Lower Palaeozoic fossils of the former lack soft parts, and the latter were hitherto unrecognized as fossils. The Herefordshire Lagerstatte(12) is a Silurian (about 425 Myr BP) deposit that preserves a marine biota in remarkable three-dimensional detail. The external surface of even non-biomineralized cuticle was preserved by entombment in volcanic ash, subsequent incorporation into concretions, and infilling of the fossils with sparry calcite(13). Here we describe, from this deposit, a complete vermiform mollusc, which we interpret as a plated aplacophoran. Serial grinding at intervals of tens of micrometres, combined with computer-based reconstruction methods, renders the fossils in the round(14).
C1 Univ Oxford, Dept Earth Sci, Oxford OX1 3PS, England.
   Dept Earth Sci, Bristol BS8 1RJ, Avon, England.
   Univ Leicester, Dept Geol, Leicester LE1 7RH, Leics, England.
   Univ Museum Nat Hist, Oxford OX1 3PW, England.
C3 University of Oxford; University of Leicester; University of Oxford
RP Siveter, DJ (corresponding author), Univ Oxford, Dept Earth Sci, S Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3PS, England.
EM derek.siveter@earth.ox.ac.uk
NR 17
TC 71
Z9 80
U1 0
U2 10
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 22
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6827
BP 461
EP 463
DI 10.1038/35068549
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 412YX
UT WOS:000167583800039
PM 11260711
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zhu, M
   Yu, XB
   Ahlberg, PE
AF Zhu, M
   Yu, XB
   Ahlberg, PE
TI A primitive sarcopterygian fish with an eyestalk
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID fossil fish; paleontology; coelacanth; tetrapods
AB The discovery of two Early Devonian osteichthyan (bony fish) fossils(1-4) has challenged established ideas about the origin of osteichthyans and their divergence into actinopterygians (teleosts and their relatives) and sarcopterygians (tetrapods, coelacanths, lungfishes and related groups)(5-7). Psarolepis from China(1,2,8,9) and an unnamed braincase from Australia(3) combine derived sarcopterygian and actinopterygian characters with primitive features previously restricted to non-osteichthyans, suggesting that early osteichthyan evolution may have involved substantial parallellism between sarcopterygians and actinopterygians. But interpretation of these fossils has been hampered by poor phylogenetic resolution(1,3). Here we describe a basal sarcopterygian fish, Achoania gen, et sp. nov., that fills the morphological gap between Psarolepis and higher sarcoptergyians. We also report the presence of eyestalk attachments in both Achoania and Psarolepis, showing that this supposedly non-osteichthyan feature occurs in basal sarcopterygians as well as the actinoptergyian-like Australian braincase(3).
C1 Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Vertebrate Paleontol & Paleoanthropol, Beijing 100044, Peoples R China.
   Kean Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Union, NJ 07083 USA.
   Nat Hist Museum, Dept Palaeontol, London SW7 5BD, England.
C3 Chinese Academy of Sciences; Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology & Paleoanthropology, CAS; Kean University; Natural History Museum London
RP Zhu, M (corresponding author), Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Vertebrate Paleontol & Paleoanthropol, POB 643, Beijing 100044, Peoples R China.
NR 24
TC 89
Z9 107
U1 0
U2 17
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 1
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6824
BP 81
EP 84
DI 10.1038/35065078
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 406BD
UT WOS:000167194300046
PM 11242045
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Österblad, M
   Norrdahl, K
   Korpimäki, E
   Huovinen, P
AF Österblad, M
   Norrdahl, K
   Korpimäki, E
   Huovinen, P
TI Antibiotic resistance -: How wild are wild mammals?
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Natl Publ Hlth Inst, Antimicrobial Res Lab, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland.
   Univ Turku, Dept Biol, Sect Ecol, FIN-20014 Turku, Finland.
C3 Finland National Institute for Health & Welfare; University of Turku
RP Österblad, M (corresponding author), Natl Publ Hlth Inst, Antimicrobial Res Lab, Kiinamyllynkatu 13, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland.
NR 8
TC 90
Z9 121
U1 1
U2 24
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 4
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6816
BP 37
EP 38
DI 10.1038/35051173
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 388HT
UT WOS:000166175600030
PM 11343104
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Oh, K
   Jeong, KS
   Moore, JS
AF Oh, K
   Jeong, KS
   Moore, JS
TI Folding-driven synthesis of oligomers
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID virtual combinatorial library; molecules; polymers
AB The biological function of biomacromolecules such as DNA and enzymes depends on their ability to perform and control molecular association, catalysis, self-replication or other chemical processes. In the case of proteins in particular, the dependence of these functions on the three-dimensional protein conformation is long known(1) and has inspired the development of synthetic oligomers and polymers with the capacity to fold in a controlled manner(2-7), but it remains challenging to design these so-called 'foldamers' so that they are capable of inducing or controlling chemical processes and interactions(8,9). Here we show that the stability gained from folding can be used to control the synthesis of oligomers from short chain segments reversibly ligated through an imine metathesis reaction. That is, folding shifts the ligation equilibrium(10-13) in favour of conformationally ordered sequences, so that oligomers having the most stable solution structures form preferentially. Crystallization has previously been used to shift an equilibrium in order to indirectly influence the synthesis of small molecules(14), but the present approach to selectively prepare macromolecules with stable conformations directly connects folding and synthesis, emphasizing molecular function rather than structure in polymer synthesis.
C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Chem, Roger Adams Lab, Urbana, IL 61801 USA.
C3 University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
RP Moore, JS (corresponding author), Univ Illinois, Dept Chem, Roger Adams Lab, Urbana, IL 61801 USA.
NR 20
TC 167
Z9 175
U1 1
U2 56
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 20
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6866
BP 889
EP 893
DI 10.1038/414889a
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 503RB
UT WOS:000172813300040
PM 11780057
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Boughman, JW
AF Boughman, JW
TI Divergent sexual selection enhances reproductive isolation in sticklebacks
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sympatric sticklebacks; intraspecific variation; gasterosteus-aculeatus; natural-selection; british-columbia; species-pair; speciation; evolution; traits; competition
AB Sexual selection may facilitate speciation because it can cause rapid evolutionary diversification of male mating signals and female preferences. Divergence in these traits can then contribute to reproductive isolation(1-3). The sensory drive hypothesis predicts that three mechanisms underlie divergence in sexually selected traits(4): (1) habitat-specific transmission of male signals(5-7); (2) adaptation of female perceptual sensitivity to local ecological conditions(8); and (3) matching of male signals to female perceptual sensitivity(4,9). I test these mechanisms in threespine sticklebacks (Gasterosteus spp.) that live in different light environments. Here I show that female perceptual sensitivity to red light varies with the extent of redshift in the light environment, and contributes to divergent preferences. Male nuptial colour varies with environment and is tuned to female perceptual sensitivity. The extent of divergence among populations in both male signal colour and female preference for red is correlated with the extent of reproductive isolation in these recently diverged species. These results demonstrate that divergent sexual selection generated by sensory drive contributes to speciation.
C1 Univ British Columbia, Dept Zool, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
C3 University of British Columbia
RP Boughman, JW (corresponding author), Univ British Columbia, Dept Zool, 6270 Univ Blvd, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
NR 30
TC 551
Z9 645
U1 1
U2 226
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 21
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6840
BP 944
EP 948
DI 10.1038/35082064
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 444EN
UT WOS:000169386200043
PM 11418857
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Shu, DG
   Morris, SC
   Han, J
   Chen, L
   Zhang, XL
   Zhang, ZF
   Liu, HQ
   Li, Y
   Liu, JN
AF Shu, DG
   Morris, SC
   Han, J
   Chen, L
   Zhang, XL
   Zhang, ZF
   Liu, HQ
   Li, Y
   Liu, JN
TI Primitive deuterostomes from the Chengjiang Lagerstatte (Lower Cambrian, China)
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID central-nervous-system; ptychodera-flava; tornaria larvae; gene-expression; south china; hemichordate; chordate; enteropneust; evolution; molecules
AB Cambrian fossil-Lagerstatten (sites of exceptional fossil preservation), such as those from Chengjiang (Lower Cambrian) and the Burgess Shale (Middle Cambrian), provide our best window into the Cambrian 'explosion'. Such faunas are known from about 40 localities, and have yielded a widely disparate series of taxa ranging from ctenophores to agnathan fish. Recent excavations of the Chengjiang fossil-Lagerstatte, known from a series of sites near Kunming in Yunnan, south China, have resulted in the discovery of several new forms. In conjunction with material described earlier, these provide evidence for a new group of metazoans, the vetulicolians. Several features, notably a series of gill slits, suggest that this group can throw light on an early stage of deuterostome diversification.
C1 NW Univ Xian, Early Life Inst, Xian 710069, Peoples R China.
   NW Univ Xian, Dept Geol, Xian 710069, Peoples R China.
   Univ Cambridge, Dept Earth Sci, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, England.
C3 Northwest University Xi'an; Northwest University Xi'an; University of Cambridge
RP Shu, DG (corresponding author), NW Univ Xian, Early Life Inst, Xian 710069, Peoples R China.
EM dgshu@sein.sxgb.com.cn
NR 44
TC 149
Z9 169
U1 0
U2 64
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 22
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6862
BP 419
EP 424
DI 10.1038/35106514
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 494UP
UT WOS:000172304500035
PM 11719797
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Charrier, I
   Mathevon, N
   Jouventin, P
AF Charrier, I
   Mathevon, N
   Jouventin, P
TI Mother's voice recognition by seal pups - Newborns need to learn their mother's call before she can take off on a fishing trip.
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID arctocephalus-tropicalis; vocal recognition; amsterdam island; fur seals; growth
C1 Univ St Etienne, Lab Biol Anim, F-42023 St Etienne 2, France.
   CNRS, CEFE, UPR 9056, F-34213 Montpellier, France.
   CNRS, NAMC, UMR 8620, F-91400 Orsay, France.
C3 Universite Jean Monnet; Universite PSL; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (EPHE); Institut Agro; Institut Agro Montpellier; CIRAD; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD); Universite Paul-Valery; Universite de Montpellier; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
RP Charrier, I (corresponding author), Univ St Etienne, Lab Biol Anim, F-42023 St Etienne 2, France.
EM mathevon@univ-st-etienne.fr
NR 11
TC 102
Z9 105
U1 1
U2 20
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 30
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6850
BP 873
EP 873
DI 10.1038/35091136
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 467EG
UT WOS:000170689000031
PM 11528465
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Smaglik, P
AF Smaglik, P
TI Pharmacogenetics initiative galvanizes public and private sectors
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 3
Z9 3
U1 0
U2 0
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 15
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6826
BP 393
EP 394
DI 10.1038/35066732
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 410WM
UT WOS:000167464100057
PM 11268220
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Steppan, CM
   Bailey, ST
   Bhat, S
   Brown, EJ
   Banerjee, RR
   Wright, CM
   Patel, HR
   Ahima, RS
   Lazar, MA
AF Steppan, CM
   Bailey, ST
   Bhat, S
   Brown, EJ
   Banerjee, RR
   Wright, CM
   Patel, HR
   Ahima, RS
   Lazar, MA
TI The hormone resistin links obesity to diabetes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ppar-gamma; insulin-resistance; adipose-tissue; adipocyte differentiation; leptin; mellitus; mice; identification; adipogenesis; alpha
AB Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease that leads to complications including heart disease, stroke, kidney failure, blindness and nerve damage. Type 2 diabetes, characterized by target-tissue resistance to insulin, is epidemic in industrialized societies and is strongly associated with obesity; however, the mechanism by which increased adiposity causes insulin resistance is unclear. Here we show that adipocytes secrete a unique signalling molecule, which we have named resistin (for resistance to insulin). Circulating resistin levels are decreased by the anti-diabetic drug rosiglitazone, and increased in diet-induced and genetic forms of obesity. Administration of anti-resistin antibody improves blood sugar and insulin action in mice with diet-induced obesity. Moreover, treatment of normal mice with recombinant resistin impairs glucose tolerance and insulin action. Insulin-stimulated glucose uptake by adipocytes is enhanced by neutralization of resistin and is reduced by resistin treatment. Resistin is thus a hormone that potentially links obesity to diabetes.
C1 Univ Penn, Sch Med, Dept Med, Div Endocrinol Diabet & Metab, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   Univ Penn, Sch Med, Dept Genet, Div Endocrinol Diabet & Metab, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   Univ Penn, Sch Med, Penn Diabet Ctr, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
C3 University of Pennsylvania; University of Pennsylvania; University of Pennsylvania
RP Lazar, MA (corresponding author), Univ Penn, Sch Med, Dept Med, Div Endocrinol Diabet & Metab, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
NR 35
TC 3781
Z9 4551
U1 1
U2 555
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 18
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6818
BP 307
EP 312
DI 10.1038/35053000
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 392VY
UT WOS:000166434300037
PM 11201732
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Marder, E
AF Marder, E
TI Moving rhythms
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Brandeis Univ, Volen Ctr, Waltham, MA 02454 USA.
   Brandeis Univ, Dept Biol, Waltham, MA 02454 USA.
C3 Brandeis University; Brandeis University
RP Marder, E (corresponding author), Brandeis Univ, Volen Ctr, Waltham, MA 02454 USA.
NR 3
TC 24
Z9 25
U1 0
U2 0
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 12
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6830
BP 755
EP 755
DI 10.1038/35071196
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 420TT
UT WOS:000168021900031
PM 11298422
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Baer, FW
   Baer, R
AF Baer, FW
   Baer, R
TI Tumour suppressors - Effect of DNA damage on a BRCA1 complex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cell-cycle; protein; ctip; phosphorylation
C1 Columbia Univ Coll Phys & Surg, Inst Canc Genet, New York, NY 10032 USA.
   Columbia Univ Coll Phys & Surg, Dept Pathol, New York, NY 10032 USA.
C3 Columbia University; Columbia University
RP Baer, FW (corresponding author), Columbia Univ Coll Phys & Surg, Inst Canc Genet, 1150 St Nicholas Ave, New York, NY 10032 USA.
NR 10
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 01
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6859
BP 36
EP 36
DI 
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 487VC
UT WOS:000171898900032
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Clarke, T
AF Clarke, T
TI The stowaways
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 3
Z9 3
U1 0
U2 0
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 20
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6853
BP 247
EP 248
DI 10.1038/35095124
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 473KB
UT WOS:000171040500009
PM 11565001
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Butchart, N
   Scaife, AA
AF Butchart, N
   Scaife, AA
TI Removal of chlorofluorocarbons by increased mass exchange between the stratosphere and troposphere in a changing climate
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID generalized eliassen-palm; middle atmosphere; greenhouse gases; downward control; unified model; waves; co2
AB Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), along with bromine compounds, have been unequivocally identified as being responsible for most of the anthropogenic destruction of stratospheric ozone(1). With curbs on emissions of these substances, the recovery of the ozone layer will depend on their removal from the atmosphere. As CFCs have no significant tropospheric removal process, but are rapidly photolysed above the lower stratosphere, the timescale for their removal is set mainly by the rate at which air is transported from the troposphere into the stratosphere(2). Using a global climate model we predict that, in response to the projected changes in greenhouse-gas concentrations during the first half of the twenty-first century, this rate of mass exchange will increase by 3% per decade. This increase is due to more vigorous extra-tropical planetary waves emanating from the troposphere. We estimate that this increase in mass exchange will accelerate the removal of CFCs to an extent that recovery to levels currently predicted for 2050 and 2080 will occur 5 and 10 years earlier, respectively.
C1 Meteorol Off, Bracknell RG12 2SZ, Berks, England.
C3 Met Office - UK
RP Butchart, N (corresponding author), Meteorol Off, London Rd, Bracknell RG12 2SZ, Berks, England.
NR 30
TC 237
Z9 251
U1 0
U2 50
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 12
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6830
BP 799
EP 802
DI 10.1038/35071047
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 420TT
UT WOS:000168021900050
PM 11298444
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Malajovich, I
   Berry, JJ
   Samarth, N
   Awschalom, DD
AF Malajovich, I
   Berry, JJ
   Samarth, N
   Awschalom, DD
TI Persistent sourcing of coherent spins for multifunctional semiconductor spintronics
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID injection; amplification; interface
AB Recent studies of n-type semiconductors have demonstrated spin-coherent transport over macroscopic distances(1), with spin-coherence times exceeding 100 ns(2,3); such materials are therefore potentially useful building blocks for spin-polarized electronics ('spintronics'). Spin injection into a semiconductor (a necessary step for spin electronics(4)) has proved difficult(5,6); the only successful approach involves classical injection of spins from magnetic semiconductors(7,8). Other work has shown that optical excitation can provide a short (<500 ps) non-equilibrium burst of coherent spin transfer across a GaAs/ZnSe interface, but less than 10% of the total spin crosses into the ZnSe layer, leaving long-lived spins trapped in the GaAs layer (ref. 9). Here we report a 'persistent' spin-conduction mode in biased semiconductor heterostructures, in which the sourcing of coherent spin transfer lasts at least 1-2 orders of magnitude longer than in unbiased structures. We use time-resolved Kerr spectroscopy to distinguish several parallel channels of interlayer spin-coherent injection. The relative increase in spin-coherent injection is up to 500% in the biased structures, and up to 4,000% when p-n junctions are used to impose a built-in bias. These experiments reveal promising opportunities for multifunctional spin electronic devices (such as spin transistors that combine memory and logic functions), in which the amplitude and phase of the net spin current are controlled by either electrical or magnetic fields.
C1 Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Phys, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
   Penn State Univ, Dept Phys, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara; Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park
RP Awschalom, DD (corresponding author), Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Phys, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
NR 12
TC 205
Z9 222
U1 0
U2 47
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 14
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6839
BP 770
EP 772
DI 10.1038/35081014
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 441TV
UT WOS:000169246400040
PM 11459049
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Roger, T
   David, J
   Glauser, MP
   Calandra, T
AF Roger, T
   David, J
   Glauser, MP
   Calandra, T
TI MIF regulates innate immune responses through modulation of Toll-like receptor 4
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID migration-inhibitory factor; binding-protein; cutting edge; lipopolysaccharide-binding; lethal endotoxemia; macrophage; gene; lps; expression; activation
AB Macrophages are pivotal effector cells of the innate immune system, which is vital for recognizing and eliminating invasive microbial pathogens(1,2). When microbial products bind to pathogen-recognition receptors, macrophages become activated and release a broad array of cytokines(3) that orchestrate the host innate and adaptive immune responses. Initially identified as a T-cell cytokine(4,5), macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is also a macrophage cytokine and an important mediator of inflammation and sepsis(6-12). Here we report that MIF is an essential regulator of macrophage responses to endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide) and Gram-negative bacteria. Compared with wild-type cells, MIF-deficient macrophages are hyporesponsive to lipopolysaccharide and Gram-negative bacteria, as shown by a profound reduction in the activity of NF-kappaB and the production of tumour-necrosis factor-alpha. This reduction is due to a downregulation of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), the signal-transducing molecule of the lipopolysaccharide receptor complex, and is associated with decreased activity of transcription factor PU.1, which is required for optimal expression of the Tlr4 gene in myeloid cells. These findings identify an important role for MIF in innate immunity and provide a molecular basis for the resistance of MIF-dercient mice to endotoxic shock.
C1 CHU Vaudois, Dept Internal Med, Div Infect Dis, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Immunol & Infect Dis, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 University of Lausanne; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV); Harvard University; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health
RP Calandra, T (corresponding author), CHU Vaudois, Dept Internal Med, Div Infect Dis, Rue Bugnon 46, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland.
NR 30
TC 502
Z9 572
U1 0
U2 33
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 20
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6866
BP 920
EP 924
DI 10.1038/414920a
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 503RB
UT WOS:000172813300049
PM 11780066
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schreiber, K
   Crawford, JD
   Fetter, M
   Tweed, D
AF Schreiber, K
   Crawford, JD
   Fetter, M
   Tweed, D
TI The motor side of depth vision
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID listings plane; eye position; stereopsis; rotation; vergence; law; cyclovergence; convergence; disparity
AB To achieve stereoscopic vision, the brain must search for corresponding image features on the two retinas(1). As long as the eyes stay still, corresponding features are confined to narrow bands called epipolar lines(2,3). But when the eyes change position, the epipolar lines migrate on the retinas(4-6). To rnd the matching features, the brain must either search different retinal bands depending on current eye position, or search retina-fixed zones that are large enough to cover all usual locations of the epipolar lines. Here we show, using a new type of stereogram in which the depth image vanishes at certain gaze elevations, that the search zones are retina-fixed. This being the case, motor control acquires a crucial function in depth vision: we show that the eyes twist about their lines of sight in a way that reduces the motion of the epipolar lines, allowing stereopsis to get by with smaller search zones and thereby lightening its computational load.
C1 Univ Toronto, Dept Physiol, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
   Univ Toronto, Dept Med, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
   Canadian Inst Hlth Res, Grp Act & Percept, Toronto, ON, Canada.
   York Univ, Ctr Vis Res, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada.
   Univ Tubingen Hosp, Dept Neurol, D-72072 Tubingen, Germany.
C3 University of Toronto; University of Toronto; Institute for Work & Health; York University - Canada; Eberhard Karls University of Tubingen; Eberhard Karls University Hospital
RP Tweed, D (corresponding author), Univ Toronto, Dept Physiol, 1 Kings Coll Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
NR 26
TC 72
Z9 79
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 12
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6830
BP 819
EP 822
DI 10.1038/35071081
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 420TT
UT WOS:000168021900056
PM 11298450
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bobrov, K
   Mayne, AJ
   Dujardin, G
AF Bobrov, K
   Mayne, AJ
   Dujardin, G
TI Atomic-scale imaging of insulating diamond through resonant electron injection
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID surface-states; photoelectron-spectroscopy; crystal-surfaces; interferometry; stm
AB The electronic properties of insulators such as diamond are of interest not only for their passive dielectric capabilities for use in electronic devices(1), but also for their strong electron confinement(2) on atomic scales. However, the inherent lack of electrical conductivity in insulators usually prevents the investigation of their surfaces by atomic-scale characterization techniques such as scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM). And although atomic force microscopy could in principle be used, imaging diamond surfaces has not yet been possible. Here, we demonstrate that STM can be used in an unconventional resonant electron injection mode to image insulating diamond surfaces and to probe their electronic properties at the atomic scale. Our results reveal striking electronic features in high-purity diamond single crystals, such as the existence of one-dimensional fully delocalized electronic states and a very long diffusion length for conduction-band electrons. We expect that our method can be applied to investigate the electronic properties of other insulating materials and so help in the design of atomic-scale electronic devices.
C1 Univ Paris Sud, Photophys Mol Lab, F-91405 Orsay, France.
C3 Universite Paris Saclay
RP Dujardin, G (corresponding author), Univ Paris Sud, Photophys Mol Lab, Bat 210, F-91405 Orsay, France.
EM gerald.dujardin@ppm.u-psud.fr
NR 19
TC 107
Z9 114
U1 2
U2 51
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 11
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6856
BP 616
EP 619
DI 10.1038/35098053
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 480WE
UT WOS:000171485700044
PM 11595944
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Peters, C
   Bayer, MJ
   Bühler, S
   Andersen, JS
   Mann, M
   Mayer, A
AF Peters, C
   Bayer, MJ
   Bühler, S
   Andersen, JS
   Mann, M
   Mayer, A
TI Trans-complex formation by proteolipid channels in the terminal phase of membrane fusion
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID protein-kinase-c; snare complex; vacuolar acidification; h+-atpase; v-atpase; release; docking; vesicle; ca2+; nsf
AB SNAREs (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors) and Rab-GTPases, together with their cofactors, mediate the attachment step in the membrane fusion of vesicles. But how bilayer mixing-the subsequent core process of fusion-is catalysed remains unclear. Ca2+/calmodulin controls this terminal process in many intracellular fusion events. Here we identify V0, the membrane-integral sector of the vacuolar H+-ATPase, as a target of calmodulin on yeast vacuoles. Between docking and bilayer fusion, V0 sectors from opposing membranes form complexes. V0 trans-complex formation occurs downstream from trans-SNARE pairing, and depends on both the Rab-GTPase Ypt7 and calmodulin. The maintenance of existing complexes and completion of fusion are independent of trans-SNARE pairs. Reconstituted proteolipids form sealed channels, which can expand to form aqueous pores in a Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent fashion. V0 trans-complexes may therefore form a continuous, proteolipid-lined channel at the fusion site. We propose that radial expansion of such a protein pore may be a mechanism for intracellular membrane fusion.
C1 Max Planck Gesell, Friedrich Miescher Lab, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany.
   Univ So Denmark, Dept Mol Biol, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark.
C3 Max Planck Society; Eberhard Karls University of Tubingen; University of Southern Denmark
RP Mayer, A (corresponding author), Max Planck Gesell, Friedrich Miescher Lab, Spemannstr 37-39, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany.
EM andreas.mayer@tuebingen.mpg.de
NR 51
TC 427
Z9 483
U1 0
U2 13
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 1
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6820
BP 581
EP 588
DI 10.1038/35054500
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 397JJ
UT WOS:000166692300034
PM 11214310
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dubrovinsky, L
   Annerstin, H
   Dubrovinskaia, N
   Westman, F
   Harryson, H
   Fabrichnaya, O
   Carlson, S
AF Dubrovinsky, L
   Annerstin, H
   Dubrovinskaia, N
   Westman, F
   Harryson, H
   Fabrichnaya, O
   Carlson, S
TI Chemical interaction of Fe and Al2O3 as a source of heterogeneity at the Earth's core-mantle boundary
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID x-ray-diffraction; high-pressure; liquid-iron; inner-core; perovskite; spectroscopy; mossbauer; silicates
AB Seismological studies have revealed that a complex texture or heterogeneity exists in the Earth's inner core and at the boundary between core and mantle(1-4). These studies highlight the importance of understanding the properties of iron when modelling the composition and dynamics of the core and the interaction of the core with the lowermost mantle(5-7). One of the main problems in inferring the composition of the lowermost mantle is our lack of knowledge of the high-pressure and high-temperature chemical reactions that occur between iron and the complex Mg-Fe-Si-Al-oxides which are thought to form the bulk of the Earth's lower mantle. A number of studies(6,8-12) have demonstrated that iron can react with MgSiO3-perovskite at high pressures and high temperatures, and it was proposed(6,8) that the chemical nature of this process involves the reduction of silicon by the more electropositive iron. Here we present a study of the interaction between iron and corundum (Al2O3) in electrically- and laser-heated diamond anvil cells at 2,000-2,200 K and pressures up to 70 GPa, simulating conditions in the Earth's deep interior. We found that at pressures above 60 GPa and temperatures of 2,200 K, iron and corundum react to form iron oxide and an iron-aluminium alloy. Our results demonstrate that iron is able to reduce aluminium out of oxides at core-mantle boundary conditions, which could provide an additional source of light elements in the Earth's core and produce significant heterogeneity at the core-mantle boundary.
C1 Uppsala Univ, Dept Earth Sci, S-75336 Uppsala, Sweden.
   Max Planck Inst Met Res, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
   European Synchrotron Radiat Facil, F-38043 Grenoble, France.
C3 Uppsala University; Max Planck Society; European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF)
RP Dubrovinsky, L (corresponding author), Uppsala Univ, Dept Earth Sci, S-75336 Uppsala, Sweden.
EM Leonid.Dubrovinsky@geo.uu.se
NR 29
TC 28
Z9 32
U1 1
U2 29
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 2
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6846
BP 527
EP 529
DI 10.1038/35087559
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 458PC
UT WOS:000170202900042
PM 11484050
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Vickers, NJ
   Christensen, TA
   Baker, TC
   Hildebrand, JG
AF Vickers, NJ
   Christensen, TA
   Baker, TC
   Hildebrand, JG
TI Odour-plume dynamics influence the brain's olfactory code
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID oscillating neural assembly; odors; representations; information; network; moths; responses; glomeruli
AB The neural computations used to represent olfactory information in the brain have long been investigated(1-3). Recent studies in the insect antennal lobe suggest that precise temporal and/or spatial patterns of activity underlie the recognition and discrimination of different odours(3-7), and that these patterns may be strengthened by associative learning(8,9). It remains unknown, however, whether these activity patterns persist when odour intensity varies rapidly and unpredictably, as often occurs in nature(10,11). Here we show that with naturally intermittent odour stimulation, spike patterns recorded from moth antennal-lobe output neurons varied predictably with the fine-scale temporal dynamics and intensity of the odour. These data support the hypothesis that olfactory circuits compensate for contextual variations in the stimulus pattern with high temporal precision. The timing of output neuron activity is constantly modulated to reflect ongoing changes in stimulus intensity and dynamics that occur on a millisecond timescale.
C1 Univ Arizona, Arizona Res Labs, Div Neurobiol, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
   Iowa State Univ, Dept Entomol, Ames, IA 50011 USA.
C3 University of Arizona; Iowa State University
RP Vickers, NJ (corresponding author), Univ Utah, Dept Biol, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA.
NR 23
TC 195
Z9 226
U1 0
U2 23
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 22
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6827
BP 466
EP 470
DI 10.1038/35068559
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 412YX
UT WOS:000167583800041
PM 11260713
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Donley, EA
   Claussen, NR
   Cornish, SL
   Roberts, JL
   Cornell, EA
   Wieman, CE
AF Donley, EA
   Claussen, NR
   Cornish, SL
   Roberts, JL
   Cornell, EA
   Wieman, CE
TI Dynamics of collapsing and exploding Bose-Einstein condensates
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID feshbach resonances; attractive interactions; inelastic-collisions; scattering length; cesium; rb-85; atoms
AB When atoms in a gas are cooled to extremely low temperatures, they will-under the appropriate conditions-condense into a single quantum-mechanical state known as a Bose-Einstein condensate. In such systems, quantum-mechanical behaviour is evident on a macroscopic scale. Here we explore the dynamics of how a Bose-Einstein condensate collapses and subsequently explodes when the balance of forces governing its size and shape is suddenly altered. A condensate's equilibrium size and shape is strongly affected by the interatomic interactions. Our ability to induce a collapse by switching the interactions from repulsive to attractive by tuning an externally applied magnetic field yields detailed information on the violent collapse process. We observe anisotropic atom bursts that explode from the condensate, atoms leaving the condensate in undetected forms, spikes appearing in the condensate wavefunction and oscillating remnant condensates that survive the collapse. All these processes have curious dependences on time, on the strength of the interaction and on the number of condensate atoms. Although the system would seem to be simple and well characterized, our measurements reveal many phenomena that challenge theoretical models.
C1 Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
   Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
   Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Quantum Phys Div, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
C3 University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder; National Institute of Standards & Technology (NIST) - USA
RP Donley, EA (corresponding author), Univ Colorado, JILA, Campus Box 440, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
NR 25
TC 712
Z9 769
U1 0
U2 45
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 19
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6844
BP 295
EP 299
DI 10.1038/35085500
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 453LW
UT WOS:000169918200036
PM 11460153
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Shankaran, V
   Ikeda, H
   Bruce, AT
   White, JM
   Swanson, PE
   Old, LJ
   Schreiber, RD
AF Shankaran, V
   Ikeda, H
   Bruce, AT
   White, JM
   Swanson, PE
   Old, LJ
   Schreiber, RD
TI IFNγ and lymphocytes prevent primary tumour development and shape tumour immunogenicity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID targeted disruption; in-vivo; mice; surveillance; cells; specificity; receptor
AB Lymphocytes were originally thought to form the basis of a 'cancer immunosurveillance' process that protects immunocompetent hosts against primary tumour development(1,2), but this idea was largely abandoned when no differences in primary tumour development were found between athymic nude mice and syngeneic wild-type mice(3-5). However, subsequent observations that nude mice do not completely lack functional T cells(6,7) and that two components of the immune system-IFN gamma (8,9) and perforin(10-12)-help to prevent tumour formation in mice have led to renewed interest in a tumour-suppressor role for the immune response. Here we show that lymphocytes and IFN gamma collaborate to protect against development of carcinogen-induced sarcomas and spontaneous epithelial carcinomas and also to select for tumour cells with reduced immunogenicity. The immune response thus functions as an effective extrinsic tumour-suppressor system. However, this process also leads to the immunoselection of tumour cells that are more capable of surviving in an immunocompetent host, which explains the apparent paradox of tumour formation in immunologically intact individuals.
C1 Washington Univ, Sch Med, Ctr Immunol, Dept Pathol & Immunol, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
   Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, New York Branch, Ludwig Inst Canc Res, New York, NY 10021 USA.
C3 Washington University (WUSTL); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research
RP Schreiber, RD (corresponding author), Washington Univ, Sch Med, Ctr Immunol, Dept Pathol & Immunol, 660 S Euclid Ave, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
NR 21
TC 2204
Z9 2921
U1 1
U2 192
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 26
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6832
BP 1107
EP 1111
DI 10.1038/35074122
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 425HQ
UT WOS:000168285500051
PM 11323675
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Deloukas, P
   Matthews, LH
   Ashurst, J
   Burton, J
   Gilbert, JGR
   Jones, M
   Stavrides, G
   Almeida, JP
   Babbage, AK
   Bagguley, CL
   Bailey, J
   Barlow, KF
   Bates, KN
   Beard, LM
   Beare, DM
   Beasley, OP
   Bird, CP
   Blakey, SE
   Bridgeman, AM
   Brown, AJ
   Buck, D
   Burrill, W
   Butler, AP
   Carder, C
   Carter, NP
   Chapman, JC
   Clamp, M
   Clark, G
   Clark, LN
   Clark, SY
   Clee, CM
   Clegg, S
   Cobley, VE
   Collier, RE
   Connor, R
   Corby, NR
   Coulson, A
   Coville, GJ
   Deadman, R
   Dhami, P
   Dunn, M
   Ellington, AG
   Frankland, JA
   Fraser, A
   French, L
   Garner, P
   Grafham, DV
   Griffiths, C
   Griffiths, ND
   Gwilliam, R
   Hall, RE
   Hammond, S
   Harley, JL
   Heath, PD
   Ho, S
   Holden, JL
   Howden, PJ
   Huckle, E
   Hunt, AR
   Hunt, SE
   Jekosch, K
   Johnson, CM
   Johnson, D
   Kay, MP
   Kimberley, AM
   King, A
   Knights, A
   Laird, GK
   Lawlor, S
   Lehvaslaiho, MH
   Leversha, M
   Lloyd, C
   Lloyd, DM
   Lovell, JD
   Marsh, VL
   Martin, SL
   McConnachie, LJ
   McLay, K
   McMurray, AA
   Milne, S
   Mistry, D
   Moore, MJF
   Mullikin, JC
   Nickerson, T
   Oliver, K
   Parker, A
   Patel, R
   Pearce, TAV
   Peck, AI
   Phillimore, BJCT
   Prathalingam, SR
   Plumb, RW
   Ramsay, H
   Rice, CM
   Ross, MT
   Scott, CE
   Sehra, HK
   Shownkeen, R
   Sims, S
   Skuce, CD
   Smith, ML
   Soderlund, C
   Steward, CA
   Sulston, JE
   Swann, M
   Sycamore, N
   Taylor, R
   Tee, L
   Thomas, DW
   Thorpe, A
   Tracey, A
   Tromans, AC
   Vaudin, M
   Wall, M
   Wallis, JM
   Whitehead, SL
   Whittaker, P
   Willey, DL
   Williams, L
   Williams, SA
   Wilming, L
   Wray, PW
   Hubbard, T
   Durbin, RM
   Bentley, DR
   Beck, S
   Rogers, J
AF Deloukas, P
   Matthews, LH
   Ashurst, J
   Burton, J
   Gilbert, JGR
   Jones, M
   Stavrides, G
   Almeida, JP
   Babbage, AK
   Bagguley, CL
   Bailey, J
   Barlow, KF
   Bates, KN
   Beard, LM
   Beare, DM
   Beasley, OP
   Bird, CP
   Blakey, SE
   Bridgeman, AM
   Brown, AJ
   Buck, D
   Burrill, W
   Butler, AP
   Carder, C
   Carter, NP
   Chapman, JC
   Clamp, M
   Clark, G
   Clark, LN
   Clark, SY
   Clee, CM
   Clegg, S
   Cobley, VE
   Collier, RE
   Connor, R
   Corby, NR
   Coulson, A
   Coville, GJ
   Deadman, R
   Dhami, P
   Dunn, M
   Ellington, AG
   Frankland, JA
   Fraser, A
   French, L
   Garner, P
   Grafham, DV
   Griffiths, C
   Griffiths, ND
   Gwilliam, R
   Hall, RE
   Hammond, S
   Harley, JL
   Heath, PD
   Ho, S
   Holden, JL
   Howden, PJ
   Huckle, E
   Hunt, AR
   Hunt, SE
   Jekosch, K
   Johnson, CM
   Johnson, D
   Kay, MP
   Kimberley, AM
   King, A
   Knights, A
   Laird, GK
   Lawlor, S
   Lehvaslaiho, MH
   Leversha, M
   Lloyd, C
   Lloyd, DM
   Lovell, JD
   Marsh, VL
   Martin, SL
   McConnachie, LJ
   McLay, K
   McMurray, AA
   Milne, S
   Mistry, D
   Moore, MJF
   Mullikin, JC
   Nickerson, T
   Oliver, K
   Parker, A
   Patel, R
   Pearce, TAV
   Peck, AI
   Phillimore, BJCT
   Prathalingam, SR
   Plumb, RW
   Ramsay, H
   Rice, CM
   Ross, MT
   Scott, CE
   Sehra, HK
   Shownkeen, R
   Sims, S
   Skuce, CD
   Smith, ML
   Soderlund, C
   Steward, CA
   Sulston, JE
   Swann, M
   Sycamore, N
   Taylor, R
   Tee, L
   Thomas, DW
   Thorpe, A
   Tracey, A
   Tromans, AC
   Vaudin, M
   Wall, M
   Wallis, JM
   Whitehead, SL
   Whittaker, P
   Willey, DL
   Williams, L
   Williams, SA
   Wilming, L
   Wray, PW
   Hubbard, T
   Durbin, RM
   Bentley, DR
   Beck, S
   Rogers, J
TI The DNA sequence and comparative analysis of human chromosome 20
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID common deleted region; human-genome; physical maps; gene; chromosome-20; identification; program; number; locus; mouse
AB The finished sequence of human chromosome 20 comprises 59,187,298 base pairs (bp) and represents 99.4% of the euchromatic DNA. A single contig of 26 megabases (Mb) spans the entire short arm, and five contigs separated by gaps totalling 320 kb span the long arm of this metacentric chromosome. An additional 234,339 bp of sequence has been determined within the pericentromeric region of the long arm. We annotated 727 genes and 168 pseudogenes in the sequence. About 64% of these genes have a 59 and a 39 untranslated region and a complete open reading frame. Comparative analysis of the sequence of chromosome 20 to whole-genome shotgun-sequence data of two other vertebrates, the mouse Mus musculus and the puffer fish Tetraodon nigroviridis, provides an independent measure of the efficiency of gene annotation, and indicates that this analysis may account for more than 95% of all coding exons and almost all genes.
C1 Wellcome Trust Sanger Inst, Cambridge CB10 1SA, England.
C3 Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute
RP Deloukas, P (corresponding author), Wellcome Trust Sanger Inst, Cambridge CB10 1SA, England.
EM panos@sanger.ac.uk
NR 38
TC 174
Z9 748
U1 0
U2 19
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 20
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6866
BP 865
EP U3
DI 10.1038/414865a
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 503RB
UT WOS:000172813300035
PM 11780052
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kelley, DS
   Karson, JA
   Blackman, DK
   Früh-Green, GL
   Butterfield, DA
   Lilley, MD
   Olson, EJ
   Schrenk, MO
   Roe, KK
   Lebon, GT
   Rivizzigno, P
AF Kelley, DS
   Karson, JA
   Blackman, DK
   Früh-Green, GL
   Butterfield, DA
   Lilley, MD
   Olson, EJ
   Schrenk, MO
   Roe, KK
   Lebon, GT
   Rivizzigno, P
TI An off-axis hydrothermal vent field near the Mid-Atlantic Ridge at 30°N
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID fracture-zone; ultramafic rocks; endeavor segment; serpentinization; systems; ch4; intersection; chemistry; hydrogen; offsets
AB Evidence is growing that hydrothermal venting occurs not only along mid-ocean ridges but also on old regions of the oceanic crust away from spreading centres. Here we report the discovery of an extensive hydrothermal field at 30 degrees N near the eastern intersection of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the Atlantis fracture zone. The vent field-named 'Lost City'-is distinctly different from all other known sea-floor hydrothermal fields in that it is located on 1.5-Myr-old crust, nearly 15 km from the spreading axis, and may be driven by the heat of exothermic serpentinization reactions between sea water and mantle rocks. It is located on a dome-like massif and is dominated by steep-sided carbonate chimneys, rather than the sulphide structures typical of 'black smoker' hydrothermal fields. We found that vent fluids are relatively cool (40-75 degrees C) and alkaline (pH 9.0-9.8), supporting dense microbial communities that include anaerobic thermophiles. Because the geological characteristics of the Atlantis massif are similar to numerous areas of old crust along the Mid-Atlantic, Indian and Arctic ridges, these results indicate that a much larger portion of the oceanic crust may support hydrothermal activity and microbial life than previously thought.
C1 Univ Washington, Sch Oceanog, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   Duke Univ, Div Earth & Ocean Sci, Durham, NC 27708 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   ETH Zentrum, Inst Mineral & Petrol, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
   Univ Washington, NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Joint Inst Study Atmosphere & Oceans, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
C3 University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; Duke University; University of California System; University of California San Diego; Scripps Institution of Oceanography; Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; ETH Zurich; National Oceanic Atmospheric Admin (NOAA) - USA; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle
RP Kelley, DS (corresponding author), Univ Washington, Sch Oceanog, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
NR 42
TC 949
Z9 1108
U1 2
U2 296
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 12
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6843
BP 145
EP 149
DI 10.1038/35084000
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 451AJ
UT WOS:000169778700041
PM 11449263
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lohse, D
   Schmitz, B
   Versluis, M
AF Lohse, D
   Schmitz, B
   Versluis, M
TI Snapping shrimp make flashing bubbles
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sonoluminescence
C1 Univ Twente, Res Ctr Fluid Dynam, NL-7500 AE Enschede, Netherlands.
   Tech Univ Munich, Lehrstuhl Zool, D-85747 Garching, Germany.
C3 University of Twente; Technical University of Munich
RP Lohse, D (corresponding author), Univ Twente, Res Ctr Fluid Dynam, POB 217, NL-7500 AE Enschede, Netherlands.
NR 8
TC 92
Z9 117
U1 3
U2 124
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 4
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6855
BP 477
EP 478
DI 10.1038/35097152
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 478HG
UT WOS:000171340500033
PM 11586346
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zahidi, E
   Oudghiri-Hassani, H
   McBreen, PH
AF Zahidi, E
   Oudghiri-Hassani, H
   McBreen, PH
TI Formation of thermally stable alkylidene layers on a catalytically active surface
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID oxidative addition; silicon surfaces; oxo-alkylidene; carbide; wcl2(pmeph2)4; monolayers; conversion
AB Materials containing organic-inorganic interfaces usually display a combination of molecular and solid-state properties, which are of interest for applications ranging from chemical sensing(1) to microelectronics(2) and catalysis(3). Thiols-organic compounds carrying a SH group-are widely used to anchor organic layers to gold surfaces(6), because gold is catalytically sufficiently active to replace relatively weak S-H bonds with Au-S bonds, yet too inert to attack C-C and C-H bonds in the organic layer. But although several methods(4-6) of functionalizing the surfaces of semiconductors, oxides and metals are known, it remains difficult to attach a wide range of more complex organic species. Organic layers could, in principle, be formed on the surfaces of metals that are capable of inserting into strong bonds, but such surfaces catalyse the decomposition of organic layers at temperatures above 400 to 600 K, through progressive C-H and C-C bond breaking(7). Here we report that cycloketones adsorbed on molybdenum carbide, a material known to catalyse a variety of hydrocarbon conversion reactions(8-11), transform into surface-bound alkylidenes stable to above 900 K. We expect that this chemistry can be used to create a wide range of exceptionally stable organic layers on molybdenum carbide.
C1 Univ Laval, Dept Chim, Quebec City, PQ G1K 7P4, Canada.
   Univ Laval, CERPIC, Quebec City, PQ G1K 7P4, Canada.
C3 Laval University; Laval University
RP McBreen, PH (corresponding author), Univ Laval, Dept Chim, Quebec City, PQ G1K 7P4, Canada.
EM peter.mcbreen@chm.ulaval.ca
NR 28
TC 39
Z9 46
U1 1
U2 44
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 22
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6823
BP 1023
EP 1026
DI 10.1038/35059047
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 405FT
UT WOS:000167148800040
PM 11234007
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zhong, TP
   Childs, S
   Leu, JP
   Fishman, MC
AF Zhong, TP
   Childs, S
   Leu, JP
   Fishman, MC
TI Gridlock signalling pathway fashions the first embryonic artery
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID early embryogenesis; repressor proteins; notch; zebrafish; transcription; hairy; enhancer; homolog; split; genes
AB Arteries and veins are morphologically, functionally and molecularly very different, but how this distinction is established during vasculogenesis is unknown(1,2). Here we show, by lineage tracking in zebrafish embryos, that angioblast precursors for the trunk artery and vein are spatially mixed in the lateral posterior mesoderm. Progeny of each angioblast, however, are restricted to one of the vessels. This arterial-venous decision is guided by gridlock (grl), an artery-restricted gene that is expressed in the lateral posterior mesoderm(3). Graded reduction of grl expression, by mutation or morpholino antisense, progressively ablates regions of the artery, and expands contiguous regions of the vein, preceded by an increase in expression of the venous marker EphB4 receptor (ephb4)(2) and diminution of expression of the arterial marker ephrin-B2 (efnb2)(2). grl is downstream of notch(4), and interference with notch signalling, by blocking Su(H)(4), similarly reduces the artery and increases the vein. Thus, a notch-grl pathway controls assembly of the first embryonic artery, apparently by adjudicating an arterial versus venous cell fate decision.
C1 Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Cardiovasc Res Ctr, Charlestown, MA 02129 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, Charlestown, MA 02129 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard University
RP Fishman, MC (corresponding author), Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Cardiovasc Res Ctr, 149 13th St, Charlestown, MA 02129 USA.
NR 30
TC 421
Z9 518
U1 1
U2 22
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 8
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6860
BP 216
EP 220
DI 10.1038/35102599
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 490AY
UT WOS:000172029100050
PM 11700560
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Steinmetz, EJ
   Conrad, NK
   Brow, DA
   Corden, JL
AF Steinmetz, EJ
   Conrad, NK
   Brow, DA
   Corden, JL
TI RNA-binding protein Nrd1 directs poly(A)-independent 3′-end formation of RNA polymerase II transcripts
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID c-terminal domain; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; splicing endonuclease; yeast; gene; snrna; sen1; accumulation; expression; deletion
AB A eukaryotic chromosome contains many genes, each transcribed separately by RNA polymerase (pol) I, II or III. Transcription termination between genes prevents the formation of polycistronic RNAs and anti-sense RNAs, which are generally detrimental to the correct expression of genes. Terminating the transcription of protein-coding genes by pol II requires a group of proteins that also direct cleavage and polyadenylation of the messenger RNA in response to a specific sequence element, and are associated with the carboxyl-terminal domain of the largest subunit of pol II (refs 1-6). By contrast, the cis-acting elements and trans-acting factors that direct termination of non-polyadenylated transcripts made by pol II, including small nucleolar and small nuclear RNAs, are not known. Here we show that read-through transcription from yeast small nucleolar RNA and small nuclear RNA genes into adjacent genes is prevented by a cis-acting element that is recognized, in part, by the essential RNA-binding protein Nrd1. The RNA-binding protein Nab3, the putative RNA helicase Sen1, and the intact C-terminal domain of pol II are also required for efficient response to the element. The same proteins are required for maintaining normal levels of Nrd1 mRNA, indicating that these proteins may control elongation of a subset of mRNA transcripts.
C1 Univ Wisconsin, Sch Med, Dept Biomol Chem, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Mol Biol & Genet, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
C3 University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; Johns Hopkins University
RP Brow, DA (corresponding author), Univ Wisconsin, Sch Med, Dept Biomol Chem, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
EM dabrow@facstaff.wisc.edu; jcorden@jhmi.edu
NR 27
TC 310
Z9 383
U1 0
U2 10
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 20
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6853
BP 327
EP 331
DI 10.1038/35095090
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 473KB
UT WOS:000171040500043
PM 11565036
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Montgomery, KT
   Lee, E
   Miller, A
   Lau, S
   Shim, C
   Decker, J
   Chiu, D
   Emerling, S
   Sekhon, M
   Kim, R
   Lenz, J
   Han, JH
   Ioshikhes, I
   Renault, B
   Marondel, I
   Yoon, SJK
   Song, K
   Murty, VVVS
   Scherer, S
   Yonescu, R
   Kirsch, IR
   Ried, T
   McPherson, J
   Gibbs, R
   Kucherlapati, R
AF Montgomery, KT
   Lee, E
   Miller, A
   Lau, S
   Shim, C
   Decker, J
   Chiu, D
   Emerling, S
   Sekhon, M
   Kim, R
   Lenz, J
   Han, JH
   Ioshikhes, I
   Renault, B
   Marondel, I
   Yoon, SJK
   Song, K
   Murty, VVVS
   Scherer, S
   Yonescu, R
   Kirsch, IR
   Ried, T
   McPherson, J
   Gibbs, R
   Kucherlapati, R
TI A high-resolution map of human chromosome 12
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID physical map; human genome; sequence
AB Our sequence-tagged site-content map of chromosome 12 is now integrated with the whole-genome fingerprinting effort(1,2). It provides accurate and nearly complete bacterial clone coverage of chromosome 12. We propose that this integrated mapping protocol serves as a model for constructing physical maps for entire genomes.
C1 Yeshiva Univ Albert Einstein Coll Med, Dept Mol Genet, Bronx, NY 10461 USA.
   Catholic Univ, Coll Med, Res Inst Med Sci, Seoul 137404, South Korea.
   Univ Ulsan, Coll Med, Seoul 138736, South Korea.
   Columbia Univ Coll Phys & Surg, Dept Pathol, New York, NY 10032 USA.
   Baylor Coll Med, Dept Mol & Human Genet, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   NCI, Dept Genet, Med Branch, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   Washington Univ, Sch Med, Genome Sequencing Ctr, St Louis, MO 63108 USA.
C3 Yeshiva University; Montefiore Medical Center; Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Catholic University of Korea; University of Ulsan; Columbia University; Baylor College of Medicine; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Cancer Institute (NCI); Washington University (WUSTL)
RP Kucherlapati, R (corresponding author), Yeshiva Univ Albert Einstein Coll Med, Dept Mol Genet, 1300 Morris Pk Ave, Bronx, NY 10461 USA.
NR 14
TC 18
Z9 18
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 15
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6822
BP 945
EP 946
DI 10.1038/35057174
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 401QC
UT WOS:000166938800064
PM 11237017
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Perraud, AL
   Fleig, A
   Dunn, CA
   Bagley, LA
   Launay, P
   Schmitz, C
   Stokes, AJ
   Zhu, QQ
   Bessman, MJ
   Penner, R
   Kinet, JP
   Scharenberg, AM
AF Perraud, AL
   Fleig, A
   Dunn, CA
   Bagley, LA
   Launay, P
   Schmitz, C
   Stokes, AJ
   Zhu, QQ
   Bessman, MJ
   Penner, R
   Kinet, JP
   Scharenberg, AM
TI ADP-ribose gating of the calcium-permeable LTRPC2 channel revealed by Nudix motif homology
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mitochondria; enzymes
AB Free ADP-ribose (ADPR), a product of NAD hydrolysis and a breakdown product of the calcium-release second messenger cyclic ADPR (cADPR), has no defined role as an intracellular signalling molecule in vertebrate systems. Here we show that a 350-amino-acid protein (designated NUDT9) and a homologous domain (NUDT9 homology domain) near the carboxy terminus of the LTRPC2/TrpC7 putative cation channel(1) both function as specific ADPR pyrophosphatases. Whole-cell and single-channel analysis of HEK-293 cells expressing LTRPC2 show that LTRPC2 functions as a calcium-permeable cation channel that is specifically gated by free ADPR. The expression of native LTRPC2 transcripts is detectable in many tissues including the U937 monocyte cell line, in which ADPR induces large cation currents (designated I-ADPR) that closely match those mediated by recombinant LTRPC2. These results indicate that intracellular ADPR regulates calcium entry into cells that express LTRPC2.
C1 Beth Israel Deaconess Med Ctr, Dept Pathol, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
   Univ Hawaii, Queens Med Ctr, Biomed Res Ctr, Lab Cell & Mol Signaling, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA.
   Univ Hawaii, John A Burns Sch Med, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Biol, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; The Queen's Medical Center; University of Hawaii System; University of Hawaii System; Johns Hopkins University
RP Scharenberg, AM (corresponding author), Univ Washington, Dept Pediat & Immunol, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
NR 13
TC 778
Z9 863
U1 1
U2 33
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 31
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6837
BP 595
EP 599
DI 10.1038/35079100
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 437GE
UT WOS:000168982500054
PM 11385575
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Oppenheimer, SJ
   Richards, M
AF Oppenheimer, SJ
   Richards, M
TI Polynesian origins - Slow boat to melanesia?
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Oxford Green Coll, Oxford OX2 6HG, England.
   Univ Huddersfield, Dept Chem & Biol Sci, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, W Yorkshire, England.
C3 University of Oxford; University of Huddersfield
RP Oppenheimer, SJ (corresponding author), Univ Oxford Green Coll, Oxford OX2 6HG, England.
NR 13
TC 67
Z9 86
U1 0
U2 13
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 8
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6825
BP 166
EP 167
DI 10.1038/35065520
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 408HJ
UT WOS:000167320500032
PM 11242066
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dohoney, KM
   Gelles, J
AF Dohoney, KM
   Gelles, J
TI χ-Sequence recognition and DNA translocation by single RecBCD helicase/nuclease molecules
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID recombination hotspot-chi; escherichia-coli; recd subunit; rna-polymerase; homologous recombination; helicase activity; enzyme; kinesin; atp; deoxyribonuclease
AB Major pathways of recombinational DNA repair in Escherichia coli require the RecBCD protein-a heterotrimeric, ATP-driven, DNA translocating motor enzyme. RecBCD combines a highly processive and exceptionally fast helicase (DNA-unwinding) activity with a strand-specific nuclease (DNA-cleaving) activity (refs 1, 2 and references therein). Recognition of the DNA sequence 'chi' (5'-GCTGGTGG-3') switches the polarity of DNA cleavage and stimulates recombination at nearby sequences in vivo. Here we attach microscopic polystyrene beads to biotin-tagged RecD protein subunits and use tethered-particle light microscopy to observe translocation of single RecBCD molecules (with a precision of up to similar to 30 nm at 2 Hz) and to examine the mechanism by which chi modifies enzyme activity. Observed translocation is unidirectional, with each molecule moving at a constant velocity corresponding to the population-average DNA unwinding rate. These observations place strong constraints on possible movement mechanisms. Bead release at chi is negligible, showing that the activity modification at chi does not require ejection of the RecD subunit from the enzyme as previously proposed; modification may occur through an unusual, pure conformational switch mechanism.
C1 Brandeis Univ, Dept Biochem, Waltham, MA 02454 USA.
C3 Brandeis University
RP Gelles, J (corresponding author), Brandeis Univ, Dept Biochem, Waltham, MA 02454 USA.
NR 31
TC 112
Z9 129
U1 1
U2 9
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 18
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6818
BP 370
EP 374
DI 10.1038/35053124
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 392VY
UT WOS:000166434300054
PM 11201749
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Smaglik, P
AF Smaglik, P
TI US structural genomics effort needs physicists for success
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 0
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 5
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6829
BP 723
EP 724
DI 10.1038/35070720
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 418DJ
UT WOS:000167875400057
PM 11287968
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fändrich, M
   Fletcher, MA
   Dobson, CM
AF Fändrich, M
   Fletcher, MA
   Dobson, CM
TI Amyloid fibrils from muscle myoglobin -: Even an ordinary globular protein can assume a rogue guise if conditions are right.
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Oxford, New Chem Lab, Oxford Ctr Mol Sci, Oxford OX1 3QT, England.
C3 University of Oxford
RP Fändrich, M (corresponding author), Univ Oxford, New Chem Lab, Oxford Ctr Mol Sci, S Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3QT, England.
NR 12
TC 729
Z9 813
U1 2
U2 124
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 8
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6825
BP 165
EP 166
DI 10.1038/35065514
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 408HJ
UT WOS:000167320500030
PM 11242064
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Reinhardt, RL
   Khoruts, A
   Merica, R
   Zell, T
   Jenkins, MK
AF Reinhardt, RL
   Khoruts, A
   Merica, R
   Zell, T
   Jenkins, MK
TI Visualizing the generation of memory CD4 T cells in the whole body
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID in-vivo; clonal expansion; peripheral tolerance; antigen-receptor; viral-infection; induction; immunity; tissue; lymphocytes; activation
AB It is thought that immunity depends on naive CD4 T cells that proliferate in response to microbial antigens(1-4), differentiate into memory cells that produce anti-microbial lymphokines(5,6), and migrate to sites of infection(7,8). Here we use immunohistology to enumerate individual naive CD4 T cells, specific for a model antigen, in the whole bodies of adult mice. The cells resided exclusively in secondary lymphoid tissues, such as the spleen and lymph nodes, in mice that were not exposed to antigen. After injection of antigen alone into the blood, the T cells proliferated, migrated to the lungs, liver, gut and salivary glands, and then disappeared from these organs. If antigen was injected with the microbial product lipopolysaccharide, proliferation and migration were enhanced, and two populations of memory cells survived for months: one in the lymph nodes that produced the growth factor interleukin-2, and a larger one in the non-lymphoid tissues that produced the anti-microbial lymphokine interferon-gamma. These results show that antigen recognition in the context of infection generates memory cells that are specialized to proliferate in the secondary lymphoid tissues or to fight infection at the site of microbial entry.
C1 Univ Minnesota, Sch Med, Ctr Immunol, Dept Microbiol, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA.
   Univ Minnesota, Sch Med, Ctr Immunol, Dept Med, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA.
C3 University of Minnesota System; University of Minnesota Twin Cities; University of Minnesota System; University of Minnesota Twin Cities
RP Jenkins, MK (corresponding author), Univ Minnesota, Sch Med, Ctr Immunol, Dept Microbiol, MMC 334,420 Delaware St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA.
NR 29
TC 847
Z9 986
U1 0
U2 19
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 1
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6824
BP 101
EP 105
DI 10.1038/35065111
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 406BD
UT WOS:000167194300051
PM 11242050
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Scott, SH
   Gribble, PL
   Graham, KM
   Cabel, DW
AF Scott, SH
   Gribble, PL
   Graham, KM
   Cabel, DW
TI Dissociation between hand motion and population vectors from neural activity in motor cortex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID arm movements; reaching movements; cortical control; direction; representation; shoulder; muscle; paths; space
AB The population vector hypothesis was introduced almost twenty years ago to illustrate that a population vector constructed from neural activity in primary motor cortex (MI) of non-human primates could predict the direction of hand movement during reaching(1-6). Alternative explanations for this population signal have been suggested(7,8) but could not be tested experimentally owing to movement complexity in the standard reaching model. We re-examined this issue by recording the activity of neurons in contralateral MI of monkeys while they made reaching movements with their right arms oriented in the horizontal plane-where the mechanics of limb motion are measurable and anisotropic. Here we found systematic biases between the population vector and the direction of hand movement. These errors were attributed to a non-uniform distribution of preferred directions of neurons and the non-uniformity covaried with peak joint power at the shoulder and elbow. These observations contradict the population vector hypothesis and show that non-human primates are capable of generating reaching movements to spatial targets even though population vectors based on MI activity do not point in the direction of hand motion.
C1 Queens Univ, CIHR Grp Sensory Motor Syst, Ctr Neurosci Studies, Dept Anat & Cell Biol, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada.
C3 Queens University - Canada
RP Scott, SH (corresponding author), Queens Univ, CIHR Grp Sensory Motor Syst, Ctr Neurosci Studies, Dept Anat & Cell Biol, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada.
EM steve@biomed.queensu.ca
NR 30
TC 137
Z9 163
U1 0
U2 15
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 13
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6852
BP 161
EP 165
DI 10.1038/35093102
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 471FU
UT WOS:000170918800046
PM 11557980
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Blackman, EG
   Frank, A
   Markiel, JA
   Thomas, JH
   Van Horn, HM
AF Blackman, EG
   Frank, A
   Markiel, JA
   Thomas, JH
   Van Horn, HM
TI Dynamos in asymptotic-giant-branch stars as the origin of magnetic fields shaping planetary nebulae
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID white-dwarfs; rotation; models; evolution; interface
AB Planetary nebulae are thought to be formed when a slow wind from the progenitor giant star is overtaken by a subsequent fast wind generated as the star enters its white dwarf stage(1). A shock forms near the boundary between the winds, creating the relatively dense shell characteristic of a planetary nebula. A spherically symmetric wind will produce a spherically symmetric shell, yet over half of known planetary nebulae are not spherical; rather, they are elliptical or bipolar in shape(2). A magnetic field could launch and collimate a bipolar outflow, but the origin of such a field has hitherto been unclear, and some previous work has even suggested that a field could not be generated(3). Here we show that an asymptotic-giant-branch (AGB) star can indeed generate a strong magnetic field, having as its origin a dynamo at the interface between the rapidly rotating core and the more slowly rotating envelope of the star. The fields are strong enough to shape the bipolar outflows that produce the observed bipolar planetary nebulae. Magnetic braking of the stellar core during this process may also explain the puzzlingly(4) slow rotation of most white dwarf stars.
C1 Univ Rochester, Dept Phys & Astron, Rochester, NY 14627 USA.
   Univ Rochester, CEK Mees Observ, Rochester, NY 14627 USA.
   Univ Washington, Dept Astron, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   Univ Rochester, Dept Mech Engn, Rochester, NY 14627 USA.
C3 University of Rochester; University of Rochester; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; University of Rochester
RP Thomas, JH (corresponding author), Univ Rochester, Dept Phys & Astron, Rochester, NY 14627 USA.
NR 32
TC 157
Z9 165
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 25
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6819
BP 485
EP 487
DI 10.1038/35054008
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 395FW
UT WOS:000166570500039
PM 11206538
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Leakey, MG
   Spoor, F
   Brown, FH
   Gathogo, PN
   Kiarie, C
   Leakey, LN
   McDougall, I
AF Leakey, MG
   Spoor, F
   Brown, FH
   Gathogo, PN
   Kiarie, C
   Leakey, LN
   McDougall, I
TI New hominin genus from eastern Africa shows diverse middle Pliocene lineages
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID australopithecus-afarensis; hadar formation; south-africa; fossil hominids; turkana basin; lake turkana; koobi fora; ethiopia; kenya; skull
AB Most interpretations of early hominin phylogeny recognize a single early to middle Pliocene ancestral lineage, best represented by Australopithecus afarensis, which gave rise to a radiation of taxa in the late Pliocene. Here we report on new fossils discovered west of Lake Turkana, Kenya, which differ markedly from those of contemporary A. afarensis, indicating that hominin taxonomic diversity extended back, well into the middle Pliocene. A 3.5 Myr-old cranium, showing a unique combination of derived facial and primitive neurocranial features, is assigned to a new genus of hominin. These findings point to an early diet-driven adaptive radiation, provide new insight on the association of hominin craniodental features, and have implications for our understanding of Plio-Pleistocene hominin phylogeny.
C1 Natl Museums Kenya, Div Palaeontol, Nairobi, Kenya.
   UCL, Dept Anat & Dev Biol, London WC1E 6JJ, England.
   Univ Utah, Dept Geol & Geophys, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA.
   Australian Natl Univ, Res Sch Earth Sci, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
C3 University of London; University College London; Utah System of Higher Education; University of Utah; Australian National University
RP Leakey, MG (corresponding author), Natl Museums Kenya, Div Palaeontol, POB 40658, Nairobi, Kenya.
EM meave@swiftkenya.com
NR 48
TC 242
Z9 300
U1 2
U2 63
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 22
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6827
BP 433
EP 440
DI 10.1038/35068500
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 412YX
UT WOS:000167583800032
PM 11260704
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bugoslavsky, Y
   Cohen, LF
   Perkins, GK
   Polichetti, M
   Tate, TJ
   Gwilliam, R
   Caplin, AD
AF Bugoslavsky, Y
   Cohen, LF
   Perkins, GK
   Polichetti, M
   Tate, TJ
   Gwilliam, R
   Caplin, AD
TI Enhancement of the high-magnetic field critical current density of superconducting MgB2 by proton irradiation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB Magnesium diboride, MgB2, has a relatively high superconducting transition temperature(1), placing it between the families of low- and high-temperature (copper oxide based) superconductors. Supercurrent flow in MgB2 is unhindered by grain boundaries(2,3), making it potentially attractive for technological applications in the temperature range 20-30 K. But in the bulk material, the critical current density (J(c)) drops rapidly with increasing magnetic field strength(4). The magnitude and field dependence of the critical current are related to the presence of structural defects that can 'pin' the quantized magnetic vortices that permeate the material, and a lack of natural defects in MgB2 may be responsible for the rapid decline of J(c) with increasing field strength(3). Here we show that modest levels of atomic disorder induced by proton irradiation enhance the pinning of vortices, thereby significantly increasing J(c) at high field strengths. We anticipate that either chemical doping or mechanical processing should generate similar levels of disorder, and so achieve performance that is technologically attractive in an economically viable way.
C1 Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Blackett Lab, Ctr High Temp Superconduct, London SW7 2BZ, England.
   Moscow Gen Phys Inst, Moscow 117942, Russia.
   Univ Salerno, Dipartimento Fis, INFM, I-84081 Salerno, Italy.
   Univ Surrey, EPSRC Ion Beam Ctr, Surrey GU2 7RX, England.
C3 Imperial College London; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Istituto Nazionale per la Fisica della Materia (INFM-CNR); University of Salerno; University of Surrey; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Engineering & Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC)
RP Bugoslavsky, Y (corresponding author), Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Blackett Lab, Ctr High Temp Superconduct, Prince Consort Rd, London SW7 2BZ, England.
NR 10
TC 295
Z9 314
U1 2
U2 63
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 31
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6837
BP 561
EP 563
DI 10.1038/35079024
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 437GE
UT WOS:000168982500043
PM 11385564
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Krishnan, B
   Levine, JD
   Lynch, MKS
   Dowse, HB
   Funes, P
   Hall, JC
   Hardin, PE
   Dryer, SE
AF Krishnan, B
   Levine, JD
   Lynch, MKS
   Dowse, HB
   Funes, P
   Hall, JC
   Hardin, PE
   Dryer, SE
TI A new role for cryptochrome in a Drosophila circadian oscillator
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID light; clock; photoreceptor; rhythms; cry; transcription; melanogaster; mutation
AB Cryptochromes are flavin/pterin-containing proteins that are involved in circadian clock function in Drosophila and mice. In mice, the cryptochromes Cry1 and Cry2 are integral components of the circadian oscillator within the brain(1-6) and contribute to circadian photoreception in the retina(7). In Drosophila, cryptochrome (CRY) acts as a photoreceptor that mediates light input to circadian oscillators in both brain and peripheral tissue(8-12). A Drosophila cry mutant, cry(b), leaves circadian oscillator function intact in central circadian pacemaker neurons but renders peripheral circadian oscillators largely arrhythmic. Although this arrhythmicity could be caused by a loss of light entrainment, it is also consistent with a role for CRY in the oscillator. A peripheral oscillator drives circadian olfactory responses in Drosophila antennae(13). Here we show that CRY contributes to oscillator function and physiological output rhythms in the antenna during and after entrainment to light-dark cycles and after photic input is eliminated by entraining flies to temperature cycles. These results demonstrate a photoreceptor-independent role for CRY in the periphery and imply fundamental differences between central and peripheral oscillator mechanisms in Drosophila.
C1 Univ Houston, Dept Biol & Biochem, Houston, TX 77204 USA.
   Univ Houston, Biol Clocks Program, Houston, TX 77204 USA.
   Brandeis Univ, Dept Biol, Waltham, MA 02454 USA.
   Brandeis Univ, NSF, Ctr Biol Timing, Waltham, MA 02454 USA.
   Univ Maine, Dept Biol Sci, Orono, ME 04469 USA.
C3 University of Houston System; University of Houston; University of Houston System; University of Houston; Brandeis University; National Science Foundation (NSF); NSF - Center for Biological Timing; Brandeis University; University of Maine System; University of Maine Orono
RP Hardin, PE (corresponding author), Univ Houston, Dept Biol & Biochem, Houston, TX 77204 USA.
NR 26
TC 193
Z9 232
U1 7
U2 40
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 17
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6835
BP 313
EP 317
DI 10.1038/35077094
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 432RT
UT WOS:000168710000049
PM 11357134
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Green, MA
   Zhao, JH
   Wang, AH
   Reece, PJ
   Gal, M
AF Green, MA
   Zhao, JH
   Wang, AH
   Reece, PJ
   Gal, M
TI Efficient silicon light-emitting diodes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID solar-cells; quantum efficiency; radiation; devices
AB Considerable effort is being expended on the development of efficient silicon light-emitting devices compatible with silicon-based integrated circuit technology(1). Although several approaches are being explored(1-6), all presently suffer from low emission efficiencies, with values in the 0.01-0.1% range regarded as high(2). Here we report a large increase in silicon light-emitting diode power conversion efficiency to values above 1% near room temperature-close to the values of representative direct bandgap emitters of a little more than a decade ago(7,8). Our devices are based on normally weak one- and two-phonon assisted sub-bandgap light-emission processes. Their design takes advantage of the reciprocity between light absorption and emission by maximizing absorption at relevant sub-bandgap wavelengths while reducing the scope for parasitic non-radiative recombination within the diode. Each feature individually is shown to improve the emission efficiency by a factor of ten, which accounts for the improvement by a factor of one hundred on the efficiency of baseline devices.
C1 Univ New S Wales, Ctr Generat Photovolt 3, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
   Univ New S Wales, Photovolt Special Res Ctr, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
   Univ New S Wales, Sch Phys, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
C3 University of New South Wales Sydney; University of New South Wales Sydney; University of New South Wales Sydney
RP Green, MA (corresponding author), Univ New S Wales, Ctr Generat Photovolt 3, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
EM m.green@unsw.edu.au
NR 30
TC 516
Z9 572
U1 2
U2 138
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 23
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6849
BP 805
EP 808
DI 10.1038/35090539
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 465ET
UT WOS:000170577200033
PM 11518962
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Waite, JH
   Gladstone, GR
   Lewis, WS
   Goldstein, R
   McComas, DJ
   Riley, P
   Walker, RJ
   Robertson, P
   Desai, S
   Clarke, JT
   Young, DT
AF Waite, JH
   Gladstone, GR
   Lewis, WS
   Goldstein, R
   McComas, DJ
   Riley, P
   Walker, RJ
   Robertson, P
   Desai, S
   Clarke, JT
   Young, DT
TI An auroral flare at Jupiter
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID solar-wind control; io flux tube; footprint; field; emissions; pressure; models
AB Jupiter's aurora is the most powerful in the Solar System(1). It is powered largely by energy extracted from planetary rotation(2), although there seems also to be a contribution from the solar wind(3,4). This contrasts with Earth's aurora, which is generated through the interaction of the solar wind with the magnetosphere. The major features of Jupiter's aurora (based on far-ultraviolet(5-7), near-infrared(8,9) and visible-wavelength(10) observations) include a main oval that generally corotates with the planet and a region of patchy, diffuse emission inside the oval on Jupiter's dusk side. Here we report the discovery of a rapidly evolving, very bright and localized emission poleward of the northern main oval, in a region connected magnetically to Jupiter's outer magnetosphere. The intensity of the emission increased by a factor of 30 within 70s, and then decreased on a similar timescale, all captured during a single four-minute exposure. This type of flaring emission has not previously been reported for Jupiter (similar, but smaller, transient events have been observed at Earth), and it may be related directly to changes in the solar wind.
C1 Univ Michigan, Dept Atmospher Ocean & Space Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
   SW Res Inst, San Antonio, TX 78228 USA.
   SAIC, San Diego, CA 92121 USA.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
C3 University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; Southwest Research Institute; Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC); University of California System; University of California Los Angeles
RP Waite, JH (corresponding author), Univ Michigan, Dept Atmospher Ocean & Space Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
NR 20
TC 116
Z9 121
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 12
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6830
BP 787
EP 789
DI 10.1038/35071018
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 420TT
UT WOS:000168021900046
PM 11298440
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Robles-De-La-Torre, G
   Hayward, V
AF Robles-De-La-Torre, G
   Hayward, V
TI Force can overcome object geometry in the perception of shape through active touch
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID movements; finger; elbow
AB Haptic (touch) perception normally entails an active exploration of object surfaces over time. This is called active touch(1-3). When exploring the shape of an object, we experience both geometrical(4) and force cues. For example, when sliding a finger across a surface with a rigid bump on it, the finger moves over the bump while being opposed by a force whose direction and magnitude are related to the slope of the bump(5). The steeper the bump, the stronger the resistance. Geometrical and force cues are correlated, but it has been commonly assumed that shape perception relies on object geometry alone. Here we show that regardless of surface geometry, subjects identified and located shape features on the basis of force cues or their correlates. Using paradoxical stimuli, for example combining the force cues of a bump with the geometry of a hole, we found that subjects perceived a bump. Conversely, when combining the force cues of a hole with the geometry of a bump, subjects typically perceived a hole.
C1 McGill Univ, Ctr Intelligent Machines, Montreal, PQ H3A 2A7, Canada.
C3 McGill University
RP Robles-De-La-Torre, G (corresponding author), McGill Univ, Ctr Intelligent Machines, Montreal, PQ H3A 2A7, Canada.
NR 11
TC 254
Z9 299
U1 1
U2 35
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 26
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6845
BP 445
EP 448
DI 10.1038/35086588
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 456DQ
UT WOS:000170068200050
PM 11473320
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bao, SD
   Tibbetts, RS
   Brumbaugh, KM
   Fang, YN
   Richardson, DA
   Ali, A
   Chen, SM
   Abraham, RT
   Wang, XF
AF Bao, SD
   Tibbetts, RS
   Brumbaugh, KM
   Fang, YN
   Richardson, DA
   Ali, A
   Chen, SM
   Abraham, RT
   Wang, XF
TI ATR/ATM-mediated phosphorylation of human Rad17 is required for genotoxic stress responses
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sliding clamp; dna; atr; family
AB Genotoxic stress triggers the activation of checkpoints that delay cell-cycle progression to allow for DNA repair(1). Studies in fission yeast implicate members of the Rad family of checkpoint proteins, which includes Rad17, Rad1, Rad9 and Hus1, as key early-response elements during the activation of both the DNA damage and replication checkpoints(2-5). Here we demonstrate a direct regulatory linkage between the human Rad17 homologue (hRad17) and the checkpoint kinases, ATM and ATR. Treatment of human cells with genotoxic agents induced ATM/ATR-dependent phosphorylation of hRad17 at Ser 635 and Ser 645. Overexpression of a hRad17 mutant (hRad17(AA)) bearing Ala substitutions at both phosphorylation sites abrogated the DNA-damage-induced G(2) checkpoint, and sensitized human fibroblasts to genotoxic stress. In contrast to wild-type hRad17, the hRad17(AA) mutant showed no ionizing-radiation-inducible association with hRad1, a component of the hRad1-hRad9-hHus1 checkpoint complex. These findings demonstrate that ATR/ATM-dependent phosphorylation of hRad17 is a critical early event during checkpoint signalling in DNA-damaged cells.
C1 Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Pharmacol & Canc Biol, Durham, NC 27710 USA.
C3 Duke University
RP Wang, XF (corresponding author), Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Pharmacol & Canc Biol, Durham, NC 27710 USA.
EM wang0011@mc.duke.edu
NR 19
TC 227
Z9 276
U1 1
U2 15
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 21
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6840
BP 969
EP 974
DI 10.1038/35082110
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 444EN
UT WOS:000169386200050
PM 11418864
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ignés-Mullol, J
   Schwartz, DK
AF Ignés-Mullol, J
   Schwartz, DK
TI Shear-induced molecular precession in a hexatic Langmuir monolayer
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID blodgett-films; channel flow; velocity profile; orientation; dependence; anisotropy; behavior
AB Liquid crystalline behaviour is generally limited to a select group of specially designed bulk substances. By contrast, it is a common feature of simple molecular monolayers and other quasi-two-dimensional systems(1), which often possess a type of in-plane ordering that results from unbinding of dislocations-a 'hexatic' liquid crystalline phase. The flow of monolayers is closely related to molecular transport in biological membranes, affects foam and emulsion stability and is relevant to microfluidics research. For liquid crystalline phases, it is important to understand the coupling of the molecular orientation to the flow. Orientationally ordered (nematic) phases in bulk liquid crystals exhibit 'shear aligning' or 'tumbling' behaviour under shear, and are described quantitatively by Leslie-Ericksen theory(2). For hexatic monolayers, the effects of flow have been inferred from textures of Langmuir-Blodgett films(3-5) and directly observed at the macroscopic level(6-10). However, there is no accepted model of hexatic flow at the molecular level. Here we report observations of a hexatic Langmuir monolayer that reveal continuous, shear-induced molecular precession, interrupted by occasional jump discontinuities. Although superficially similar to tumbling in a bulk nematic phase, the kinematic details are quite different and provide a possible mechanism for domain coarsening and eventual molecular alignment in monolayers. We explain the precession and jumps within a quantitative framework that involves coupling of molecular orientation to the local molecular hexatic 'lattice', which is continuously deformed by shear.
C1 Tulane Univ, Dept Chem, New Orleans, LA 70118 USA.
C3 Tulane University
RP Schwartz, DK (corresponding author), Univ Barcelona, Dept Quim Fis, Marti & Franques 1, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain.
EM daniel.schwartz@colorado.edu
NR 25
TC 46
Z9 50
U1 0
U2 32
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 15
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6826
BP 348
EP 351
DI 10.1038/35066539
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 410WM
UT WOS:000167464100044
PM 11268206
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pryer, KM
   Schneider, H
   Smith, AR
   Cranfill, R
   Wolf, PG
   Hunt, JS
   Sipes, SD
AF Pryer, KM
   Schneider, H
   Smith, AR
   Cranfill, R
   Wolf, PG
   Hunt, JS
   Sipes, SD
TI Horsetails and ferns are a monophyletic group and the closest living relatives to seed plants
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID phylogenetic-relationships; land plants; rbcl sequences; mitochondrial; evolution; biology; tool
AB Most of the 470-million-year history of plants on land belongs to bryophytes, pteridophytes and gymnosperms, which eventually yielded to the ecological dominance by angiosperms 90 Myr ago(1-3). Our knowledge of angiosperm phylogeny, particularly the branching order of the earliest lineages, has recently been increased by the concurrence of multigene sequence analyses(4-6). However, reconstructing relationships for all the main lineages of vascular plants that diverged since the Devonian period has remained a challenge. Here we report phylogenetic analyses of combined data-from morphology and from four genes-for 35 representatives from all the main lineages of land plants. We show that there are three monophyletic groups of extant vascular plants: (1) lycophytes, (2) seed plants and (3) a clade including equisetophytes (horsetails), psilotophytes (whisk ferns) and all eusporangiate and leptosporangiate ferns. Our maximum-likelihood analysis shows unambiguously that horsetails and ferns together are the closest relatives to seed plants. This refutes the prevailing view that horsetails and ferns are transitional evolutionary grades between bryophytes and seed plants(7), and has important implications for our understanding of the development and evolution of plants(8).
C1 Field Museum Nat Hist, Dept Bot, Chicago, IL 60605 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Univ Herbarium, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Utah State Univ, Dept Biol, Logan, UT 84322 USA.
C3 Field Museum of Natural History (Chicago); University of California System; University of California Berkeley; Utah System of Higher Education; Utah State University
RP Pryer, KM (corresponding author), Field Museum Nat Hist, Dept Bot, 1400 S Lake Shore Dr, Chicago, IL 60605 USA.
NR 30
TC 507
Z9 613
U1 0
U2 406
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 1
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6820
BP 618
EP 622
DI 10.1038/35054555
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 397JJ
UT WOS:000166692300044
PM 11214320
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schumacher, MA
   Hurlburt, BK
   Brennan, RG
AF Schumacher, MA
   Hurlburt, BK
   Brennan, RG
TI Crystal structures of SarA, a pleiotropic regulator of virulence genes in S-aureus
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID staphylococcus-aureus; agr; locus; transcription; diffraction; expression
AB Staphylococcus aureus is a major human pathogen, the potency of which can be attributed to the regulated expression of an impressive array of virulence determinants. A key pleiotropic transcriptional regulator of these virulence factors is SarA, which is encoded by the sar (staphylococcal accessory regulator) locus(1-3). SarA was characterized initially as an activator of a second virulence regulatory locus, agr, through its interaction with a series of heptad repeats (AGTTAAG) within the agr promoter(4). Subsequent DNA-binding studies have revealed that SarA binds readily to multiple AT-rich sequences of variable lengths(4-11). Here we describe the crystal structure of SarA and a SarA-DNA complex at resolutions of 2.50 Angstrom and 2.95 Angstrom, respectively. SarA has a fold consisting of a four-helix core region and `inducible regions' comprising a beta -hairpin and a carboxy-terminal loop. On binding DNA, the inducible regions undergo marked conformational changes, becoming part of extended and distorted alpha -helices, which encase the DNA. SarA recognizes an AT-rich site in which the DNA is highly overwound and adopts a D-DNA-like conformation by indirect readout. These structures thus provide insight into SarA-mediated transcription regulation.
C1 Oregon Hlth Sci Univ, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Portland, OR 97201 USA.
   Oregon Hlth Sci Univ, Vollum Inst, Portland, OR 97201 USA.
   Univ Arkansas Med Sci, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Little Rock, AR 72205 USA.
C3 Oregon Health & Science University; Oregon Health & Science University; University of Arkansas System; University of Arkansas Medical Sciences
RP Brennan, RG (corresponding author), Oregon Hlth Sci Univ, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Portland, OR 97201 USA.
NR 29
TC 50
Z9 66
U1 0
U2 9
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 11
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6817
BP 215
EP 219
DI 10.1038/35051623
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 390UV
UT WOS:000166316200050
PM 11196648
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Barth, C
   Reichling, M
AF Barth, C
   Reichling, M
TI Imaging the atomic arrangements on the high-temperature reconstructed α-Al2O3(0001) surface
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID force microscopy; oxide surfaces; alpha-alumina; water
AB Alumina is a technologically important oxide crystal because of its use as a catalyst and as a substrate for microelectronic applications(1). A precise knowledge of its surface atomic structure is a prerequisite for understanding and controlling the physical processes involved in many of its applications(2). Here we use a dynamic scanning force microscopy technique(3) to image directly the atomic structure of the high-temperature phase of the alpha -Al2O3 (0001) surface. Evidence for a surface reconstruction appears as a grid of protrusions that represent a rhombic unit cell, and we confirm that the arrangement of atoms is in the form of surface domains with hexagonal atomic order at the centre and disorder at the periphery. We show that, on exposing the surface to water and hydrogen, this surface structure is important in the formation of hydroxide clusters. These clusters appear as a regular pattern of rings that can be explained by self-organization processes involving cluster-surface and cluster-cluster interactions. Alumina has long been regarded as the definitive test for atomic-resolution force microscopy of insulators so the whole class of insulating oxides should now open for direct atomic-scale surface investigations.
C1 Univ Munich, Dept Chem, D-81377 Munich, Germany.
C3 University of Munich
RP Reichling, M (corresponding author), Univ Munich, Dept Chem, Butenandtstr 5-13 E, D-81377 Munich, Germany.
NR 22
TC 245
Z9 256
U1 2
U2 130
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 01
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6859
BP 54
EP 57
DI 10.1038/35102031
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 487VC
UT WOS:000171898900038
PM 11689939
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gray, WM
   Kepinski, S
   Rouse, D
   Leyser, O
   Estelle, M
AF Gray, WM
   Kepinski, S
   Rouse, D
   Leyser, O
   Estelle, M
TI Auxin regulates SCFTIR1-dependent degradation of AUX/IAA proteins
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID scf ubiquitin-ligase; arabidopsis-thaliana; response elements; gene; yeast; transcription; pathway; family; nedd8; rub1
AB The plant hormone auxin is central in many aspects of plant development. Previous studies have implicated the ubiquitin-ligase SCFTIR1 and the AUX/IAA proteins in auxin response. Dominant mutations in several AUX/IAA genes confer pleiotropic auxin-related phenotypes, whereas recessive mutations affecting the function of SCFTIR1 decrease auxin response. Here we show that SCFTIR1 is required for AUX/IAA degradation. We demonstrate that SCFTIR1 interacts with AXR2/IAA7 and AXR3/IAA17, and that domain II of these proteins is necessary and sufficient for this interaction. Further, auxin stimulates binding of SCFTIR1 to the AUX/IAA proteins, and their degradation. Because domain II is conserved in nearly all AUX/IAA proteins in Arabidopsis, we propose that auxin promotes the degradation of this large family of transcriptional regulators, leading to diverse downstream effects.
C1 Univ Texas, Inst Mol & Cellular Biol, Austin, TX 78712 USA.
   Univ York, Dept Biol, York YO10 5YW, N Yorkshire, England.
C3 University of Texas System; University of Texas Austin; University of York - UK
RP Estelle, M (corresponding author), Univ Texas, Inst Mol & Cellular Biol, Austin, TX 78712 USA.
EM mestelle@mail.utexas.edu
NR 30
TC 1133
Z9 1375
U1 7
U2 259
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 15
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6861
BP 271
EP 276
DI 10.1038/35104500
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 492CM
UT WOS:000172150700034
PM 11713520
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Johnston, AM
   Raven, JA
   Beardall, J
   Leegood, RC
AF Johnston, AM
   Raven, JA
   Beardall, J
   Leegood, RC
TI Carbon fixation - Photosynthesis in a marine diatom
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID inorganic carbon; acquisition
C1 Scottish Crop Res Inst, Dundee DD2 5DA, Scotland.
   Univ Dundee, Inst Biol Sci, Dundee DD1 4HN, Scotland.
   Monash Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Clayton, Vic 3800, Australia.
   Univ Sheffield, Dept Anim & Plant Sci, Sheffield S10 2TN, S Yorkshire, England.
C3 James Hutton Institute; University of Dundee; Monash University; University of Sheffield
RP Johnston, AM (corresponding author), Scottish Crop Res Inst, Dundee DD2 5DA, Scotland.
EM ajohn@scri.sari.ac.uk
NR 10
TC 41
Z9 44
U1 1
U2 49
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 5
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6842
BP 40
EP 41
DI 10.1038/35083694
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 448TB
UT WOS:000169644900032
PM 11452295
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kim, J
   Swager, TM
AF Kim, J
   Swager, TM
TI Control of conformational and interpolymer effects in conjugated polymers
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID langmuir-blodgett-films; interchain interactions; poly(p-phenyleneethynylene)s; chemosensors; aggregation; morphology; transport
AB The role of conjugated polymers in emerging electronic, sensor and display technologies is rapidly expanding. In spite of extensive investigations(1-11), the intrinsic spectroscopic properties of conjugated polymers in precise conformational and spatial arrangements have remained elusive. The difficulties of obtaining such information are endemic to polymers, which often resist assembly into single crystals or organized structures owing to entropic and polydispersity considerations. Here we show that the conformation of individual polymers and interpolymer interactions in conjugated polymers can be controlled through the use of designed surfactant poly(p-phenylene-ethynylene) Langmuir films. We show that by mechanically inducing reversible conformational changes of these Langmuir monolayers, we can obtain the precise interrelationship of the intrinsic optical properties of a conjugated polymer and a single chain's conformation and/or interpolymer interactions. This method for controlling the structure of conjugated polymers and establishing their intrinsic spectroscopic properties should permit a more comprehensive understanding of fluorescent conjugated materials.
C1 MIT, Dept Chem, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   MIT, Ctr Sci & Engn, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   MIT, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP Swager, TM (corresponding author), MIT, Dept Chem, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
NR 21
TC 481
Z9 538
U1 3
U2 175
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 28
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6841
BP 1030
EP 1034
DI 10.1038/35082528
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 446TF
UT WOS:000169528500042
PM 11429599
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Futreal, PA
   Kasprzyk, A
   Birney, E
   Mullikin, JC
   Wooster, R
   Stratton, MR
AF Futreal, PA
   Kasprzyk, A
   Birney, E
   Mullikin, JC
   Wooster, R
   Stratton, MR
TI Cancer and genomics
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB Identification of the genes that cause oncogenesis is a central aim of cancer research. We searched the proteins predicted from the draft human genome sequence for paralogues of known tumour suppressor genes, but no novel genes were identified. We then assessed whether it was possible to search directly for oncogenic sequence changes in cancer cells by comparing cancer genome sequences against the draft genome. Apparently chimaeric transcripts (from oncogenic fusion genes generated by chromosomal translocations, the ends of which mapped to different genomic locations) were detected to the same degree in both normal and neoplastic tissues, indicating a significant level of false positives. Our experiment underscores the limited amount and variable quality of DNA sequence from cancer cells that is currently available.
C1 Sanger Ctr, Canc Genome Project, Cambridge CB10 1SA, England.
   Sanger Ctr, Informat Div, Cambridge CB10 1SA, England.
   EBI, EMBL, Cambridge CB10 1SD, England.
   Inst Canc Res, Sutton SM2 5NG, Surrey, England.
C3 Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute; University of Cambridge; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL); European Bioinformatics Institute; University of London; Institute of Cancer Research - UK
RP Stratton, MR (corresponding author), Sanger Ctr, Canc Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SA, England.
EM mrs@sanger.ac.uk
NR 6
TC 109
Z9 132
U1 0
U2 11
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 15
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6822
BP 850
EP 852
DI 10.1038/35057046
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 401QC
UT WOS:000166938800055
PM 11237008
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Beaumont, C
   Jamieson, RA
   Nguyen, MH
   Lee, B
AF Beaumont, C
   Jamieson, RA
   Nguyen, MH
   Lee, B
TI Himalayan tectonics explained by extrusion of a low-viscosity crustal channel coupled to focused surface denudation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID southern tibet; langtang valley; evolution; deformation; crystalline; sequence; belt
AB Recent interpretations of Himalayan-Tibetan tectonics have proposed that channel flow in the middle to lower crust can explain outward growth of the Tibetan plateau(1-3), and that ductile extrusion of high-grade metamorphic rocks between coeval normal- and thrust-sense shear zones can explain exhumation of the Greater Himalayan sequence(4-7). Here we use coupled thermal-mechanical numerical models to show that these two processes-channel flow and ductile extrusion-may be dynamically linked through the effects of surface denudation focused at the edge of a plateau that is underlain by low-viscosity material. Our models provide an internally self-consistent explanation for many observed features of the Himalayan-Tibetan system(8-10).
C1 Dalhousie Univ, Dept Oceanog, Halifax, NS B3H 4J1, Canada.
   Dalhousie Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Halifax, NS B3H 3J5, Canada.
C3 Dalhousie University; Dalhousie University
RP Beaumont, C (corresponding author), Dalhousie Univ, Dept Oceanog, Halifax, NS B3H 4J1, Canada.
EM Chris.Beaumont@Dal.Ca
NR 30
TC 1453
Z9 1712
U1 9
U2 363
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 13
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6865
BP 738
EP 742
DI 10.1038/414738a
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 501GD
UT WOS:000172676200044
PM 11742396
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU DeCamp, MF
   Reis, DA
   Bucksbaum, PH
   Adams, B
   Caraher, JM
   Clarke, R
   Conover, CWS
   Dufresne, EM
   Merlin, R
   Stoica, V
   Wahlstrand, JK
AF DeCamp, MF
   Reis, DA
   Bucksbaum, PH
   Adams, B
   Caraher, JM
   Clarke, R
   Conover, CWS
   Dufresne, EM
   Merlin, R
   Stoica, V
   Wahlstrand, JK
TI Coherent control of pulsed X-ray beams
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID laser-produced plasmas; diffraction; phonons; generation; dynamics
AB Synchrotrons produce continuous trains of closely spaced X-ray pulses. Application of such sources to the study of atomic-scale motion requires efficient modulation of these beams on timescales ranging from nanoseconds to femtoseconds. However, ultrafast X-ray modulators are not generally available. Here we report efficient subnanosecond coherent switching of synchrotron beams by using acoustic pulses in a crystal to modulate the anomalous low-loss transmission of X-ray pulses. The acoustic excitation transfers energy between two X-ray beams in a time shorter than the synchrotron pulse width of about 100 ps. Gigahertz modulation of the diffracted X-rays is also observed. We report different geometric arrangements, such as a switch based on the collision of two counter-propagating acoustic pulses: this doubles the X-ray modulation frequency, and also provides a means of observing a localized transient strain inside an opaque material. We expect that these techniques could be scaled to produce subpicosecond pulses, through laser-generated coherent optical phonon modulation of X-ray diffraction in crystals. Such ultrafast capabilities have been demonstrated thus far only in laser-generated X-ray sources, or through the use of X-ray streak cameras(1-6).
C1 Univ Michigan, Dept Phys, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
   Univ Michigan, FOCUS Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
   Argonne Natl Lab, Adv Photon Source, Argonne, IL 60439 USA.
   Colby Coll, Waterville, ME 04901 USA.
C3 University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Argonne National Laboratory; Colby College
RP DeCamp, MF (corresponding author), Univ Michigan, Dept Phys, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
NR 22
TC 61
Z9 69
U1 1
U2 31
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 25
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6858
BP 825
EP 828
DI 10.1038/35101560
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 485JA
UT WOS:000171750200040
PM 11677601
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cooper, A
   Lalueza-Fox, C
   Anderson, S
   Rambaut, A
   Austin, J
   Ward, R
AF Cooper, A
   Lalueza-Fox, C
   Anderson, S
   Rambaut, A
   Austin, J
   Ward, R
TI Complete mitochondrial genome sequences of two extinct moas clarify ratite evolution
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dna-sequences; birds; biogeography; phylogeny; origins
AB The origin of the ratites, large flightless birds from the Southern Hemisphere, along with their flighted sister taxa, the South American tinamous, is central to understanding the role of plate tectonics in the distributions of modern birds and mammals. Defining the dates of ratite divergences is also critical for determining the age of modern avian orders(1-6). To resolve the ratite phylogeny and provide biogeographical data to examine these issues, we have here determined the first complete mitochondrial genome sequences of any extinct taxa-two New Zealand moa genera-along with a 1,000-base-pair sequence from an extinct Madagascan elephant-bird. For comparative data, we also generated 12 kilobases of contiguous sequence from the kiwi, cassowary, emu and two tinamou genera. This large dataset allows statistically precise estimates of molecular divergence dates and these support a Late Cretaceous vicariant speciation of ratite taxa, followed by the subsequent dispersal of the kiwi to New Zealand. This first molecular view of the break-up of Gondwana provides a new temporal framework for speciation events within other Gondwanan biota and can be used to evaluate competing biogeographical hypotheses.
C1 Univ Oxford, Dept Biol Anthropol, Oxford OX1 6UE, England.
   Univ Oxford, Henry Wellcome Ancient Biomol Ctr, Oxford OX1 6UE, England.
   Univ Oxford, Dept Zool, Oxford OX2 3PS, England.
   Univ Barcelona, Fac Biol, Seccio Antropol, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain.
   Nat Hist Museum, Dept Zool, London SW7 5BD, England.
C3 University of Oxford; University of Oxford; University of Oxford; University of Barcelona; Natural History Museum London
RP Cooper, A (corresponding author), Univ Oxford, Dept Biol Anthropol, Oxford OX1 6UE, England.
NR 25
TC 324
Z9 369
U1 0
U2 116
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 8
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6821
BP 704
EP 707
DI 10.1038/35055536
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 399MF
UT WOS:000166816400040
PM 11217857
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Walsh, C
AF Walsh, C
TI Enabling the chemistry of life
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID catalysis; enzymes; dna; biosynthesis; polyketide; evolution; synthase; proteins
AB Enzymes are the subset of proteins that catalyse the chemistry of life, transforming both macromolecular substrates and small molecules. The precise three-dimensional architecture of enzymes permits almost unerring selectivity in physical and chemical steps to impose remarkable rate accelerations and specificity in product-determining reactions. Many enzymes are members of families that carry out related chemical transformations and offer opportunities for directed in vitro evolution, to tailor catalytic properties to particular functions.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biol Chem & Mol Pharmacol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
RP Walsh, C (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biol Chem & Mol Pharmacol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
NR 30
TC 102
Z9 123
U1 0
U2 29
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 11
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6817
BP 226
EP 231
DI 10.1038/35051697
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 390UV
UT WOS:000166316200053
PM 11196650
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schoups, A
   Vogels, R
   Qian, N
   Orban, G
AF Schoups, A
   Vogels, R
   Qian, N
   Orban, G
TI Practising orientation identification improves orientation coding in V1 neurons
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID discrimination task; frequency-discrimination; direction discrimination; spatial-frequency; owl monkeys; cortex; specificity; reorganization; representation; performance
AB The adult brain shows remarkable plasticity, as demonstrated by the improvement in fine sensorial discriminations after intensive practice. The behavioural aspects of such perceptual learning are well documented, especially in the visual system(1-8). Specificity for stimulus attributes clearly implicates an early cortical site, where receptive fields retain fine selectivity for these attributes; however, the neuronal correlates of a simple visual discrimination task remained unidentified. Here we report electrophysiological correlates in the primary visual cortex (V1) of monkeys for learning orientation identification. We link the behavioural improvement in this type of learning to an improved neuronal performance of trained compared to naive neurons. Improved long-term neuronal performance resulted from changes in the characteristics of orientation tuning of individual neurons. More particularly, the slope of the orientation tuning curve that was measured at the trained orientation increased only for the subgroup of trained neurons most likely to code the orientation identified by the monkey. No modifications of the tuning curve were observed for orientations for which the monkey had not been trained. Thus training induces a specific and efficient increase in neuronal sensitivity in V1.
C1 Katholieke Univ Leuven, Sch Med, Lab Neuroen Psychofysiol, B-3000 Louvain, Belgium.
   Columbia Univ, Ctr Neurobiol & Behav, New York, NY 10032 USA.
   Columbia Univ, Dept Physiol & Cellular Biophys, New York, NY 10032 USA.
C3 KU Leuven; Columbia University; Columbia University
RP Schoups, A (corresponding author), Katholieke Univ Leuven, Sch Med, Lab Neuroen Psychofysiol, B-3000 Louvain, Belgium.
NR 30
TC 686
Z9 812
U1 1
U2 55
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 2
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6846
BP 549
EP 553
DI 10.1038/35087601
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 458PC
UT WOS:000170202900048
PM 11484056
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Roig, FA
   Le-Quesne, C
   Boninsegna, JA
   Briffa, KR
   Lara, A
   Grudd, H
   Jones, PD
   Villagrán, C
AF Roig, FA
   Le-Quesne, C
   Boninsegna, JA
   Briffa, KR
   Lara, A
   Grudd, H
   Jones, PD
   Villagrán, C
TI Climate variability 50,000 years ago in mid-latitude Chile as reconstructed from tree rings
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID southern lake district; llanquihue glaciation; isla grande; chronology; pleistocene; ice
AB High-resolution proxies of past climate are essential for a better understanding of the climate system(1). Tree rings are routinely used to reconstruct Holocene climate variations at high temporal resolution(2), but only rarely have they offered insight into climate variability during earlier periods(3). Fitzroya cupressoides-a South American conifer which attains ages up to 3,600 years-has been shown to record summer temperatures in northern Patagonia during the past few millennia(4). Here we report a floating 1,229-year chronology developed from subfossil stumps of F. cupressoides in southern Chile that dates back to approximately 50,000 C-14 years before present. We use this chronology to calculate the spectral characteristics of climate variability in this time, which was probably an interstadial (relatively warm) period. Growth oscillations at periods of 150-250, 87-94, 45.5, 24.1, 17.8, 9.3 and 2.7-5.3 years are identified in the annual subfossil record. A comparison with the power spectra of chronologies derived from living F. cupressoides trees shows strong similarities with the 50,000-year-old chronology, indicating that similar growth forcing factors operated in this glacial interstadial phase as in the current interglacial conditions.
C1 Consejo Nacl Invest Cient & Tecn, IANIGLA, Lab Dendrocronol, RA-5500 Mendoza, Argentina.
   Univ Oviedo, Fac Biol, Dept Bot, E-33006 Oviedo, Spain.
   Univ Austral Chile, Inst Silvicultura, Valdivia, Chile.
   Univ E Anglia, Sch Environm Sci, Climate Res Unit, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England.
   Stockholm Univ, Dept Phys Geog, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
   Univ Chile, Fac Ciencias, Dept Biol, Santiago, Chile.
C3 Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas (CONICET); University Nacional Cuyo Mendoza; University of Oviedo; Universidad Austral de Chile; University of East Anglia; Stockholm University; Universidad de Chile
RP Roig, FA (corresponding author), Consejo Nacl Invest Cient & Tecn, IANIGLA, Lab Dendrocronol, CC 330, RA-5500 Mendoza, Argentina.
EM froig@lab.cricyt.edu.ar
NR 31
TC 68
Z9 75
U1 0
U2 34
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 29
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6828
BP 567
EP 570
DI 10.1038/35069040
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 417WW
UT WOS:000167859300043
PM 11279491
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Stanhope, MJ
   Lupas, A
   Italia, MJ
   Koretke, KK
   Volker, C
   Brown, JR
AF Stanhope, MJ
   Lupas, A
   Italia, MJ
   Koretke, KK
   Volker, C
   Brown, JR
TI Phylogenetic analyses do not support horizontal gene transfers from bacteria to vertebrates
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID monoamine-oxidase; genome sequence; behavior; archaea
AB Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) has long been recognized as a principal force in the evolution of genomes(1). Genome sequences of Archaea and Bacteria have revealed the existence of genes whose similarity to loci in distantly related organisms is explained most parsimoniously by HGT events(2-4). In most multicellular organisms, such genetic fixation can occur only in the germ line. Therefore, it is notable that the publication of the human genome reports 113 incidents of direct HGT between bacteria and vertebrates(5), without any apparent occurrence in evolutionary intermediates, that is, non-vertebrate eukaryotes. Phylogenetic analysis arguably provides the most objective approach for determining the occurrence and directionality of HGT(6,7). Here we report a phylogenetic analysis of 28 proposed HGT genes, whose presence in the human genome had been confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)(5). The results indicate that most putative HGT genes are present in more anciently derived eukaryotes (many such sequences available in non-vertebrate EST databases) and can be explained in terms of descent through common ancestry. They are, therefore, unlikely to be examples of direct HGT from bacteria to vertebrates.
C1 GlaxoSmithKline Inc, Bioinformat, Collegeville, PA 19426 USA.
C3 GlaxoSmithKline; Glaxosmithkline USA
RP Stanhope, MJ (corresponding author), GlaxoSmithKline Inc, Bioinformat, 1250 S Collegeville Rd,UP1345, Collegeville, PA 19426 USA.
EM Michael_J_Stanhope@sbphrd.com; James_R_Brown@sbphrd.com
NR 16
TC 161
Z9 180
U1 0
U2 17
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 21
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6840
BP 940
EP 944
DI 10.1038/35082058
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 444EN
UT WOS:000169386200042
PM 11418856
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Deng, XH
   Matsumoto, H
AF Deng, XH
   Matsumoto, H
TI Rapid magnetic reconnection in the Earth's magnetosphere mediated by whistler waves
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dayside magnetopause; current layer; flux-transfer; collisionless
AB Magnetic reconnection has a crucial role in a variety of plasma environments(1-3) in providing a mechanism for the fast release of stored magnetic energy. During reconnection the plasma forms a 'magnetic nozzle: like the nozzle of a hose, and the rate is controlled by how fast plasma can flow out of the nozzle. But the traditional picture of reconnection has been unable to explain satisfactorily the short timescales associated with the energy release, because the flow is mediated by heavy ions with a slow resultant velocity. Recent theoretical work(4-6) has suggested that the energy release is instead mediated by electrons in waves called 'whistlers', which move much faster for a given perturbation of the magnetic field because of their smaller mass. Moreover, the whistler velocity and associated plasma velocity both increase as the 'nozzle' becomes narrower. A narrower nozzle therefore no longer reduces the total plasma flow-the outflow is independent of the size of the nozzle. Here we report observations demonstrating that reconnection in the magnetosphere is driven by whistlers, in good agreement with the theoretical predictions.
C1 Kyoto Univ, Radio Sci Ctr Space & Atmosphere, Kyoto 6110011, Japan.
C3 Kyoto University
RP Matsumoto, H (corresponding author), Kyoto Univ, Radio Sci Ctr Space & Atmosphere, Kyoto 6110011, Japan.
NR 20
TC 288
Z9 317
U1 1
U2 31
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 29
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6828
BP 557
EP 560
DI 10.1038/35069018
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 417WW
UT WOS:000167859300039
PM 11279487
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Blackburn, GL
AF Blackburn, GL
TI Pasteur's quadrant and malnutrition
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB Basic science has been the wellspring of advances in technology in everything from cellular phones to nutrient-fortified foods. Biochemistry and food technology afford new techniques that enrich nutritional science and aid in the fight against malnutrition. Bionutrition, the term used to describe the application of these techniques, can be the source of innovations that will help eradicate malnutrition globally. Which areas of bionutrition research are most likely to yield tomorrow's breakthroughs?
C1 Beth Israel Deaconess Med Ctr, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
RP Blackburn, GL (corresponding author), Beth Israel Deaconess Med Ctr, 1 Autumn St Kennedy 152, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
EM gblackbu@caregroup.harvard.edu
NR 15
TC 20
Z9 24
U1 0
U2 11
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 18
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6818
BP 397
EP 401
DI 10.1038/35053187
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 392VY
UT WOS:000166434300062
PM 11201754
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pan, SH
   O'Neal, JP
   Badzey, RL
   Chamon, C
   Ding, H
   Engelbrecht, JR
   Wang, Z
   Eisaki, H
   Uchida, S
   Guptak, AK
   Ng, KW
   Hudson, EW
   Lang, KM
   Davis, JC
AF Pan, SH
   O'Neal, JP
   Badzey, RL
   Chamon, C
   Ding, H
   Engelbrecht, JR
   Wang, Z
   Eisaki, H
   Uchida, S
   Guptak, AK
   Ng, KW
   Hudson, EW
   Lang, KM
   Davis, JC
TI Microscopic electronic inhomogeneity in the high-Tc superconductor Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+x
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID vortex cores; scattering; pseudogap; behavior; density; scale
AB The parent compounds of the copper oxide high-transition-temperature (high-T-c) superconductors are unusual insulators (so-called Mott insulators). Superconductivity arises when they are 'doped' away from stoichiometry(1). For the compound Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+x, doping is achieved by adding extra oxygen atoms, which introduce positive charge carriers ('holes') into the CuO2 planes where the superconductivity is believed to originate. Aside from providing the charge carriers, the role of the oxygen dopants is not well understood, nor is it clear how the charge carriers are distributed on the planes. Many models of high-T-c superconductivity accordingly assume that the introduced carriers are distributed uniformly, leading to an electronically homogeneous system as in ordinary metals. Here we report the presence of an electronic inhomogeneity in Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+x, on the basis of observations using scanning tunnelling microscopy and spectroscopy. The inhomogeneity is manifested as spatial variations in both the local density of states spectrum and the superconducting energy gap. These variations are correlated spatially and vary on the surprisingly short length scale of similar to 14 Angstrom. Our analysis suggests that this inhomogeneity is a consequence of proximity to a Mott insulator resulting in poor screening of the charge potentials associated with the oxygen ions left in the BiO plane after doping, and is indicative of the local nature of the superconducting state.
C1 Boston Univ, Dept Phys, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
   Boston Coll, Dept Phys, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467 USA.
   Univ Tokyo, Dept Superconduct, Tokyo 1138656, Japan.
   Univ Kentucky, Dept Phys & Astron, Lexington, KY 40506 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 Boston University; Boston College; University of Tokyo; University of Kentucky; University of California System; University of California Berkeley
RP Pan, SH (corresponding author), Boston Univ, Dept Phys, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
NR 19
TC 791
Z9 844
U1 6
U2 234
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 20
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6853
BP 282
EP 285
DI 10.1038/35095012
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 473KB
UT WOS:000171040500031
PM 11565024
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Watanabe, Y
   Yokobayashi, S
   Yamamoto, M
   Nurse, P
AF Watanabe, Y
   Yokobayashi, S
   Yamamoto, M
   Nurse, P
TI Pre-meiotic S phase is linked to reductional chromosome segregation and recombination
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sister-chromatid cohesion; schizosaccharomyces-pombe; fission yeast; dna-replication; meiosis; protein; gene; centromere; rec8
AB Meiosis is initiated from G1 of the cell cycle and is characterized by a pre-meiotic S phase followed by two successive nuclear divisions. The first of these, meiosis I, differs from mitosis in having a reductional pattern of chromosome segregation(1,2). Here we show that meiosis can be initiated from G2 in fission yeast cells by ectopically activating the meiosis-inducing network. The subsequent meiosis I occurs without a pre-meiotic S phase and with decreased recombination, and exhibits a mitotic pattern of equational chromosome segregation. The subsequent meiosis II results in random chromosome segregation. This behaviour is similar to that observed in cells lacking the meiotic cohesin Rec8 (refs 3, 4), which becomes associated with chromosomes at G1/S phase, including the inner centromere, a region that is probably critical for sister-centromere orientation(5). If the expression of Rec8 is delayed to S phase/G2, then the centromeres behave equationally. We propose that the presence of Rec8 in chromatin is required at the pre-meiotic S phase to construct centromeres that behave reductionally and chromosome arms capable of a high level of recombination, and that this explains why meiosis is initiated from G1 of the cell cycle.
C1 Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Sci, Dept Biophys & Biochem, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
   Japan Sci & Technol Corp, PRESTO, Kawaguchi, Saitama 3320012, Japan.
   Imperial Canc Res Fund, London WC2A 3PX, England.
C3 University of Tokyo; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST); Cancer Research UK
RP Watanabe, Y (corresponding author), Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Sci, Dept Biophys & Biochem, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
EM ywatanab@ims.u-tokyo.ac.jp
NR 25
TC 121
Z9 146
U1 0
U2 22
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 18
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6818
BP 359
EP 363
DI 10.1038/35053103
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 392VY
UT WOS:000166434300051
PM 11201746
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lin, WC
   Burgess, RW
   Dominguez, B
   Pfaff, SL
   Sanes, JR
   Lee, KF
AF Lin, WC
   Burgess, RW
   Dominguez, B
   Pfaff, SL
   Sanes, JR
   Lee, KF
TI Distinct roles of nerve and muscle in postsynaptic differentiation of the neuromuscular synapse
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID acetylcholine-receptor clusters; tyrosine kinases; transgenic mice; alpha-subunit; growth cones; mutant mice; crd domain; agrin gene; junction; synaptogenesis
AB The development of chemical synapses is regulated by interactions between pre- and postsynaptic cells. At the vertebrate skeletal neuromuscular junction, the organization of an acetylcholine receptor (AChR)-rich postsynaptic apparatus has been well studied. Much evidence suggests that the nerve-derived protein agrin activates muscle-specific kinase (MuSK) to cluster AChRs through the synapse-specific cytoplasmic protein rapsyn. But how postsynaptic differentiation is initiated, or why most synapses are restricted to an 'end-plate band' in the middle of the muscle remains unknown. Here we have used genetic methods to address these issues. We report that the initial steps in postsynaptic differentiation and formation of an end-plate band require MuSK and rapsyn, but are not dependent on agrin or the presence of motor axons. In contrast, the subsequent stages of synaptic growth and maintenance require nerve-derived agrin, and a second nerve-derived signal that disperses ectopic postsynaptic apparatus.
C1 Salk Inst Biol Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Anat & Neurobiol, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
C3 Salk Institute; Washington University (WUSTL)
RP Lee, KF (corresponding author), Salk Inst Biol Studies, 10010 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
EM klee@salk.edu
NR 43
TC 449
Z9 544
U1 0
U2 28
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 26
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6832
BP 1057
EP 1064
DI 10.1038/35074025
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 425HQ
UT WOS:000168285500038
PM 11323662
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ghigo, JM
AF Ghigo, JM
TI Natural conjugative plasmids induce bacterial biofilm development
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB Horizontal gene transfer is a principal source of evolution leading to change in the ecological character of bacterial species(1). Bacterial conjugation(2), which promotes the horizontal transfer of genetic material between donor and recipient cells by physical contact, is a phenomenon of fundamental evolutionary consequence(3). Although conjugation has been studied primarily in liquid, most natural bacterial populations are found associated with environmental surfaces in complex multispecies communities called biofilms(4). Biofilms are ideally suited to the exchange of genetic material of various origins, and it has been shown that bacterial conjugation occurs within biofilms(5,6). Here I investigate the direct contribution of conjugative plasmids themselves to the capacity of the bacterial host to form a biofilm. Natural conjugative plasmids expressed factors that induced planktonic bacteria to form or enter biofilm communities, which favour the infectious transfer of the plasmid. This general connection between conjugation and biofilms suggests that medically relevant plasmid-bearing strains are more likely to form a biofilm. This may influence both the chances of biofilm-related infection risks and of conjugational spread of virulence factors.
C1 Inst Pasteur, Unite Membranes Bacteriennes, CNRS, URA 2172, F-75724 Paris 15, France.
C3 Pasteur Network; Universite Paris Cite; Institut Pasteur Paris; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
RP Ghigo, JM (corresponding author), Inst Pasteur, Unite Membranes Bacteriennes, CNRS, URA 2172, 25 Rue Dr Roux, F-75724 Paris 15, France.
EM jmghigo@pasteur.fr
NR 19
TC 525
Z9 625
U1 4
U2 183
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 26
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6845
BP 442
EP 445
DI 10.1038/35086581
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 456DQ
UT WOS:000170068200049
PM 11473319
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nguyen, VT
   Kiss, TS
   Michels, AA
   Bensaude, O
AF Nguyen, VT
   Kiss, TS
   Michels, AA
   Bensaude, O
TI 7SK small nuclear RNA binds to and inhibits the activity of CDK9/cyclin T complexes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID immunodeficiency-virus type-1; polymerase-ii; p-tefb; terminal domain; messenger-rna; transcription; elongation; phosphorylation; initiation; pathway
AB The transcription of eukaryotic protein-coding genes involves complex regulation of RNA polymerase (Pol) II activity in response to physiological conditions and developmental cues. One element of this regulation involves phosphorylation of the carboxy-terminal domain (CTD) of the largest polymerase subunit by a transcription elongation factor, P-TEFb, which comprises the kinase CDK9 and cyclin T1 or T2 (ref. 1). Here we report that in human HeLa cells more than half of the P-TEFb is sequestered in larger complexes that also contain 7SK RNA, an abundant, small nuclear RNA (snRNA) of hitherto unknown function(2,3). P-TEFb and 7SK associate in a specific and reversible manner. In contrast to the smaller P-TEFb complexes, which have a high kinase activity, the larger 7SK/P-TEFb complexes show very weak kinase activity. Inhibition of cellular transcription by chemical agents or ultraviolet irradiation trigger the complete disruption of the P-TEFb/7SK complex, and enhance CDK9 activity. The transcription-dependent interaction of P-TEFb with 7SK may therefore contribute to an important feedback loop modulating the activity of RNA Pol II.
C1 Ecole Normale Super, CNRS, UMR 8541, F-75230 Paris 05, France.
   Univ Toulouse 3, CNRS, Lab Biol Mol Eucaryote, F-31062 Toulouse, France.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite PSL; Ecole Normale Superieure (ENS); Universite de Toulouse; Universite Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
RP Bensaude, O (corresponding author), Ecole Normale Super, CNRS, UMR 8541, 46 Rue Ulm, F-75230 Paris 05, France.
NR 25
TC 580
Z9 704
U1 0
U2 35
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 15
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6861
BP 322
EP 325
DI 10.1038/35104581
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 492CM
UT WOS:000172150700047
PM 11713533
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wilson, HR
   Blake, R
   Lee, SH
AF Wilson, HR
   Blake, R
   Lee, SH
TI Dynamics of travelling waves in visual perception
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID binocular-rivalry; striate cortex; vision; oscillations; connections; integration; field
AB Nonlinear wave propagation is ubiquitous in nature, appearing in chemical reaction kinetics(1), cardiac tissue dynamics(1,2), cortical spreading depression(3) and slow wave sleep(4). The application of dynamical modelling has provided valuable insights into the mechanisms underlying such nonlinear wave phenomena in several domains(1,2,5,6). Wave propagation can also be perceived as sweeping waves of visibility that occur when the two eyes view radically different stimuli. Termed binocular rivalry, these fluctuating states of perceptual dominance and suppression are thought to provide a window into the neural dynamics that underlie conscious visual awareness(7,8). Here we introduce a technique to measure the speed of rivalry dominance waves propagating around a large, essentially one-dimensional annulus. When mapped onto visual cortex, propagation speed is independent of eccentricity. Propagation speed doubles when waves travel along continuous contours, thus demonstrating effects of collinear facilitation. A neural model with reciprocal inhibition between two layers of units provides a quantitative explanation of dominance wave propagation in terms of disinhibition. Dominance waves provide a new tool for investigating fundamental cortical dynamics.
C1 York Univ, Biol & Ctr Vis Res, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada.
   Vanderbilt Univ, Dept Psychol, Nashville, TN 37203 USA.
C3 York University - Canada; Vanderbilt University
RP Wilson, HR (corresponding author), York Univ, Biol & Ctr Vis Res, 4700 Keele St, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada.
NR 30
TC 228
Z9 242
U1 0
U2 24
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 30
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6850
BP 907
EP 910
DI 10.1038/35091066
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 467EG
UT WOS:000170689000044
PM 11528478
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Giribet, G
   Edgecombe, GD
   Wheeler, WC
AF Giribet, G
   Edgecombe, GD
   Wheeler, WC
TI Arthropod phylogeny based on eight molecular loci and morphology
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sequence alignment; dna-sequences; histone h3; crustaceans; insects; origin; hypothesis; pattern
AB The interrelationships of major clades within the Arthropoda remain one of the most contentious issues in systematics, which has traditionally been the domain of morphologists(1,2). A growing body of DNA sequences and other types of molecular data has revitalized study of arthropod phylogeny(3-7) and has inspired new considerations of character evolution(8,9). Novel hypotheses such as a crustacean-hexapod affinity(4,10-12) were based on analyses of single or few genes and limited taxon sampling, but have received recent support from mitochondrial gene order(13), and eye and brain ultrastructure and neurogenesis(14,15). Here we assess relationships within Arthropoda based on a synthesis of all well sampled molecular loci together with a comprehensive data set of morphological, developmental, ultrastructural and gene-order characters. The molecular data include sequences of three nuclear ribosomal genes, three nuclear protein-coding genes, and two mitochondrial genes (one protein coding, one ribosomal). We devised new optimization procedures(16,17) and constructed a parallel computer cluster with 256 central processing units(18) to analyse molecular data on a scale not previously possible. The optimal 'total evidence' cladogram supports the crustacean-hexapod clade, recognizes pycnogonids as sister to other euarthropods, and indicates monophyly of Myriapoda and Mandibulata.
C1 Harvard Univ, Dept Organism & Evolut Biol, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Australian Museum, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.
   Amer Museum Nat Hist, Div Invertebrate Zool, New York, NY 10024 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Australian Museum; American Museum of Natural History (AMNH)
RP Giribet, G (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Dept Organism & Evolut Biol, 16 Divin Ave, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
EM ggiribet@oeb.harvard.edu
NR 29
TC 461
Z9 536
U1 2
U2 136
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 13
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6852
BP 157
EP 161
DI 10.1038/35093097
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 471FU
UT WOS:000170918800045
PM 11557979
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wilson, TL
AF Wilson, TL
TI The search for extraterrestrial intelligence
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID optical seti; signals
AB As far as we know, humanity is alone in the Universe: there is no definite evidence for the existence of extraterrestrial life, let alone extraterrestrial civilizations (ETCs) capable of communicating or travelling over interstellar distances. Yet popular speculation about the existence of ETCs abounds, including reports of alien visitations either now or in the past. But there is a middle way. It is now possible to put limits on the existence of ETCs of varying capabilities, within arbitrary distances from the Solar System, and conceive of real-world strategies whereby we might communicate with ETCs, or they with us.
C1 Max Planck Inst Radioastron, D-53121 Bonn, Germany.
   Univ Arizona, Steward Observ, Sub Millimeter Telescope Observ, Tucson, AZ USA.
C3 Max Planck Society; University of Arizona
RP Wilson, TL (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Radioastron, Hugel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany.
EM twilson@as.arizona.edu
NR 35
TC 14
Z9 17
U1 0
U2 17
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 22
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6823
BP 1110
EP 1114
DI 10.1038/35059235
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 405FT
UT WOS:000167148800059
PM 11234025
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sui, HX
   Han, BG
   Lee, JK
   Walian, P
   Jap, BK
AF Sui, HX
   Han, BG
   Lee, JK
   Walian, P
   Jap, BK
TI Structural basis of water-specific transport through the AQP1 water channel
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID electron crystallography; protein; glycerol; conduction; chain; chip; pore
AB Water channels facilitate the rapid transport of water across cell membranes in response to osmotic gradients. These channels are believed to be involved in many physiological processes that include renal water conservation, neuro-homeostasis, digestion, regulation of body temperature and reproduction. Members of the water channel superfamily have been found in a range of cell types from bacteria to human. In mammals, there are currently 10 families of water channels, referred to as aquaporins (AQP): AQP0-AQP9. Here we report the structure of the aquaporin 1 (AQP1) water channel to 2.2 Angstrom resolution. The channel consists of three topological elements, an extracellular and a cytoplasmic vestibule connected by an extended narrow pore or selectivity filter. Within the selectivity filter, four bound waters are localized along three hydrophilic nodes, which punctuate an otherwise extremely hydrophobic pore segment. This unusual combination of a long hydrophobic pore and a minimal number of solute binding sites facilitates rapid water transport. Residues of the constriction region, in particular histidine 182, which is conserved among all known water-specific channels, are critical in establishing water specificity. Our analysis of the AQP1 pore also indicates that the transport of protons through this channel is highly energetically unfavourable.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Life Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Grad Grp Comparat Biochem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; University of California System; University of California Berkeley
RP Walian, P (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Life Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
EM PJWalian@lbl.gov; BKJap@lbl.gov
NR 39
TC 969
Z9 1121
U1 0
U2 296
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 20
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6866
BP 872
EP 878
DI 10.1038/414872a
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 503RB
UT WOS:000172813300036
PM 11780053
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schätz, T
   Schramm, U
   Habs, D
AF Schätz, T
   Schramm, U
   Habs, D
TI Crystalline ion beams
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID linear paul trap; storage-ring; temperature
AB By freezing out the motion between particles in a high-energy storage ring, it should be possible(1-4) to create threads of ions, offering research opportunities beyond the realm of standard accelerator physics. The usual heating due to intra-beam collisions should completely vanish, giving rise to a state of unprecedented brilliance. Despite a continuous improvement of beam cooling techniques, such as electron cooling and laser cooling, the ultimate goal(5) of beam crystallization has not yet been reached in high-energy storage rings. Electron-cooled dilute beams of highly charged ions show liquid-like order(6,7) with unique applications(8). An experiment(5) using laser cooling(9,10) suggested a reduction of intra-beam heating, although the results were ambiguous. Here we demonstrate the crystallization of laser-cooled Mg+ beams circulating in the radiofrequency quadrupole storage ring PALLAS(11,12) at a velocity of 2,800 m s(-1), which corresponds to a beam energy of 1 eV. A sudden collapse of the transverse beam size and the low longitudinal velocity spread clearly indicate the phase transition. The continuous ring-shaped crystalline beam shows exceptional stability, surviving for more than 3,000 revolutions without cooling.
C1 LMU Munchen, Sekt Phys, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
C3 University of Munich
RP Schramm, U (corresponding author), LMU Munchen, Sekt Phys, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
EM ulrich.schramm@physik.uni-muenchen.de
NR 25
TC 117
Z9 122
U1 0
U2 15
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 16
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6848
BP 717
EP 720
DI 10.1038/35089045
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 462ZB
UT WOS:000170450200039
PM 11507635
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schliekelman, P
   Garner, C
   Slatkin, M
AF Schliekelman, P
   Garner, C
   Slatkin, M
TI Natural selection and resistance to HIV
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID haplotypes; prevalence
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Integrat Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley
RP Schliekelman, P (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Integrat Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
NR 8
TC 51
Z9 58
U1 0
U2 11
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 31
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6837
BP 545
EP 546
DI 10.1038/35079176
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 437GE
UT WOS:000168982500037
PM 11385558
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Freckleton, RP
   Sutherland, WJ
AF Freckleton, RP
   Sutherland, WJ
TI Hospital waiting-lists - Do power laws imply self-regulation?
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Oxford, Dept Zool, Oxford OX1 3PS, England.
   Univ E Anglia, Sch Biol Sci, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England.
C3 University of Oxford; University of East Anglia
RP Freckleton, RP (corresponding author), Univ Oxford, Dept Zool, S Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3PS, England.
EM robert.freckleton@zoology.oxford.ac.uk
NR 4
TC 15
Z9 15
U1 0
U2 5
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 27
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6854
BP 382
EP 382
DI 10.1038/35096646
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 475UY
UT WOS:000171188700043
PM 11574877
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pachepsky, E
   Crawford, JW
   Bown, JL
   Squire, G
AF Pachepsky, E
   Crawford, JW
   Bown, JL
   Squire, G
TI Towards a general theory of biodiversity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID population-dynamics; community structure; annuals
AB The study of patterns in living diversity is driven by the desire to rnd the universal rules that underlie the organization of ecosystems(1,2). The relative abundance distribution, which characterizes the total number and abundance of species in a community, is arguably the most fundamental measure in ecology. Considerable effort has been expended in striving for a general theory that can explain the form of the distribution(3,4). Despite this, a mechanistic understanding of the form in terms of physiological and environmental parameters remains elusive(5). Recently, it has been proposed that space plays a central role in generating the patterns of diversity(6,7). Here we show that an understanding of the observed form of the relative abundance distribution requires a consideration of how individuals pack in time. We present a framework for studying the dynamics of communities which generalizes the prevailing species-based approach to one based on individuals that are characterized by their physiological traits. The observed form of the abundance distribution and its dependence on richness and disturbance are reproduced, and can be understood in terms of the trade-off between time to reproduction and fecundity.
C1 Univ Albertay Dundee, Sch Comp, SIMBIOS Ctr, Dundee DD1 1HG, Scotland.
   Scottish Crop Res Inst, Vegetat Syst Unit, Dundee DD2 5DA, Scotland.
C3 University of Abertay Dundee; James Hutton Institute
RP Crawford, JW (corresponding author), Univ Albertay Dundee, Sch Comp, SIMBIOS Ctr, Dundee DD1 1HG, Scotland.
NR 18
TC 71
Z9 80
U1 1
U2 33
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 19
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6831
BP 923
EP 926
DI 10.1038/35073563
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 423AG
UT WOS:000168152300044
PM 11309615
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Homma, K
   Yoshimura, M
   Saito, J
   Ikebe, R
   Ikebe, M
AF Homma, K
   Yoshimura, M
   Saito, J
   Ikebe, R
   Ikebe, M
TI The core of the motor domain determines the direction of myosin movement
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID smooth-muscle myosin; actin-based motor; unconventional myosins; complex; kinesin; vi; conformation; elegans; family; chain
AB Myosins constitute a superfamily of at least 18 known classes of molecular motors that move along actin filaments(1-3). Myosins move towards the plus end of F-actin filaments; however, it was shown recently that a certain class of myosin, class VI myosin, moves towards the opposite end of F-actin, that is, in the minus direction(4). As there is a large, unique insertion in the myosin VI head domain between the motor domain and the light-chain-binding domain (the lever arm), it was thought that this insertion alters the angle of the lever-arm switch movement, thereby changing the direction of motility(4). Here we determine the direction of motility of chimaeric myosins that comprise the motor domain and the lever-arm domain (containing an insert) from myosins that have movement in the opposite direction. The results show that the motor core domain, but neither the large insert nor the converter domain, determines the direction of myosin motility.
C1 Univ Massachusetts, Sch Med, Dept Physiol, Worcester, MA 01655 USA.
C3 University of Massachusetts System; University of Massachusetts Worcester
RP Ikebe, M (corresponding author), Univ Massachusetts, Sch Med, Dept Physiol, 55 Lake Ave N, Worcester, MA 01655 USA.
NR 26
TC 63
Z9 73
U1 0
U2 6
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 23
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6849
BP 831
EP 834
DI 10.1038/35090597
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 465ET
UT WOS:000170577200040
PM 11518969
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cahn, RW
AF Cahn, RW
TI Genesis by definition
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Cambridge, Dept Mat Sci & Met, Cambridge CB2 3QZ, England.
C3 University of Cambridge
RP Cahn, RW (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, Dept Mat Sci & Met, Pembroke St, Cambridge CB2 3QZ, England.
NR 3
TC 2
Z9 2
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 15
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6826
BP 307
EP 307
DI 10.1038/35066646
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 410WM
UT WOS:000167464100022
PM 11268182
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lemay, SG
   Janssen, JW
   van den Hout, M
   Mooij, M
   Bronikowski, MJ
   Willis, PA
   Smalley, RE
   Kouwenhoven, LP
   Dekker, C
AF Lemay, SG
   Janssen, JW
   van den Hout, M
   Mooij, M
   Bronikowski, MJ
   Willis, PA
   Smalley, RE
   Kouwenhoven, LP
   Dekker, C
TI Two-dimensional imaging of electronic wavefunctions in carbon nanotubes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB The drive towards the development of molecular electronics is placing increasing demands on the level of control that must be exerted on the electronic structure of materials. Proposed device architectures ultimately rely on tuning the interactions between individual electronic states, which amounts to controlling the detailed spatial structure of the electronic wavefunctions in the constituent molecules(1,2). Few experimental tools are available to probe this spatial structure directly, and the shapes of molecular wavefunctions are usually only known from theoretical investigations. Here we present scanning tunnelling spectroscopy measurements of the two-dimensional structure of individual wavefunctions in metallic single-walled carbon nanotubes; these measurements reveal spatial patterns that can be directly understood from the electronic structure of a single graphite sheet, and which represent an elegant illustration of Bloch's theorem(3) at the level of individual wavefunctions. We also observe energy-dependent interference patterns in the wavefunctions and exploit these to directly measure the linear electronic dispersion relation of the metallic single-walled carbon nanotube.
C1 Delft Univ Technol, Dept Appl Phys, NL-2628 CJ Delft, Netherlands.
   Delft Univ Technol, DIMES, NL-2628 CJ Delft, Netherlands.
   Rice Univ, Rice Quantum Inst, Ctr Nanoscale Sci & Technol, Dept Chem, Houston, TX 77251 USA.
   Rice Univ, Rice Quantum Inst, Ctr Nanoscale Sci & Technol, Dept Phys, Houston, TX 77251 USA.
C3 Delft University of Technology; Delft University of Technology; Rice University; Rice University
RP Lemay, SG (corresponding author), Delft Univ Technol, Dept Appl Phys, Lorentzweg 1, NL-2628 CJ Delft, Netherlands.
EM lemay@mb.tn.tudelft.nl
NR 17
TC 183
Z9 203
U1 0
U2 58
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 9
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6847
BP 617
EP 620
DI 10.1038/35088013
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 460PP
UT WOS:000170318000034
PM 11493914
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kvist, A
   Lindström, Å
   Green, M
   Piersma, T
   Visser, GH
AF Kvist, A
   Lindström, Å
   Green, M
   Piersma, T
   Visser, GH
TI Carrying large fuel loads during sustained bird flight is cheaper than expected
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID distance migrant shorebird; basal metabolic-rate; calidris-canutus; wind-tunnel; knot; migration
AB Birds on migration alternate between consuming fuel stores during flights and accumulating fuel stores during stopovers. The optimal timing and length of flights and stopovers for successful migration depend heavily on the extra metabolic power input (fuel use) required to carry the fuel stores during flight(1,2). The effect of large fuel loads on metabolic power input has never been empirically determined. We measured the total metabolic power input of a long-distance migrant, the red knot (Calidris canutus), flying for 6 to 10 h in a wind tunnel, using the doubly labelled water technique(3). Here we show that total metabolic power input increased with fuel load, but proportionally less than the predicted mechanical power output from the flight muscles. The most likely explanation is that the efficiency with which metabolic power input is converted into mechanical output by the flight muscles increases with fuel load. This will influence current models of bird flight and bird migration. It may also help to explain why some shorebirds, despite the high metabolic power input required to fly, routinely make nonstop flights of 4,000 km longer(4).
C1 Lund Univ, Dept Anim Ecol, S-22362 Lund, Sweden.
   Netherlands Inst Sea Res, NL-1790 AB Den Burg, Netherlands.
   Univ Groningen, Ctr Ecol & Evolutionary Studies, NL-9750 AA Haren, Netherlands.
   Ctr Isotope Res, NL-9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands.
C3 Lund University; Utrecht University; Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ); University of Groningen; University of Groningen
RP Kvist, A (corresponding author), Lund Univ, Dept Anim Ecol, Ecol Bldg, S-22362 Lund, Sweden.
NR 25
TC 145
Z9 160
U1 0
U2 54
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 18
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6857
BP 730
EP 732
DI 10.1038/35099556
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 482ZK
UT WOS:000171608000043
PM 11607031
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zouni, A
   Witt, HT
   Kern, J
   Fromme, P
   Krauss, N
   Saenger, W
   Orth, P
AF Zouni, A
   Witt, HT
   Kern, J
   Fromme, P
   Krauss, N
   Saenger, W
   Orth, P
TI Crystal structure of photosystem II from Synechococcus elongatus at 3.8 Å resolution
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nearest-neighbor analysis; 3-dimensional structure; complex; protein; model; water
AB Oxygenic photosynthesis is the principal energy converter on earth. It is driven by photosystems I and II, two large protein-cofactor complexes located in the thylakoid membrane and acting in series. In photosystem II, water is oxidized; this event provides the overall process with the necessary electrons and protons, and the atmosphere with oxygen. To date, structural information on the architecture of the complex has been provided by electron microscopy of intact, active photosystem II at 15-30 Angstrom resolution(1), and by electron crystallography on two-dimensional crystals of D1-D2-CP47 photosystem II fragments without water oxidizing activity at 8 Angstrom resolution(2). Here we describe the X-ray structure of photosystem II on the basis of crystals fully active in water oxidation(3). The structure shows how protein subunits and cofactors are spatially organized. The larger subunits are assigned and the locations and orientations of the cofactors are defined. We also provide new information on the position, size and shape of the manganese cluster, which catalyzes water oxidation.
C1 Free Univ Berlin, Inst Chem, D-14195 Berlin, Germany.
   Tech Univ Berlin, Max Volmer Inst Biophys Chem & Biochem, D-10623 Berlin, Germany.
C3 Free University of Berlin; Technical University of Berlin
RP Saenger, W (corresponding author), Free Univ Berlin, Inst Chem, Takustr 6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany.
EM witt@phosis1.chem.tu-berlin.de; saenger@chemie.fu-berlin.de
NR 30
TC 1775
Z9 1974
U1 5
U2 334
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 8
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6821
BP 739
EP 743
DI 10.1038/35055589
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 399MF
UT WOS:000166816400048
PM 11217865
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Duan, LM
   Lukin, MD
   Cirac, JI
   Zoller, P
AF Duan, LM
   Lukin, MD
   Cirac, JI
   Zoller, P
TI Long-distance quantum communication with atomic ensembles and linear optics
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nondemolition measurements; key distribution; single atoms; entanglement; security; storage; state; light
AB Quantum communication holds promise for absolutely secure transmission of secret messages and the faithful transfer of unknown quantum states. Photonic channels appear to be very attractive for the physical implementation of quantum communication. However, owing to losses and decoherence in the channel, the communication fidelity decreases exponentially with the channel length. Here we describe a scheme that allows the implementation of robust quantum communication over long lossy channels. The scheme involves laser manipulation of atomic ensembles, beam splitters, and single-photon detectors with moderate efficiencies, and is therefore compatible with current experimental technology. We show that the communication efficiency scales polynomially with the channel length, and hence the scheme should be operable over very long distances.
C1 Univ Innsbruck, Inst Theoret Phys, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
   Univ Sci & Technol China, Lab Quantum Commun & Computat, Hefei 230026, Peoples R China.
   Harvard Univ, Dept Phys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Harvard Univ, ITAMP, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
C3 University of Innsbruck; Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Science & Technology of China, CAS; Harvard University; Harvard University
RP Cirac, JI (corresponding author), Univ Innsbruck, Inst Theoret Phys, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
EM ignacio.cirac@uibk.ac.at
NR 30
TC 3091
Z9 3410
U1 6
U2 640
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 22
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6862
BP 413
EP 418
DI 10.1038/35106500
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 494UP
UT WOS:000172304500034
PM 11719796
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Niu, FL
   Wen, LX
AF Niu, FL
   Wen, LX
TI Hemispherical variations in seismic velocity at the top of the Earth's inner core
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID differential travel-times; anisotropy; model; heterogeneity; phases; pkikp; iron; pkp
AB Knowledge of the seismic velocity structure at the top of the Earth's inner core is important for deciphering the physical processes responsible for inner-core growth(1-3). Previous global seismic studies(4-9) have focused on structures found 100 km or deeper within the inner core, with results for the uppermost 100 km available for only isolated regions(10-12). Here we present constraints on seismic velocity variations just beneath the inner-core boundary, determined from the difference in travel time between waves reflected at the inner-core boundary and those transmitted through the inner core. We found that these traveltime residuals-observed on both global seismograph stations and several regional seismic networks-are systematically larger, by about 0.8 s, for waves that sample the 'eastern hemisphere' of the inner core (40 degrees E to 180 degrees E) compared to those that sample the 'western hemisphere' (180 degrees W to 40 degrees E). These residuals show no correlation with the angle at which the waves traverse the inner core; this indicates that seismic anisotropy is not strong in this region and that the isotropic seismic velocity of the eastern hemisphere is about 0.8% higher than that of the western hemisphere.
C1 Carnegie Inst Washington, Dept Terr Magnetism, Washington, DC 20015 USA.
   SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Geosci, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA.
C3 Carnegie Institution for Science; State University of New York (SUNY) System; Stony Brook University
RP Niu, FL (corresponding author), Carnegie Inst Washington, Dept Terr Magnetism, 5241 Broad Branch Rd NW, Washington, DC 20015 USA.
NR 17
TC 193
Z9 213
U1 0
U2 24
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 26
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6832
BP 1081
EP 1084
DI 10.1038/35074073
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 425HQ
UT WOS:000168285500044
PM 11323668
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU West, GB
   Brown, JH
   Enquist, BJ
AF West, GB
   Brown, JH
   Enquist, BJ
TI A general model for ontogenetic growth
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID body-size; life; laws
AB Several equations have been proposed to describe ontogenetic growth trajectories for organisms justified primarily on the goodness of rt rather than on any biological mechanism(1-6). Here, we derive a general quantitative model based on fundamental principles(7-9) for the allocation of metabolic energy between maintenance of existing tissue and the production of new biomass. We thus predict the parameters governing growth curves from basic cellular properties(10) and derive a single parameterless universal curve that describes the growth of many diverse species. The model provides the basis for deriving allometric relationships for growth rates and the timing of life history events(2,11,12).
C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theoret, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA.
   Santa Fe Inst, Santa Fe, NM 87501 USA.
   Univ New Mexico, Dept Biol, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA.
   Univ Arizona, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); Los Alamos National Laboratory; The Santa Fe Institute; University of New Mexico; University of Arizona
RP West, GB (corresponding author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theoret, MS B285, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA.
EM gbw@lanl.gov
NR 24
TC 902
Z9 1033
U1 7
U2 244
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 11
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6856
BP 628
EP 631
DI 10.1038/35098076
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 480WE
UT WOS:000171485700048
PM 11675785
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Klironomos, JN
   Hart, MM
AF Klironomos, JN
   Hart, MM
TI Food-web dynamics - Animal nitrogen swap for plant carbon
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Guelph, Dept Bot, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
C3 University of Guelph
RP Klironomos, JN (corresponding author), Univ Guelph, Dept Bot, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
NR 6
TC 102
Z9 114
U1 1
U2 66
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 5
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6829
BP 651
EP 652
DI 10.1038/35070643
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 418DJ
UT WOS:000167875400034
PM 11287942
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Merilä, J
   Kruuk, LEB
   Sheldon, BC
AF Merilä, J
   Kruuk, LEB
   Sheldon, BC
TI Cryptic evolution in a wild bird population
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nestling collared flycatchers; directional selection; natural-selection; body-size; variance; mass
AB Microevolution is expected to be commonplace, yet there are few thoroughly documented cases of microevolution in wild populations(1,2). In contrast, it is often observed that apparently heritable traits under strong and consistent directional selection fail to show the expected evolutionary response(3,4). One explanation proposed for this paradox is that a genetic response to selection may be masked by opposing changes in the environment(5,6). We used data from a 20-year study of collared flycatchers (Ficedula albicollis) to explore selection on, and evolution of, a heritable trait: relative body weight at fledging ('condition'). Despite consistent positive directional selection, on both the phenotypic and the additive genetic component (breeding values, estimated from an animal model) of condition, the mean phenotypic value of this trait in the population has declined, rather than increased, over time. Here we show that, despite this decline, the mean breeding value for condition has increased over time. The mismatch between response to selection at the levels of genotype and phenotype can be explained by environmental deterioration, concealing underlying evolution. This form of cryptic evolution may be common in natural environments.
C1 Uppsala Univ, Evolutionary Biol Ctr, Dept Populat Biol, SE-75236 Uppsala, Sweden.
   Univ Edinburgh, Inst Cell Anim & Populat Biol, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, Midlothian, Scotland.
   Univ Oxford, Dept Zool, Oxford OX1 3PS, England.
   Uppsala Univ, Evolutionary Biol Ctr, Dept Anim Ecol, SE-75236 Uppsala, Sweden.
C3 Uppsala University; University of Edinburgh; University of Oxford; Uppsala University
RP Merilä, J (corresponding author), Uppsala Univ, Evolutionary Biol Ctr, Dept Populat Biol, Norbyvagen 18d, SE-75236 Uppsala, Sweden.
NR 30
TC 176
Z9 188
U1 2
U2 67
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 5
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6842
BP 76
EP 79
DI 10.1038/35083580
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 448TB
UT WOS:000169644900046
PM 11452309
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Trikalitis, PN
   Rangan, KK
   Bakas, T
   Kanatzidis, MG
AF Trikalitis, PN
   Rangan, KK
   Bakas, T
   Kanatzidis, MG
TI Varied pore organization in mesostructured semiconductors based on the [SnSe4] 4- anion
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID liquid-crystal templates; molecular-sieves; germanium sulfide; frameworks; clusters
AB Open framework metal chalcogenide solids, with pore sizes in the nano- and mesoscale, are of potentially broad technological and fundamental interest in research areas ranging from optoelectronics to the physics of quantum confinement(1,2). Although there have been significant advances in the design and synthesis of mesostructured silicas(3,4), the construction of their non-oxidic analogues still remains a challenge. Here we describe a synthetic strategy that allows the preparation of a large class of mesoporous materials based on supramolecular assembly of tetrahedral Zintl anions [SnSe4](4-) with transition metals in the presence of cetylpyridinium (CP) surfactant molecules. These mesostructured semiconducting selenide materials are of the general formulae (CP)(4-2x)MxSnSe4 (where 1.0 < x < 1.3; M = Mn, Fe, Co, Zn, Cd, Hg). The resulting materials are open framework chalcogenides and form mesophases with uniform pore size (with spacings between 35 and 40 Angstrom). The pore arrangement depends on the synthetic conditions and metal used, and include disordered wormhole, hexagonal and even cubic phases. All compounds are medium bandgap semiconductors (varying between 1.4 and 2.5 eV). We expect that such semiconducting porous networks could be used for optoelectronic, photosynthetic and photocatalytic applications.
C1 Michigan State Univ, Dept Chem, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA.
   Univ Ioannina, Dept Phys, GR-45110 Ioannina, Greece.
C3 Michigan State University; University of Ioannina
RP Kanatzidis, MG (corresponding author), Michigan State Univ, Dept Chem, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA.
NR 18
TC 142
Z9 154
U1 2
U2 130
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 5
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6829
BP 671
EP 675
DI 10.1038/35070533
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 418DJ
UT WOS:000167875400041
PM 11287949
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Leighton, PA
   Mitchell, KJ
   Goodrich, LV
   Lu, XW
   Pinson, K
   Scherz, P
   Skarnes, WC
   Tessler-Lavigne, M
AF Leighton, PA
   Mitchell, KJ
   Goodrich, LV
   Lu, XW
   Pinson, K
   Scherz, P
   Skarnes, WC
   Tessler-Lavigne, M
TI Defining brain wiring patterns and mechanisms through gene trapping in mice
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transmembrane semaphorin; embryonic motor; tyrosine kinase; genome-wide; expression; mutations; receptors; cloning; neuropilin-2; drosophila
AB The search to understand the mechanisms regulating brain wiring has relied on biochemical purification approaches in vertebrates and genetic approaches in invertebrates to identify molecular cues and receptors for axon guidance. Here we describe a phenotype-based gene-trap screen in mice designed for the large-scale identification of genes controlling the formation of the trillions of connections in the mammalian brain. The method incorporates an axonal marker, which helps to identify cell-autonomous mechanisms in axon guidance, and has generated a resource of mouse lines with striking patterns of axonal labelling, which facilitates analysis of the normal wiring diagram of the brain. Studies of two of these mouse lines have identified an in vivo guidance function for a vertebrate transmembrane semaphorin, Sema6A, and have helped re-evaluate that of the Eph receptor EphA4.
C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Howard Hughes Med Inst, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Anat, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Biochem & Biophys, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California Berkeley
RP Tessler-Lavigne, M (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Francisco, Howard Hughes Med Inst, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
EM marctl@itsa.ucsf.edu
NR 37
TC 343
Z9 395
U1 0
U2 10
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 8
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6825
BP 174
EP 179
DI 10.1038/35065539
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 408HJ
UT WOS:000167320500036
PM 11242070
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Moon-van der Staay, SY
   De Wachter, R
   Vaulot, D
AF Moon-van der Staay, SY
   De Wachter, R
   Vaulot, D
TI Oceanic 18S rDNA sequences from picoplankton reveal unsuspected eukaryotic diversity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID central north pacific; sp-nov; algal class; prochlorococcus; acantharea; evolution; alignment; position; database; gen.
AB Picoplankton-cells with a diameter of less than 3 mum-are the dominant contributors to both primary production and biomass in open oceanic regions(1,2). However, compared with the prokaryotes(3), the eukaryotic component of picoplankton is still poorly known. Recent discoveries of new eukaryotic algal taxa based on picoplankton cultures(4,5) suggest the existence of many undiscovered taxa. Conventional approaches based on phenotypic criteria have limitations in depicting picoplankton composition due to their tiny size and lack of distinctive taxonomic characters(6). Here we analyse, using an approach that has been very successful for prokaryotes(7) but has so far seldom been applied to eukaryotes(8), 35 full sequences of the small-subunit (18S) ribosomal RNA gene derived from a picoplanktonic assemblage collected at a depth of 75 min the equatorial Pacific Ocean, and show that there is a high diversity of picoeukaryotes. Most of the sequences were previously unknown but could still be assigned to important marine phyla including prasinophytes, haptophytes, dinoflagellates, stramenopiles, choanoflagellates and acantharians. We also found a novel lineage, closely related to dinoflagellates and not previously described.
C1 Biol Stn, CNRS, UPR 9042, F-29682 Roscoff, France.
   Univ Paris 06, F-29682 Roscoff, France.
   Univ Instelling Antwerp, Dept Biochem, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Sorbonne Universite; University of Antwerp
RP Vaulot, D (corresponding author), Biol Stn, CNRS, UPR 9042, BP 74, F-29682 Roscoff, France.
EM vaulot@sb-roscoff.fr
NR 30
TC 757
Z9 799
U1 4
U2 161
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 1
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6820
BP 607
EP 610
DI 10.1038/35054541
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 397JJ
UT WOS:000166692300041
PM 11214317
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rayfield, EJ
   Norman, DB
   Horner, CC
   Horner, JR
   Smith, PM
   Thomason, JJ
   Upchurch, P
AF Rayfield, EJ
   Norman, DB
   Horner, CC
   Horner, JR
   Smith, PM
   Thomason, JJ
   Upchurch, P
TI Cranial design and function in a large theropod dinosaur
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID orthopedic biomechanics; tyrannosaurus rex; forces; evolution; tissue
AB Finite element analysis (FEA)(1) is used by industrial designers and biomechanicists to estimate the performance of engineered structures or human skeletal and soft tissues subjected to varying regimes of stress and strain(2-4). FEA is rarely applied to problems of biomechanical design in animals, despite its potential to inform structure-function analysis. Non-invasive techniques such as computed tomography scans can be used to generate accurate three-dimensional images of structures, such as skulls, which can form the basis of an accurate finite element model. Here we have applied this technique to the long skull of the large carnivorous theropod dinosaur Allosaurus fragilis(5). We have generated the most geometrically complete and complex FEA model of the skull of any extinct or extant organism and used this to test its mechanical properties and examine, in a quantitative way, long-held hypotheses concerning overall shape and function(6-8). The combination of a weak muscle-driven bite force, a very 'light' and 'open' skull architecture and unusually high cranial strength, suggests a very specific feeding behaviour for this animal. These results demonstrate simply the inherent potential of FEA for testing mechanical behaviour in fossils in ways that, until now, have been impossible.
C1 Univ Cambridge, Dept Earth Sci, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, England.
   Montana State Univ, Museum Rockies, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA.
   Univ Guelph, Ontario Vet Coll, Dept Biomed Sci, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
C3 University of Cambridge; Montana State University System; Montana State University Bozeman; University of Guelph
RP Rayfield, EJ (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, Dept Earth Sci, Downing St, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, England.
NR 28
TC 215
Z9 254
U1 1
U2 96
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 22
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6823
BP 1033
EP 1037
DI 10.1038/35059070
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 405FT
UT WOS:000167148800043
PM 11234010
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Engelhardt, KAM
   Ritchie, ME
AF Engelhardt, KAM
   Ritchie, ME
TI Effects of macrophyte species richness on wetland ecosystem functioning and services
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID plant diversity; productivity; biodiversity; phosphorus; patterns; lake; disturbance; algae
AB Wetlands provide many important ecosystem services to human society(1-5), which may depend on how plant diversity influences biomass production and nutrient retention(4,6-8). Vascular aquatic plant diversity may not necessarily enhance wetland ecosystem functioning, however, because competition among these plant species can be strong, often resulting in the local dominance of a single species(4,9). Here we have manipulated the species richness of rooted, submerged aquatic plant (macrophyte) communities in experimental wetland mesocosms. We found higher algal and total plant (algal plus macrophyte) biomass, as well as lower loss of total phosphorus, in mesocosms with a greater richness of macrophyte species. Greater plant biomass resulted from a sampling effect; that is, the increased chance in species mixtures that algal production would be facilitated by the presence of a less competitive species-in this case, crisped pondweed. Lower losses of total phosphorus resulted from the greater chance in species mixtures of a high algal biomass and the presence of sago pondweed, which physically filter particulate phosphorus from the water(2,10,11). These indirect and direct effects of macrophyte species richness on algal production, total plant biomass and phosphorus loss suggest that management practices that maintain macrophyte diversity may enhance the functioning and associated services of wetland ecosystems.
C1 Utah State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Logan, UT 84322 USA.
   Utah State Univ, Ctr Ecol, Logan, UT 84322 USA.
C3 Utah System of Higher Education; Utah State University; Utah System of Higher Education; Utah State University
RP Engelhardt, KAM (corresponding author), Univ Maryland, Ctr Environm Sci, Appalachian Soil & Water Conservat Res Lab, 301 Braddock Rd, Frostburg, MD 21532 USA.
EM engelhardt@al.umces.edu
NR 30
TC 350
Z9 441
U1 16
U2 473
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 15
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6838
BP 687
EP 689
DI 10.1038/35079573
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 439JC
UT WOS:000169112500043
PM 11395769
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Brejc, K
   van Dijk, WJ
   Klaassen, RV
   Schuurmans, M
   van der Oost, J
   Smit, AB
   Sixma, TK
AF Brejc, K
   van Dijk, WJ
   Klaassen, RV
   Schuurmans, M
   van der Oost, J
   Smit, AB
   Sixma, TK
TI Crystal structure of an ACh-binding protein reveals the ligand-binding domain of nicotinic receptors
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID torpedo acetylcholine-receptor; main immunogenic region; alpha-subunit; molecular dissection; extracellular domain; identification; site; residues; agonist; location
AB Pentameric ligand gated ion-channels, or Cys-loop receptors, mediate rapid chemical transmission of signals. This superfamily of allosteric transmembrane proteins includes the nicotinic acetylcholine (nAChR), serotonin 5-HT3, gamma -aminobutyric-acid (GABA(A) and GABA(C)) and glycine receptors. Biochemical and electrophysiological information on the prototypic nAChRs is abundant but structural data at atomic resolution have been missing. Here we present the crystal structure of molluscan acetylcholine-binding protein (AChBP), a structural and functional homologue of the amino-terminal ligand-binding domain of an nAChR alpha -subunit. In the AChBP homopentamer, the protomers have an immunoglobulin-like topology. Ligand-binding sites are located at each of five subunit interfaces and contain residues contributed by biochemically determined 'loops' A to F. The subunit interfaces are highly variable within the ion-channel family, whereas the conserved residues stabilize the protomer fold. This AChBP structure is relevant for the development of drugs against, for example, Alzheimer's disease and nicotine addiction.
C1 Netherlands Canc Inst, Div Mol Carcinogenesis, NL-1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands.
   Free Univ Amsterdam, Fac Biol, Neurosci Res Inst, Dept Mol & Cellular Neurobiol, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands.
C3 Netherlands Cancer Institute; Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
RP Sixma, TK (corresponding author), Netherlands Canc Inst, Div Mol Carcinogenesis, Plesmanlaan 121, NL-1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands.
EM sixma@nki.nl
NR 50
TC 1582
Z9 1816
U1 2
U2 267
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 17
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6835
BP 269
EP 276
DI 10.1038/35077011
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 432RT
UT WOS:000168710000037
PM 11357122
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kristiansen, M
   Graversen, JH
   Jacobsen, C
   Sonne, O
   Hoffman, HJ
   Law, SKA
   Moestrup, SK
AF Kristiansen, M
   Graversen, JH
   Jacobsen, C
   Sonne, O
   Hoffman, HJ
   Law, SKA
   Moestrup, SK
TI Identification of the haemoglobin scavenger receptor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID low-density-lipoprotein; high-affinity; ligand recognition; protein; binding; cells; endocytosis; complex; phagocytosis; superfamily
AB Intravascular haemolysis is a physiological phenomenon as well as a severe pathological complication when accelerated in various autoimmune, infectious (such as malaria) and inherited (such as sickle cell disease) disorders(1). Haemoglobin released into plasma is captured by the acute phase protein haptoglobin, which is depleted from plasma during elevated haemolysis(1). Here we report the identification of the acute phase-regulated and signal-inducing macrophage protein, CD163, as a receptor that scavenges haemoglobin by mediating endocytosis of haptoglobin-haemoglobin complexes. CD163 binds only haptoglobin and haemoglobin in complex, which indicates the exposure of a receptor-binding neoepitope. The receptor-ligand interaction is Ca2+-dependent and of high affinity. Complexes of haemoglobin and multimeric haptoglobin (the 2-2 phenotype) exhibit higher functional affinity for CD163 than do complexes of haemoglobin and dimeric haptoglobin (the 1-1 phenotype). Specific CD163-mediated endocytosis of haptoglobin-haemoglobin complexes is measurable in cells transfected with CD163 complementary DNA and in CD163-expressing myelo-monocytic lymphoma cells.
C1 Univ Aarhus, Dept Med Biochem, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
   Univ Aarhus, Dept Physiol, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark.
   Aarhus Univ Hosp, Dept Resp Dis, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
   Univ Oxford, Dept Biochem, MRC, Immunochem Unit, Oxford OX1 3QU, England.
C3 Aarhus University; Aarhus University; Aarhus University; University of Oxford
RP Moestrup, SK (corresponding author), Univ Aarhus, Dept Med Biochem, Ole Worms Alle, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
NR 29
TC 1454
Z9 1664
U1 1
U2 95
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 11
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6817
BP 198
EP 201
DI 10.1038/35051594
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 390UV
UT WOS:000166316200046
PM 11196644
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Estévez, R
   Bottger, T
   Stein, V
   Birkenhäger, R
   Otto, E
   Hildebrandt, F
   Jentsch, TJ
AF Estévez, R
   Bottger, T
   Stein, V
   Birkenhäger, R
   Otto, E
   Hildebrandt, F
   Jentsch, TJ
TI Barttin is a Cl- channel β-subunit crucial for renal Cl- reabsorption and inner ear K+ secretion
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID chloride channel; rat-kidney; mutations; gene; cotransporter; deafness; disease; jervell; cic-k1; family
AB Renal salt loss in Bartter's syndrome is caused by impaired transepithelial transport in the loop of Henle. Sodium chloride is taken up apically by the combined activity of NKCC2 (Na+-K--2Cl(-) cotransporters) and ROMK potassium channels. Chloride ions exit from the cell through basolateral ClC-Kb chloride channels. Mutations in the three corresponding genes have been identired(1-3) that correspond to Bartter's syndrome types(1-3). The gene(4) encoding the integral membrane protein barttin is mutated in a form of Bartter's syndrome that is associated with congenital deafness and renal failure. Here we show that barttin acts as an essential beta -subunit for ClC-Ka and ClC-Kb chloride channels, with which it colocalizes in basolateral membranes of renal tubules and of potassium-secreting epithelia of the inner ear. Disease-causing mutations in either ClC-Kb or barttin compromise currents through heteromeric channels. Currents can be stimulated further by mutating a proline-tyrosine (PY) motif on barttin. This work describes the first known beta -subunit for CLC chloride channels and reveals that heteromers formed by ClC-K and barttin are crucial for renal salt reabsorption and potassium recycling in the inner ear(5).
C1 Univ Hamburg, Zentrum Mol Neurobiol ZMNH, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany.
   Univ Freiburg, Kinderklin, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany.
C3 University of Hamburg; University of Freiburg
RP Jentsch, TJ (corresponding author), Univ Hamburg, Zentrum Mol Neurobiol ZMNH, Falkenried 94, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany.
NR 29
TC 457
Z9 493
U1 1
U2 35
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 29
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6863
BP 558
EP 561
DI 10.1038/35107099
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 496PV
UT WOS:000172405900051
PM 11734858
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mojzsis, SJ
   Harrison, TM
   Pidgeon, RT
AF Mojzsis, SJ
   Harrison, TM
   Pidgeon, RT
TI Oxygen-isotope evidence from ancient zircons for liquid water at the Earth's surface 4,300 Myr ago
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID narryer gneiss complex; old detrital zircons; u-pb ages; western-australia; jack hills; geochemistry; fractionation; systematics; crust; rocks
AB Granitoid gneisses and supracrustal rocks that are 3,800- 4,000 Myr old are the oldest recognized exposures of continental crust(1). To obtain insight into conditions at the Earth's surface more than 4 Gyr ago requires the analysis of yet older rocks or their mineral remnants. Such an opportunity is presented by detrital zircons more than 4 Gyr old found within 3-Gyr-old quartzitic rocks in the Murchison District of Western Australia(2,3). Here we report in situ U-Pb and oxygen isotope results for such zircons that place constraints on the age and composition of their sources and may therefore provide information about the nature of the Earth's early surface. We rnd that 3,910-4,280 Myr old zircons have oxygen isotope (delta (18) O) values ranging from 5:4 +/- 0.6 parts per thousand to 15.0 +/- 0:4 parts per thousand. On the basis of these results, we postulate that the similar to4,300-Myr-old zircons formed from magmas containing a significant component of re-worked continental crust that formed in the presence of water near the Earth's surface. These data are therefore consistent with the presence of a hydrosphere interacting with the crust by 4,300 Myr ago.
C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, IGPP Ctr Astrobiol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   Curtin Univ Technol, Dept Appl Geol, Perth, WA 6001, Australia.
C3 University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; Curtin University
RP Mojzsis, SJ (corresponding author), Univ Colorado, Dept Geol Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
NR 29
TC 630
Z9 721
U1 0
U2 181
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 11
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6817
BP 178
EP 181
DI 10.1038/35051557
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 390UV
UT WOS:000166316200040
PM 11196638
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU West, SA
   Murray, MG
   Machado, CA
   Griffin, AS
   Herre, EA
AF West, SA
   Murray, MG
   Machado, CA
   Griffin, AS
   Herre, EA
TI Testing Hamilton's rule with competition between relatives
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID viscous populations; inclusive fitness; kin selection; fig wasps; environment; evolution; conflict; altruism
AB Hamilton's(1,2) theory of kin selection suggests that individuals should show less aggression, and more altruism, towards closer kin. Recent theoretical work has, however, suggested that competition between relatives can counteract kin selection for altruism(3-11). Unfortunately, factors that tend to increase the average relatedness of interacting individuals-such as limited dispersal-also tend to increase the amount of competition between relatives. Therefore, in most natural systems, the conflicting influences of increased competition and increased relatedness are confounded, limiting attempts to test theory(4,8-10). Fig wasp taxa exhibit varying levels of aggression among non-dispersing males that show a range of average relatedness levels. Thus, across species, the effects of relatedness and competition between relatives can be separated. Here we report that-contrary to Hamilton's original prediction(1,2,12) but in agreement with recent theory(5-11) - the level of fighting between males shows no correlation with the estimated relatedness of interacting males, but is negatively correlated with future mating opportunities.
C1 Univ Edinburgh, Inst Cell Anim & Populat Biol, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, Midlothian, Scotland.
   Rutgers State Univ, Dept Genet, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA.
   Smithsonian Trop Res Inst, Balboa, Panama.
C3 University of Edinburgh; Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick; Smithsonian Institution; Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute
RP West, SA (corresponding author), Univ Edinburgh, Inst Cell Anim & Populat Biol, W Mains Rd, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, Midlothian, Scotland.
NR 30
TC 218
Z9 249
U1 1
U2 100
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 25
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6819
BP 510
EP 513
DI 10.1038/35054057
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 395FW
UT WOS:000166570500047
PM 11206546
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schön, JH
   Kloc, C
   Siegrist, T
   Steigerwald, M
   Svensson, C
   Batlogg, B
AF Schön, JH
   Kloc, C
   Siegrist, T
   Steigerwald, M
   Svensson, C
   Batlogg, B
TI RETRACTED: Superconductivity in single crystals of the fullerene C70 (Retracted article. See vol 422 pg 92 2003)
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article; Retracted Publication
ID x-ray-diffraction; transport-property; c-36; c60
AB The observation of superconductivity in doped C-60 has attracted much attention(1-3), as these materials represent an entirely new class of superconductors. A maximum transition temperature (Tc) of 40 K has been reported(4) for electron-doped C-60 crystals, while a Tc of 52 K has been seen 5 in hole-doped crystals; only the copper oxide superconductors have higher transition temperatures. The results for C-60 raise the intriguing questions of whether conventional electron-phonon coupling alone(1) can produce such high transition temperatures, and whether even higher transition temperatures might be observed in other fullerenes(6-8). There have, however, been no conrrmed reports of superconductivity in other fullerenes, though it has recently been observed in carbon nanotubes(9). Here we report the observation of superconductivity in single crystals of electric-field-doped C-70. The maximum transition temperature of about 7 K is achieved when the sample is doped to approximately four electrons per C-70 molecule, which corresponds to a half-filled conduction band. We anticipate superconductivity in smaller fullerenes at temperatures even higher than in C-60 if the right charge density can be induced.
C1 Bell Labs, Lucent Technol, Murray Hill, NJ 07974 USA.
   Univ Konstanz, Dept Phys, D-78457 Constance, Germany.
   Agere Syst, Murray Hill, NJ 07974 USA.
   Lund Univ, S-22100 Lund, Sweden.
   Swiss Fed Inst Technol, Solid State Phys Lab, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
C3 AT&T; Alcatel-Lucent; Lucent Technologies; University of Konstanz; Broadcom; LSI Corporation; Lund University; Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; ETH Zurich
RP Batlogg, B (corresponding author), Bell Labs, Lucent Technol, 600 Mt Ave, Murray Hill, NJ 07974 USA.
EM batlogg@solid.phys.ethz.ch
NR 26
TC 33
Z9 36
U1 0
U2 62
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 25
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6858
BP 831
EP 833
DI 10.1038/35101577
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 485JA
UT WOS:000171750200042
PM 11677603
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Trappe, V
   Prasad, V
   Cipelletti, L
   Segre, PN
   Weitz, DA
AF Trappe, V
   Prasad, V
   Cipelletti, L
   Segre, PN
   Weitz, DA
TI Jamming phase diagram for attractive particles
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID suspensions; transition; dynamics; behavior; spheres; gels
AB A wide variety of systems, including granular media, colloidal suspensions and molecular systems, exhibit non-equilibrium transitions from a fluid-like to a solid-like state, characterized solely by the sudden arrest of their dynamics. Crowding or jamming of the constituent particles traps them kinetically, precluding further exploration of the phase space(1). The disordered fluid-like structure remains essentially unchanged at the transition. The jammed solid can be refluidized by thermalization, through temperature or vibration, or by an applied stress. The generality of the jamming transition led to the proposal(2) of a unifying description, based on a jamming phase diagram. It was further postulated that attractive interactions might have the same effect in jamming the system as a confining pressure, and thus could be incorporated into the generalized description. Here we study experimentally the fluid-to-solid transition of weakly attractive colloidal particles, which undergo markedly similar gelation behaviour with increasing concentration and decreasing thermalization or stress. Our results support the concept of a jamming phase diagram for attractive colloidal particles, providing a unifying link between the glass transition(3), gelation(4,5) and aggregation(6-8).
C1 Harvard Univ, Dept Phys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Harvard Univ, DEAS, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University
RP Weitz, DA (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Dept Phys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
NR 15
TC 818
Z9 945
U1 3
U2 315
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 14
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6839
BP 772
EP 775
DI 10.1038/35081021
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 441TV
UT WOS:000169246400041
PM 11459050
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Al Khawaja, U
   Stoof, H
AF Al Khawaja, U
   Stoof, H
TI Skyrmions in a ferromagnetic Bose-Einstein condensate
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID spin domains; states
AB Multi-component Bose-Einstein condensates(1-3) provide opportunities to explore experimentally the wealth of physics associated with the spin degrees of freedom(4-7). The ground-state properties(8-11) and line-like vortex excitations(8,12,13) of these quantum systems have been studied theoretically. In principle, nontrivial spin textures consisting of point-like topological excitations, orskyrmions(14,15), could exist in a multi-component Bose-Einstein condensate, owing to the superfluid nature of the gas. Although skyrmion excitations are already known in the context of nuclear physics and the quantum-Hall effect, creating these excitations in an atomic condensate would offer an opportunity to study their physical behaviour in much greater detail, while also enabling an ab initio comparison between theory and experiment. Here we investigate theoretically the stability of skyrmions in a fictitious spin-1/2 condensate of Rb-87 atoms. We find that skyrmions can exist in such a gas only as a metastable state, but with a lifetime comparable to (or even longer than) the typical lifetime of the condensate itself.
C1 Univ Utrecht, Inst Theoret Phys, NL-3584 CC Utrecht, Netherlands.
C3 Utrecht University
RP Al Khawaja, U (corresponding author), Univ Utrecht, Inst Theoret Phys, Princetonplein 5, NL-3584 CC Utrecht, Netherlands.
EM u.alkhawaja@phys.uu.nl
NR 19
TC 317
Z9 341
U1 5
U2 86
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 21
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6840
BP 918
EP 920
DI 10.1038/35082010
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 444EN
UT WOS:000169386200035
PM 11418849
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pethe, K
   Alonso, S
   Biet, F
   Delogu, G
   Brennan, MJ
   Locht, C
   Menozzi, FD
AF Pethe, K
   Alonso, S
   Biet, F
   Delogu, G
   Brennan, MJ
   Locht, C
   Menozzi, FD
TI The heparin-binding haemagglutinin of M-tuberculosis is required for extrapulmonary dissemination
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mycobacterium-tuberculosis; hemagglutinin; gene; identification; macrophages; virulence; survival; complex; adhesin; mice
AB Tuberculosis remains the world's leading cause of death due to a single infectious agent, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, with 3 million deaths and 10 million new cases per year(1). The infection initiates in the lungs and can then spread rapidly to other tissues(2). The availability of the entire M. tuberculosis genome sequence(3) and advances in gene disruption technologies(4) have led to the identification of several mycobacterial determinants involved in virulence(5-8). However, no virulence factor specifically involved in the extrapulmonary dissemination of M. tuberculosis has been identified to date. Here we show that the disruption of the M. tuberculosis or Mycobacterium bovis Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) hbhA gene encoding the heparin-binding haemagglutinin adhesin (HBHA) markedly affects mycobacterial interactions with epithelial cells, but not with macrophage-like cells. When nasally administered to mice, the mutant strains were severely impaired in spleen colonization, but not in lung colonization. Coating wild-type mycobacteria with anti-HBHA antibodies also impaired dissemination after intranasal infection. These results provide evidence that adhesins such as HBHA are required for extrapulmonary dissemination, and that interactions with non-phagocytic cells have an important role in the pathogenesis of tuberculosis. They also suggest that antibody responses to HBHA may add to immune protection against tuberculosis.
C1 Inst Pasteur Lille, INSERM, U447, F-59019 Lille, France.
   US FDA, Ctr Biol Evaluat & Res, Lab Mycobacterial Dis, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
C3 Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); Pasteur Network; Universite de Lille; Institut Pasteur Lille; US Food & Drug Administration (FDA); Center for Biologics Evaluation & Research (CBER)
RP Locht, C (corresponding author), Inst Pasteur Lille, INSERM, U447, 1 Rue Prof Calmette, F-59019 Lille, France.
NR 20
TC 392
Z9 457
U1 1
U2 31
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 12
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6843
BP 190
EP 194
DI 10.1038/35084083
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 451AJ
UT WOS:000169778700054
PM 11449276
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Si, QM
   Rabello, S
   Ingersent, K
   Smith, JL
AF Si, QM
   Rabello, S
   Ingersent, K
   Smith, JL
TI Locally critical quantum phase transitions in strongly correlated metals
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID fermi-liquid behavior; spatial correlations; critical-points; spin; fluctuations; temperature; field; dynamics; state
AB When a metal undergoes a continuous quantum phase transition, non-Fermi-liquid behaviour arises near the critical point. All the low-energy degrees of freedom induced by quantum criticality are usually assumed to be spatially extended, corresponding to long-wavelength fluctuations of the order parameter. But this picture has been contradicted by the results of recent experiments on a prototype system: heavy fermion metals at a zero-temperature magnetic transition. In particular, neutron scattering from CeCu6-xAux has revealed anomalous dynamics at atomic length scales, leading to much debate as to the fate of the local moments in the quantum-critical regime. Here we report our theoretical finding of a locally critical quantum phase transition in a model of heavy fermions. The dynamics at the critical point are in agreement with experiment. We propose local criticality to be a phenomenon of general relevance to strongly correlated metals.
C1 Rice Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Houston, TX 77251 USA.
   Univ Florida, Dept Phys, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA.
C3 Rice University; State University System of Florida; University of Florida
RP Si, QM (corresponding author), Rice Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Houston, TX 77251 USA.
EM qmsi@rice.edu
NR 40
TC 891
Z9 950
U1 3
U2 165
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 25
PY 2001
VL 413
IS 6858
BP 804
EP 808
DI 10.1038/35101507
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 485JA
UT WOS:000171750200036
PM 11677597
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Takayama, S
   Ostuni, E
   LeDuc, P
   Naruse, K
   Ingber, DE
   Whitesides, GM
AF Takayama, S
   Ostuni, E
   LeDuc, P
   Naruse, K
   Ingber, DE
   Whitesides, GM
TI Laminar flows - Subcellular positioning of small molecules
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Childrens Hosp, Dept Pathol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Childrens Hosp, Dept Surg, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Dept Chem & Chem Biol, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University
RP Takayama, S (corresponding author), Univ Michigan, Dept Biomed Engn, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
EM gwhitesides@gmwgroup.harvard.edu
NR 10
TC 452
Z9 579
U1 1
U2 107
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 28
PY 2001
VL 411
IS 6841
BP 1016
EP 1016
DI 10.1038/35082637
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 446TF
UT WOS:000169528500037
PM 11429594
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Weinstock, IA
   Barbuzzi, EMG
   Wemple, MW
   Cowan, JJ
   Reiner, RS
   Sonnen, DM
   Heintz, RA
   Bond, JS
   Hill, CL
AF Weinstock, IA
   Barbuzzi, EMG
   Wemple, MW
   Cowan, JJ
   Reiner, RS
   Sonnen, DM
   Heintz, RA
   Bond, JS
   Hill, CL
TI Equilibrating metal-oxide cluster ensembles for oxidation reactions using oxygen in water
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID homogeneous catalysis; soluble salts; pom anions; polyoxometalate; dioxygen; heteropolyanions; activation; chemistry; tungsten; olefins
AB Although many enzymes can readily and selectively use oxygen in water-the most familiar and attractive of all oxidants and solvents, respectively-the design of synthetic catalysts for selective water-based oxidation processes utilizing molecular oxygen(1-4) remains a daunting task(5,6). Particularly problematic is the fact that oxidation of substrates by O-2 involves radical chemistry, which is intrinsically non-selective and difficult to control. In addition, metallo-organic catalysts are inherently susceptible to degradation(5) by oxygen-based radicals, while their transition-metal-ion active sites often react with water to give insoluble, and thus inactive, oxides or hydroxides(7). Furthermore, pH control is often required to avoid acid or base degradation of organic substrates or products. Unlike metallo-organic catalysts, polyoxometalate anions are oxidatively stable and are reversible oxidants(8,9) for use with O-2 (refs 8-10). Here we show how thermodynamically controlled self-assembly of an equilibrated ensemble of polyoxometalates, with the heteropolytungstate anion(11,12) [AIV(V)W(11)O(40)](6-) as its main component, imparts both stability in water and internal pH-management. Designed to operate at near-neutral pH, this system facilitates a two-step O-2-based process for the selective delignification of wood (lignocellulose) fibres. By directly monitoring the central Al atom, we show that equilibration reactions typical of polyoxometalate anions(13,14) keep the pH of the system near 7 during both process steps.
C1 US Forest Serv, Chem & Pulping Res Work Unit, USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53705 USA.
   Emory Univ, Dept Chem, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA.
   Univ Wisconsin, Dept Chem Engn, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
C3 United States Department of Agriculture (USDA); United States Forest Service; USDA Forest Products Laboratory; Emory University; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison
RP Weinstock, IA (corresponding author), US Forest Serv, Chem & Pulping Res Work Unit, USDA, Forest Prod Lab, 1 Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, WI 53705 USA.
NR 30
TC 167
Z9 181
U1 3
U2 137
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 8
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6860
BP 191
EP 195
DI 10.1038/35102545
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 490AY
UT WOS:000172029100043
PM 11700554
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Vandersypen, LMK
   Steffen, M
   Breyta, G
   Yannoni, CS
   Sherwood, MH
   Chuang, IL
AF Vandersypen, LMK
   Steffen, M
   Breyta, G
   Yannoni, CS
   Sherwood, MH
   Chuang, IL
TI Experimental realization of Shor's quantum factoring algorithm using nuclear magnetic resonance
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID computation; implementation; information
AB The number of steps any classical computer requires in order to rnd the prime factors of an l-digit integer N increases exponentially with l, at least using algorithms known at present(1). Factoring large integers is therefore conjectured to be intractable classically, an observation underlying the security of widely used cryptographic codes(1,2). Quantum computers(3), however, could factor integers in only polynomial time, using Shor's quantum factoring algorithm(4-6). Although important for the study of quantum computers(7), experimental demonstration of this algorithm has proved elusive(8-10). Here we report an implementation of the simplest instance of Shor's algorithm: factorization of N=15 (whose prime factors are 3 and 5). We use seven spin-1/2 nuclei in a molecule as quantum bits(11,12), which can be manipulated with room temperature liquid-state nuclear magnetic resonance techniques. This method of using nuclei to store quantum information is in principle scalable to systems containing many quantum bits(13), but such scalability is not implied by the present work. The significance of our work lies in the demonstration of experimental and theoretical techniques for precise control and modelling of complex quantum computers. In particular, we present a simple, parameter-free but predictive model of decoherence effects(14) in our system.
C1 IBM Corp, Almaden Res Ctr, San Jose, CA 95120 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Solid State & Photon Lab, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
C3 International Business Machines (IBM); IBM USA; Stanford University
RP Chuang, IL (corresponding author), IBM Corp, Almaden Res Ctr, 650 Harry Rd, San Jose, CA 95120 USA.
EM ichuang@media.mit.edu
NR 30
TC 1123
Z9 1358
U1 6
U2 210
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 20
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6866
BP 883
EP 887
DI 10.1038/414883a
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 503RB
UT WOS:000172813300038
PM 11780055
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Grimm, JW
   Hope, BT
   Wise, RA
   Shaham, Y
AF Grimm, JW
   Hope, BT
   Wise, RA
   Shaham, Y
TI Neuroadaptation - Incubation of cocaine craving after withdrawal
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID relapse; sensitization; abstinence; addiction; stress
C1 NIDA, Behav Neurosci Branch, Intramural Res Program, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224 USA.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); NIH National Institute on Aging (NIA)
RP Grimm, JW (corresponding author), NIDA, Behav Neurosci Branch, Intramural Res Program, NIH, 5500 Nathan Shock Dr, Baltimore, MD 21224 USA.
FU Intramural NIH HHS [Z01 DA000434] Funding Source: Medline
NR 13
TC 801
Z9 966
U1 0
U2 41
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 12
PY 2001
VL 412
IS 6843
BP 141
EP 142
DI 10.1038/35084134
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 451AJ
UT WOS:000169778700038
PM 11449260
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Michel, T
   Reichhart, JM
   Hoffmann, JA
   Royet, J
AF Michel, T
   Reichhart, JM
   Hoffmann, JA
   Royet, J
TI Drosophila Toll is activated by Gram-positive bacteria through a circulating peptidoglycan recognition protein
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID host-defense; innate immunity; antifungal; infection; receptors; gene; tlr4
AB Microbial infection activates two distinct intracellular signalling cascades in the immune-responsive fat body of Drosophila(1,2). Gram-positive bacteria and fungi predominantly induce the Toll signalling pathway, whereas Gram-negative bacteria activate the Imd pathway(3,4). Loss-of-function mutants in either pathway reduce the resistance to corresponding infections(4,5). Genetic screens have identified a range of genes involved in these intracellular signalling cascades(6-12), but how they are activated by microbial infection is largely unknown. Activation of the transmembrane receptor Toll requires a proteolytically cleaved form of an extracellular cytokine-like polypeptide, Spatzle(13), suggesting that Toll does not itself function as a bona fide recognition receptor of microbial patterns. This is in apparent contrast with the mammalian Toll-like receptors(14) and raises the question of which host molecules actually recognize microbial patterns to activate Toll through Spatzle. Here we present a mutation that blocks Toll activation by Gram-positive bacteria and significantly decreases resistance to this type of infection. The mutation semmelweis (seml) inactivates the gene encoding a peptidoglycan recognition protein (PGRP-SA). Interestingly, seml does not affect Toll activation by fungal infection, indicating the existence of a distinct recognition system for fungi to activate the Toll pathway.
C1 Inst Biol Mol & Cellulaire, CNRS, UPR 9022, F-67084 Strasbourg, France.
C3 Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); Universites de Strasbourg Etablissements Associes; Universite de Strasbourg; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - National Institute for Biology (INSB)
RP Royet, J (corresponding author), Inst Biol Mol & Cellulaire, CNRS, UPR 9022, 15 Rue Rene Descartes, F-67084 Strasbourg, France.
NR 30
TC 646
Z9 767
U1 0
U2 78
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 13
PY 2001
VL 414
IS 6865
BP 756
EP 759
DI 10.1038/414756a
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 501GD
UT WOS:000172676200049
PM 11742401
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Friis, EM
   Pedersen, KR
   Crane, PR
AF Friis, EM
   Pedersen, KR
   Crane, PR
TI Fossil evidence of water lilies (Nymphaeales) in the Early Cretaceous
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID angiosperm phylogeny
AB Phylogenetic analyses have identified the water lilies (Nymphaeales: Cabombaceae and Nymphaeaceae), together with four other small groups of flowering plants (the 'ANITA clades': Amborellaceae, Illiciales, Trimeniaceae, Austrobaileyaceae), as the first diverging lineages from the main branch of the angiosperm phylogenetic tree(1-4), but evidence of these groups in the earliest phases of the angiosperm fossil record has remained elusive. Here we report the earliest unequivocal evidence, based on fossil floral structures and associated pollen, of fossil plants related to members of the ANITA clades. This extends the history of the water lilies (Nymphaeales) back to the Early Cretaceous (125-115 million years) and into the oldest fossil assemblages that contain unequivocal angiosperm stamens and carpels. This discovery adds to the growing congruence between results from molecular-based analyses of relationships among angiosperms and the palaeobotanical record. It is also consistent with previous observations that the flowers of early angiosperms were generally very small(5) compared with those of their living relatives.
C1 Swedish Museum Nat Hist, Dept Palaeobot, SE-10405 Stockholm, Sweden.
   Aarhus Univ, Dept Geol, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
   Royal Bot Gardens, Richmond TW9 3AB, Surrey, England.
C3 Swedish Museum of Natural History; Aarhus University; Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
RP Friis, EM (corresponding author), Swedish Museum Nat Hist, Dept Palaeobot, Box 50007, SE-10405 Stockholm, Sweden.
NR 28
TC 184
Z9 206
U1 1
U2 46
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 15
PY 2001
VL 410
IS 6826
BP 357
EP 360
DI 10.1038/35066557
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 410WM
UT WOS:000167464100047
PM 11268209
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Stern, SA
   Weissman, PR
AF Stern, SA
   Weissman, PR
TI Rapid collisional evolution of comets during the formation of the Oort cloud
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID outer solar-system; dynamical evolution; kuiper-belt; planetesimals; accretion; asteroids
AB The Oort cloud(1) of comets was formed by the ejection of icy planetesimals from the region of giant planets-Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune-during their formation(2). Dynamical simulations(3,4) have previously shown that comets reach the Oort cloud only after being perturbed into eccentric orbits that result in close encounters with the giant planets, which then eject them to distant orbits about 10(4) to 10(5) AU from the Sun (1 AU is the average Earth-Sun distance). All of the Oort cloud models constructed until now simulate its formation using only gravitational effects; these include the influence of the Sun, the planets and external perturbers such as passing stars and Galactic tides. Here we show that physical collisions between comets and small debris play a fundamental and hitherto unexplored role throughout most of the ejection process. For standard models of the protosolar nebula (starting with a minimum-mass nebula) we rnd that collisional evolution of comets is so severe that their erosional lifetimes are much shorter than the timescale for dynamical ejection. It therefore appears that collisions will prevent most comets escaping from most locations in the region of the giant planets until the disk mass there declines sufficiently that the dynamical ejection timescale is shorter than the collisional lifetime. One consequence is that the total mass of comets in the Oort cloud may be less than currently believed.
C1 SW Res Inst, Dept Space Studies, Boulder, CO 80302 USA.
   CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Div Earth & Space Sci, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA.
C3 California Institute of Technology; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL)
RP Stern, SA (corresponding author), SW Res Inst, Dept Space Studies, Boulder, CO 80302 USA.
EM astern@swri.edu
NR 27
TC 59
Z9 64
U1 0
U2 1
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 1
PY 2001
VL 409
IS 6820
BP 589
EP 591
DI 10.1038/35054508
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 397JJ
UT WOS:000166692300035
PM 11214311
DA 2026-03-09
ER

